考研英语二(阅读)模拟试卷20

考研英语二（阅读）模拟试卷20
(总分：40.00，做题时间：90分钟)
一、<B>Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.</B>(总题数：4，分数：40.00)
The business practices of America will have you in the office from nine in the morning to five in the evening, if not longer. Much of the world, though, prefers to take a nap. And research presented to the AAAS (American Academy of Arts and Sciences) meeting in San Diego suggests it may be right to do so. Matthew Walker and his colleagues at the University of California, Berkeley, have found that they probably have better memory, too. A post-meal snooze, Dr Walker has discovered, sets the brain up for learning. The role of sleep in consolidating memories that have already been created has been understood for some time. Dr Walker has been trying to extend this understanding by looking at sleep's role in preparing the brain for the formation of memories in the first place. He was particularly interested in a type of memory called episodic memory, which relates to specific events, places and times. This contrasts with procedural memory, of the skills required to perform some sort of mechanical task, such as driving. The theory he and his team wanted to test was that the ability to form new episodic memories deteriorates with increasing wakefulness, and that sleep thus restores the brain's capacity for efficient learning. They asked a group of 39 people to take part in two learning sessions, one at noon and one at 6pm. On each occasion the participants tried to memorize and recall 100 combinations of pictures and names. After the first session they were assigned randomly to either a control group, which remained awake, or a nap group, which had 100 minutes of monitored sleep. Those who remained awake throughout the day became worse at learning. Those who napped, by contrast, actually improved their capacity to learn, doing better in the evening than they had at noon. These findings suggest that sleep is clearing the brain's short-term memory and making way for new information. The benefits to memory of a nap, says Dr Walker, are so great that they can equal an entire night's sleep. He warns, however, that napping must not be done too late in the day or it will interfere with night-time sleep. Moreover, not everyone awakens refreshed from a nap. The dazedness that results from an unrefreshing nap is termed "sleep inertia". Sara Mednick, from the University of California, San Diego, suggests that non-habitual nappers suffer from this more often than those who snooze regularly. It may be that those who have a tendency to wake up dazed are choosing not to nap in the first place. Perhaps, though, as in so many things, it is practice that makes perfect.（分数：10.00）
(1).Dr. Walker has been trying to find out _____.（分数：2.00）
A.the role of sleep in enhancing memory that has been created
B.the relationship between episodic memories and sleep √
C.the role of brain in forming new episodic memories
D.differences between episodic and procedural memories
解析：解析：根据Dr．Walker has been trying可定位到第二段。

该段⑤句说，沃克博士和他的研究小组想检验这一理论，即形成新的片段记忆的能力随着不眠的增加而下降，因此睡眠可以修复大脑高效学习的
能力。

由此可知，Dr．Walker想要知道的是片段记忆和睡眠的关系，所以B项正确。

(2).According to Paragraph 3, participants _____.（分数：2.00）
A.were divided into two groups at the first session
B.who remained awake were bad at memorizing pictures and names
C.in a nap or control group were deliberately chosen
D.who napped performed better in the second session than the first √
解析：解析：由题干可直接定位到第三段。

该段⑤句说，午睡过的人学习能力实际上提高了，晚上的表现比中午好。

可见分组后午睡小组的人在第二场研讨会(下午6点)中比在第一场研讨会(中午)表现得更好，所以D项正确。

(3).What is true about the relationship between sleep and memory?（分数：2.00）
A.People who often take a nap have a better memory. √
B.Sleep consolidates memory that has been understood.
C.Sleep improves the formation of procedural memory.
D.Sleep can strengthen people's short-term memory.
解析：解析：根据题干中的sleep和memory可定位到第二段和第三段。

第三段⑤句说，有午睡的人学习能力实际上提高了，晚上的表现比中午好。

说明经常小睡的人学习能力得到提高，因此记忆力也更好，所以可推断A项正确。

(4).Dr. Walker would most probably agree that _____.（分数：2.00）
A.a nap can replace an entire night's sleep
B.non-habitual nappers will suffer from "sleep inertia"
C.people should not nap too late in the day √
D.people who wake up dazed should not choose to nap
解析：解析：本题实际上问的是沃克博士的观点，根据题干可定位到第四段(因为第四段①句说…says Dr Walker，…“沃克博士称……”，可见该段就有沃克博士的观点)。

该段②句说，沃克博士警告白天小睡的时间不能太晚(must not be done too late in the day)，否则就会干扰晚上的睡眠。

C项与原文吻合。

(5).By saying "it is practice that makes perfect" (Line 7, Para. 4), the author means that _____.（分数：2.00）
A.people need to learn how to take a rest
B.people can avoid sleep inertia by practice √
C.people can perform better if they practice a lot
D.people needs practice to become a regular napper
解析：解析：根据题干可定位到第四段⑦句。

这句话是沃克博士对小睡后有眩晕症状的人的建议。

根据⑥句，他认为这些人之所以出现这种症状，可能是因为一开始就没有选择午睡，从这句话可推断他认为眩晕的原因可能是缺乏练习，换言之，可以通过练习来避免睡后迟钝，所以B项正确。

The digital attack from e-books and Amazon-style online retailers have put bookstores in an existential dilemma. Digital books are said to sell better than print titles by 2020 in Britain, and even sooner in America. With the closedown of HMV, that music-retailing giant, still fresh in everyone's minds, real bookstores appear to be on borrowed time. So, what is the future of the bookstore? This was the burning questions on everyone's lips at a recent event at Foyles's flagship bookshop on Charing Cross Road in London. For a bookstore to remain successful, it must improve "the experience of buying books," says Alex Lifschutz, an architect whose London-based practice is designing the new Foyles. He suggests an array of approaches: "small, quiet spaces isolated by books; larger spaces where one can dwell and read; other larger but still intimate spaces where one can hear talks from authors about books, literature, science, travel and cooking." The atmosphere is vital, he adds. Exteriors must buzz with activity, entrances must be full of eye-catching presentations and a bar and cafe is essential. There are plenty of ways to delight the bookstore customer, but few are easily converted into money. The consensus is that bookstores need to become cultural destinations where people are prepared to pay good money to hear a concert, see a film or attend a talk. The programming will have to be intelligent and the space comfortable. Given how common it is for shoppers to browse in shops only to buy online later, some wonder whether it makes sense to charge people for the privilege. But forcing people to pay for the privilege of potentially paying for goods could discourage shoppers altogether. A more attractive idea might be a membership scheme like those offered by museums. Unlike reward cards, which offer discounts and other nominal benefits, a club membership could provide priority access to events (talks, literary workshops, retreats) and a private lounge where members can eat, drink and meet authors
before events. Different memberships could tailor to the needs of children and students. To survive and thrive, bookstores should celebrate the book in all its forms: rare, second-hand, digital, self-printed and so on. Readers should have the option of buying e-books in-store, and budding authors should have access to self-printing book machines. The latter have been slower to take off in Britain, but in America bookstores are finding them to be an important source of revenue. The bookstore of the future will have to work hard. Service will be knowledgeable and personalised, the inventory expertly selected, spaces well-designed and the cultural events attractive. Whether book stores, especially small independents are up to the challenge, is not clear. The fate of these stores is a cliff-hanger.（分数：10.00）
(1).It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that _____.（分数：2.00）
A.bookstores are going out of fashion because of e-books and online retailers
B.digital books are likely to sell better than paper ones before 2020 in USA √
C.bookstores are facing an existential crisis because of insufficient time
D.the future of Foyles has become the primary concern of everyone
解析：解析：根据题干可直接定位到第一段。

文章首段表明了传统书店现在遭遇的艰难处境。

其中②句说到2020年，在英国，电子书的销量据说会超过纸质书籍，而这一天在美国可能来得更早。

因此，B项正确。

(2).According to Alex Lifschutz, the most important thing a bookstore should present is _____.（分数：2.00）
A.cozy atmosphere
B.delightful customer-experience √
C.stylish bar and cafe
D.multi-functional arrangement of space
解析：解析：本题解题的关键在于“最”。

根据题干中的人名Alex Lifschutz可定位到第二段①句。

该句提出要想保持成功，书店必须提高顾客的购书体验。

②句He suggests an array of approaches后面则是如何提高客户体验的具体建议。

第二段是总分的结构，核心思想就是①句的improve the experience of buying books，因而选择B项“愉快的客户体验”。

(3).It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that _____.（分数：2.00）
A.it is easy to please customers
B.shoppers go to bookstores only to browse
C.extra privileges will be charged for in the future
D.bookstores need to offer more cultural services √
解析：解析：根据题干定位到第三段。

该段讨论能够盈利的消费者取悦法。

②句说人们一致认为书店需要转型成文化终点站(cultural destinations)，以吸引那些愿意花大价钱听音乐会、看电影和参加讲座的人。

③句则表明在这里举办的活动必须是知识型的。

结合以上内容可知，书店需要提供更多的文化服务，D项与之相符。

(4).A more attractive idea for bookstores to achieve profits might be _____.（分数：2.00）
A.a membership strategy √
B.tempting reward cards
C.option of buying e-books in-store
D.self-printing book machines
解析：解析：根据题干中的关键词A more attractive idea可直接定位到第四段②句。

根据该句中的membership scheme可直接选择A项“会员策略”。

该段主要论证了相对于优惠卡来说会员制度的众多优点。

(5).The most appropriate title of this text would be _____.（分数：2.00）
A.The future of the bookstore: A Cultural Destination
B.The future of the bookstore: A Cozy Atmosphere
C.The future of the bookstore: A Real Cliffhanger √
D.The future of the bookstore: An Urgent Quest
解析：解析：这是一道主旨题，选择文章的标题。

对于主旨的判断，既要把握全文内容，又要抓住文章一头一尾两个重点。

C项“书店的未来：真正的悬念”比较符合本文的内容，文章开头就表示书店已经陷入存亡与否的困境(existential dilemma)；文章结尾则再次重申书店面对诸多挑战，实体书店的未来是一个很大的悬念(The fate…is a cliff-hanger)，比较来看C项最适合作本文的标题。

For the past several years, I have been immersed in the study of friendship, and among the many things I have learned, one idea stands out: If you truly want to change some aspect of your life, developing friendships with people who aspire to the same goals as you do can lead to more successful endeavors than embarking on solitary efforts. Shortly after we make a decision to change our behavior, we often sense a softening of what at first felt like ironclad conviction. We chastise ourselves for our inability to summon motivation and return to the poor habits we're trying to break to comfort us, actively undermining our goals. What a disheartening cycle. But research shows that having friends with the same goal can interrupt that cycle. Researchers James Fowler and Nicholas Christakis have demonstrated that weight loss (and gain) spreads through friend groups, most likely via a process of altered norms. It's not that you'll necessarily adopt your friend's new habits right away, but the seed will be planted. If you want to continue to feel close to her, you might even start adjusting your own routines (perhaps unconsciously) to align them more with hers. Friends can help you reinforce individual willpower. In The Power of Habit, Charles Duhigg recommends replacing the cues that trigger, and the rewards that follow, bad behaviors with new, healthier ones. The cue and reward of a real person knocking on your door for a joint jog, and a stimulating talk over coffee afterwards, is a particularly alluring replacement for whatever previously sucked you into sedentary TV watching. In a recent New York Times column, "How People Change," David Brooks noted that, "There's a research suggesting that it's best to tackle negative behaviors indirectly, by redirecting attention toward different, positive ones." Investing in fulfilling friendships with those who have the values and habits you admire will lift you up to those friends' level more easily. The desire to be with, be like, and be liked by friends is primal. We're all built to seek out strong bonds with friends on whom our very survival might have once been dependent. While we don't necessarily need friends to help hunt or fight off predators these days, most of us probably still feel like we can't live without them. Tap into that deep-down social motivation and you'll not only be primed for success, you'll take pleasure in the proverbial journey.（分数：10.00）
(1).According to Paragraph 2, a determination to change a behavior is often closely followed by .（分数：2.00）
A.a solid belief
B.a convincing sense
C.a weakened willpower √
D.a disappearing motivation
解析：解析：根据题干可直接定位到第二段，答案出现在该段①句。

①句提到在人们下定决心之后，原先那斩钉截铁的意志常常很快会松懈。

题干中的determination一词对应该句中逗号前的make a decision，C项的a weakened willpower与原句中的a softening of．．．意思一致，因此本题选C项。

(2).Researchers have indicated that change of weight spreads among friends probably through _____.（分数：2.00）
A.adopting the habits of friends
B.altering the behavioral norms √
C.planting the seeds with friends
D.changing original routines
解析：解析：根据题干中的关键词change of weight可定位到文章第三段。

该段①句表明两位研究者已经证明体重的减轻(或增加)会在朋友圈中扩散，这其中最大的可能性在于行为规范的改变(altered norms)。

根据这一句，选择B项，即改变行为规范。

(3).The example of joint jog is mentioned in Paragraph 4 to demonstrate that_____.（分数：2.00）
A.friends help personal determination become stronger √
B.contact with real person can be extremely rewarding
C.long-time TV watching is less alluring than sports
D.an encouraging talk over coffee enhances individual will
解析：解析：根据题干可直接定位到第四段。

该段①句指出“朋友能帮助增强个人意志，随后用与人相约慢跑、喝咖啡聊天的例子来论证朋友能帮助增强个人意志这一观点，A项与此相符。

(4).David Brooks would most probably agree that _____.（分数：2.00）
A.making friends is a wise investment
B.people are more likely to make friends with those of their own level
C.shifting attention to positive behaviors is a good way to change negative ones √
D.fulfilling friendships reflect similar values and habits
解析：解析：根据题干中的人名David Brooks可定位到第五段①句。

该句双引号中提到对于负面的行为最好采取间接的方式解决，将注意力redirect“引导”到不同的、积极的行为中。

C项中的shift一词与文中的redirect一词对应，其他内容都符合原文，故C项为正确选项。

(5).The most appropriate title of this text would be _____.（分数：2.00）
A.How Friendship Makes You More Successful √
B.How Friendship Ends Your Bad Behaviors
C.How Friendship lifts You to A Higher Level
D.How Friendship Brings You Stronger Willpower
解析：解析：这是一道主旨题，考查对全文中心和主题的概括能力。

当然，文章处处都在为主题服务；即便如此，一头一尾依然是最能点出和升华主题的部分。

文章开门见山，第一段的末尾就点出“建立友谊比孤军奋战更能带来成功”，缩略而言便是友谊带来成功。

而在文章最后一段最后一句更是再次升华和重申主旨，点出友谊不仅带来成功，更能带来快乐。

然而，综合考虑文章主体部分，“快乐”的含义并未触及，主要还是在于改变恶习、提升自我层次，重点依然在于“成功”。

因而最恰当的标题应为A项。

There's no question that future leaders will need constant coaching. As the business environment becomes more complex, they will increasingly turn to coaches for help in understanding how to act. The kind of coaches I am talking about will do more than influence behaviors; they will be an essential part of the leader's learning process, providing knowledge, opinions, and judgment in critical areas. These coaches will be retired CEOs or other experts from universities, think tanks, and government. Clearly, this is not a description of what most coaches do today. What we think of as coaching is generally a service to middle managers provided by entrepreneurs with a background in consulting, psychology, or human resources. This kind of coaching became popular over the past five years because companies faced a shortage of talent and were concerned about turnover among key employees. Firms wanted to signal their commitment to developing their high-potential executives, so they hired coaches. Meanwhile, businesspeople needed to develop not just quantitative capabilities but also people-oriented skills, and many coaches are helpful for that As coaching has become more common, any disgrace attached to receiving it at the individual level has disappeared. Now, it is often considered a badge of honor. The coaching industry will remain fragmented until a few partnerships build a brand, collect excellent people, weed out those who are not so good, and create a reputation for outstanding work. Some coaching groups are evolving in this direction, but most are still small firms specializing in, for example, administering and interpreting 360-degree evaluations. To get beyond this level, the industry badly needs a leader who can define the profession and create a serious firm in the way that Marvin Bower did when he invented the modem professional management consultancy in the form of McKinsey & Company.
A big problem that tomorrow's professional coaching firm must resolve is the difficulty of measuring performance, as the coaches themselves point out in the survey. I'm aware of no research that has followed coached executives over long periods; most of the evidence around effectiveness remains unproved. My sense is that the positive stories outnumber the negative ones—but as the industry matures, coaching firms will need to be able to demonstrate how they bring about change,
as well as offer a clear methodology for measuring results. Despite the recession, I agree with most survey respondents that the demand for coaching will not contract in the long term. The big developing economies are going to have a tremendous appetite for it because management there is very youthful. University graduates are coming into jobs at 23 years old and finding that their bosses are all of 25, with the experience to match.（分数：10.00）
(1).According to the first paragraph, the coaches _____.（分数：2.00）
A.are badly needed for their advice on behaviors
B.will become CEOs or experts in think tanks
C.are typical coaches companies now can hire
D.will play an essential role in future leaders' career √
解析：解析：根据题干定位到第一段。

该段①句先说未来领导者需要咨询，③句进一步描述咨询顾问的角色“不仅会影响领导者的行为，还将成为领导人学习过程中必不可少的一个部分，……”。

结合①句中的need constant coaching可知，咨询顾问对领导人是非常重要的，故D项为正确答案。

(2).The service coaching industry can now provide includes _____.（分数：2.00）
A.training on interpersonal skills √
B.carrying out 360-degree evaluation
C.developing quantitative capabilities
D.turning disgrace into a badge of honor
解析：解析：根据题干中的provide now可定位到第二段，该段①句中的what most coaches do today与此对应。

该段⑤句提到，商界人士需要具备与人相处的技巧，而许多咨询顾问对此都很有帮助，A项“人际交往技能”就是现在咨询顾问行业可以提供的服务之一，故为答案。

(3).McKinsey & Company is mentioned in Paragraph 3 _____.（分数：2.00）
A.to emphasize the role of Marvin Bower played
B.as the target for the fragmented coaching industry √
C.to show it is the modern professional consultancy
D.as a proof of what a good leader Marvin Bower is
解析：解析：根据题干定位到第三段。

该段③句说到要突破这种水平，咨询行业急需一个像马文-鲍尔那样的领导，而马文-鲍尔建立了麦肯锡公司”，即麦肯锡公司的模式正是突破咨询业现有水平的典范，故B项为正确选项。

(4).The author holds in Paragraph 4 that _____.（分数：2.00）
A.the few negative stories about coaching can be neglected
B.measurement of customers' performance is adequate
C.methodology is more important than the coaching process
D.there isn't enough reliable evidence to prove the effectiveness of coaching √
解析：解析：根据题干定位到第四段。

该段②句说most of the evidence around effectiveness remains unproved“有关咨询效果的大多数证据仍然未经证实”，D项为此句的同义转述。

(5).Coaching will become popular because _____.（分数：2.00）
A.it is considered as a badge of honor
B.firms promise to develop executives
C.young managers needs experience √
panies face a shortage of talent
解析：解析：按照出题顺序的原则，本题答案应在文末。

最后一段②③句指出，许多发展中国家管理层的年纪尚轻，需要有与他们职位相匹配的经验，因此对咨询将有巨大的市场需求，故C项为正确答案。