世界建筑2012-04日建设计04日建设计的建筑信息模型及其工作方式

如今，日建设计正在积极地提倡使用建筑信息模型（简称BIM）。

这种三维的设计方式使我们能够为当今时代尝试各种可能的客户设计出高性能的建筑。

BIM可以被解释为一个“三维建筑数据库”，它不仅包括三维体量（立方体、圆柱体等）的信息，还包括像梁、柱这样的结构部分，以及造价和许多其他类型的数据。

这种设计方式可能很难从直观上掌握，下文中对它的一些特性和程序进行的重点分析，将有助于我们的理解：首先，一个三维建筑—BIM模型—是在计算机空间中设计的，同创建一个实体模型一样，将各个部件组合在一起。

然后，所需要的常规图纸也从BIM模型生成。

因为每套图纸都是完整的BIM模型生成的，就可以避免出现在二维图纸中常见的细微误差。

因为建筑的门、窗框和其他的组件、装置也是数
字资料的一部分，在设计的同时，就可以很容易获得
定量的信息，与常规设计相比，能更容易、更准确地
掌握用量和造价。

以三维形式存储的数据，可以让我们轻易地通过
计算机图形或以动画形式来检验设计。

这些工具不仅
对设计者有所助益，也令客户、使用者和建造者对设
计的理解更为深入和准确。

将三维数据输入一个计算机程序，就可以用视觉形
式来演示说明气流、温度、光强度这些之前只能以数字
形式表现的方面，从而极大提升了环境设计的品质。

此外，建筑、结构和设备等专业的设计可以借助
BIM，以一个高效、整合的进程来完成。

高度精确的设
计有助于我们与承建商和其他专业人员实现顺畅的合
作，极大减少了需要在施工现场处理的问题，并最终
为在合理的造价内实现高品质的建筑铺平了道路。

由于建造图纸也用BIM汇编，BIM就如同医院为
病人保存的病例一样，成为了关于一栋建筑的细节的
可靠记录。

在建筑维护中，BIM可以联同施工图纸一
起得到有效的应用，来确保建筑潜能的发挥达到最优、
最为高效。

应用BIM的设计程序
让我们来看一个应用BIM进行设计的简单案例。

例如，图3所示，你已经在计算机中创建了一面
带有3种类型的门的墙体。

日建设计的建筑信息模型及其工作方式
THE BUILDING INFORMATION MODEL AT NIKKEN SEKKEI AND HOW IT WORKS
山梨知彦/Tomohiko Yamanashi
孙凌波 译/Translated by SUN Lingbo
作者单位：日建设计
收稿日期：2012-02-10
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图4就是该BIM模型自动生成的平面。

与之类似，图5是其自动生成的立面。

因为BIM是这些图像的基础，对设计中任何元素的任何改动都会在其他3个图纸上自动修改，以确保草图和模型之间没有矛盾。

BIM数据不仅包括门的几何形状的信息，还包括门装置类型和性质方面的信息，这些信息可以被制成表格，以清晰地显示出所需要的某类门装置的数量（图6）。

因为BIM模型同表格中门装置的数据是相互链接的，在表格中作出的改变，就可以自动地反映在BIM 模型上。

门装置通过可变的数字数据来体现，因此可以很容易地改变其尺寸、形状或材料。

任何改变都将自动地反映在BIM模型、平面、剖面、立面以及门装置的表格上。

正如以上图片所示，BIM设计是在计算机上完成的，但它是一种与之前的二维计算机辅助设计处于完全不同维度上的高度整合的设计环境。

这里给出的案例极为简单，但是，因为所有类型的图纸信息都可以轻易地在BIM模型上自动生成，而且各类信息之间不会存在任何矛盾，这就使我们有可能为非常复杂的建筑实现高品质的设计。

Hoki美术馆
Hoki美术馆是一个能很好地说明BIM如何支持具有复杂外形的建筑设计的案例。

该美术馆用来展示现实主义艺术的个人收藏品，设计要求我们创造出连续扩展的空间，其核心是要能更好地欣赏现实主义画作
1 Hoki美术馆东北向外景/Hoki Museum, view from the northeast
2 Hoki美术馆的BIM模型/BIM model for Hoki Museum
3 一面装有3类门的墙体的BIM模型/BIM Model of a wall with three types of doors
4 BIM生成的平面布局图/Layout drawings composed from the BIM
5 BIM生成的立面图/Elevation drawings composed from the BIM
6 BIM自动编集的门装置列表/List of door fixtures automatically compiled
from the BIM 的微妙之处。

当我们认识到混凝土这样的常规建材无
法满足这个设计要求之后，我们转向了钢板，从而创
造出了边界被无缝焊接的长条形管状空间。

空间的曲
线遵循着地段的轮廓，建筑的整体形式—层叠曲折
的形式组合—则十分引人注目。

建筑需要一个如同
先进的游轮或飞机一样的复杂的设计，要求达到二维
设计图纸无法企及的精准度。

由此，日建设计开始转而应用BIM来完成这个设
计，首先，我们在计算机空间中创建了一个建筑的三
维模型。

之后，通过对三维模型的结构分析和照明模拟，
我们就能够设计出一个极具创新性而且复杂精密的建
筑作品。

在一个常规建筑中，结构框架、室内和室外是
通过完全不同的相互分隔的程序设计的。

但是，B I M
使我们能够在Hoki美术馆这个项目里，同时设计结
构框架（钢板）、室内和室外，甚至将空调管道和照
明设备结合在结构之中。

最终的设计从环境角度上
节约了资源，尽管采用了相对昂贵的钢板，但在施
工中具有极高的时间和劳动效率，从而将项目的其
他造价合理化。

这样的一个设计说明了B I M方式的
巨大潜能。

BIM为Hoki美术馆带来的另一个显著特色是它的
照明设计。

美术馆类建筑通常都排斥自然光线，但这
个美术馆却要积极地利用自然光线，以通过最为自然
的方式来展示现实主义画作。

运用BIM数据完成的光
环境模拟，使自动防故障装置的设计能够与自然采光
相结合。

由此，美术馆的空间通过对最佳尺寸窗户的
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7 Hoki美术馆东北向鸟瞰/Aerial view of the Hoki Museum, from the
northeast
8 Hoki美术馆的BIM模型/BIM model of the Hoki Museum
模拟计算创造出来。

补充自然光线的照明装置是LED 灯，这些人工的灯具都是基于BIM数据的照明模拟被仔细地设计出来的，以有效地补足自然采光。

木材会馆与索尼城大崎
建筑信息模型是一种非常先进的设计技术，同时也是一种很好的方式，日建设计可以通过这种方式来随心所欲地实现先进的设计技术。

实际上，日建设计对于BIM的积极引入，不仅体现在美术馆，也在那些强调节约造价的办公楼和其他建筑中，以创造出高性能的建筑。

本期专辑中介绍的木材会馆和索尼城大崎也是应用BIM设计的。

木材会馆的立面及其特别的纵深维度，是基于运用BIM的重复三维研究而设计的。

由此，建筑超过2m 进深的立面的空间特色，就可以通过一种比二维图纸更易于理解的方式展现给客户。

在项目的修整进程中同客户分享这些图像，极大地促成了这座与众不同的建筑的最终实现。

另外，施工中对木材处理的要求十分复杂，而通过BIM提供的三维数据、应用CNC机械预制木材，则使我们能够实现没有误差且造价可控的建造项目。

这座建筑生动地证明，通过BIM进行的整体化的设计和建造，能够带来多种新的可能性。

索尼城大崎的整个设计都是用B I M完成的。

特
别是对于要容纳各种设备的布局复杂的顶层区域和
地震隔离层，其设计数据在最初阶段就移交给了建造
者。

通过建造者提供的建造方面的信息数据，我们可
以结合建筑和设备要求来设计机房空间。

另外，在这
个建筑赋有特色的生物表皮立面的设计中，B I M也扮
演着非常重要的角色。

在设计阶段，B I M数据使我们
可以模拟生物表皮提供的环境功能。

安装在140m2
立面上的陶瓷管能使温度降低多少，是一个很难直观
判断的未知因素。

但是，通过基于B I M数据的计算
机模拟，我们就能够获得非常准确的数据。

同客户分
享这些结果，使我们获得了客户对于这个全世界首例
生物表皮试验的理解和热情。

到了涉及生物表皮结构
细部的建造阶段，B I M同样不可或缺。

依照常规创建
计算机图形和模型来展示生物表皮各组件的组装是极
为费时的工作。

但是，我们能够通过B I M研究随时
获得计算机图形，并通过输出B I M数据获得非常精
细的模型。

没有B I M，我们将不能如此轻易地进行这
样的细节性研究。

木材会馆和索尼城大崎这样与众不同的建筑设计，
若不应用BIM是肯定不可能实现的。

日建设计作为BIM设计的先锋
日建设计对于BIM的应用才刚刚开始。

我们还没
有达到尽数发挥其优势的理想状态，而计算机技术正
在日新月异，我们希望在近期就能达成这一目标。

从
现在起，BIM正在坚定地朝着能为我们的客户带来直
接价值的方向前进。

除了本文阐述的设计价值之外，
它还通过改善与建造者的沟通来实现高品质、高效率
的建造，并通过对BIM数据的应用来改善建筑维护的
状态。

当然，要充分利用这一新的设计方式，不仅依靠
每栋建筑个体设计师的高水平的技能，还依赖于整体
的设计组织。

我相信，凭借日建设计在设计、结构工程、
机电工程、环境、照明、城镇规划、公共项目、景观
和其他专业领域的杰出的专业人士，BIM将在这里得
到蓬勃发展。

BIM是一种非常有效的工具，可以令我
们的客户获得日建设计建筑作品的大量信息和专业知
识。

我们很骄傲地通过对BIM的积极应用而处于设计
行业的前列，来满足我们客户的各种期望。

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1213 9 展现LED灯具分布的Hoki美术馆室内空间/Interior space of the Hoki
Museum showing distribution of LED light fixtures
10 自然光线分布模拟/Simulation showing distribution of natural light
11 木材会馆设计中的三维研究/Three-dimensional study for the design
of the Mokuzai Kaikan
12 用CNC机械工具的木材处理进程/Processing of wood using CNC
machine tools
13 由三维打印数据输出生成的生物表皮的BIM模型/BIM model of the
bioskin produced by three-dimensional printer data output
Today, Nikken Sekkei is actively promoting the use of building information modeling (BIM). This three-dimensional approach allows us to design high-performance architecture for our clients that lives up to the potential of its time. BIM can be described as a "three-dimensional architectural database", which incorporates not only information about three dimensional volumes (cubes, cylinders, and so forth), but structural parts like posts and beams as well as costs and many other kinds of data. This approach may be difficult to grasp intuitively, so it may help to focus on some of the features and procedures followed, as explained below:
First a three-dimensional building－the BIM model－is designed in virtual space on the computer by putting pieces together as one would in creating a physical model.
Conventional drawings are then composed as needed from that BIM model. Since each set of drawings is generated from the fully integrated BIM model, the kind of slight errors and misalignments that often crop up when working with two-dimensional drawings do not occur.
Since doors, window frames, and other components and fittings for the building are part of the digital data, quantitative information can be easily obtained simultaneously with the design, and keeping track of quantities and costs is easier and more accurate than for conventional design.
With the data maintained in three-dimensional form, it is easy to check the design using computer-graphics or in the form of movies. These tools also help not only the designer, but the client, the users, and the builders gain a deeper, more accurate understanding of the design.
By feeding the three-dimensional data into a computer program, moreover, simulations can be performed to illustrate in visual form air currents, temperature, light intensity and the like－which previously could only be grasped in figures－thereby greatly improving the quality of environmental designs.
In addition, with BIM, architectural, structural,
and facilities design can be done as one efficient
and integrated process. Highly accurate and precise
designs help to smooth coordination with the main
contractor and the other professionals involved,
greatly decreasing the number of problems to be
dealt with on-site, and ultimately paving the way
for realization of a high-quality building completed
at a reasonable cost.
Since as-built drawings are compiled using
the BIM, the BIM can serve as a reliable record of
the details of a building, similar to the medical
charts kept for a patient in a hospital. The BIM,
in conjunction with the as-built drawings, can be
effectively used for building maintenance, helping
to assure the building performs to its best and most
efficient potential.
Procedure for Designing with BIM
Let us look at a simple example of how the
design procedure works when using BIM.
Say, for example, as shown in Figure 3, you
have created on the computer a virtual design for a
wall with three types of doors.
Figure 4 is the layout plan that can be
automatically generated from the BIM model shown
above. Figure 5, similarly, shows the elevation
drawing that can also be automatically generated.
Since the BIM is the basis for all these images,
any corrections made to any of elements of the
design will be automatically corrected in the other
three depictions, assuring that there will be no
discrepancies between the sketches and the model.
The BIM data includes information not simply
about the geometric shapes of the doors, but about
the type and nature of the door fittings, information
that can be readily tabulated so that it is clear
how many door fittings of such-and-such a type are
needed (see figure 6).
Since the data in the BIM model and in
the table of door fittings are fully linked, it is
possible to incorporate changes in the table and
know that they will automatically be reflected in
the BIM model.
Door fittings are represented by digital data
that is variable, so it is easy to make changes in
dimensions, shape, or materials. Any changes made
will automatically be reflected in the BIM model, in
the plans, sections and elevations as well as in the
table of door fittings.
As the above illustration shows, BIM design is
done on the computer, but is a highly integrated design
environment on a different dimension from the two-
dimensional computer-aided design used heretofore.
The example given here is extremely simple, but
since all types of blueprint information can be easily
and automatically generated from one BIM model,
discrepancies do not occur among them, making possible
high-quality designs even for very complicated buildings.
The Hoki Museum
An example of how BIM supports the design
of a building with a very complex shape is well
illustrated in the Hoki Museum. The Museum was
designed for an individual's collection of realist art,
and we were asked to create space that extended
seamlessly, the better to appreciate the subtleties
of the realist paintings that are the core of the
collection. When we realized we could not use the
ordinary construction materials like concrete to fulfill
this request, we turned to steel plate, creating long
tubular spaces in which edges are welded together
seamlessly. The spaces curve, moreover, to conform
to the contours of the site, and the overall form
of the building－composed of forms as if stacked
and folded over upon each other－is striking. The
building called for a design as complex as a state-of-
the-art cruise ship or airplane, requiring a level of
precision that would have been virtually impossible
using two-dimensional design drawings.
We at Nikken Sekkei, therefore, turned to the
BIM approach for this design, first creating a three-
dimensional model of the building as a whole in
the virtual space of the computer. Then, through
structural analysis and lighting simulations using
the three-dimensional model, we were able bring
to completion an extremely innovative design and a
highly sophisticated work of architecture.
In an ordinary building, the structural framework, the exterior, and the interior are designed as totally different and separate procedures. In the Hoki Museum, however, BIM made it possible to design the structural framework－the steel plates－as both interior and exterior and even incorporate the air conditioning ducts and lighting fixture housings into the structure. The resulting design saved on resources, which made sense from the environmental viewpoint, and even though the comparatively high-priced steel plate was used, the construction was extremely time and labor efficient, rationalizing other costs of the project. Such a design illustrates the great potential of the BIM approach.
Another distinctive feature of the Hoki Museum made possible by BIM was its lighting design. Art museums are buildings in which natural lighting is generally shunned, but this museum actively utilizes natural light in order to present the realist paintings in the most natural way possible. What enabled the fail-safe design for incorporating natural lighting were light-environment simulations performed using data from the BIM. The spaces of the museum, therefore, have been created by simulation-based calculations for the optimal size of the windows. The lighting fixtures supplementing the natural light are all LED lights, and this artificial light was carefully designed to effectively complement the natural lighting using lighting simulations based on BIM data.
The Mokuzai Kaikan and Sony City Osaki
Building information modeling is thus an extremely advanced design technology, and it is a superb means through which Nikken Sekkei can implement the advanced design technology at its disposal. Nikken has in fact been actively introducing BIM not only for art museums but for offices and other buildings emphasizing cost-saving features, enabling the creation of high-performance architecture. The Mokuzai Kaikan and Sony City Osaki, introduced elsewhere in this volume, were in fact designed using BIM.
The facade for the Mokuzai Kaikan, with its
distinctive deep dimensions, was designed based on
repeated three-dimensional studies using the BIM.
The spatial features of the more than two-meter-
deep facade shown on two-dimensional drawing
studies could thus be shown to the client in an easy-
to-understand way. The sharing with the client of
these images in the course of refining the design
turned out to be a great strength in the realization
of a distinctive building. The construction, moreover,
called for quite complex wood-processing, but by
virtue of the three-dimensional digital data provided
by the BIM, the timber could be prepared using
CNC machinery, which made possible a very error-
free as well as cost-conscious construction project.
This building vividly demonstrates how integrating
design and construction through BIM can give rise to
a variety of new possibilities.
The entire design of Sony City Osaki was done
using BIM. Particularly for the area containing
the plant and equipment on the top floor, which
required a complex layout, and for the seismic
isolation floors, the design data was handed over
to the builder at the initial stage. By having the
builder add construction-level information to the
data, we were able to design the machine rooms
in such a way as to coordinate the architecture
and the services. For the bioskin facade that is the
special feature of this design, moreover, BIM played
a very important role. One way was at the design
stage, when BIM data made possible the simulations
of the environmental functions provided by the
bioskin. To what degree temperature decrease could
actually be achieved by the use of the ceramic pipes
installed on the 140 meter square facade was an
unknown factor, something that is hard to intuitively
project. By performing a computer simulation based
on BIM data, however, we were able to come up
with quite accurate projection figures. By sharing
these projection results with the client, we gained
the client's understanding and enthusiasm for what
was to be realized as the world's first experiment
with the bioskin. BIM was also indispensable in
arriving at the details of the bioskin structure at
the construction stage. Creating computer-graphic
images and models showing the assembly of the
parts of the bioskin would ordinarily be extremely
time-consuming. Since we were able to generate
studies by BIM, however, we were able to obtain
computer graphic images whenever we needed
them and get highly elaborate models by outputting
BIM data. Without BIM, we would not be able to so
easily create such detailed studies.
Distinctive designs for such buildings as the
Mokuzai Kaikan and Sony City Osaki would surely not
have been possible without using BIM.
Nikken Sekkei as a Pioneer in BIM Design
Nikken Sekkei's use of BIM has of course only just
begun. We have not yet created the ideal conditions
for 100 percent utilization of its advantages, but
advances in computer technology are taking place
every day, and we hope this will be possible in the
near future. From here on, BIM is sure to progress
in a direction that will bring direct merits for our
clients. In addition to the design merits explained
in this article, it will lead to high-quality, cost-
efficient construction through improved liaison with
builders, and to improved building maintenance
made possible through use of BIM data.
Utilizing this new design method to best
advantage, of course, depends upon a high level
of skill not only among the individual designers
of each building but on the part of the design
organization as a whole. I am confident that Nikken
Sekkei, with its outstanding specialists in the field
of design, structural engineering, MEP engineering,
environment, lighting, town planning, public
works, landscaping and other professional fields, is
an organization where BIM will flourish. BIM is an
extremely effective tool for making available to
our clients the tremendous fund of information and
knowhow that Nikken Sekkei can bring to the work
of architectural design. We are proud to be in the
vanguard of the design industry through our active
use of BIM, putting it to use to fulfill the wishes of
our clients.□。