The First Men on the Moon

Lesson Two
On July 20, l969, the American astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin successfully landed Apollo 11’s lunar module. For the first time in history, man was on the moon. On commenting the great significance of his first step on the moon, Arms trong said: “That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.”
Much more progress has been achieved since then, and man is now exploring much further into the outer space. But this moon landing will forever remain as the path-breaking monument for man’s space exploration.
Knowledge of science and technology is not only interesting but also necessary for students of humanities. Don’t you think so?
The First Men on the Moon
“The Eagle has landed,” said Neil Armstrong. It was 4: 17 P. M. eastern s tandard time, July 20, l969. Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin had successfully landed Apollo 11’s lunar module. For the first time in history, man was on the moon.
High above the two astronauts on the lunar surface, their partner, Michael Collins, was circling round the moon in the main command ship, Columbia. “Eagle is at T ranquility,” controllers told Collins from Earth.
“Yes, I heard the whole thing,” Collins answered them. “Fantastic.”
“I’ll second that,” Armstrong chimed in from the moon’s surface. Alm ost immediately he requested and received permission to begin preparations to go out on the lunar surface.
It took the two men an hour and a half to get ready, putting on the backpack that supplied oxygen to breathe, water to cool the space suits against the extreme heat of the lunar surface, and radio equipment to communicate with each other and Earth.
At last they were ready to descend the spacecraft’s nine-step ladder on the surface below. Armstrong went first. He pulled himself upright just outside Eagle’s hatch and slowly began to back down.
At that moment he was more concerned about all the equipment carried on his back and the television camera mounted on the side of the module than about the lunar landscape about him.
“I’m at the foot of the ladder,”he said at last. “I’m going to step off the LM now.”
A breathless world watched and waited. A man was about to step across the threshold of the future and, through the miracle of television, more than one billion people back on Earth watched as he lowered his left foot to the surface of the moon.
“That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind,” said Armstrong.
Edwin Aldrin, waiting in the spacecraft, used an apparatus to send a camera to Armstrong, “I’ll step out and take some of my first pictures here,” said Armstrong.
Armstrong next began to fil1 a small bag with moon dirt and rocks. This was insurance against the possibility that he and Aldrin might be unable to load lunar samples into the two big boxes they had on board. With the bag, at least they would not come home empty-handed.
“Looks like it’s a little difficult to dig through,” Armstrong said, pushing his special shovel through the moon’s hard surface. “This is very interesting. It’s a very soft surface, but here and there when I pl ug... I run into a very hard surface.”
Then, as if he had looked about him for the first time since leaving the spacecraft, Armstrong said, “It has a beauty all its own. It’s like much of the high desert of the United States. It’s different, but it’s very pretty out here.”
After making these observations, Armstrong motioned Aldrin to begin working his way out. Aldrin began to back out of the hatch on his hands and knees. “O. K., I’m on the top step,” he said. “That’s a very simple matter to hop down from one step to the next.”
“You’ve got three more steps and then a long one,” Armstrong said, guiding Aldrin down the ladder with instructions.
Once Aldrin reached the surface, both men started to work. Armstrong uncovered a shiny small tablet on the main support of the Eagle. Armstrong read the words aloud for all those listening and watching on Earth.
HERE MEN FROM THE PLANET EARTH
FIRST SET FOOT UPON THE MOON
JULY l969, A.D.
WE CAME IN PEACE FOR ALL MANKIND
The tablet would be left on the moon when the men took off
Armstrong set the television camera sixty feet away from the spacecraft to give those watching on Earth a wide-angle view of events.
Aldrin’s first task was to test man’s moving ability on the moon. As he jumped across the surface, he found that th e rocks were slippery. “You do have to be rather careful to keep track of where your center of mass is,” he noted. “A kangaroo hop does work, but it seems that your forward ability is not quite as good.”
His test walk completed, Aldrin began to set up the three scientific experiments the men had brought to the moon with them. The passive seismometer was placed in position. Later the seismometer would allow scientists on Earth to record what they thought were moonquakes or rock slides inside some of the larger volcanoes.
One of the other experiments was a solar wind collector, which looked very much like a metal window shade. It was spread out to catch the sun’s radiation and samples of the tiny space particles bombarding the moon. It would be rolled up and brought back to Earth for scientists to study.
The third experiment was a laser reflector. As soon as this device was placed on the moon,
scientists on Earth were able to measure to within six inches the distance between Earth and the moon. Scientists did this by reflecting laser beams off the instrument back to Earth.
While Armstrong completed the experimental work, Aldrin took two samples of lunar soil from six or eight inches below the surface. Then came the final task — collecting two boxes of rocks a nd dirt. This was Armstrong’s chore. He took time to pick up what he termed “carefully selected samples” and managed to pack almost sixty pounds into the two airtight metal containers.
“Buzz it’s about time for you to start your activities closeout,” groun d control told Aldrin. Aldrin climbed back inside Eagle.
Armstrong still had to send the two sample boxes and his camera up the pulley to Eagle’s porch where Aldrin could pull them inside. Once this was done, Armstrong started up the ladder. “Well done,” s aid ground control as Armstrong stooped to slip through Eagle’s hatch.
“O. K., now move your foot and I’ll get the hatch,” Aldrin said. “The hatch is closed and fastened.”
Man had successfully completed his first walk on the moon.
New Words
eagle / i / n. 鹰(a very large strong bird with a beak like a hook that eats
small animals, birds, etc。

)
lunar / lu n / adj. of the moon, the moon’s
module / / n. 舱
tranquility / / n. the state of being pleasantly calm, quiet, and peaceful second / sek nd/ v. support (a point of view, a motion, etc.)
chime / / v. join in and say something in a conversation
backpack / / n. (AmE), rucksack (BrE), a bag carried on one’s back often
supported by a light metal frame, used especially by
climbers and walkers
descend / / v. move from a higher level to a lower one
hatch / / n. 舱口
back / / v. move backwards or make someone move backwards mount / / v. fix on a support
threshold / / n. 门槛，门口(the entrance to a room or building; or the area
of floor at the entrance)
lower / / v. move down
leap / / n. a big jump
apparatus / / n. a set of tools and machines used especially for scientific,
medical, and technical purposes
shovel / / n. 锹(a tool with rounded blade and a long handle used for
moving earth, stones, etc.)
tablet / / n. 1. a flat block of stone or metal with words cut into it
2. (AmE) pill
3. a flat piece of soap
slippery / / adj. difficult to hold, walk on etc because it is wet or greasy seismometer / / n.地震仪(a detecting device that receives seismic impulses) slide /s / n. a sudden fall of earth, stones, snow, etc down a slope volcano / / n.火山(a mountain with a large hole at the top, through
which hot rock, lava, and ash sometimes rise into the air
from inside the earth)
shade / / n. slight darkness or shelter from the direct light of the sun
made by something blocking it
particle / / n.粒子(a very small piece of matter)
bombard / / v. attack a place by firing a lot of guns or throwing bombs
continuously at it
roll / / v.(cause sth to) move on wheels or rollers or by turning
( over and over)
laser / / n. 激光
reflector / / n. 反射镜
chore / / n. a job that you have to do frequently, esp work that you do
to keep a house clean
buzz / / v. make a humming sound
closeout / / n.ending or concluding
pulley / / n. 滑轮(a piece of equipment consisting of a wheel over
which a rope or chain is pulled to lift heavy things)
porch / / n. 舱口
stoop / v. 1. bend your body forwards and down
2. stand with your back and shoulder bent forwards
slip / / v. 1. move quickly, smoothly, or secretly
2. accidentally slide a short distance quickly or to fall by
sliding
Proper Names
尼尔·阿姆斯特朗
Neil Armstrong
/ /
Edwin Aldrin / / 埃德温·奥尔德林
Apollo / / 阿波罗(太阳神)
Useful Expressions
chime in say sth in a conversation, esp agree with what someone has
just said
run into encounter ( difficulties, problems, etc)
work out find the answer to sth; solve sth
set up make ( an apparatus, a machine, etc) ready for use
roll up make (sth) or be made into the shape of a ball or cylinder;
fold (sth)
Notes to the Text
(1) “Eagle is at Tranquility”“鹰已经到达了静海。

”
阿波罗11号的登月舱代号为“鹰”，其着陆地点在月球正面的静海(Sea of Tranquility)。

(2) “I’ll second that,” Armstrong chimed in from the moon’s surface.阿姆斯特朗从月球上随声附和道：“我赞成。

”
动词second表示“附议，同意”，例如：
Mrs. Smith proposed the vote of thanks, and Mr. Jones seconded it.
史密斯夫人提议大家鼓掌表示感谢，琼斯先生附议。

(3) It took the two men an hour and a half to get ready, putting on the backpack that supplied oxygen to breathe, water to cool the space suits against the extreme heat of the lunar surface, and radio equipment to communicate with each other and Earth. 两个人用了一个半小时才作好准备，背好背包。

背包里装有帮助呼吸所需的氧气，装有在极端炎热的月球表面用来冷却宇航服的水，还有他们与地球以及他们彼此间保持联系的无线电通讯设备。

putting on…至句末为现在分词短语作补充说明状语，其中that supplied…到句末是定语从句，修饰“backpack”。

oxygen to breathe, water to cool…radio equipment to communicate…三个短语并列做supplied的宾语，每个短语都由带to不定式作后置定语。

(4) He pulled him self upright just outside Eagle’s hatch and s lowly began to back down. 他钻出“鹰”的舱门后挺直了身体，接着开始缓慢地(从梯子上)爬下。

pull himself upright 站直。

pull 与oneself 连用再接介词(短语)，表示使自己处于某种状态，例如：
He put his hand on the side of the pool and pulled himself out of the water.
他用手攀着游泳池壁从水中出来。

The old woman pulled herself up the stairs with difficulty, holding onto the rail.
那个老妇人扶着楼梯扶手艰难地爬上楼梯。

(5) “I’m going to step off the LM now.”我将走出登月舱。

LM: Lunar Module 登月舱。

(6) A man was about to step across the threshold of the future and, through the miracle of television, more than one billion people back on Earth watched as he lowered his left foot to the surface of the moon. 有一个人即将跨越未来的门槛。

在他的左脚踏上月球表面的瞬间，通过神奇的电视机，地球上十多亿人们同时看到了这一壮举。

此句为并列句，在后一分句中, 插入语“through the miracle of television”做方式状
语，“as he lowered…the moon”是时间状语从句。

(7) This was insurance against the possibility that he and Aldrin might be unable to load lunar samples into the two big boxes they had on board. 这是所采取的一项保险措施，以防他和艾德林不能把月球标本装入他们带来的两个大箱子。

insurance against为防备某种情况而采取的保险措施，动词结构insure against也表示同样的意思，例如：
We’ve insured the car against fire, theft and accident.
我们已经为汽车投了保，以防备火灾、盗窃和车祸。

(8) Then, as if he had looked about him for the first time since leaving the spacecraft, Armstro ng said, “It has a beauty all its own. It’s like much of the high desert of the United State s. It’s different, but it’s very pretty out here.”然后，就好像是离开飞船后才第一次看到周围的景色，阿姆斯特朗说：“这是一种特别的美，很像大部分美国的内陆沙漠。

尽管不一样，但看起来还是很美。

”
all one’s own 自己所特有的，例如：
James Joyce wrote in a style that was all his own.
詹姆斯·乔伊斯完全是以他自己的风格写作。

(9) After making these observations, Armstrong motioned Aldrin to begin working his way out. 在进行了观察之后，阿姆斯特朗示意艾德林从登月舱里出来。

work his way out: 设法出来。

类似结构的表达还有：work one’s way across / along / back / in / through / up from, 例如：
He started as an office junior and worked his way up to the position of director.
他刚开始的时候只是个办公室小职员，后来经过自己的努力升至主任。

With two glasses of champagne in hands, I managed to work my way back through the crowd of the guests.
我手捧两杯香槟酒，设法从众多的客人中挤了回来。

(10) Later the seismometer would allow scientists on Earth to record what they thought were moonquakes or rock slides inside some of the larger volcanoes. 以后，地球上的科学家们会利用该地震检波器来记录大型火山里出现的他们所认为的月震或发生的岩崩。

what they thought were…从句是to record 的宾语从句。

在此从句中，they thought 做插入语；what 做宾语从句的主语。

(11) As soon as this device was placed on the moon, scientists on Earth were able to measure to within six inches the distance between Earth and the moon. 一旦这个装置被安置在月球上，地球上的科学家们就能够以小于六英寸的误差测量地球到月球的距离。

to within…精确到小于，又如：
This is a very good watch, it is accurate to within seconds a month.
这块表非常好，它精确到一个月的误差不超过几秒钟。

(12) “Buzz it’s about time for you to start your activities closeout,” ground control told Aldrin. “巴兹，可以开始结束你的全部活动了，”地面控制站对奥尔德林说。

closeout: 原意为“清仓大拍卖”；此句中的“start your activities closeout”是“开始结束你的全部活动”的意思。

Buzz (Eugene Aldrin)是奥尔德林的别名, 他的亲戚朋友常用此名称呼他。

Exercises on the Text
I. Read the following passage aloud until you can recite it.
A breathless world watched and waited. A man was about to step across the threshold of the future and, through the miracle of television, more than one billion people back on Earth watched as he lowered his left foot to the surface of the moon.
“That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind,” said Armstrong.
Edwin Aldrin, waiting in the spacecraft, used an apparatus to send a camera to Armstrong, “I’ll s tep out and take some of my first pictu res here,” said Armstrong.
Armstrong next began to fill a small bag with moon dirt and rocks. This was insurance against the possibility that he and Aldrin might be unable to load lunar samples into the two big boxes they had on board. With the bag, at least they would not come home empty-handed.
II. Paraphrase the following sentences.
(1) High above the two astronauts on the lunar surface, their partner, Michael Collins, was circling round the moon in the main command ship.
(2) At that moment he was more concerned about all the equipment carried on his back and the television camera mounted on the side of the module than about the lunar landscape about him.
(3) Armstrong set the television camera sixty feet away from the spacecraft to give those watching on Earth a wide-angle view of events.
(4) You do have to be rather careful to keep track of where your cente r of mass is,” he noted. “A kangaroo hop does work, but it seems that your forward ability is not quite as good.”
(5) He took ti me to pick up what he termed “carefully sele c ted samples” and managed t o pack almost sixty pounds into the two airtight metal containers.
III. Answer the following questions based on the text.
(1) What and where are the “Eagle” and the “Columbia” in this story? What’s their mission?
(2) Who is the first man to set foot on the moon and when did he do it?
(3) What are the three scientific experiments set up on the moon?
(4) What did the astronauts leave on the moon? And what did they bring back to Earth?
(5) What do you think is the significance of man’s first walk on the moon?
IV. Mark the following statements true (T) or false (F) according to the text.
[ ] 1. Armstrong didn’t notice the lunar scenery at first because it was dull and dark.
[ ] 2. The astronauts had to be on their hands and knees when they came out of the hatch because they were afraid of falling.
[ ] 3. When they took off from the moon, the tablet was left there because it’s too heavy to be carried back.
[ ] 4. Humans can’t walk properly on the lunar surface for lack of gravity.
[ ] 5. The lunar surface was soft and slippery.
V. Cloze: Fill in each blank with the right word in reference to the context.
On July 20, AD 1969, two men came in peace for all mankind. Astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin became the first humans to ___1___ foot on another world. Sixty miles ___2___ them, Mike Collins ___3___ the moon in the Columbia, becoming, ___4___ his words, the loneliest man in the ___5___.
__6___ 9:51 pm Eastern Time, more than six hours after ___7___ on the Moon, a grainy black and white picture was transmitted live ___8___ the moon, showing a white shape slowly moving among the shadows ___9___ Neil Armstrong exited the Lunar Module to set foot on the ___10___ of the Moon. That descent took all of four minutes that lasted a lifetime.
VI. Translate the following passage into English.
阿波罗计划，是美国从1961年到1972年从事的一系列载人登月飞行任务。

在1960年代的十年中主要致力于完成载人登月和安全返回的目标。

1969年阿波罗11号宇宙飞船完成了这个任务，阿姆斯特朗成为踏上月球表面的第一人。

1969年7月20日，美国宇航员阿姆斯特朗和艾德林乘坐“阿波罗11号”飞船登月舱首次登陆月球，安装在登月舱顶部的摄像机记录下了这个美国航天史上最辉煌的时刻。

从1969年到1972年，美国共进行了5次“阿波罗”飞行，共有12名宇航员登上月球。

这一系列登月活动，都对月球表面进行了广泛考察，总共带回440公斤月球上的土壤和岩石标本，并且还把许多仪器安装在了月球上，进行相关科学研究。

阿波罗计划大大丰富了人类对月球的认识。

Word Study
land
(1) vt.
land + n./pron.使(飞机)降落, 使登陆, 使到达, 使处于
The pilot landed the plane.
The ship landed the goods at Shanghai.
That problem will land him in a difficult position.
(2) vi.
land (+ prep.) (飞机)降落, 靠岸, 登陆, 登岸, 到达
The plane will land in five minutes.
The bird landed on the branch.
The ship will land at New York.
reach
(1)vt.
reach + n. / pron.到达；(伸手)够得着; 联系得上
They reached Beijing yesterday.
The news reached her the day before yesterday.
Can you reach the dictionary on the shelf?
She can always be reached at her office during the day.
(2)vi.
reach (+ adv. / prep.)延伸；到达；伸手(去取某物)
The land reaches as far as the river.
I reached home wet and weary after ten miles’s walk in the rain.
The vice reached to the rear of the hall.
I reached up and put the package on the top shelf.
request
vt.
request + that-clause请求，要求
He requested that we immediately make an investigation of that matter. request + n.请求，要求
He requested your presence.
We requested the honor of your company.
request + n. / pron + to-inf.请求(要求)某人做某事
We request you to give us a definite answer as sooon as possible.
hop
(1) vt.
hop + n./pron.乘坐(汽车，飞机等)旅行
We hopped a bus to Phoenix that night
(2) vi.
hop+ (prep. +n.)单腿跳；跳跃
She hopped across the room because she had hurt her foot.
The robber hopped into his ready car and rushed off.
(3) n.跳跃;(飞机飞行的)一段航程
With one hop, the frog was back in the pond.
It's a short hop from London to Paris.
slide
(1) vi.
slide (+ prep. / adv.) 滑, 滑动; 悄悄进入或出去；流逝
The book slides off my knee.
The children were sliding on the ice happily.
The little girl slid into the room without being noticed by her parents.
Time slid by.
(2) vt.
slide + n.推动某物滑向某处
He slid the glass across the table.
slide-phrases
(1)slide away ( escape from some place)溜掉
The thief slid away in the dark night.
(2) slide into ( fall into unwillingly, put into secretly, ) 不自觉地陷入(某种状态)
He slid into bad habits in his teens.
(3) slide over /round / around ( omit) 略过,
The new employee slid over all his past in his talk with the manager.
(4) slide (from…) to… ( become gradually lower or less valuable) 逐渐降低，贬值
Shares slid to a 10-year low.
Vocabulary Exercises
I. Complete the sentences with words formed in the same way.
Examples:
less→lessen black→blacken rage→enrage
(1) He told her about the accident, but ________ to add that her son was not seriously hurt.
(2) Reading can _______ one’s knowledge.
(3) Farmers _______ the soil with organic and inorganic fertilizers.
(4) The sunset ________ the clouds.
(5) Her kindness to my children greatly ________ her to me
(6) Could you help ________ the pencil for me?
(7) The general situation is bettering instead of _________.
(8) The snow _______ until ice was formed.
II. Complete the following sentences.
1. Identify one of the four choices (A, B, C or D) which could best keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.
(1) “Eagle is at tranquility,” controllers told Collings from Earth.
A. danger
B. risk
C. hanging
D. peacefulness
(2) “Yes, I heard the whole thing,” Collings answered them. “Fantastic.”
A. incredible
B. great
C. odd
D. strange
(3) Through the miracle of television, more than one billion people back on the earth watched as the hero left foot to the surface of the moon.
A. mirror
B. wonder
C. struggle
D. competition
(4) Armstrong uncovered a shiny small tablet on the main support of the Eagle.
A. flat block
B. pill
C. capsule
D. notebook
(5) T hat’s a very simple matter to hop down from one step to the next.
A. jump
B. slip
C. climb
D. slide
(6) When you buy the spare parts for your car, try to get the genuine ones from the authorized dealer.
A. true
B. real
C. perfect
D. genius
(7) He read the paper several times, but he still missed some printer’s errors.
A. overlooked
B. ignored
C. noticed
D. outlined
(8) Eventually, we saw black spots on the ice, which became mother seals as we sank to the ground.
A. Finally
B. In fact
C. At first
D. Seriously
2. Choose the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
(1) She _______ a letter into the mailbox.
A. slid into
B. slid over
C. slid away
D. slid to
(2) This is not a matter that can be _______.
A. slid into
B. slid over
C. slid away
D. slid to
(3) The price of this model of Santana has _________ RMB￥137,000.
A. slid into
B. slid over
C. slid away
D. slid to
(4) When the police came the suspect had already _________.
A. slid into
B. slid over
C. slid away
D. slid to
(5) _____ amazed me most was that the young boy who had lost both arms in an accident could handle a pen with his feet.
A. That
B. It
C. Which
D. What
(6) You won't get a loan _______ you can offer some security.
A. lest
B. in case
C. unless
D. other than
(7) As it turned out to be a small house party, we _______ have dressed up so formally.
A. need not
B. must not
C. could not
D. should not
(8) ______ time, he'll make a first-class tennis player.
A. Had
B. Given
C. Taken
D. Spent
III. Fill each blank with a suitable preposition or adverb.
(1) In terms of quality, our plastic kitchenware is superior to any other _____ the market.
(2) More than 80% of business websites are run via the internet _____ American firms.
(3) John is very good _____ writing poems.
(4) All the doctors and nurses were very kind _____ their patients.
(5) Jane lives in an apartment ___ the third floor of the building.
(6) To continue to do something is to keep it _____ .
(7) _______ I don’t work on Wednesdays in my office.
(8) I should go to school _________ lying here in bed.
IV. Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
(1) 驾驶员将飞机安全降落在郑州机场。

(land)
(2) 这两艘中国军舰在一个美国港口靠岸，受到了美国海军的欢迎。

(land)
(3) 把药放到架子的上面，这样孩子们就够不着了。

(reach)
(4) 这片森林一直延伸到边境。

(reach)
(5) 总经理请你去参加会议。

(request)
(6) 我们请求他们对这件事立刻进行调查。

(request)
(7) 她跳上自行车跑了。

(hop)
(8) 一块巨石从山坡上滑落下来。

(slide)
Usage
sample, example; for example, for instance;
like, alike的比较
1. sample, example
(1) sample是“样本，样品”的意思(a small part representing the whole; a typical thing
representing all things of the same category)，例如：
The nurse took a blood sample for tests.
护士采了血样作化验。

Here are some sample questions from last year’s exam.
这里有一些去年测试的样题。

(2) example是“实例; 榜样”的意思(something which shows a general rule; a person or his behavior that is worthy of being copied)，例如：
The house is a wonderful example of the Victorian style of building.
这座房屋是维多利亚建筑风格的一个杰出典范。

Drink your milk and set a good example to the other children!
把奶喝了，给其他孩子做个好榜样。

The professor sets a fine example both as a scientist and as a man for his students to follow.
教授无论作为一个科学家还是作为一个人，都为他的学生树立了一个仿效好的榜样。

2. for example, for instance
for example与for instance通常都可以译成汉语的“例如”。

但是在英语里，两者还是有所区别：
(1) “举例”说明同类事物或人(通常用单个词语的形式表示)，通常用for example而不用for instance；例如：
They proposed the budget increase in several areas, for example, education and health.
他们提议增加几个方面的预算，例如教育和卫生。

Most people here, for example, John, Mary and Bill, would rather have coffee.
在这里的人多数都喜欢喝咖啡，例如约翰、玛丽、比尔。

(2) 在“举例”说明某个问题时，for instance和for example都可以用，例如：
You can’t depend on her; for instance, she arrived late for an important meeting yesterday.
你不能依靠她，比方说昨天那个重要的会议她就迟到了
Not only rich men become Presidents. For example, Lincoln was born poor.
不是只有富人才能当总统，举个例子，林肯就是穷出身。

3．like, alike
(1) like可以用作：
vt“喜欢”，例如：
John likes swimming.
约翰喜欢游泳。

Mary said she liked to go there.
玛丽说她喜欢到那里去。

prep“像”，用来带引介词短语，例如：
He is like a son to John.
他很像约翰的儿子。

When the car is painted, it will look like new.
这辆车漆一漆，看上去就会像新的一样。

conj“如，像”，用来带引从句，例如：
Do it like I tell you. (like = as)
照我说的做。

He acts like he is a CEO. (like = as if)
他做事的样子像是个首席执行官。

adj “像”。

但like是“定语形容词”，只能用作前置定语，而alike则不能这样用，例如：
[正]：Samuel likes running, swimming, and like sports.
塞缪尔喜欢赛跑、游泳以及类似的运动。

[误]：Samuel likes running, swimming, and alike sports.
(2) alike可以用作：
adj“像”。

但alike是“表语形容词”，只能用作表语或后置定语，而like则不能这样用，例如：
[正]：There are two toys on the table very much alike.
桌子上有两个玩具，看上去很相像。

The two brothers look very much alike.
俩弟兄看上去很相像。

[误]：The two brothers look very much like.
adv “像”，例如：
She treats her children all alike.
她对待孩子们一视同仁。

Usage Exercises
Fill in each blank with the right word (in its right form) chosen from the brackets.
(1) He arrived at the office early, to set a good _________ for the others. (sample, example)
(2) You want this cellphone? But it is a ___________. Okay, if you really want it, I can give you a discount. (sample, example)
(3) The twin sisters are very much _______ . I really can’t tell one from the other. (like, alike)
(4) She looks very much _______ your sister! (like, alike)
(5) She has toured many places in Europe, ____________, London, Brussels, Paris, Berlin and Rome. (for example, for instance)
Grammar
倒装语序(the inverted word order)(II)
1．修辞倒装
这里所谓的“修辞倒装”，是指是为了“强调”而将某个词语提到句首结果导致倒装，或是因为主语较长而将它放到句末以取得平衡效果，或是为了上下文的自然联系而作倒装等等。

须指出，这类“修辞倒装”，只是一种修辞上的优选, 一般可以改为正常语序而不会出现语法错误。

而这也正是“修辞倒装”与“语法倒装”的区别，试比较：“修辞要求的倒装语序”
[正]：On top of the hill stands a tall tower.
[正]：A tall tower stands on top of the hill.
“语法要求的倒装语序”
[正]：Where are you going?
[误]：Where you are going?
英语中常见的“修辞倒装”用法，有以下各类：
(1) 如果主语较长而谓语动词是不及物动词的一般现在式或一般过去式，可以将状语(副词或介词短语)提到句首表示强调，结果形成主语—谓语动词倒装，例如：Soon came another bus.
Down the river sailed a small boat.
Thus began a new stage of city construction.
On both sides stretched the green fields of wheat.
From the distance came occasional gunshots.
On top of the mountain stands a tall tower.
To the list may be added the following names.
In came an old lady with a bag in her hand.
Out ran a cat from the room.
Now comes your turn.
Then followed my ten years of life in New York.
There goes the bell. (注意：这个倒装句是习惯用法)
(2) 如果为了强调或其它修辞原因，“S + link-V + Cs” 句型可以倒装而变为“Cs + link-V + S”句型，例如：
Next to it is another restaurant where you can have French food.
Near the eastern end of the town is a newly-built power plant.
Of great importance is the quality of our work.
Worst of all was the draught that lasted six months that year.
Most interesting is the story told by John.
Below are some questions for you to answer.
South of the city is the railroad station.
(3) 如果为了强调或其它修辞原因，“S + be + v-ing/v-ed”句型可以倒装而变为“v-ing/v-ed + be + S”的句型，例如：
Added to the list may be the following names.
Flying over the tower is a large passenger plane.
(4) 如果为了强调而把never, little, hardly, scarcely, not only, not until, only 或含有not, no的短语放在句首，那么就会引起倒装。

需要说明：为了强调而把这些词语放在句首，这是修辞的需要；而引起倒装，一般又认为是语法要求。

例如：
Never have I seen her these days.
Little could I do in such a situation.
Hardly had he gone when his wife arrived.
Scarcely had he fallen asleep when a knock at the door awakened him.
Not only should we strive to develop but also we should make the development sustainable.
Not until quite recently did I come to see the importance of her proposal.
Only later did they realize what a terrible thing had happened.
No sooner had we arrived than they left.
At no time and in no circumstances should you do that.
Not once in the past fifteen years has he been back to his home town.
(5) 如果为了强调而把地点副词there, here放在句首，主语是名词，通常用倒装语序，例如：
There are our friends.
Here’s the milkman.
但如果主语是单个的人称代词，则用正常语序，例如：。