现代英语词汇学概论复习(Chapter1-10)

Word：a minimum free form of a language. With a unity of sound and meaning （both lexical meaning and grammatical meaning)，performing syntactic meaning
Criteria of words: by origin （native—old English）( and loan language—borrowed English）, by level of usage(common words，literary ，colloquial，slang and technical words）；by notions(function and content words）
Morpheme：smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller form. A morpheme is also two—facet language unit which possesses sound and meaning。

Classification of morphemes:
Free morpheme：utter alone with meaning（a free morpheme is a word in traditional sense）man, read, write
Bound morpheme: must appear with one other morpheme，u nkind, happily , receive
Root:the basic unchangeable part of the word；convey the main lexical meaning of the word; Either free or bound
(1)free roots：many roots are free morphemes, such as
boy ，moon，walk
(2)bound roots: derived from foreign sources。

such as tain in
words like contain，detain or retain.
Affixes:
Inflectional affixes （have only particular grammatical meaning,
does not form a new word) such as s in chairs ，pens；es in words boxes ，tomatoes
derivational affixes(added morpheme to create new words。

）prefixes：rewrite
suffixes: length, width (12。

26。

2017）
Word-formation
Three major processes :
Compounding：joining two or more bases to form a new unit of compound words。

➢（p35-37）
1)orthographic criterion书写方式
2)Phonological criterion音韵准则※（accent重音)
3)Semantic criterion语义准则(05，01，2018）Derivation:forming a new word by addition of a word element) Conversion:a word of certain word—class is shifted into another word—class without any affixes
Eight minor processes :
Initialism：a type of shortening ,using the first letters of words
to form a proper name, a technical term ,or a phrase ;an initilism is pronounced letter by letter.
Acronymy：Initialisms –using the first letter from proper name ,phrase，technical words)A initialism is pronounced letter by letter) and acronyms—from the initial letters of the name of an organization or scientific term）==are pronounced as words。

Clipping:deletion of one or more syllables from a word—usually a noun，which is also available in its full form。

Classification—back clipping, front clipping ,front and back clipping and phrase clipping.）
Blending：formed by combining the meanings and sound of tow words.one of which is not full form or both of which are not full form.
Back—formation：coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.
Words from proper names：including names of scientists, names of politicians and statesman, names of places，trademark，literature
Reduplication：a compound word is created by the repetition （1）of one word like go—go
(2）almost identical words with a change in the vowel's such as
ping—pong。

（3)of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants ,as in teenyweeny.
Neoclassical Formation：(new words are formed from elements derived from Latin and Greek) The majority of neoclassical formations are scientific and technical。

Miscellaneous
Word meaning and semantic features Conventionality：no way to explain why this or that sound—symbol and its sense.
Motivation：phonetic ，morphological, sematic
Main types of word meaning: （interrelated and interdependent)
(1)G rammatical：
Word-class：when a dictionary lists the function of a word ，the definition does at least two things: it describes the word’s lexical meaning and also gives what is traditionally known as a part of the speech of the word ，which modern linguists call the word—class.
Inflectional paradigm：the set of grammatical forms of a word is called its paradigm.
(2)L exical meaning
Denotative meaning/conceptual meaning：it is the central factor in linguistic communication. Denotative meaning involves the relationship between a linguistic unit （especially a lexical item ) and the non—linguistic entities。

Connotative meaning：Connotative meaning refers to the emotional association which a word or a phrase suggests in one’s mind; it is the supplementary value which is added to the purely denotative meaning of a word。

Social or stylistic meaning: social meaning is that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use.
Effective meaning：affective meaning is concerned with the expression of feeling and attitudes of the speaker or writer Binary opposites。

二相对立
Polysemy: a term used in sematic analysis to refer to lexical item which has a range of meanings
T wo approaches
diachronic and synchronic。

---primary meaning and derived meaning，central meaning and secondary meaning（in some cases, the primary meaning and the central meaning coincide。

Two processes leading to polysemy
Radiation: each of the secondary meanings may become a center of further radiation.
Concatenation：linking together，like the links of a chain. Homonymy：pronounced alike, spell alike, or both. Types of homonyms:
1. perfect homonyms—word identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning
2. Homophones: identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning.
3. Homographs: identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning.
Polysemic and homonymous words are stylistically useful to achieve humour or irony, or to heighten dramatic effect. Synonymy：identical in meaning but different in sound and spelling。

Complete synonyms：two words are totally synonymous only if they are fully identical in meaning and interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative ，affective and stylistic meanings .
Relative synonyms：differ from complete synonyms in the following respects：
(1)i n degree of a given quality or in shade of meaning
(2)i n emotive meaning
(3)i n stylistic meaning
(4)i n collocation and distribution
Synonyms ,therefore，are extremely valuable stylistically in helping to avoid monotonous repetition ，and in achieving precision。

Antonymy: opppsiteness of meaning.
Contraries：contraries or contrary terms display a type of semantic contrast, illustrated by such pairs as rich and poor; heavy （when it means “ having weight” )and light. Complementary: complementaries or contradictories represent a type of binary semantic opposition。

In a complementary pair the contrast between the two terms is absolute. Eg: male and female
Conversives:is called conversives or relation opposites. Eg：husband and wife
Antonyms classified on the basis of morphological structure:
root antonyms：they are words with two different roots. Eg：love and hate
derivational antonyms are words with the same roots
having negative affixes，such as happy and unhappy
(1)Marked and unmarked words: tiger/tigeress
old /young wide/narrow
(2)Some words without antonyms。

(3)D ifferent antonyms under different circumstances
an old man/an old house
Hyponymy: relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items.
Superordinate term (an upper term）
Subordinate terms （a lower term)
Sematic field——-is not simply a listing of independent items, organized into areas or field. Eg：red, green，blue，white,orange.
Charateristic of the same sematic field。

1)word frequency in the same semantic varies
2）these words are semantically interdepent.
3) words in the same semantic field are likely to have a number of collocation on common。