阅读表达解题技能--句子翻译

阅读表达解题技能
句子翻译
I. 命题特点
要求考生在理解全句、全段或全文的基础上，把语法、辞汇的意思和上下文结合起来理解，并译成通顺的句子。

句子往往是结构较为复杂的或包括一些特定习语的句子。

该题型主要特点如下：
①难点：该考题读起来相对简单，难点在于汉语表达的准确性。

②重点：词义的选择及引申，对原文理解的深度和语言的准确表达。

③突出简单翻译技能，如词、词组的省略及补译，译出it, they, this, that等代词的真正代表的含义，词义选择、引申、词性转换，长句的拆分与逆序翻译法等。

考生应针对这些特点认真做好适当的准备。

设题形式：问题设置常常利用: Translate the underlined sentence in the …paragraph into Chinese.
II. 答题技能
①擅长分析句子结构，变抽象英语为具体汉语
通过度析句子的结构，把主、谓、宾、定、状、补、表等分析出来，把长句变短句、从句变分句，结构上的难题往往迎刃而解。

然后针对各成份，采用不同的译法翻译出来。

表达抽象则要求考生吃透原文的意思，用具体的中文进行表达，这对考生往往具有更大的挑战性。

例如：You are perfectly within the bounds of politeness in responding to a marathon e-mail with a brief reply.
译文：用简短的话回答冗长的电子邮件完全不失礼节。

/用简短的话回答马拉松式的电子邮件也是礼貌的。

total exhaustion 筋疲力尽farsightedness远见卓识careful consideration沉思熟虑perfect harmony水乳融合feed on fancies画饼果腹with great eagerness迫不及待
lack of perseverance三天打鱼，两天晒网wait with great anxiety望穿秋水
make a little contribution 添砖加瓦on the verge of destruction危在旦夕
从上面的例子不难看出，英语表达往往比较抽象，汉语表达则比较具体。

②切忌逐字逐句一一对应的翻译，尽可能进行意译，即是在忠于原文意思的基础上，符合中文的表达习惯，或视情况直译和意译相结合。

抓住重点的关键文句，要注意句首状语、副词、介词短语等，译文要通顺，合乎英语的习惯，书写要规范、认真。

大部份考生在开始做翻译时就养成了一种坏习惯：一边读句子，一边思考每一个单词别离是什么汉语意思。

在没有完整理解英语句子的情况下，就直接做了“字字对等”的翻译，或，在读完以后，并无理解句子，就马上在自己积累的辞汇中找与看到的英语词对应的汉语来表达。

若是碰着不熟悉的生词就束手无策。

这样的译文，不仅扭曲了英语原文的意思，汉语句子本身也晦涩难懂。

例如：Even a skilled writer probably could not describe all the features that make one face different from another.
译文：即即是最老道的作家也不可能描述出不同面孔的区别所在。

③既要忠实原文，又要符合汉语表达习惯
按照汉语习惯，通过适当调整英语单词的意义顺序。

如：后置定语可以翻译在其中心词前；定语从句若是易于表达、信息量不大可以提到先行词前，若是信息量大，放在先行词前表达起来就很累赘，就可以够考虑独立成一句话；表示时间、条件、原因等的状语从句可以放在主句之前或以后来翻译。

总之，在整个翻译的解题进程中，咱们必然要注意分析、理清句子结构，在准确理解的基础上，用符合汉语语言习惯的句子来翻译，唯有这样才能做到“准确、通顺、完整”。

另外，要坚持长句短说的表达方式。

例如：Researchers have established that when people are mentally, bio-chemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive (认知的) areas such as attention and memory.
译文：研究人员已证明，当人们动脑筋时，头脑里会产生生化转变。

这种转变可使头脑在一些认知领域（如注意力、记忆力领域等）里加倍有效地进行活动。

④掌握一词多义，灵活翻译英文意思，注意对陌生单词和短语结合上下文进行合理的猜想，注意词义的精选和引申。

词典对词的概念和解释是死的，而实际运用中的语言是活的。

从原文角度来讲，这种活用是词义和用法的引申，翻译的时候要准确理解这种引申，译者就需要进行推理。

例如：
I am not quite sure of his having said it.
我不能肯定他是不是说过这话。

This is the surest guarantee that we shall be successful.
这是咱们取得成功最靠得住的保证。

He made a sure step out of the mud.他从泥淖中跨出稳健的一步。

She had a sure grasp of the subject.她对这门学科的知识掌握的很牢固。

He is very sure in his beliefs.他的信仰十分坚定。

5个sure别离译成了“肯定”、“靠得住的”、“稳健的”、“牢固”和“坚定”。

若是都译成大家熟悉的“确信的”、“肯定的”，中文译文岂不成了天书？原文词义稍有引申，译文就要进行适当的推理。

再例：In the 1880s the United States was a land sharply divided between the immensely wealthy and the very poor.
此句中“land”按照上下文可以翻译为“国家”。

⑤适当的增词或减词。

例如：While both groups did better than chance would predict, nearly half the participants in each group made the wrong choice two or more times.
译文：虽然两组表现得比咱们预料的要好，可是每组几乎一半参加者作出了两次或两次以上的错误选择。

翻译下列句子：
1. As we worked together, learning how to read built Marie’s self-confidence, which encouraged her to continue in her studies.
当咱们一路学习时，学习如何识字成立了Marie的自信心，鼓励着她去继续尽力。

2. Fear and pain are therefore two guards without which men and animals might die out.
恐惧和痛苦因此成为两大卫士。

没有他们，人类和动物就可能会衰亡。

3. Make your notes more accurate by answering any questions you had when writing your notes in class.
你可以通过回答你在课堂上做笔记时碰到的疑难问题来使你的笔记加倍准确无误。

4. These problems have been getting worse, not better, so many people see no hope for the future of the city. 这些问题已经变得愈来愈糟糕了，而不是更好了，因此很多人对未来的城市不抱什么希望。

5. If they are placed too near a house, the radiation from the heat of the house prevents the leaves from cooling and so prevents dew from forming, and the plant dies. In the southern United States and in 若是它们靠屋子太近，来自房间的热量辐射会妨碍树叶的冷却，这样露珠就不会形成。

6. Some think this may leave the child less able to interact well with people his or her own age than one who has been raised with brothers or sisters.
有人以为，这会使独生子女与同龄人交往的能力不如那些从小与兄弟姐妹一块长大的孩子。

7. With the Spring Festival, people can find back the warm, family atmosphere often seen in days gone by. 在春节，人们可以找回旧日岁月常见的那种温馨和谐的家庭气氛。

8. Researchers expect such attitudes make people more stressed on the job，and stress as you know, can challenge your immune system．
研究者以为,这样的态度会令人们对工作感到更有压力，而你知道，压力会对你的免疫系统提出挑战。

9. Around the country, concerns about limited budgets for public schools sometimes lead to objections to investing in green schools.
在全美国，对公立学校有限的预算的担忧有时会让人们反对投资“绿色学校”。

10. The newsreader tells the news in sign language with the words appearing on the screen.
播音员用手语播报新闻，同时有文字出此刻屏幕上。

11. To young people, the benefits of giving out some personal information to reach out to friends outweigh the risks.
对年轻人来讲，把一些个人信息发送给朋友所带来的益处胜过其(可能产生的)危害。

12. Before we practice gratitude, we are in the dark and there appears to be very little to be grateful for. 在感恩之前，咱们不知道要感激什么，似乎没有什么值得感激的。

13. Traditional education fails to teach students the skills of problem –solving, critical thinking and effective communication, which they need to succeed in the 21 st century传统教育未能教给学生解决问题、批判性思维和有效交流的技术，这些是他们在二十一世记要取得成功所必需的。

14. Kindness is a quality that isn’t often rewarded in our schools, so we must make a strong effort to acknowledge it at home.
宽容是一种通常在学校里无法取得的素质，因此咱们必需尽力在家庭中培育这种素质.
15. At graduation your idea of a good friend was the person who was crying on the inside but managed the biggest smile one could give as they congratulated you.
在毕业时，你对好朋友熟悉/理解是这样的：他们是虽然心里痛苦，但在向你祝贺时，总能尽力给你最灿烂微笑的人。

16. Each day will bring with it new frontiers, in our homes and in our business, if we will only recognize them. 只要咱们用心体会，天天都可能在家庭或事业中发现新的领域。

17. The TV programme also shows what good exercise it can be to ballroom dance and what hard work is involved in learning the dances and performing them properly.这个电视节目也表明跳交谊舞是何等好的锻炼，同时也表明学习这种舞蹈并恰本地表现出来需要付出如何的尽力。

18. However , if a generation of genetic monsters (转基因怪物) were created , it would show that the whole point of sport has been lost .
但是，若是一代转基因怪物被造出来，那将表明体育运动完全失去了意义。

19. Assuming that you plan to build a wooden jump rather than just pack some earth together for a dirt jump, you will need lots of plywood(胶合板), which can be expensive to buy.
假设你计划建造一个木制的跳台，而不是把一些泥土简单堆积成一个泥制的跳台，你需要很多胶合板，这些胶合板是很昂贵的。

20. It is not just your knowledge that determines your mark, the tools you use do as well.
不仅是你所学的知识来决定你的分数，在考试中你所用的工具也对你的分数有影响。

21. Some professors use lectures to discuss material not found in the reading on which they will base an exam. 有些教授在讲课时会讨论书中没有但却与考试有关的内容。

22. Courage is keeping in the face of disappointment and looking at defeat not as an end but as a new beginning. 勇气就是在面对失望时维持踊跃心态，不是把失败看做结束而是崭新的开始。

23. Moreover, passengers who suffer during car journeys can cause stress and anxiety to the driver, who may therefore lose concentration and cause an accident.
而且，乘客们旅途中的不良反映能给司机带来压力和焦虑，司机可能因此注意力分散而致使交通事故。

24. Given enough time, you’ll score better and better on intelligence tests as you age.
只要给你足够的时间，你在智力测试中的分数会随着你的年纪的增加愈来愈好。

25. In January 1998, he was selected out of more than 1,500 elite (优秀的) pilots as a member of the astronauts of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), together with Yang Liwei, Nie Haisheng
and Zhai Zhigang. 他于1998年1月，与杨利伟、聂海胜、翟志刚一路从1500名优秀的飞行员中胜出，成了人民解放军宇航员。

26. The Olympic Games are seen as the greatest test of an athlete's ability and are supposed to celebrate the spirit of fair play. 奥运会被人们看做是对运动员能力的最大查验，也是对公平竞争的庆典。

27. However, some interviewers might not appreciate the way you "decorate" yourself or possibly, the positions you are applying for would require more reserved personalities, which, to some interviewers, can be revealed from your appearance. Therefore, the more discreet solution would be to
但是，有些面试者或许不欣赏你刻意“装饰”自己的方式，或可能你所申请的职位本来应该需要加倍收敛的个性，这在一些面试者看来，可以通过你的外表反映出来。

28. If you think about it, it is almost impossible to brush away dirty things that hide your white teeth, with a brush that has worn out bristles (毛). 假设你思考一下，就会意识到利用刷毛损坏的牙刷，清除隐藏在洁白牙齿后的污垢几乎是不可能的。