Political Culture of Canada
加拿大政府与政治
Unit 18 The Government and Politics of Canada加拿大政府与政治历史背景1.加拿大的政治制度反映了外国对该国历史发展的两大影响:一方面是其作为英国前殖民地的遗产，另一方面是其南部邻国美国施加的强大影响。
在历史上，加拿大政府的形成过程受到美国政治发展的部分影响，美国当时用共和主义和其他革命性的思想建国，以期消除欧洲君主制社会的不完善和腐败行为。
联合王国保皇派逃到北方，忠于大英帝国的理念，并希望在不久的将来被称为加拿大的地方建立一个大英北美洲。
他们对英属北美的梦想没有实现，这一梦想类似于英国最好的国家。
2.在英国，伦敦的中央政府拥有最强大的政治权力。
加拿大保留了英国的建筑，但在一片辽阔、未知、无人居住的荒野中，不可能重建英国的环境。
随着时间的推移，中部加拿大的开国元勋们用许诺给新成员特惠政策的办法，慢慢说服那些强大的省政府加入了加拿大邦联。
例如，不列颠哥伦比亚省同意加入联邦的基础上，铁路将一直延伸到西海岸。
上世纪80年代，当联邦政府试图通过关闭西部几乎没有使用过的铁路服务来节省开支时，不列颠哥伦比亚省反驳说，他们的铁路受到了加拿大宪法的保护。
3.省政府的运作方式和联邦政府一样，只是在一个低一级的行政层次上。
每一个省都由一位省长领导，他是省议会的首脑，称之为立法会议。
省政府在控制地方经济、教育和卫生系统方面拥有很大的权力。
例如，某个省的贸易代表团以及全国的代表可能会访问中国。
4.美国的思想在某种程度上影响了加拿大的制度。
例如，当代加拿大比英国更重视言论自由和信息自由，这些价值观很大程度上归功于美国对这些权利的保护。
现在，局外人第一眼看上去（往往会）觉得加拿大社会与美国社会非常相似，所以要抓住两者的实质性区别可能不容易。
答案部分可以从定义两国政治抱负的两个口号中找到。
（另译为：答案部分可以在两个定义两国政治愿望的口号中找到）如果说美国是建立在个人主义的思想基础上，他们崇尚“生命、自由和对幸福的追求”，那么加拿大人则选择了在“和平、秩序和好政府”的思想基础上建立国家。
加拿大政治体制概况
Canadian Political System Introduction：Canada is a constitutional monarchy with a federal system of parliamentary government and strong democratic traditions. Its political system under which modern Canada operates is known as the Westminster system. Since Canada’s political structure is modeled after those of Britain and the United States, it can be described as both a federation like the US and a constitutional monarchy like Britain.Westminster system:The Westminster system is a democratic parliamentary system of government modeled after the politics of the United Kingdom. This term comes from the Palace of Westminster, the seat of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.The essential features of the Westminster system are:∙The Government is chosen by the democratically elected lower house. The government requires the continuing support of amajority of members of that chamber to stay in office.∙The head of government is the Prime Minister, who leads a Cabinet which is responsible to the lower house.∙ A loyal Opposition exists, led by the leader of the party or parties with the second largest number of seats in the lower house.∙ A constitutional monarch, if one exists, who is “above politics” and acts on the advice of the prime minister.∙There is a career public service which impartially serves the government of the day.∙The armed services are outside of politics and act on the instructions of the government.∙The rule of law prevails, with an independent judiciary, subject to the Constitution.The Canadian government consists of three parts:ONE: The Legislature 立法The Parliament of Canada: the House of Commons and the Senate.●The House of Commons：Each member chosen by a majority of eligible voters in each of the country's federal electoral districts, or ridings, via a plurality voting system. To run for one of the 308 seats in the House of Commons, an individual must be at least 18 years old, and on average, members of the House of Commons are elected for a maximum of five-year term.●The Senate：It is a group of 105 individuals appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister; all those summoned to the Senate by the viceroy must be a minimum of 30 years old, and own property with a net worth of at least $4,000, in addition to owning landworth no less than $4,000 within the province he or she is to represent. Its main function is to accept or reject the suggestion of the House of Commons.●The Prime Minister is often the leader of the majority party in Parliament, and selects the ministers who make up the Cabinet, they exercise executive power as the “Government”, and are responsible only to the House of Commons.TWO: The Executive 执行●The Governor General holds the highest position and is theoreticallythe source of executive power. In practice, however, the Governor General is only the symbolic executive who can act only on the advice of the Canadian Prime Minister and the Cabinet. Responsibilities:1) To summon the House of Common and the Senate;2）To give Royal Assent to all federal laws passed by the House ;3）To open and end session of Parliament;4）To dissolve Parliament before an election.●The Canadian government is divided into :The federal government: It shares many of the provincial government’s features. Besides, it has a second chamber equivalent to the Canadian Senate.The provincial government: A lieutenant Governor represents the King or Queen in each province; their duties are similar to those of the Governor General.Territorial government: Three territories have their own governments but with less power than those of the province.THREE: The Judiciary 司法机构The courts in Canada are organized in four-level structure. Level 1: The Supreme Court.●It serves as the final court of appeals in Canada.●It hears both civil and criminal appeals from decision of the courts of appeals in all the provinces and territories.●It plays a special role as adviser to the federal government on questions concerning the Constitution and controversial complicated areas of private and public law.Level 2: The Federal Court of Appeal and the various provincial courts of appeals.Level 3: The Federal Court, The Tax Court of Canada, The provincial and the territorial superior courts of general jurisdiction.Level 4: Provincial courts.Political Parties 政党There are three main political parties in Canada.●The Liberal Party: The most favored and influential political party in Canada, founded in 1867, and has often over the years held a majority in the Canadian House of Commons, and at other times still remained a substantial amount of seats. This party combines a liberal social policy with a moderate economic policy.●The Conservative Party:The right-wing political party in Canada was formed by the merger of the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative Party in December 2003. The Reform Party had been the chief political party to oppose the Liberal party for a number of years. In 2006, the party achieved a major victory with the election of its candidate for Prime minister, Stephen Harper.●The New Democratic Party:It is a social democratic party in Canada, founded in 1961, incorporating two other Canadian parties, the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation and the Canadian Labor Congress. The party represents the left-wing position and retains a small number of seats in the House of Commons.Election 选举●Each province：Its own electoral system.The federal Parliament: A national electoral system.Different systems share many similarities as well as differences.●At the time of confederation, the right to vote was severely limited:★Only white men could vote and they had to meet certain property qualifications.★Women were given the right to vote in 1918;★Aboriginal Canada living on reserves in 1960;●Nowadays, citizens aged 18 or older have the right to vote.●Two citizens cannot vote:★The Chief Electoral Officer(总选举事务主任)★The Deputy Chief Electoral Officer(副首席选举事务主任)●Constitutionally, elections must be held every five years.By tradition, they are usually held at approximately four-year intervals.。
加拿大多元文化主义
Multiculturalism in CanadaAs a multi-ethnic, multilingual and multicultural country，Canadian multiculturalism plays an important role in its formation and development.Multiculturalism has experienced three development stages which from budding to formation, to the institutionalization ,and its time span is semicentury that it is about from the 1940s to 1990s。
Pluralism culture embodies in various aspects such as language, education, employment，which makes many immigrants obtain real rights，in turn helping the wave of immigrants。
The result is that improves the stable development of the Canadian politic and economy，and the sustainable development of social culture, making Canadian society culture more inclusive and open which gives priority to the British and French culture,and it's a virtuous circle for the development of whole society.Before and after the Second World War, assimilationism and Anglo consistent theory is very popular in most Canadian authorities, and it regulates that immigrants must give up the original cultural customs if they want to be in Canada,and live with Anglo Canadian life way。
加拿大政治体制概况--资料
Canadian Political SystemIntroduction：Canada is a constitutional monarchy with a federal system of parliamentary government and strong democratic traditions. Its political system under which modern Canada operates is known as the Westminster system. Since Canada’s political structure is modeled after those of Britain and the United States, it can be described as both a federation like the US and a constitutional monarchy like Britain.Westminster system:The Westminster system is a democratic parliamentary system of government modeled after the politics of the United Kingdom. This term comes from the Palace of Westminster, the seat of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.The essential features of the Westminster system are:•The Government is chosen by the democratically elected lower house. The government requires the continuing support of amajority of members of that chamber to stay in office.•The head of government is the Prime Minister, who leads a Cabinet which is responsible to the lower house.• A loyal Opposition exists, led by the leader of the party or parties with the second largest number of seats in the lower house.• A constitutional monarch, if one exists, who is “above politics” and acts on the advice of the prime minister.•There is a career public service which impartially serves the government of the day.•The armed services are outside of politics and act on the instructions of the government.•The rule of law prevails, with an independent judiciary, subject to the Constitution.The Canadian government consists of three parts:ONE: The Legislature 立法The Parliament of Canada: the House of Commons and the Senate.●The House of Commons：Each member chosen by a majority of eligible voters in each of the country's federal electoral districts, or ridings, via a plurality voting system. To run for one of the 308 seats in the House of Commons, an individual must be at least 18 years old, and on average, members of the House of Commons are elected for a maximum of five-year term.●The Senate：It is a group of 105 individuals appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister; all those summoned to the Senate by the viceroy must be a minimum of 30 years old, and own property with a net worth of at least $4,000, in addition to owning landworth no less than $4,000 within the province he or she is to represent. Its main function is to accept or reject the suggestion of the House of Commons.●The Prime Minister is often the leader of the majority party in Parliament, and selects the ministers who make up the Cabinet, they exercise executive power as the “Government”, and are responsible only to the House of Commons.TWO: The Executive 执行●The Governor General holds the highest position and is theoreticallythe source of executive power. In practice, however, the Governor General is only the symbolic executive who can act only on the advice of the Canadian Prime Minister and the Cabinet. Responsibilities:1) To summon the House of Common and the Senate;2）To give Royal Assent to all federal laws passed by the House ;3）To open and end session of Parliament;4）To dissolve Parliament before an election.●The Canadian government is divided into :The federal government: It shares many of the provincial government’s features. Besides, it has a second chamber equivalent to the Canadian Senate.The provincial government: A lieutenant Governor represents the King or Queen in each province; their duties are similar to those of the Governor General.Territorial government: Three territories have their own governments but with less power than those of the province.THREE: The Judiciary 司法机构The courts in Canada are organized in four-level structure. Level 1: The Supreme Court.●It serves as the final court of appeals in Canada.●It hears both civil and criminal appeals from decision of the courts of appeals in all the provinces and territories.●It plays a special role as adviser to the federal government on questions concerning the Constitution and controversial complicated areas of private and public law.Level 2: The Federal Court of Appeal and the various provincial courts of appeals.Level 3: The Federal Court, The Tax Court of Canada, The provincial and the territorial superior courts of general jurisdiction.Level 4: Provincial courts.Political Parties 政党There are three main political parties in Canada.●The Liberal Party: The most favored and influential political party in Canada, founded in 1867, and has often over the years held a majority insubstantial amount of seats. This party combines a liberal social policy with a moderate economic policy.●The Conservative Party:The right-wing political party in Canada was formed by the merger of the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative Party in December 2003. The Reform Party had been the chief political party to oppose the Liberal party for a number of years. In 2006, the party achieved a major victory with the election of its candidate for Prime minister, Stephen Harper.●The New Democratic Party:It is a social democratic party in Canada, founded in 1961, incorporating two other Canadian parties, the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation and the Canadian Labor Congress. The party represents the left-wing position and retains a small number of seats in the House of Commons.Election 选举●Each province：Its own electoral system.The federal Parliament: A national electoral system.Different systems share many similarities as well as differences.●At the time of confederation, the right to vote was severely limited:★Only white men could vote and they had to meet certain property qualifications.★Women were given the right to vote in 1918;★Aboriginal Canada living on reserves in 1960;●Nowadays, citizens aged 18 or older have the right to vote.●Two citizens cannot vote:★The Chief Electoral Officer(总选举事务主任)★The Deputy Chief Electoral Officer(副首席选举事务主任)●Constitutionally, elections must be held every five years.By tradition, they are usually held at approximately four-year intervals.。
(整理)加拿大政治体制概况.
Canadian Political System Introduction：Canada is a constitutional monarchy with a federal system of parliamentary government and strong democratic traditions. Its political system under which modern Canada operates is known as the Westminster system. Since Canada’s political structure is modeled after those of Britain and the United States, it can be described as both a federation like the US and a constitutional monarchy like Britain.Westminster system:The Westminster system is a democratic parliamentary system of government modeled after the politics of the United Kingdom. This term comes from the Palace of Westminster, the seat of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.The essential features of the Westminster system are:∙The Government is chosen by the democratically elected lower house. The government requires the continuing support of amajority of members of that chamber to stay in office.∙The head of government is the Prime Minister, who leads a Cabinet which is responsible to the lower house.∙ A loyal Opposition exists, led by the leader of the party or parties with the second largest number of seats in the lower house.∙ A constitutional monarch, if one exists, who is “above politics” and acts on the advice of the prime minister.∙There is a career public service which impartially serves the government of the day.∙The armed services are outside of politics and act on the instructions of the government.∙The rule of law prevails, with an independent judiciary, subject to the Constitution.The Canadian government consists of three parts:ONE: The Legislature 立法The Parliament of Canada: the House of Commons and the Senate.●The House of Commons：Each member chosen by a majority of eligible voters in each of the country's federal electoral districts, or ridings, via a plurality voting system. To run for one of the 308 seats in the House of Commons, an individual must be at least 18 years old, and on average, members of the House of Commons are elected for a maximum of five-year term.●The Senate：It is a group of 105 individuals appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister; all those summoned to the Senate by the viceroy must be a minimum of 30 years old, and own property with a net worth of at least $4,000, in addition to owning landworth no less than $4,000 within the province he or she is to represent. Its main function is to accept or reject the suggestion of the House of Commons.●The Prime Minister is often the leader of the majority party in Parliament, and selects the ministers who make up the Cabinet, they exercise executive power as the “Government”, and are responsible only to the House of Commons.TWO: The Executive 执行●The Governor General holds the highest position and is theoreticallythe source of executive power. In practice, however, the Governor General is only the symbolic executive who can act only on the advice of the Canadian Prime Minister and the Cabinet. Responsibilities:1) To summon the House of Common and the Senate;2）To give Royal Assent to all federal laws passed by the House ;3）To open and end session of Parliament;4）To dissolve Parliament before an election.●The Canadian government is divided into :The federal government: It shares many of the provincial government’s features. Besides, it has a second chamber equivalent to the Canadian Senate.The provincial government: A lieutenant Governor represents the King or Queen in each province; their duties are similar to those of the Governor General.Territorial government: Three territories have their own governments but with less power than those of the province.THREE: The Judiciary 司法机构The courts in Canada are organized in four-level structure. Level 1: The Supreme Court.●It serves as the final court of appeals in Canada.●It hears both civil and criminal appeals from decision of the courts of appeals in all the provinces and territories.●It plays a special role as adviser to the federal government on questions concerning the Constitution and controversial complicated areas of private and public law.Level 2: The Federal Court of Appeal and the various provincial courts of appeals.Level 3: The Federal Court, The Tax Court of Canada, The provincial and the territorial superior courts of general jurisdiction.Level 4: Provincial courts.Political Parties 政党There are three main political parties in Canada.●The Liberal Party: The most favored and influential political party in Canada, founded in 1867, and has often over the years held a majority in the Canadian House of Commons, and at other times still remained a substantial amount of seats. This party combines a liberal social policy with a moderate economic policy.●The Conservative Party:The right-wing political party in Canada was formed by the merger of the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative Party in December 2003. The Reform Party had been the chief political party to oppose the Liberal party for a number of years. In 2006, the party achieved a major victory with the election of its candidate for Prime minister, Stephen Harper.●The New Democratic Party:It is a social democratic party in Canada, founded in 1961, incorporating two other Canadian parties, the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation and the Canadian Labor Congress. The party represents the left-wing position and retains a smallnumber of seats in the House of Commons.Election 选举●Each province：Its own electoral system.The federal Parliament: A national electoral system.Different systems share many similarities as well as differences.●At the time of confederation, the right to vote was severely limited:★Only white men could vote and they had to meet certain property qualifications.★Women were given the right to vote in 1918;★Aboriginal Canada living on reserves in 1960;●Nowadays, citizens aged 18 or older have the right to vote.●Two citizens cannot vote:★The Chief Electoral Officer(总选举事务主任)★The Deputy Chief Electoral Officer(副首席选举事务主任)●Constitutionally, elections must be held every five years.By tradition, they are usually held at approximately four-year intervals.。
加拿大政治、价值观
政治体制：加拿大是一个君主立宪、采用民主议会制的联邦国家。
英国女王伊丽莎白二世是加拿大的国家元首。
其行政权力由她的代表-总督和副总督行使，名义上，总督享有王室在加拿大的所有行政权力和特权，但实际上，执行最高行政权力的是总理和内阁成员。
加拿大主要由三级政府组成：联邦政府、省和北方领地政府、市政府，总理和内阁成员作为联邦政府履行行政权力，内阎由总理和总理推举的部长组成，习惯上，被任命的所有内阁成员要在众议院和参议院占一席位，总理是由在众议院中获得多数席位的政党领袖所担任。
加拿大有四个主要政党：自由党、进步保守党、改革党和新民主党。
目前是自由党执政。
联邦政府联邦政府负责全国性事务，包括外交、国家防务、贸易和商业、刑法、社会福利等。
联邦政府和省政府对移民、农业及其他一些事务有共同管辖权，联邦政府主要有三大部分组成：行政、立法和执法三大部门，行政部门包括总督、总理、及政府内阁，总督是伊丽沙白女王的官方代表；总理是在联邦大选中获多数的政党的领袖；内阁主要由执政党的主要成员组成、由总理任命的，其职责主要是领导政府各部门和安排议院议题；议院是政府的立法机构，其包括众议院和上议院。
众议院（HouseofCommons）由全国各地区十八岁以上加拿大公民选举295名代表组成，成员叫议员（MembersofParliament）或MPs。
上议院（Senate）成员叫上议员（Senators），共计112名；他们是由总督根据总理的建议任命，他们可以对提议中的法律审阅和提出修改意见，但其立法权力远比众议院有限，加拿大最高法院是最高的执法机关。
省和北方领地政府（ProvincialandTerritorialGovernments）省政府负责教育、健康、社会服务、市政府管理等方面的工作。
其在许多方面都与联邦政府享有共同管辖权利，省政府结构与联邦政府相似，女王的代理叫副总督（LieutenantGovernor），执政党领袖叫（Premier），每个省都有省议会，大部分省议会被称为立法局（Legislatures），在魁北克（Quebec）省，其被称为国民议会(Assemblenationale).市政府（MunicipalGovernment）市政府主管地方事务如学校、水、垃圾清理、交通、消防等。
英语国家概况 加拿大篇
农业是国民经济的主要支柱。其中石油行业一直是加拿大经济增长的主要动力，推动加拿大贸易转亏为
盈，并有大量的投资。
加拿大联邦和各省政府经营多种国际保险业务成为经济一大亮点，包括出口信用保险和投资保险。
保险业资产位居加拿大金融业第二位。目前加拿大非寿险公司有近400家。
农业食品业是加拿大经济的重要组成部分，占其国内生产总值的8%。产物主要有：小麦、燕麦、大豆、 油菜籽、大麦、红肉类（牛、猪和羊）、水果、蔬菜、酒类、烟草、饮料等，约60%出口美国。
the Canadian state enterprise, Canadian post, Canadian railway Supreme Court judge, Canadian
federal government agencies, etc..
司法机关 The Judiciary
加拿大最高法院由1名大法官和8名陪审法官组成， 主要仲裁联邦和各省上诉的重大政治、法律、有关宪 法问题以及重大民事和刑事案件。最高法院的裁决为 终审裁决。最高法院法官均由总理提名，总督任命， 75岁退休。
来自印度、巴基斯坦和斯里兰卡的南亚
移民人口达到130万，超过华裔成为加
拿大最大的少数族裔。华裔人口中25%
的人是在加拿大本土出生的，其余大部
分来自中国大陆、香港和台湾。
移民 Immigration
加拿大是世界上移民率最高的国家之一，主要是受该国的经济政策和家庭移
民政策影响。2012年，有257887人移民至加拿大。加拿大政府预计在未来几年，
【工业】 2014年加制造业总产值1732.67亿加元，占国内生产总值的8.8％，从业人员 171万，占全国就业人口的9.6％。建筑业总产值1173.81亿加元，占国内生产总值的7.2 ％，从业人员137.1万，占全国就业人口的7.7％。
The Government and Politics of Canada 加拿大 政治概况
Why British model is preferred to the American model
Checks
and balances Strength, order and authority Weak VS Strong central government
Parliament
Unit 16 The Government and Politics of Canada
Historical Background
Two
major foreign influences: Britain and the United States Strong provincial governments were persuaded to join into the Canadian “confederation” under special favors (e.g. BC)
The
Bloc Quebecois: the official opposition party in the 1993-1995 government, a coalition of MPs from the mainly Frenchspeaking province of Quebec, dedicated to the task of winning important concessions from the rest of Canada Reform Party: a right wing grassroots, won enough seats to become the country’s official opposition in the 1997
Federation
加拿大留学国际政治专业的相关信息
加拿大留学国际政治专业的相关信息加拿大留学国际政治专业的相关信息加拿大国际政治专业是政治学的一个分支，是揭示国际社会中各种国际政治行为主体之间的政治关系及其发展变化的一般规律的.一门学科。
其内容分四个层次：国际社会、行为主体、政治关系、一般规律。
它是国际社会和国际交往发展到一定阶段的产物，在一战后才作为一个独立学科在社会科学领域占有一席之地。
它也是一门交叉学科，包括国际关系理论、国际关系史、当代国际政治问题三个基本成分，对国际政治有重要指导作用。
其主要流派有理想主义学派、现实主义学派、新现实主义学派等。
加拿大本科段核心课程（core courses）：Fresh year（大一）：Political Theory I 政治理论Political Theory II 政治理论Introduction T o International Politics国际政治简介Sophomore Year（大二）：Introduction to Human Rights 人权简介Labor & American Politics加拿大政治Judicial Politics 司法政治Workshop in Media and Politics传媒与政治的关系Mass Media and American Democracy 大众传媒和加拿大民主Logic of Collective Choice 集体抉择的逻辑学Race and Ethnicity In American Politics加拿大政治的种族Junior Year（大三）：The Latino Political Experience 拉丁美洲的政治过程20th Century American Politics 二十世纪加拿大政治Freedom of Speech and Press 言论和新闻自由Voting and American Politics 选举与加拿大政治American Urban Politics 加拿大城市政治Senior Year（大四）：Seminar in International Politics 国际政治研讨Senior Honors Seminar 论文研讨加拿大硕士段核心课程（core courses）：International Relations国际关系Theories of International Relations国际关系学International Political Economy国际政治经济Causes of War战争起因International Relations Seminar: International Relations of East Asia国际关系研讨：东亚国际关系。
英语国家社会与文化-加拿大(1)
Structures of Government
The North (P. 242) Scarcely 极少 Bid farewell to 告别, 辞行 Confederation 联邦 Mercury 水银
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• • • • • •
Celsius 摄氏的 Harsh 荒芜的; 苛刻的 Pour into 川流不息地涌入[出]
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Chapter 14 The Government and Politics of Canada (P. 252)
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• • • • • • • • •
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• 世人羡慕的社会福利体系
• 加拿大是高福利国家，费用由联邦政府承 担。尽管各省的具体规定不同，但社会福 利基本一致。包括： • 家庭津贴：凡有18岁以下儿童均可享受。 具体金额视家庭收入高低而定； • 日托津贴：若小孩父母均工作或均上学， 又不能付日托全费，可申请日托津贴； • 失业保险：多数在加拿大工作的人都受失 业保险保障。失业可领取失业保险金。
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• 养老金：65岁以上，在加拿大居住满10 年，可领取全额养老金； • 退休金：在工作期间供纳退休金税的人 士，可申请退休金； • 医疗保险：加拿大实施全民保健计划， 居民享受免费医疗服务.
加拿大CULTURE OF CANADA
CULTURE OF CANADACanada is often symbolically connected with three key images—hockey, the beaver, and the dress uniform of the Royal Canadian Mounted PoliceHockey,often described as Canada's national sport, is a vigorous, often violently competitive team sport and, as such, it carries the same kind of symbolic weight that football does for many Americans.Hockey is used, in its symbolic form, to signify national unity and a national sense of purpose and community.That most Canadians do not follow hockey in any serious way does not diminish its role as a key cultural symbol.The beaver represents industriousness, willingness to work hard, and a symbol of triumph over the seasons, which in Canada can be severe. The very northern parts of Canada border the Arctic Circle (Bei3ji2quan1)The RCMP represents Canada’s sense of diligence(qin2mian3) and humility (qian1xun4). The vastness and wildness of Canada was not tamed by brute force, as we think of America, but rather with a spirit of cooperation with other Canadian institutions and by the rule of law.RegionsAlthough the two coastal areas do contribute agriculturally to Canada’s economy, they are known most for their port cities that move goods in and out of Canada.The central portion of the country, in its southern areas, is primarily conifer (zhen1ye4shu4) forest. This forest region extends across the entire country from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains through to the Atlantic coast.These forests are m anaged in such a way as to provi de for Canada’s needs, the lumber and lumber product needs of other countries, and to provide these resources in a sustainable and ecologically sound manner. .A section of the country westward from the Great Lakes basin along the southern extent of this forest region is a prairie (cao3yuan2).The Great Lakes (Wu3da4hu2) are a group of five lakes, the largest group of fresh water lakes in the world, actually.They contain approximately 21% of the world’s surface fresh water.The lakes are bound by the Canadian province of Ontario and the U.S. states of Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Indian, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York.Four of the five lakes form part of the Canada-United States border; the fifth, Lake Michigan, is contained entirely within the United States. The Saint Lawrence River, which marks the same international border for a portion of its course, is the primary outlet of these interconnected lakes, and flows through Quebec and past the Gaspé Peninsula to the northern Atlantic Ocean.The westernmost portion of the country is dominated by the Rocky Mountains, with a narrow river-land environment, made up of northern rain forests.The Rocky Mountains stretch over 4800 km from northern British Columbia to New Mexico in America’s southwest.West of the mountains lies a region with numerous lakes and expanses of exposed rock.Across the northernmost portion of the country from east to west lies a region dominated by tundra and finally at its most northern reach, an arctic eco-zone.Canadian EconomyCanada is a large country that is rich in resources, but there are geographic limitations on where people can live. An advantage in this situation is that these natural resources can be more easily used.Most of the population is located around the Great Lakes, and in the Saint Lawrence River Valley.This wealth of resources allows Canada all that it needs internally and provides great revenue in exports. Natural resources, such as forestry products (lumber and lumber products), minerals and mineral ore, and oil and gas have been the foundation of the Canadian economy for years.Farming also plays a large part in the Canadian economy, although most of Canada's agricultural production is exported, primarily to the United States.Very few Canadians produce at the subsistence level (sheng1cun2nong2ye4); so virtually all agricultural production in Canada is production for sale. However, because of Canada’s short growing season, a significant amount of Canada’s food is imported. (Bret)Manufacturing in Canada is dominated by automobile production, and by the manufacture of other large equipment and farm equipment.A cooperative agreement between American auto-makers and the Canadian government has helped to make this possible.Canada also produces a wide range of consumer products, including furniture, electronics (especially communications equipment) and building materials.The single largest area of economic growth in Canada since the 1970s has been in the "service" sector. The financial, research, and tourist sectors have shown substantial increases during this period.As I mentioned before, hunting and fishing have also contributed significantly to Canada’s economic growth. Many people from the U.S. and other countries as well, flock to Canada to hunt the game that that is so plentiful there.These resource and service sectors dominate the economy of Canada.Canadian CitiesMost Canadians live in towns and cities. Canadian cities are found at important hubs (centers) of interchange between agriculture and manufacturing. Canadian cities developed as points of connection between farm production and industrial development. Because of this, Canadian cities have tended to develop haphazardly (mao1shou3mao2jiao3) processes of industrialization and changes in farming have developed.Canadian cities look like cities almost anywhere in the industrialized world, except they tend to be cleaner due to in that that orderliness has been a dominant feature of the history of Canadian culture.Canadian cities have tended to be more carefully planned and better run, at least in terms of convenience and services, than those in many other industrialized nations. Unlike European cities, however, space in Canadian cities tends to beprivately-owned.While most cities have some space, such as a formal plaza at a city hall, at which public events are held, in general there are no large communal spaces in Canadian cities. Canadians in cities of whatever size socialize in private spaces: their homes or commercial sites, such as restaurants.Like cities throughout North America, space in Canadian cities is dominated by movement. Canadian cities are designed as networks through which goods, vehicles, and people move relatively easily. Streets are designed to control the flow of vehicle (che1liang4) traffic, isolate foot traffic, and to direct traffic toward destinations.This has led to the gradual disappearance of urban street shopping.Street shopping, like in most American cities as well, has been replaced by indoor shopping malls.Many smaller towns, however, have attempted to revitalize (zhen4xing1) their downtown, areas,since a decline in a town or village’s downtown area is often seen as a sign of the decline and decay of the town as a whole.Home life in Canadian cities is dominated by private homes or residences. Apartment buildings are dominant (zhan4you1shi4) in urban areas while outward expansion of cities has been dominated by the development of large tracts (mian4ji) of private single-family dwellings (sub-divisions—large group of similar houses in one area).Rural Life (xiang1xia1) in CanadaAccording to the last census (2006) six million Canadian live in small towns or rural areas, which is almost 20% of the population of Canada..Farming can be noisy and depending on the type of farm, noise can be heard ay time of day or night. During planning and harvesting time many farmers work 24/7 using noisy machinery. Some farmers spray their fields with pesticides (nong2yao4) and may use low-flying aircraft (fei1ji1) to accomplish this. Animals too can cause a lot of noise.Some rural roads will not be maintained (wei2xiu1) between certain months i.e. November to April.Almost without exception rural properties in Canada will have a well (shui3jing3) as a source of water. Heating the home may be an issue.May have to commute (to drive) to a job in the town or cityThere will be animals as I have mentioned in my earlier explanation of hunting.Canadian SportsConsidering its history it is not surprising that many popular sports have been brought from England and Europe—soccer, rugby, cricket, and others. Then, considering its proximity to the U.S, sports like baseball, basketball, and football are also very popular.In fact, Canada, has a professional baseball team, the Toronto Blue Jays, which competes in professional baseball with American teams as a member of the American League Division.In addition to being a major cycling competitor, other sports like La Crosse an Australian Rules Football, and Shooting Sports are also very popular.However, Canada is best known for its winter games—Hockey, in particular, but also ice skating, snow shoeing, and down-hill and cross-country skiing are very popular in Canada.Hockey is a very rough, highly-physical game, and very exciting to watch. It is a very fast game with lots of physical contact between players. Often fights break out and have to be stopped by game officials.It is a game like soccer as you have to get the ball, in this case a puck, into the net to score a point and the other team is trying to prevent you from doing so. A big difference is that the puck is moved with a hockey stick and the game is played on ice.Ice skating i s a great sport and it is also very popular in the U.S. The cost is minimal (a pair of skates) and all you need is warm clothing for the cold winter weather. Lakes are abundant (feng1) and there are also ice rinks are available in warmer weather.Snow shoeing is simply walking but with a large, tennis racket-like shoe that is fixed to a boot. It simply spread the person’s weight so he/she does not sink into (xian4ru4) the snow. It is great exercise and very popular in Canada and the parts of the U.S. where it snows.Down-hill skiing is very fun also, but it can be expensive. Ski resorts sometimes charge high fees for using the chair lifts (seats that take skiers to the top of the hill). Equipment for downhill skiing can be rented for the day at the resorts. Food and drink is often very expensive also.Most people who ski often usually buy their own equipment. Skiing is a very popular sport in Canada, the U.S., and many other countries as well. I believe that there is a ski resort near Beijing now.French-CanadiansIn Canada, 85% of French Canadians reside (live) in Quebec where they constitute the majority of the population in all regions except the far North. Most cities and villages in this province were built and settled by the French or French Canadians during the French colonial rule.French-Canadian communities remain along the Quebec border in northern Maine, Vermont and New Hampshire as well as further south in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and southern New Hampshire. They came to identify as Franco-American, especially those who were born American.In Quebec, about six million French Canadians are native French speakers. One million are English-speaking, "other-speakers", meaning, in practice, immigrants who speak neither French nor English at home.From 1629 onward and almost all French settlers of Canada were Roman Catholic..Until the 1960s, religion was a central component (yuan2jian4) of French-Canadian national identity. The Church parish (jiao4qu1) was the focal point (jiao1dian3) of civic life in French-Canadian society, and religious orders ran French-Canadian schools, hospitals and orphanages (yu2you2yuan2) and were very controlling of every day life in general.During the Quiet Revolution (a time of rapid change in politics, economics, and religion in Quebec) of the 1960s,however, the practice of Catholicism dropped drastically (kuang2shuai3) Church attendance in Quebec currently remains low. There are also many people from France, Lebanon, Morocco, Tunisia, and other countries whose mother tongue (mu3yu3) is French and are either Muslim or Jewish.The development of the Canadian nation has been characterized by discussion, planning, and compromise.The gradual opening of all of Canada to European control, and its coming together in 1867 as a national entity, was not the result of war or revolution but instead, of negotiation and reconciliation. It was an orderly transition managed almost like a business venture much like England was..It is these qualities of combining co-operation with ethnic independence which continue to shape Canada's development as a nation. Developments in human rights law, for example, with a new emphasis on the importance of group rights and in particular group rights under conditions of inequality among groups, were pioneered in Canada.Nearly a century and a half of Canadian nationhood has demonstrated that it is indeed possible to build a nation where diversity serves as the keystone of unity.。
关于加拿大政党
The Conservative Party of Canada was a political party in Canada which was formed by the merger of the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada . It was positioned on the right of the Canadian political spectrum. The party favored a free market,fiscal responsibility and limits on state power
1.Protect interest and strive for independence 2.Federal arm function of its party 3.A Participant in political reforms 4.No support outside
When Quebec gains
The Liberals
The Progressive Conservatives
New Democracy Party
And it appeared as one of the national support
The New Democratic Party ,commonly referred to as the NDP, is a federal social-democratic political party in Canada.
NDP Jack Layton
Liberal Party Michael Ignatieff
《英语国家概况》Politics of Canada课件
Canadian Government and Politics
• 1. The System of Government • ① Federation: a. 10 provinces (4 founding
provinces and 6 others); b. 2 territories. • ② In 1867, the British Parliament passed the
• ③Conferences between the federal and provincial government fall into two categories: administrative and constitutional.
3. Executive power
• ① Head: Queen Elizabeth • Representation: Governor – General, who acts only
5. The provincial government and territories.
• ① A Lieutenant-Governor represents the Queen in each province.
• ② Every province has an elected Legislative Assembly (立法议会), except in Quebec (National Assembly) and Newfoundland (House of Assembly).
加拿大文化简介(英文)
Social
['səʊʃ(ə)l]
Canadians used to have a larger personal space. In the use of bank automatic [ɔːtə'mætɪk] teller machines, hope to the people behind him to keep a distance ['dɪst(ə)ns] of only a few feet (that is, the role of the domestic [də'mestɪk] common yellow line).When touch is considered to be very impolite behavior.
['strʌktʃə].
加拿大是世界上著名的多元文化国家之一。新来的移民可以保持他们原有的文化 和语言。这是加拿大和大多数国家不同，因为别的国家大多要求新移民融入移民lticultural
The Canadian government to encourage multicultural coexistence [ˌkəʊɪɡˈzɪst əns] and development, in Canada there are many designed for Chinese service groups and agencies [ˈeɪdʒənsɪ], many organizations [ˌɔːɡənaɪˈzeɪʃən] still get a grant from the government, for example, designed for new immigrants to ESL English training institutions [ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃən], societies, etc.
国家英语介绍之加拿大
符号
加拿大的官方标志包括枫叶、 海狸和加拿大的马。在过去 的几十年里，这个国家许多 官方的符号已经改变了许多， 如加拿大的国旗。为了使更 加加拿大化，他们不再强调 或者删除引用英国的。
Canadian art
The arts have flourished in Canada since the 20th century, and especially since the end of World War II in 1945 The works of most early Canadian painters followed European trends. A group of landscape painters called the Group of Seven developed the first distinctly Canadian style of painting. All these artists painted large, brilliantly coloured scenes of the Canadian wilderness. Canadian sculpture has been enriched by the walrus ivory and soapstone carvings by the Inuit artists. These carvings show objects and activities from the daily life of the Inuit.
Literature
Canadian literature is often divided into French and English-language literature, which are rooted in the literary traditions of France and Britain, respectively. Canada’s literature, whether written in English or French, often reflects the Canadian perspective on nature, frontier life, and Canada’s position in the world, Canadian identity is closely tied to its literature. Canadian literature is often categorised by region or province; by the status of the author
加拿大多元文化政策的历史与发展
加拿大多元文化政策的历史与发展加拿大作为一个多民族的国家，在加强文化多样性方面一直在走在世界前列。
加拿大的多元文化政策，是对加拿大社会现代化、全球化和文化多样性发展要求的一种重要反应，而其历史、现状和未来也是各方面讨论的焦点。
起源于1960年代的加拿大多元文化政策旨在保护和促进加拿大不同族裔（包括阿原、亚洲裔、非裔、拉美裔等少数民族）的文化、语言、宗教、习俗等方面的权利，强调加强文化间的理解和互动。
这项政策主要的推手为加拿大民间团体和个人。
反对加拿大"统一文化"的民间组织，比如里弗桥协会和同伴书社，以及蒙特利尔大学政治学教授乔治·格兰特，都是推动多元文化政策得以制定的积极力量。
1971年，加拿大成立了加拿大多元文化理事会（Department of Multiculturalism），并于1982年颁布《宪法法案》以促进国家多样性的平等和尊重。
此后，加拿大各省也相继制定并实践了本省级的多元文化政策。
多元文化政策的发展经历了初期探索、逐步完善、应对挑战等多个阶段。
在1970年代的加拿大，学校、媒体、政府等领域的多元文化行动得到了公认。
然而，1980年代以后，主要是随着色变事件的发生，越来越多的人开始提出多元文化政策的质疑。
多种原因的交叉作用导致了这种质疑情绪的出现。
一方面，许多具有鲜明特色的移民社区在持续蓬勃发展，尤其是曾经被政策放任的少数族裔，这些新兴社区不断获得更多的关注和承认。
其他社会群体非但没有参与社会和政治事务，反而呈现出自我隔离、激化矛盾的倾向。
另一方面，一些政治家和知识分子对这方面的做法也提出了批评与质疑。
在这种情况下，1996年，加拿大政府的多元文化政策颁布了"一个多元，同在的世界"计划，以重申对多元文化政策的认同，并提出了许多新的政策框架。
这一政策计划重新定义和调整了多元文化政策，从一个"较为封闭和自我管理的社区"，转型为一个"发扬开放与多样的国家"。
英语国家文化 第3章：加拿大
加拿大地图
10
The National Flag of Canada
加拿大国旗
11
加 拿 大 国 徽
12
The National Emblem
of Canada
The House Of Canadian Parliament
加 拿 大 议 会 大 厦
13
● Population (人口)
(Please read p54 for the detail.)
5
“ ” 【 加拿大 一词源自加拿大最东南的圣劳伦斯河湾地区的易洛魁语词“kanata”, 意为
“村庄/落”。 1535年，现今魁北克市地区的原住民用“kanata”一词来指引法国探险
家 Jaques Cartie (雅克·卡蒂埃) 前往 Stadacona 村。卡蒂埃 随后就用“Canada” ， 一词来指代他所发现的整个地区。从1545年起 在欧洲出版的书籍和地图中就开始用
local inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct the French explorer Jacques Cartie towards
the village of Stadacona. Cartie later used the word Canada to
【加拿大成立的时间及各成员加入联邦的时间】
The Canadian federal union was established in 1867 (the of-
ficial name of it being The Dominion of Canada and from 1967 its official name being changed into Canada). The
CANADA地理文化政治经济_英文介绍
Canada is usually divided into six geographical regions:the Appalachian Mountains,the Great Lakes and wrence Lowlands, the Canadian Shield, the Canadian Interior Plains, the Westen Cordillera,and the Canadian Arctic.
The map of Canada
The northern regions of Canada experience severe cold weather during the winter months, with average temperature in the range of -25℃ to 35℃.In summer, the days are long and daily highs are often above 16℃.
Canada
Kelly
Canada
Country Language Capital city Location Flag Canada English & French Ottawa north of the US red and white (a leaf)
Interesting places
Niagara Falls & Rocky Mountains
Time 1975年
Ｇ7 Ｇ8
1976年 1996年
Canada is rich in resources:
Forestry Mining Agriculห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ure Fishing centers Land supplies
加拿大风土人情之官方语言背景介绍(英语和法语)
One Canada, Two LanguagesCanada is one of the few nations in the world to have two official languages: English and French. There are 10 provinces in the country but only one of these-Quebec is known as "French Canada". This is because it was founded(建立) by French explorers while British adventurers discovered the rest.Canada left the British empire (帝国) in 1867 to become an independent(独立的)country, and English and French have been recognized as the official languages ever since.Most people speak English as their first language and the two national television networks broadcast in English throughout the country. Apart from in Quebec and a few places on the east coast, French television is very rare(少见的).The same goes for traffic signs and menus. For example, outside of Quebec, there are only a few places where you'll see traffic signs in French. In restaurants, it's almost impossible(不可能) to find French on the menu unless you are in the heartland (中心地带) of French Canada. However, all products sold in Canada must, by law(法律), have labels (标签) and instructions in both languages.In Canada's English speaking provinces, official bilingualism (双语) means that students can choose to complete a special French language course. Under this programme, they are taught most of their subjects in French.If a student begins the course in kindergarten or Grade One, it is likely that all their lessons will be in French. However, if they start at junior high school, 25 per cent of the teaching will continue to be in English.( )1. How many provinces are there in Canada?A. Ten.B. Nine.C. Eleven.D. Two.( )2. Which country controlled Canada before its independence?A. France.B. Britain.C. America.D. Germany.( )3. Which of the following sentences is right?A. English is the only official language, though French is also spoken there.B. The two national television networks broadcast both in English and French.C. All products sold in Canada must, by law, have labels and instructions inboth English and French.?D. The lessons in kindergarten or Grade One are likely to be only in English.。
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Support of collectivism declining Feelings of deference declining
Possible relationship to government cuts in funding for social programs
Greater interest in the legal equality of all citizens than in socio-economic equality
Those with the greatest talent or who work the hardest should reap the benefits of their abilities and labour
Collectivism
All people have their place and do their part to contribute to the welfare of the whole
Peers
Friends, colleagues, acquaintances and associates
Mass Media
More often instrument of entertainment than enlightenment Politics – topical issues, personalities
The Family
Remains the basic cell of Canadian society First major influence on attitudes and values
The School
Deliberately attempt to inculcate certain basic values and attitudes including of a political nature (patriotism) Earlier admission ages (and later age of completion) means school may become more important than family as early influence Dualism, regionalism, continentalism makes it difficult to create a pan-Canadian identity
Canadian Political Values
Democracy
Includes:
Popular sovereignty Political equality Political freedom Majority rule
Popular Sovereignty
People have the final say Representative democracy
Other Agents
Political parties Churches Interest groups Corporations (advocacy advertising) Government
Canadians acquire many of their political values, attitudes and opinions in a completely unconscious way Most are ‘semi-socialised’
Political Equality
Everyone is equal on election day
Political Freedom
“Everyone has the following fundamental freedoms:
freedom of conscience and religion; freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication; freedom of peaceful assembly; and freedom of association”
Reaction to national symbols – flag, anthem, Constitution Feelings of patriotism, nationalism, and pride People’s feelings toward their province as opposed to the whole country
Involves beliefs regarding the role of the state
How large a part do Canadians want it to play in their lives
Orientations to the decision-making apparatus
Enriches and enlivens the country Encourages new Canadians to feel at home Promotes tolerance and minimizes discrimination Possibly enhances Canada’s contribution to world harmony
US versus Canada
Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness Greater emphasis on individualism Homogeneity more valued Less concerned with authority Peace, order and good government Closer balance between individualism and collectivism Diversity more valued More Deferential to authority
Historical dependence on other countries Absence of spirit of innovation/risk-taking ‘quiet satisfaction’ Focus on peacekeeping
Changing Values
Democracy
Greater tolerance for inequality
Stronger belief in egalitarianism More cautious, mdividualism vs Collectivism
Individualism
Political Socialization
Process through which individuals acquire their political values, attitudes, information, and opinions. Main agents:
Family School Peers The media
Canada falls between the United States (most individualistic) and western Europe (most collectivist)
Diversity and Tolerance
Encourage retention of cultural diversity Multiculturalism policy (in part) emerged from this value:
Concerned with removing barriers that prevent individuals/groups from reaching their full potential
Caution, Diffidence and Nonviolence
‘national inferiority complex’
Political Culture
Political culture
Sum total of the political values, beliefs, attitudes, and orientations in a society
Includes feelings people have toward the overall political community of Canada
Do not have many political values, attitudes and opinions or much political information
Respect demonstrated toward the law and those with “legitimate power” Probably the only country where a police officer is a national symbol
Egalitarianism
Solely a Quebecker Quebecker 1st, then Canadian Equally Quebecker and Canadian Canadian 1st, then Quebecker Solely a Canadian 29% 29% 24% 12% 5%
Deference to Authority
Greater interest in more direct popular participation (referendums) Raised issue of e-democracy
Globalizing influence on culture
Restrictions on government to intervene (Free Trade Agreement)