冬奥会中的伦理学知识

冬奥会中的伦理学知识
一、什么是冬奥会？
The Olympic Games consist of the Games of the Olympiad and the Olympic Winter Games. Only those sports which are practised on snow or ice are considered as winter sports.奥林匹克运动会（The Olympic Games ）由夏奥会（Olympiad）和冬奥会组成。

只有那些在冰上、或雪上进行的运动才被认为是冬季运动。

The Olympic Winter Games，直译过来就是：奥林匹克冬季运动会。

但国内一般称为冬季奥林匹克运动会，简称冬奥会。

二、奥林匹克宪章中的奥林匹克主义的基本原则
奥林匹克宪章中的奥林匹克主义的基本原则（Fundamental Principles of Olympism）如下：
1. Olympism is a philosophy of life, exalting and combining in a balanced whole the qualities of body, will and mind. Blending sport with culture and education, Olympism seeks to create a way of life based on the joy of effort, the educational value of good example, social responsibility and respect for universal fundamental ethical principles.
奥林匹克主义是一种生活哲学，它使人的身体、意志和精神的素质得到全面的提高和统一。

奥林匹克主义将体育与文化和教育相结合，力求创造一种生活方式，其基础是努力的乐趣、良好榜样的教育价值、社会责任和对普遍的基本伦理原则的尊重。

2. The goal of Olympism is to place sport at the service of the harmonious development of humankind, with a view to promoting a peaceful society concerned with the preservation of human dignity.
奥林匹克主义的目标是使体育为人类的和谐发展服务，以促进一个关心维护人类尊严的和平社会。

3. The Olympic Movement is the concerted, organised, universal and permanent action, carried out under the supreme authority of the IOC, of all individuals and entities who are inspired by the values of Olympism. It covers the five continents. It reaches its peak with the bringing together of the wor ld’s athletes at the great sports festival, the Olympic Games. Its symbol is five interlaced rings.
奥林匹克运动是在国际奥委会的最高权力下，对一切受奥林匹克精神鼓舞的个人和团体采取的一致的、有组织的、普遍的和永久的行动。

它覆盖五大洲。

随着世界各地的运动员齐聚一堂，参加奥林匹克运动会，它达到了顶峰。

它的标志是五个交错的圆环。

4. The practice of sport is a human right. Every individual must have the possibility of practising sport, without discrimination of any kind and in the Olympic spirit, which requires mutual understanding with a spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play.
体育运动是一项人权。

每个人都必须有进行体育运动的可能性，不受任何歧视，并本着奥林匹克精神，奥林匹克精神要求以友谊、团结和公平竞争的精神相互理解。

5. Recognising that sport occurs within the framework of society, sports organisations within the Olympic Movement shall apply political neutrality. They have the rights and obligations of autonomy, which include freely establishing and controlling the rules of sport, determining the structure and governance of their organisations, enjoying the right of elections free from any outside influence and the responsibility for ensuring that principles of good governance be applied.
奥林匹克运动的体育组织承认运动是在社会框架内进行的，因此应保持政治中立。

他们有自主的权利和义务，包括自由地建立和控制体育规则，决定其组织的结构和治理，享有不受任何外来影响的选举权利，并有责任确保良好治理的原则得到实施。

6. The enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set forth in this Olympic Charter shall be secured without discrimination of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, sexual orientation language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
享受奥林匹克宪章所规定的权利和自由，不得有任何歧视，如种
族、肤色、性别、性倾向、语言、宗教、政治或其他意见、国籍或社会出身、财产、出生或其他身份。

7. Belonging to the Olympic Movement requires compliance with the Olympic Charter and recognition by the IOC.
加入奥林匹克运动需要遵守奥林匹克宪章，并得到国际奥委会的承认。

三，《奥林匹克宪章》中的奥林匹克精神如下：
“The practice of sport is a human right. Every individual must have the possibility of practising sport, without discrimination of any kind and in the Olympic spirit, which requires mutual understanding with a spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play.“
体育运动是一项人权。

每个人都必须有进行体育运动的可能性，不受任何歧视，并本着奥林匹克精神，奥林匹克精神要求以友谊、团结和公平竞争的精神相互理解。

四，冬奥会国际组织
1、International Biathlon Union (IBU); 国际冬季两项联盟
2、International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation (IBSF); 国际雪车联合会
3、World Curling Federation (WCF); 世界冰壶联合会
4、International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF); 国际冰球联合会
5、International Luge Federation (FIL); 国际雪橇联合会
6、International Skating Union (ISU); 国际滑冰联盟
7、International Ski Federation (FIS). 国际滑雪联合会
五、什么是冬奥会项目？
冬奥会项目是按大项（Sport）、分项（Discipline）、小项（Event）层次划分的。

2022年北京冬奥会项目共分7个大项（Sport）、15个分项（Discipline）、109个小项（Event）
大项（Sport）
冬奥会共有7个大项，7个大项如下：
（备注：按大项的英文字母排序）
1、Biathlon 冬季两项
2、Bobsleigh 雪车
3、Curling 冰壶
4、Ice Hockey 冰球
5、Luge 雪橇
6、Skating 滑冰
7、Skiing 滑雪
分项（Discipline）
日常生活中，我们说的“项目”一般是指分项。

冬奥会共有15个分项，具体如下：
（备注：按分项的英文字母排序）
1、Alpine Skiing - 高山滑雪
2、Biathlon - 冬季两项
3、Bobsleigh - 雪车
4、Cross-Country Skiing - 越野滑雪
5、Curling –冰壶
6、Figure Skating –花样滑冰
7、Freestyle Skiing –自由式滑雪
8、Ice Hockey –冰球
9、Luge –雪橇
10、Nordic Combined –北欧两项
11、Short Track Speed Skating –短道速滑
12、Skeleton –钢架雪车
13、Ski Jumping –跳台滑雪
14、Snowboard –单板滑雪
15、Speed Skating –速度滑冰
分项介绍
The 2022 Winter Olympics are scheduled to include a record 109 events over 15 disciplines in seven sports.There will be seven new medal events, including men's and women's big air freestyle, women's monobob, mixed team competitions in freestyle skiing aerials, ski jumping, and snowboard cross, and the mixed relay in short track speed skating.2022年冬奥会将包括创纪录的7个大项、15个大项、109个大项。

新设7个项
目，包括男子和女子大空中自由泳、女子单人滑、自由式滑雪空中技巧、跳台滑雪、单板交叉和短道速滑混合接力等。

1,Alpine skiing, or downhill skiing, is the pastime of sliding down snow-covered slopes on skis with fixed-heel bindings, unlike other types of skiing (cross-country, Telemark, or ski jumping), which use skis with free-heel bindings. Whether for recreation or for sport, it is typically practiced at ski resorts, which provide such services as ski lifts, artificial snow making, snow grooming, restaurants, and ski patrol.Alpine skiers,"Off-piste" skiers—those skiing outside ski area boundaries—may employ snowmobiles, helicopters or snowcats to deliver them to the top of a slope. Back-country skiers may use specialized equipment with a free-heel mode, including 'sticky' skins on the bottoms of the skis to stop them sliding backwards during an ascent, then locking the heel and removing the skins for their descent.Alpine skiing has been an event at the Winter Olympic Games since 1936. A competition corresponding to modern slalom was introduced in Oslo in 1886.
高山滑雪，或下坡滑雪，是一种从雪坡上滑下来的消遣，用固定跟的滑雪板，不像其他类型的滑雪(越野滑雪或跳台滑雪)，使用自由跟的滑雪板。

无论是娱乐还是运动，它通常在滑雪胜地进行，那里提
供滑雪缆车、人工造雪、设备、餐厅和滑雪巡逻队等服务。

高山滑雪者，即在滑雪场边界外滑雪的“越野滑雪者”，可能会使用雪地车、直升机或雪地车将他们送到斜坡的顶部。

偏远地区的滑雪者可以使用带有自由跟模式的专业设备，包括在上坡过程中，滑雪板底部的“粘皮”可以防止他们向后滑动，然后锁住脚跟，在下坡时将粘皮去掉。

高山滑雪自1936年以来一直是冬季奥运会的比赛项目。

1886年，奥斯陆开始了一项与现代回转比赛相对应的比赛。

2,The biathlon is a winter sport that combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting. It is treated as a race, with contestants skiing through a cross-country trail whose distance is divided into shooting rounds. The shooting rounds are not timed per se, but depending on the competition, missed shots result in extra distance or time being added to the contestant's total.
冬季两项是一项结合了越野滑雪和步枪射击的冬季运动。

它被当作一场比赛来对待，选手们在一条被划分为射击圈的越野滑雪道上滑雪。

射击比赛本身并没有计时，而是视比赛情况而定，没有射中的球将会导致额外的距离或时间被加到选手的总数中。

3,Bobsleigh or bobsled is a team winter sport that involves making timed runs down narrow, twisting, banked, iced tracks in a gravity-powered sleigh. International bobsleigh competitions are governed by the International
Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation, also known as FIBT from the French Fédération Intern ationale de Bobsleigh et de Tobogganing. National competitions are often governed by bodies such as the United States Bobsled and Skeleton Federation, Bobsleigh Canada Skeleton, and the German Bobsleigh, Luge, and Skeleton Federation.
有舵雪橇是一项冬季团体运动，参加者在重力驱动的雪橇上，有时间地沿着狭窄、弯曲、倾斜、结冰的跑道滑行。

国际有舵雪橇比赛由国际有舵雪橇和雪橇联合会(International bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation)管理，该联合会也被法国人称为FIBT Fédération Internationale de bobsleigh et de tobogging。

全国性比赛通常由诸如美国有舵雪橇和骷髅联合会、加拿大有舵雪橇联合会和德国有舵雪橇、无舵雪橇和骷髅联合会等机构管理。

4,Competitive cross-country skiing encompasses a variety of race formats and course lengths. Rules of cross-country skiing are sanctioned by the International Ski Federation and by various national organizations. International competitions include the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships, the FIS Cross-Country World Cup, and at the Winter Olympic Games. Such races occur over homologated, groomed courses designed to support classic (in-track) and freestyle events, where the skiers may employ skate skiing. It also encompasses
cross-country ski marathon events, sanctioned by the Worldloppet Ski Federation, and cross-country ski orienteering events, sanctioned by the International Orienteering Federation. Related forms of competition are biathlon, where competitors race on cross-country skis and stop to shoot at targets with rifles, and paralympic cross-country skiing that allows athletes with disabilities to compete at cross-country skiing with adaptive equipment.
竞技越野滑雪包括各种比赛形式和赛道长度。

越野滑雪的规则是由国际滑雪联合会和各种国家组织批准的。

国际比赛包括FIS北欧世界滑雪锦标赛，FIS越野世界杯，以及冬季奥运会。

这样的比赛在相应的，精心设计的赛道上进行，以支持经典(赛道)和自由泳项目，在这些项目中，滑雪者可能采用滑冰滑雪。

它还包括由世界越野滑雪联合会(Worldloppet ski Federation)批准的越野滑雪马拉松赛事，以及由国际越野滑雪联合会(International orienteering Federation)批准的越野滑雪定向比赛。

相关的比赛形式有冬季两项，参赛者在越野滑雪上比赛，然后停下来用步枪射击目标;残奥会越野滑雪，残疾人运动员可以在有适应设备的情况下参加越野滑雪比赛。

5,Curling is a sport in which players slide stones on a sheet of ice toward a target area which is segmented into four concentric circles. It is related to bowls, boules and shuffleboard. Two teams, each with four players, take turns
sliding heavy, polished granite rocks, also called stones, across the ice curling sheet toward the house, a circular target marked on the ice. Each team has eight stones, with each player throwing two. The purpose is to accumulate the highest score for a game; points are scored for the stones resting closest to the centre of the house at the conclusion of each end, which is completed when both teams have thrown all of their stones. A game usually consists of eight or ten ends.
冰壶是一项运动，玩家在一块冰上将石头滑向被分割成四个同心圆的目标区域。

它与碗、球和沙狐球有关。

两队，每队四名球员，轮流滑着沉重的、抛光的花岗岩，也叫石头，穿过冰卷板，向房子(冰上标出的圆形目标)滑去。

每队有8颗石头，每个球员投2颗。

其目的是积累游戏的最高分;在每一端结束时，距离房子中心最近的石头会得分。

一场比赛通常由八个或十个回合组成。

6,Figure skating is a sport in which individuals, pairs, or groups perform on figure skates on ice. It was the first winter sport to be included in the Olympic Games, when contested at the 1908 Olympics in London.The Olympic disciplines are men's singles, women's singles, pair skating, and ice dance; the four individual disciplines are also combined into a team event, first included in the Winter
Olympics in 2014. The non-Olympic disciplines include synchronized skating, Theater on Ice, and four skating. From intermediate through senior-level competition, skaters generally perform two programs (the short program and the free skate), which, depending on the discipline, may include spins, jumps, moves in the field, lifts, throw jumps, death spirals, and other elements or moves.
花样滑冰是一项个人、双人或团体在冰上表演花样滑冰的运动。

1908年伦敦奥运会上，它成为第一个被列入奥运会比赛项目的冬季运动奥运会比赛项目有男子单打、女子单打、双人滑冰和冰上舞蹈;四项个人项目也合并成团体项目，首次出现在2014年的冬奥会上。

非奥运项目包括花样滑冰、冰上戏剧表演和四项滑冰。

从中级到高级水平的比赛，滑冰选手通常表演两个项目(短项目和自由滑冰)，根据不同的学科，可能包括旋转、跳跃、场地动作、举起、投掷跳跃、死亡螺旋和其他元素或动作。

7,Freestyle skiing is a skiing discipline comprising aerials, moguls, cross, half-pipe, slopestyle and big air as part of the Winter Olympics. It can consist of a skier performing aerial flips and spins, and can include skiers sliding rails and boxes on their skis. Known as "hot-dogging" in the early 1970s,it is also commonly referred to as freeskiing, jibbing, as well as many other names around the
world.
自由式滑雪是冬奥会的一项滑雪运动，包括空中技巧、雪上技巧、横越技巧、坡道技巧、坡面技巧和腾空技巧。

它可以包括滑雪者空中翻转和旋转，也可以包括滑雪者滑轨和滑雪板上的盒子。

在20世纪70年代早期，它被称为“hot-dogging”，也被称为freeskiing, jibbing，以及世界上其他许多名字。

8,Ice hockey is a contact winter team sport played on ice skates, usually on an ice skating rink with lines and markings specific to the sport. It is one of the fastest team sports on ice belonging to a small group of four ice skating team sports, irrespective of their associated variants, which now includes bandy, ringette, and rinkball. In ice hockey, two opposing teams use ice hockey sticks to control, advance and shoot a closed, vulcanized, rubber disc called a "puck" into the other team's goal. Each goal is worth one point. The team which scores the most goals is declared the winner. In a formal game, each team has six skaters on the ice at a time, barring any penalties, one of whom is the goaltender.
冰上曲棍球是一项用冰鞋进行的接触式冬季团队运动，通常在熘冰场进行，有专门针对这项运动的线条和标记。

它是冰上速度最快的团队项目之一，属于四种滑冰团队项目，不考虑它们的相关变体，现在包括班迪舞、卷发舞和滑冰球。

在冰球比赛中，对立的两队用冰球
棍控制、推进和射一个封闭的、硫化的、叫做“冰球”的橡胶圆盘进对方的球门。

每个目标值一分。

进球最多的队宣布获胜。

在正式比赛中，每队在同一时间有6名滑冰运动员，除罚球外，其中一名是守门员。

9,A luge /lu/ is a small one- or two-person sled on which one sleds supine (face up) and feet-first. A luger steers by using the calf muscles to flex the sled's runners or by exerting opposite shoulder pressure to the seat. Racing sleds weigh 21–25 kg (46–55 lb) for singles and 25–30 kg (55–66 lb) for doubles. Luge is also the name of an Olympic sport.
雪橇/lu/是一种单人或双人的小型雪橇，其中一人仰卧(面朝上)，脚朝前。

雪橇手通过使用小腿肌肉来弯曲雪橇的滑行者，或者通过对座椅施加相反的肩部压力来操纵雪橇。

竞赛雪橇单打重21 25公斤(46 55磅)，双打重25 30公斤(55 66磅)。

雪橇也是一项奥林匹克运动的名称。

10,Nordic combined is a winter sport in which athletes compete in cross-country skiing and ski jumping. Nordic combined at the Winter Olympics and the FIS Nordic Combined World Cup are ongoing.
北欧两项是一项冬季运动，运动员在其中进行越野滑雪和跳台滑雪比赛。

冬奥会上的北欧两项和FIS北欧联合世界杯正在进行中。

11,Short track speed skating is a form of competitive
ice speed skating. In competitions, multiple skaters (typically between four and six) skate on an oval ice track with a length of 111.12 metres (364.6 ft). The rink itself is 60 metres (200 ft) long by 30 metres (98 ft) wide, which is the same size as an Olympic-sized figure skating rink and an international-sized ice hockey rink. Related sports include long track speed skating and inline speed skating.
短道速滑是一种冰上速滑竞赛形式。

在比赛中，多名滑冰选手(通常在4到6人之间)在长111.12米(364.6英尺)的椭圆形冰道上滑冰。

熘冰场长60米，宽30米，与奥运会规模的花样熘冰场和国际规模的冰球熘冰场大小相同。

相关的运动包括长轨道速度滑冰和单列速度滑冰。

12,Skeleton is a winter sliding sport in which a person rides a small sled, known as a skeleton bobsled (or -sleigh), down a frozen track while lying face down and head-first. The sport and the sled may have been named from the bony appearance of the sled.
雪橇是一项冬季滑雪运动。

在这项运动中，一个人脸朝下，头朝下，骑着一辆小雪橇(又称骷髅雪橇或-sleigh)沿着结冰的跑道滑行。

这项运动和雪橇可能是根据雪橇的瘦骨嶙峋的外形命名的。

13,Ski jumping is a winter sport in which competitors aim to achieve the farthest jump after sliding down from a
specially designed curved ramp on their skis. Along with jump length, competitor's aerial style and other factors also affect the final score. Ski jumping was first contested in Norway in the late 19th century, and later spread through Europe and North America in the early 20th century. Along with cross-country skiing, it constitutes the traditional group of Nordic skiing disciplines.
跳台滑雪是一项冬季运动，参赛者的目标是在他们的滑雪板上从一个特别设计的弯曲坡道滑下后达到最远的跳跃。

除了跳跃长度，选手的空中姿势等因素也会影响最后的得分。

19世纪末，跳台滑雪比赛首次在挪威举行，随后在20世纪初传遍欧洲和北美。

与越野滑雪一起，它构成了传统的北欧滑雪学科。

14,Snowboarding is a recreational and competitive activity that involves descending a snow-covered slope while standing on a snowboard that is almost always attached to a rider's feet. It features in the Winter Olympic Games and Winter Paralympic Games.
单板滑雪是一项娱乐性和竞技性的活动，它需要站在滑雪板上滑下一个被雪覆盖的斜坡，而滑雪板几乎总是固定在滑雪者的脚上。

它是冬季奥运会和冬季残奥会的特色。

15,Speed skating is a competitive form of ice skating in which the competitors race each other in travelling a certain
distance on skates. Types of speed skating are long track speed skating, short track speed skating, and marathon speed skating. In the Olympic Games, long-track speed skating is usually referred to as just "speed skating", while short-track speed skating is known as "short track". The International Skating Union (ISU), the governing body of competitive ice sports, refers to long track as "speed skating" and short track as "short track skating".
速度滑冰是滑冰比赛的一种形式，选手们用冰鞋互相比赛，跑一定的距离。

速度滑冰的种类有长跑道速度滑冰、短道速度滑冰和马拉松速度滑冰。

在奥运会上，长道速度滑冰通常简称为“速度滑冰”，而短道速度滑冰则简称为“短道”。

国际滑冰联盟(ISU)，竞技冰上运动的管理机构，将长道滑冰称为“速度滑冰”，将短道滑冰称为“短道滑冰”。