考研英语短文写作中语言和句子的常见错误

（⼀）逗号的使⽤问题
逗号是⽤来帮助读者更好地进⾏阅读的。

没有逗号句⼦就会发⽣碰撞，或者引起误解。

例：
误解：If you cook Elmer will do the dishes.
误解：While we were eating a rattlesnake approached our campsite.
在合乎逻辑的地⽅加上逗号（after cook and eating），⽴刻⼀切就会变明⽩了。

就不会错误地理解成为Elmer being cooked， the rattlesnake being eaten.
1）在等⽴复合连接词连接两个或多个句⼦的时候，在等⽴复合连接词前⾯加逗号。

如： and、but、or、nor、for、so和yet.
Nearly everyone has heard of love at first sight， but I fell in love at first dance.
在⼀个表⽰引导的短语或句⼦后⾯⽤逗号（这个引导的短语或句⼦⼀般作状语）。

When Irwin was ready to eat， his cat jumped onto the table.
Near a small stream at the bottom of the canyon， we discovered an abandoned shelter.
在表⽰状语的句⼦或短语⽐较短的情况下，⼀般不⽤逗号。

In no time we were at 2，800 feet.
当分词短语在句⾸做状语，主要⽤于描述后⾯句⼦中紧跟着它的名词或代词时，要⽤逗号隔开（不管句⼦的长短），这个逗号主要告诉读者他们就要明⽩这个⼈或事情的⾝份或情况了。

Knowing that he couldn't outrun a car， Kevin took to the fields.
Excited about the move， Alice and Don began packing their books.
注：其他表⽰引导的还有连接副词、过渡词和独⽴短语。

3）表⽰⼀系列的项⽬时要⽤逗号（三个或更多个），这个项⽬可以是单个字、短语或者从句。

At Dominique's one cansgroupsfillet of rattlesnake， bison burgers，or pickled eel.
My uncle willed me all of his property， houses， and warehouses.
The activities include a search for lost treasure， dubious financial dealings， much discussion of ancient heresies，and midnight orgies.
4）在⼏个并列形容词之间⽤逗号或⽤and，⽽在相重或累积形容词前⾯不⽤逗号。

当两个或多个形容词来分别修饰⼀个名词时，它们叫做并列形容词。

Mother has become a strong， confident， independent woman.如果它们能够⽤and来连接（strong and confident and independent），就叫做并列形容词。

当形容词不能分别来修饰时，这就叫相重或累积形容词。

Three large gray shapes moved slowly toward us.
并列形容词：Robert is a warm， gentle， affectionate father.
相重（累积）形容词：Ira ordered a rich chocolate layer cake.
5）⽤逗号隔开过渡语、插⼊语、独⽴短语和对⽐成分。

过渡语包括连接副词，如： however、therefore和moreover.
过渡短语： for example， as a matter of fact， in other words等。

Minh did not understand our language； moreover， he was unfamiliar with our customs.
Natural foods are not always salt free； for example， celery contains more sodium than most people would imagine.
当连接副词或过渡语出现在句⼦的⼀开始或者出现在⼀个独⽴句⼦的中间时，它经常要⽤逗号隔开。

The prospective babysitter looked very promising； she was busy， however， throughout the month of January.
As a matter of fact， American football was established by fans who wanted to play a more organized game of football. 注：如果连接副词或过渡语已经和句⼦融为⼀体，在阅读时⽆需停顿，就不再需要逗号了。

它们是： also、at least、certainly、consequently、indeed、of course、no doubt、perhaps、then和therefore.
Bill's typewriter is broken； therefore you will need to borrow Sue's.
插⼊语：提供补充评论或信息，常常出现在句中或者句末。

Evolution， as far as we know， doesn't work this way.
The striped bass weighed about twelve pounds， give or take a few ounces.
独⽴短语：独⽴短语常常修饰整个句⼦，它常常是⼀个名词加⼀个分词或分词短语。

His tennis game at last perfected， Chris won the cup.
Brenda was forced to rely on public transportation， her carshavingsbeenwrecked the week before.
对⽐成分：以not和unlike开始的显明对⽐成分应⽤逗号将其隔开。

Now that I am married， Jane talks to me as an adult， not as her little sister.
Celia， unlike Robert， had no loathing for dance contests.
6）⽤逗号隔开直接称呼名词，yes和no，反意疑问句的反问部分，以及温和感叹词。

Forgive us， Dr. Spock， for spanking Brian.
Yes， the Loan will probably be approved
The film was faithful to the book， wasn't it？
Well， cases like these are difficult to decide.
7）⽤逗号将动词和直接引语隔开。

Naturalist Arthur Cleveland Bent remarked，“In part the peregrine declined unnoticed because it is not adorable.”
Convictions are more dangerous foes of truth than lies， wrote Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche.
8）⽤逗号将⽇期、地址、头衔和数字隔开。

⽇期：在⽇期中要⽤⼀对逗号将年和句⼦的其他部分隔开。

On December 12， 1890， orders were sent out for the arrest of Sitting Bull.
注：如果⽇期前置或者只有年和⽉则不⽤逗号。

The recycling plan goessintoseffect on April 1993.
January 1992 was an extremely cold month.
地址：地址中的成分或地点名称后⾯⽤逗号。

邮编码前不⽤逗号。

John Lennon was born in Liverpool， England， in 1940.
Please send the package to Greg Tarvin at 708 Spring street， Washington， Illinois 61571.
称号、头衔：名字后⾯有称号，那么就要⽤⼀对逗号将称呼隔开。

Sandra Barnes， M.D.， performed the surgery. （M.D.医学博⼠）数学：后⾯⽤逗号。

3，500〔or 3500〕
100，000
（⼆）句⼦不完整
在写作中⼀定要写完整的句⼦，即每个句⼦必须有它的动词（be动词或者实义动词）。

⼀个完整的句⼦的结构应该是：1 主语+谓语+宾语；2 主语+谓语+状语；3 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补⾜语等句⼦形式。

1） Small portable machines which generate negative irons. （错）
They have invented small portable machines which generate negative irons. （正确）
2） They enjoy reading classic Chinese Literature. Such as the poetry by Li Bai and Du Fu. （错）
They enjoy reading classic Chinese Literature. such as the poetry by Li Bai and Du Fu. （正确）
注：hence后⾯可以直接跟名词⽽独⽴成句。

（三）避免粘连句
粘连句就是指⽤逗号连接数个独⽴的分句。

例：An old woman lived in the house， she surprised Hansel and Gretel they were eating parts of her home. （错）
该句中有3个主语（old woman， she， they），三个动词（lived， surprised，和were eating），分句可以⽤句号，分号（⽽不是逗号）或使⽤连接词。

最普通的连接词是： and， but，so和or.连接代词有who， which，和that，还有表⽰时间连接词： before， after， when和so on.
上句可以改为：
①An old woman lived in the house. She surprised Hansel and Gretel. Theywere eating parts of her home.
②An old woman lived in the house and she surprised Hansel and Gretel and they were eating parts of her house.
③The old woman who lived in the house surprised Hansel and Gretel whilethey were eating parts of her house.。