Unit5A-工商管理英语-第二版-课文翻译参考-雷涯邻主编-高等教育出版社
business english翻译
Unit1工商管理概论工商管理的特性英语单词business有许多定义。
每个定义相互关联，但又各自不同。
与我们的讨论有关的定义主要有两个。
第一个定义是指作为一种生存手段而从事的任何活动。
第二个定义将工商管理视为人们生活中的重要的活动。
对于美国而言，工商管理既是一种谋生手段，同时又是人们生活的一个中心。
个人和团体既为了经济盈利又为了个人身份的确定和认可而从事工商活动。
工商管理的双重中心意味着其在为个人或人群提供生计的同时又给每个人带来一种身份感。
这两个概念相互交织，几乎不可能将它们区分开来。
然而，基于我们的目的，我们将关注作为谋生手段的工商，把工商看成是将一个或更多人的资产拿来，以商品和服务的形式使其他的人可以得到这些资产以此获得利润的过程。
我们将尽力确定并解释这一定义的不同组成要素。
工商管理是一个过程工商管理是一系列行为、变化，或引起一个结果的功能。
许多人试图将这个过程分为很多过程，其目的是为了更好地理解和管理这些过程（子过程），这样他们就能够影响并控制结果。
现在，我们只需要了解它是一个由各个过程构成的过程，我们既可以单独地理解它们，又可以将它们当作一个整体来理解。
在我们看来，工商活动是一个给为了维持生计而参与其中的那些人返还利润的过程。
工商活动主要是为了获得利润而生产商品和服务。
利润的本质会因所从事的工商的性质不同而不同。
尽管工商对利润的定义略有不同，但是他们为了继续从事工商都必须获得利润。
这就是工商的实质，因为这是维持生计的唯一途径。
根据这个的观点，工商必须维持一定的利润来养活企业和那些依赖工商维持生计的个人。
每个良好的过程都有控制，包括内部控制和外部控制。
对于企业来说，内部控制通过管理得到实现，而外部控制通常通过各个管理机构得以实现。
要使过程得到有效运作，也需要从子过程乃至控制结构提供的反馈。
这个反馈越有效，控制就会越好，这就为企业的成功运作做好了准备。
企业也是系统。
每个系统有投入、过程、产出和结果。
剑桥商务英语高级第二版课文翻译
Unit 1a Work RolesReading 1什么是定工制定工制是一种设定工作岗位，发展员工能力，以适应不断变化的工作性质的先进手段。
通过使用工作色牌，公司可以确定关键任务所规定要求的具体责任范围，形成员工的工作责职描述。
定工制替代通常静止不变的岗位说明书，它是一种更加灵活多变的短期简要工作布置。
员工领会了经理的简要工作布置后，即可应用它作为实施工作任务的参照标准。
然后，通过反馈和检查程序，使经理能及时跟踪员工的实际工作状况，提供机会共同评估业绩，重新调整工作并决定员工的个人事业发展需求。
蓝色工作牌指的是员工必须按照事先确定的工作方式依照规定标准完成的任务。
例如：按规格制作工程零件。
黄色工作牌指的是完成一个目标个人所要承当的责任。
例如：自行实施能够降低成本15%的各种做法。
核心工作色牌绿色工作牌指的是根据他人的反应和需求完成内容不同的任务。
例如：在酒店入住高峰期间帮助服务经理。
桔黄色工作牌指的是完成一个目标需要集体共同分担责任，而并非是一个人的责任。
例如：向管理团队出谋献策。
需要员工反馈的工作色牌灰色工作牌指的是某一项工作中偶然产生的任务，包括对应临时发生的情况。
例如：被叫去接待客户。
白色工作牌指的是在该员工正常工作之外对改善工作有利的任何一项创新性工作。
例如：修改统一客户服务函件。
粉红色工作牌指的是没有特殊任务目的，只需要员工在场的工作。
比如：参加一个既不用学习也不需提出决策的没有新意的会议。
Reading 2关于举办提高团队领导效率研讨班的报告本报告的宗旨是总结最近在艾斯特朗工程公司举办的团队领导研讨班出现的问题，并提出妥当的解决措施。
调查结果该研讨班首先对艾斯特朗公司团队领导如何理解自己的职责进行了考核评估，大家看法各不相同，有的认为自己的职责是分配和检查他人工作，有的认为自己的职责是激励他人完成工作。
这种差异明显表明这些团队领导对其职责有不同的理解。
因此，艾斯特朗公司需要更加明确清晰地向团队领导传递公司对他们的期望要求。
工商管理英语第二章翻译
英语第二章Organized societies throughout the world operate within various type of legal systems can be broken down into five broad categories :common law ,civil law, socialist law ,Islamic law and Hindu law .While these categories are, of course ,an oversimplification , with much overlapping , a company doing business in a legal system different from its own must learn the perimeters of the foreign law .for instance , under Islamic legal systems the paying of interest on money is forbidden .全世界有组织的社会在不同类型的法律制度下运作, 可以分为五大类：普通法、民法、社会主义法、伊斯兰法和印度教法。
而这些类别, 当然, 过于简单化, 多重叠, 一个公司在不同于自己的法律体系做生意必须借鉴国外法律的周长。
例如, 伊斯兰法律系统的支付利息的钱是被禁止的。
Common law countries include the united states , britain and former british colonies .The predominant characteristic of common law is its dependence on judicial decisions , that is the authority of prior decisions in resolving current cases.In recent times ,however ,these countries are passing more legislation ; the judicial rule therefore becomes increasingly a matter of interpreting statutes.英美法系国家包括美国、英国和英国前殖民地。
新标准大学英语(第二版)综合教程2 Unit 5 A篇练习答案及课文翻译
When children leave the nest, their parents are living alone without children in theip
Scripts Some unusual words describe how a person spends his or her time. For example, someone who likes to spend a lot of time sitting or lying down while watching television is sometimes called a “couch potato”. A couch is a piece of furniture that people sit on while watching television. Robert Armstrong, an artist from California, developed the term couch potato in 1976. Several years later, he listed the term as a trademark with the United States government. Mister Armstrong also helped write a funny book about life as a full-time television watcher. It is called the Official Couch Potato Handbook.
Text
couch potato Who wants to be a couch potato? How to become a couch potato? Who oppose the term couch potato and why? What are the risks for couch potatoes?
全新版大英5(第二版)课文翻译
Prison Studies狱中学习今天，许多在什么地方直接听我讲话的人，或在电视上听我讲话的人，或读过我写的东西的人，都会以为我上学远不止只读到8年级。
这一印象完全归之于我在监狱里的学习。
其实这事要从查尔斯顿监狱说起，一开始宾比就让我对他的知识渊博羡慕不已。
宾比总是主宰谈话话题，我总想效仿他。
可是，我随便打开一本书，几乎没有一个句子不是少则一两个字，多则差不多所有的字都不认识。
我只好跳过这些字，结果自然是对书上说的几乎一无所知了。
因此，我被解送到诺福克拘留所时，读书还只是为了摆摆样子而已。
要不是我真的获得了学习动力，我恐怕没多久就会连读书的样子也懒得去摆了。
我认识到，最要紧的是得到一本字典好认字学字。
幸好我还认识到得好好练习写字。
说来悲伤，我写字都不能写得齐整成行。
这两个想法促使我向诺福克拘留所学校要了字典，还有本子和笔。
整整两天，我把字典一页页翻了个遍，不知该怎么学。
我压根儿没想过会有那么多字。
我不知道自己需要学哪些字。
最后，总得有所行动吧，我便开始抄写。
我写字又慢又费劲，而且歪歪斜斜，但我在本子上抄写下了第一页上包括标点在内的所有印刷符号。
记得我抄写了一天。
然后,我把本子上抄写下的所有字大声朗读给自己听。
一遍又一遍，我大声朗读自己抄写的字。
我第二天早上醒来，仍想着那些字——想到自己不仅一次写了那么多字，而且还写了以前根本不认识的字，不由得深感自豪。
更何况，略加回想，我还能记住其中许多字的意思。
没记住的字我都复习了一遍。
有趣的是，此时此刻，那本字典第一页上“aardvark”这个字跃入了我的脑海。
字典上有一幅画它的插图，那是一种长尾巴长耳朵会掘洞的非洲哺乳动物，像食蚁兽捕食蚂蚁那样伸出舌头捕食白蚁。
我完全着迷了，于是继续抄——我又抄写了字典的第二页。
我学这一页上的字时体验到了同样的感受。
每学一页字，我还学到了一点有关人物、地方和历史事件的知识。
字典实际上就像是一部小型百科全书。
最后，字典上A那部分字的条目抄满了整整一个本子——接着我抄写B字部。
全新版大学英语5（第二版）课文翻译
全新版大学英语5（第二版）课文翻译第一篇：全新版大学英语5(第二版)课文翻译Going for BrokeMatea Gold and David Ferrell 1 Rex Coile's life is a narrow box, so dark and confining he wonders how he got trapped inside, whether he'll ever get out.孤注一掷马泰娅·戈尔德戴维·费雷尔雷克斯·科勒好像生活在一个狭窄的箱子里，伸手不见五指，空间又狭小，他不知道自己是怎么陷进去的，也不知道自己还能不能走出来。
He never goes to the movies, never sees concerts, never lies on a sunny beach, never travels on vacation, never spends Christmas with his family.Instead, Rex shares floor space in cheap motels with other compulsive gamblers, comforting himself with delusional dreams of jackpots that will magically wipe away three decades of wreckage.He has lost his marriage, his home, his Cadillac, his clothes, his diamond ring.Not least of all, in the card clubs of Southern California, he has lost his pride.他从不看电影，从不听音乐会，从不躺在沙滩上晒太阳，从不在假日去旅游，从不和家人一起过圣诞节。
新编大学英语第二版第五册课文翻译及课后答案
新编大学英语第二版第五册第二课练习答案
Post-Reading 1. Understanding the Organization of the Text
2
1) Introduction: (Para.1) A homeless man expresses thanks to a man holding the door for him Setting: a local restaurant Characters: shoppers, families and students Situation: the coming and leaving of a homeless man 2) Main Body (Para.2-11) There’s a lack of good manners in today’s world. Supporting evidence: AAt the restaurant, no one thanked the people providing the service; (Para.2) BWomen hardly show their gratefulness to people for their help while driving; (Para.4) CFewer men hold open doors for those behind them; (Para.4) DVery often parents do not apologize for what their children do; (Para.7) EChildren are not schooled in social graces; (Para.8) FRude language is so commonplace that it is accepted behavior. (Para.10) 3) Conclusion (Para.12-13) The importance of manners: In a crowded world, being polite to each other helps ease our daily stress. 2. Understanding Specific Information 1) B 2) B 3) C 4) A 5) C 6) C 7) B
unit-5课后练习答案
课后练习答案（全新版大学英语综合教程第二版第2册UNIT5）Book 2Unit 5 Overcoming ObstaclesText A True HeightKey to Book 2 Unit 5VocabularyI. 1.1) startled 2) mere3) motion 4) sweating 5) stretched out 6) vain 7) On one occasion 8) anxiety 9) emotions 10) ashamedof11) In my mind's eye12) recurring2.1) Mrs. White's birthday coincides with herhusband's.2) They make big profits on the stuff theysell by creating an artificial shortage, whichthein results / soaring prices the sendssoaring of prices.3) It has been a week of alternate sunshineand rain.4) Politics and philosophy have been hislifelong passions, although he studiedeconomics at university.5) Tension came over her, as she waited forher first TV interview.3.1) media; dedication to; grace.2) his competitors; in excitement; hug him;congratulate him on3) emotions; numerous;intensity; passionforII. Collocation1) Mike, a Green, made the suggestion thata large park be built near the community.2) In a letter to his daughter, Mr. Smithexpressed his wish that she (should)stillacquire to education her continueanother degree.3) There is no reason to hold the belief thathumans have no direct moral responsibilityto safeguard the welfare of animals.4) Children need to feel safe about theworld they grow up in, and it is unwise togive them the idea that everything theycome into contact with might bea threat.5) Anxiety can result from the notion thatlife has not treated us fairly.6) Nobody believed his claim that he wasinnocent.III. Words with Multiple Meanings1. work out in the gym for one hour everymorning.2. Florence has worked as a cleaner at thefactory for five years.3. The wounded man worked his way acrossthe field on his hands and knees. typethis of truck a for load safe The 4.works out at about twenty-five tons.5. It is difficult to understand how humanminds work.6. To my disappointment, themanager'splan of promoting the new products doesn'twork at all.7. The teacher has a lot of experience ofworking with children who don't know howto learn.8. The medicine began to work one hourafter the child took it..Comprehensive exercisesI. Cloze(A) Text-related1. In my mind's eye2. groan3. competitor4. intensity5. anxiety6. tense7. sweat8. tension9. soaring10. recurring11. brought me back to earth12. fantasy13. sweat14. congratulate15.numerous16. media(B)Theme-related1. engineer2. forget3. convinced4. how5. build6. accident7. thought8. only9. sharp10. touched11. instructions12. finallyII. Translation1.1) It is the creativity and dedication of theworkers and executives that turned thecompany into a profitable business.2) The prices of food and medicine havesoared in the past three months.3) We plan to repaint the upper floors of theoffice building.4) His success shows that popularity andartistic merit sometimes coincide.5) I don't want to see m y beloved grandmother lying in a hospital bed andgroaning painfully.2.Numerous facts bear out the argument/statement/claim that in order torecover speedily from negative emotion, youshould allow yourself to cry. You needn't /don't have to be ashamed of crying. Anxietyand sorrow can flow out of thebody alongwith tears.Consider the case of Donna. TakeDonna as an example/ Donna is a case inpoint. Her son unfortunately died in a caraccident. The intensity of the blow made herunable to cry. She said, “It was not until twoweeks later that I began to cry. And then Ifelt as if a big stone had been lifted from myshoulders. It was the tears that brought meback to earth and help me survive thecrisis.”。
新视野大学英语第二版第二册课文翻译 Unit 5-Section A
Unit 5Section AWeeping for My Smoking DaughterMy daughter smokes. While she is doing her homework, her feet on the bench in front of her and her calculator clicking out answers to her geometry problems, I am looking at the half-empty package of Camels tossed carelessly close at hand. I pick them up, take them into the kitchen, where the light is better, and study them — they're filtered, for which I am grateful. My heart feels terrible. I want to weep. In fact, I do weep a little, standing there by the stove holding one of the instruments, so white, so precisely rolled, that could cause my daughter's death. When she smoked Marlboros and Players I hardened myself against feeling so bad; nobody I knew ever smoked these brands.She doesn't know this, but it was Camels that my father, her grandfather, smoked. But before he smoked cigarettes made by manufacturers —when he was very young and very poor, with glowing eyes — he smoked Prince Albert tobacco in cigarettes he rolled himself. I remember the bright-red tobacco tin, with a picture of Queen Victoria's partner, Prince Albert, dressed in a black dress coat and carrying a cane.By the late forties and early fifties no one rolled his own anymore (and few women smoked) in my hometown of Eatonton, Georgia. The tobacco industry, coupled with Hollywood movies in which both male and female heroes smoked like chimneys, completely won over people like my father, who were hopelessly hooked by cigarettes. He never looked as fashionable as Prince Albert, though; he continued to look like a poor, overweight, hard working colored man with too large a family, black, with a very white cigarette stuck in his mouth.I do not remember when he started to cough. Perhaps it was unnoticeable at first, a little coughing in the morning as he lit his first cigarette upon getting out of bed. By the time I was sixteen, my daughter's age, his breath was a wheeze, embarrassing to hear; he could not climb stairs without resting every third or fourth step. It was not unusual for him to cough for an hour.My father died from "the poor man's friend", pneumonia, one hard winter when his lung illnesses had left him low. I doubt he had much lung left at all, after coughing for so many years. He had so little breath that, during his last years, he was always leaning on something. I remembered once, at a family reunion, when my daughter was two, that my father picked her up for a minute — long enough for me to photograph them — but the effort was obvious. Near the very end of his life, and largely because he had no more lungs, he quit smoking. He gained a couple of pounds, but by then he was so slim that no one noticed.When I travel to Third World countries I see many people like my father and daughter. There are large advertisement signs directed at them both: the tough, confident or fashionable older man, the beautiful, "worldly" young woman, both dragging away. In these poor countries, as in American inner cities and on reservations, money that should be spent for food goes instead to the tobacco companies; over time, people starve themselves of both food and air, effectively weakening and hooking their children, eventually killing themselves. I read in the newspaper and in my gardening magazine that the ends of cigarettes are so poisonous that if a baby swallows one, it is likely to die, and that the boiled water from a bunch of them makes an effective insecticide.There is a deep hurt that I feel as a mother. Some days it is a feeling of uselessness. I remember how carefully I ate when I was pregnant, how patiently I taught my daughter how to cross a street safely. For what, I sometimes wonder; so that she can struggle to breathe through most of her life feeling half her strength, and then die of self-poisoning, as her grandfather did?There is a quotation from a battered women's shelter that I especially like: "Peace on earth begins at home." I believe everything does. I think of a quotation for people trying to stop smoking: "Every home is a no smoking zone." Smoking is a form of self-battering that also batters those who must sit by, occasionally joke or complain, and helplessly watch. I realize now that as a child I sat by, through the years, and literally watched my father kill himself: surely one such victory in my family, for the prosperous leaders who own the tobacco companies, is enough.Words: 772。
商务英语( 第二版 )课文翻译
高级商务英语阅读课文译文第1 课主课文译文新长征“中国制造”这个标记很久以前就不新鲜了，它贴在鞋子上、玩具上、服装上，以及为跨国公司制造的其他商品上，世界各地到处可见。
现在真正新鲜的是以中国品牌出售的中国制造的商品。
目前中国只有为数不多的几家公司拥有足够的财力和管理知识来打造国际名牌；其余的绝大多数公司还在为在国内获得知名度而努力奋斗着。
但是正在海外市场上试水的各大先锋公司，很有可能把事情做大。
一些人认为，在创业精神饱满的本地管理层的协助下，或者在一些想在其产品系列里添加新产品的外国公司的协助下，中国商品在极具竞争力的价格的基础上，若把卖点放在产品质量和异国情调上，那末10 年之内，中国品牌将一个一个地走向全球。
总部在香港的广告公司中国精信（Grey China）的执行董事陈一木丹（Viveca Chan）说：“如果世界上只有一个国家具备创立全球品牌的潜力，那么这个国家就是中国。
”短期之内，中国商品最有希望打入国际市场的当属中草药和特色食品，当然也包括那些体现中国浪漫并具有异国情调的产品，例如化妆品、时装和音乐作品。
中国总部设在上海的泰勒·娜尔森·索福瑞（Taylor Nelson Sofres）市场调研公司的中国区总经理Kevin Tan 说：“与中国相联系的神秘色彩还有许多。
化妆品是种靠形象推销的产品，假如你要做化妆品，你会一下子就发现，中国化妆品来头不小。
”努力走向世界的中国品牌还有一些领导时尚潮头的饮料和啤酒品牌，也包括家用电器等具有品牌潜力的产品，它们都能以竞争性的价格提供高品质的产品。
这些中国品牌中的一部分，最终将会通过合资、兼并和收购的途径走向国际市场。
而对于合资双方中的外国投资者来说，这些品牌则将成为他们更快地进入中国消费市场和销售渠道的载体，同时这些中国品牌也能进一步充实国外投资者在国际市场上已经确立的优质品牌的阵营。
整个20 世纪90 年代，“中国品牌”这个概念一直在发育着，而目前在国内受到的重视更大了。
Unit5A-工商管理英语-第二版-课文翻译参考-雷涯邻主编-高等教育出版社
市场营销：概论在过去的一百多年中，市场营销作为一项商业职能，其职责和概念有了长足的发展。
最初，市场营销活动仅仅关注如何完成商业交换，即让顾客去买东西。
通常一些较大的商业力量经常自己完成销售活动。
在美国，在这些商业力量的影响下，销售过程的发展可以分为几个时期。
Perreault和McCarthy 总结为以下五个时期（1）简单贸易时期（2）产品时期（3）销售时期（4）市场营销部门时期（5）市场营销公司时期。
为了了解现代市场营销在美国商业中如何发挥作用，回顾每个时期的销售行为是很有帮助的。
在讨论其发展过程后，将可以依据它在美国商业行为中的运做而提出一个现代市场营销的定义。
在简单贸易时期，通常“制造商”是专门生产一种或几种产品的乡村家庭。
这些产品通常是农作物或牲畜，但是他们可以是使用简单的手工工具来完成的技艺。
剩余的产品就卖给或以实物交换给当地的中间商，这些中间商又寻找更远的顾客来出售他们收集来的产品。
这个时期在西方社会持续了几百年。
此外，这个时期的中间人的活动范围都比较大。
举个例子，文艺复兴时期的意大利特别是威尼斯商人，从印度、中国和东南亚进口商品。
这些商人是这个简单贸易时期运作最成功的商人。
当19世纪末，工业革命在欧洲兴起的时候，美国开始发展起来，这时产品时期也取代了简单的贸易时期。
产品时期最明显的特征就是机器使用率的提高和新的组织技术的发展，这些大大促进了产品数量的增加。
因此有很多商品都能以较低的价格提供给更多的顾客，从而也大大刺激了需求的增长。
所以，很多公司把更多的精力放在提高生产技术上。
生产效率很高的公司很少关注产品的销售，因为这个时期需求远远大于供给。
如果公司生产一件产品，通常就有现成的买主在等待着。
到了19世纪30年代，很多生产商已经大大地提高了产量，使得西方国家很多行业的生产能力超过了潜在顾客的需求，这就导致了销售时代的来临。
销售时代的特征是相信顾客不愿购买产品，部分原因是因为如此众多的公司为了获得客户的关注而展开竞争。
全新版大学英语第二版综合教程5第5单元课文翻译和课后部分答案
我们献上一篇《时代》杂志编辑们撰写的文章，以此开始审视全球气候变暖问题。
文章收集了取自美国和世界各地的证据，说明气候变化正在给我们带来的影响。
文章接着探讨了若这一趋势继续发展下去会产生的一些有害后果，以及气候变化的速度会急剧加快的可能性。
《时代》杂志编辑1你认为自己对全球气候变暖持怀疑态度？也许你并非住在墨西哥湾沿岸的佛罗里达州，也非住在阿拉斯加州的希什玛瑞夫。
居住在那些地区的人们普遍相信全球气候在变暖。
2004年佛罗里达遭受四次威力无比的飓风袭击，一年后卡特里娜飓风淹没了新奥尔良并重创密西西比州的沿海地区。
许多科学家认为,过去几个飓风季节的特大威力应归咎于全球气候变暖。
大风暴增加了墨西哥湾暖流的热量，那些纬度地区正在逐年变暖。
2 小镇希什玛瑞夫（人口600）是一个坐落在狭长形堰洲岛上说纽皮亚克语的爱斯基摩人村庄，位于安克雷奇以北625英里处。
当《时代》杂志记者玛戈特·罗斯福于2004年走访该村庄时，她发现它正"融入海洋"。
它已失去100-300英尺海岸线——其中一半是自1997以来消失的。
海滩下面的永久冻土正在解冻，海洋里的冰正在变薄，使居民越来越容易受到强风暴的侵袭。
一所房屋倒塌了，另有十八所房屋连同小镇上大型燃料储存罐只得搬到高一点的地方。
巨大的海浪冲走了学校的操场，毁坏了价值100,000美元的船只、猎具和晒鱼架。
"太可怕了，"该村的官员露西·恩尼英格沃克告诉罗斯福。
"每年我们都万分担心下次风暴会把我们卷走。
"3 由于每年海洋结冰期延迟了，希什玛瑞夫过去通常在十月开始的冰下捕鱼季节现在十二月才开始。
浆果采摘从七月开始，而不是原来的八月。
最让纽皮亚克人苦恼的是薄冰使捕髯海豹变得很困难，而髯海豹是他们日常吃的主食, 也是他们文化中的一种主要元素。
4 发生什么情况了？由于工厂和汽车烧石油和煤气而部分地导致的全球气候变暖，不仅使墨西哥湾遭受创伤，而且殃及极地，与雪、永久冻土和冰关联的复杂的气象变化过程加大了气候变暖给极地带来的影响。
Unit-5-Dreams新编大学英语第二版第二册课文翻译
Unit 5 DreamsAre You a Dreamer?1 Dreams—why do we have them? Do they mean anything? Is there such a thing asa dream in which the events seen by the dreamer come true? Such questions have interested people for thousands of years. Scientific advances in the past few decades have revealed more about the physical process of sleep, but they still don't offer any final answers to the many questions about dreams that continue to puzzle us.2 Everyone dreams—it's just that some of us can't remember doing so. Recordings of human brain waves show that we all go into dream mode when we fall asleep. We dream for most of the night, but we're only able to remember our dreams if we happen to wake up while we are still in REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep. This is when we dream. We have four or five REM stages of sleep during the night, the first occurring about 90 minutes after we fall asleep. After that, our dreaming periods recur every 90 minutes and last between 15 to 45 minutes, getting longer as the night progresses.3 The main purpose of sleeping (apart from giving us rest) may be to allow us to dream—to review our lives, our worries and hopes in a totally different way, and to get an unconscious view of ourselves, getting rid of material from our memories that we no longer need.4 Some dreams may have a simple physiological cause. Dreaming of walking on hot coals, for example, may well be caused by sleeping with your feet too close to a heater. And the frustrating dream in which you try to run but your legs won't move may be explained by bedding that is too tight. Anyone who sleeps through their alarm may well dream of doorbells or telephones ringing. All are simple examples of how the unconscious works with our conscious mind to guide and advise us.5 But such physiological explanations are not enough to tell us why we dream. Some people believe that dreams are total nonsense, merely the result of the misfiring of electrical impulses in the brain, while on the other hand, some read great importance into even the simplest of dreams.6 Some dreams reflect inner fears that are instantly recognizable. Dreaming of losing your job or house can reflect real fears, even if they are only subconscious. Most of us have dreamed that we had to take a final exam for a difficult course, which we had never taken, or in which we had done poorly.7 But what of the dreams that do not have such an obvious meaning? For centuries, both men and women have sought the answers in so-called dream dictionaries, possibly the oldest of which dates back to 5000 BC. According to these dictionaries, a dreamabout drinking wine meant a short life, whereas a dream about drinking water predicted a long life.8 By AD 200, dream dictionaries had lost none of their popularity, and the ancient Greek Artemidorus wrote a five-volume interpretation of more than 3,000 dreams, listing such symbols as right hand (meaning father), left hand (meaning mother), and dolphin (a good omen).9 Today, there are countless books offering dream interpretations in libraries and bookshops. They're as popular as ever with dream enthusiasts, but most experts warn that they should be read with care. Psychoanalyst and author Kenneth Saunders explains, "Dreams are closely tied up with an individual's mind and analysis is so open to mistakes or errors. I believe you can only discover the true meaning of a dream if you know the person who had the dream."你做梦吗？1 梦，我们为什么会做梦？梦有意义吗？真的有梦中所见的事成为现实这种事吗？几千年来这些问题一直让人们感兴趣。
新编大学英语第二版第三册第5单元课文翻译
新编大学英语第二版第三册第五单元课文翻译外语教学与研究出版社我是怎样识字的在我记忆中，我一生最重要的日子是我的老师安妮·曼斯菲尔德·沙利文走进我生活的那一天。
至今，每当我想起这一天仍会惊叹不已：是这一天把（我过的）截然不同的两种生活连在一起，那是1887年3月3日，离我7岁生日还有三个月。
我那个重要的日子的午后，我呆呆地站在我家的门廊上，内心充满了期盼。
从我母亲给我的手势和屋子里众人来来往往的忙碌中我隐约猜到将有不同寻常的事发生，于是我来到门口，在台阶上等着。
午后的阳光透过覆盖着门廊的忍冬花簇照射到我仰起的脸庞上。
我的手指近乎下意识地抚弄着这些熟悉的叶片和花朵。
它们刚刚抽叶开花，迎来南方温馨的春天。
至于我的未来究竟会出现什么样的奇迹，我茫然不知。
几个星期来，愤怒和怨恨一直折磨着我。
这种激烈的情感争斗之后是一种极度的疲惫。
你可曾在航海时遇上过浓雾？那时，你仿佛被困在了触手可及的一片白茫茫中，不见天日。
你乘坐的巨轮，靠测深锤和测深线的指引，举步维艰地靠向海岸，既紧张又焦急不安；而你则心里怦怦直跳，等着什么事情发生。
我在接受教育之前正像那艘巨轮，所不同的是我连指南针或测深线都没有，更无从知晓离港湾还有多远。
我的心灵在无声地疾呼：“光明！给我光明吧！”而就在那个时刻，爱的光芒洒在了我的身上。
我感觉到有脚步由远及近，于是我伸出了手，以为会是母亲。
有人抓住了我的手，将我抱住并紧紧地搂在了怀里。
正是这个人的到来，把整个世界展示给我，最重要的是，给我带来了爱。
在老师来到我家的第二天上午，她把我带到了她的房间，给了我一个玩具娃娃。
这娃娃是帕金斯学校的小盲童们送给我的礼物，劳拉·布里奇曼给娃娃穿上了衣服，不过这些是我在后来才知道的。
我玩了一小会儿之后，沙利文小结慢慢地在我的手上拼出了“d-o-l-l”（玩偶）这个词。
我一下子便对这种手指游戏产生了兴趣，而且试着模仿它。
当我终于正确地拼出了这几个字母时，内心充满了孩子气的喜悦和自豪。
Unit5A 工商管理英语 第二版 课文翻译参考 雷涯邻主编 高等教育出版社
市场营销：概论在过去的一百多年中，市场营销作为一项商业职能，其职责和概念有了长足的发展。
最初，市场营销活动仅仅关注如何完成商业交换，即让顾客去买东西。
通常一些较大的商业力量经常自己完成销售活动。
在美国，在这些商业力量的影响下，销售过程的发展可以分为几个时期。
Perreault和McCarthy 总结为以下五个时期（1）简单贸易时期（2）产品时期（3）销售时期（4）市场营销部门时期（5）市场营销公司时期。
为了了解现代市场营销在美国商业中如何发挥作用，回顾每个时期的销售行为是很有帮助的。
在讨论其发展过程后，将可以依据它在美国商业行为中的运做而提出一个现代市场营销的定义。
在简单贸易时期，通常“制造商”是专门生产一种或几种产品的乡村家庭。
这些产品通常是农作物或牲畜，但是他们可以是使用简单的手工工具来完成的技艺。
剩余的产品就卖给或以实物交换给当地的中间商，这些中间商又寻找更远的顾客来出售他们收集来的产品。
这个时期在西方社会持续了几百年。
此外，这个时期的中间人的活动范围都比较大。
举个例子，文艺复兴时期的意大利特别是威尼斯商人，从印度、中国和东南亚进口商品。
这些商人是这个简单贸易时期运作最成功的商人。
当19世纪末，工业革命在欧洲兴起的时候，美国开始发展起来，这时产品时期也取代了简单的贸易时期。
产品时期最明显的特征就是机器使用率的提高和新的组织技术的发展，这些大大促进了产品数量的增加。
因此有很多商品都能以较低的价格提供给更多的顾客，从而也大大刺激了需求的增长。
所以，很多公司把更多的精力放在提高生产技术上。
生产效率很高的公司很少关注产品的销售，因为这个时期需求远远大于供给。
如果公司生产一件产品，通常就有现成的买主在等待着。
到了19世纪30年代，很多生产商已经大大地提高了产量，使得西方国家很多行业的生产能力超过了潜在顾客的需求，这就导致了销售时代的来临。
销售时代的特征是相信顾客不愿购买产品，部分原因是因为如此众多的公司为了获得客户的关注而展开竞争。
unit5athletes新编大学英语第二版第四册课文翻译
Unit 5 AthletesAthletes Should Be Role ModelsI love Charles Barkley like a brother, and except for the times when we're hanging and pushing each other under the boards in games between my team, the Utah Jazz,and his, the Phoenix Suns, we're great friends. We don't necessarily like the same things: Charles loves golf so much he would play at halftime if he could, but I think a golf course is a waste of good pasture-land. One of the reasons we get along sowell, though, is that we both say what's on our minds without worrying about whatother people are going to think —which means we disagree from time to time. Here's an example of what I mean: I disagree with what Charles says in his Nike commercial, the one in which he insists, "I am not a role model." Charles, you can deny beinga role model all you want, but I don't think it's your decision to make. We don'tchoose to be role models, we are chosen. Our only choice is whether to be a goodrole model or a bad one.I don't think we can accept all the glory and the money that comes with beinga famous athlete and not accept the responsibility of being a role model, of knowing that kids and even some adults are watching us and looking for us to set an example.I mean, why do we get endorsements in the first place Because there are people whowill follow our lead and buy a certain sneaker or cereal because we use it.I love being a role model, and I try to be a positive one. That doesn't meanI always succeed. I'm no saint. I make mistakes, and sometimes I do childish things. And I don't always wake up in a great, role-model mood. There are days when I don't want to pose for a picture with every fan I run into, when I don't feel like picking up babies and giving them hugs and kisses (no matter how cute they are), those arethe days I just try to avoid the public.But you don't have to be perfect to be a good role model and people shouldn'texpect perfection. If I were deciding whether a basketball player was a positiverole model, I would want to know: Does he influence people's lives in a positiveway away from the court How much has he given of himself, in time or in money, tohelp people who look up to him Does he display the values — like honesty and determination —that are part of being a good person I wouldn't ask whether he lives his life exactly the way I would live it or whether he handles every situation just the way I would handle it.I do agree with Charles on one thing he says in his commercial: "Just becauseI can dunk a basketball doesn't mean I should raise your kids." But sometimes parents need a little assistance. There are times when it helps for a mother and father tobe able to say to their kids, "Do you think Karl Malone or Scottie Pippen or Charles Barkley or David Robinson would do that" To me, if someone uses my name in that way, it's an honor. Sure, parents should be role models to their children. But let's face it, kids have lots of other role models — teachers, movie stars, athletes, even other kids. As athletes, we can't take the place of parents, but we can help reinforcewhat they try to teach their kids.Parents just have to make sure they don't take it too far. Sometimes they putus on a pedestal that feels more like a tightrope —so narrow that we're bound tofall off eventually. This is not something I'm especially proud of, but I've hadparents in Utah say things to me like, "You know, Karl, in our family we worshipthe ground you walk on. In our house your picture is right up there on the wall beside Jesus Christ." Now, that's going too far. Is it any wonder some athletes don't want to be role models Who wants to be held up to that kind of impossibly high standardImagine someone putting a lifesized picture of you on a wall and saying things toyour picture before they go to bed. That's scary.Constantly being watched by the public can be hard to tolerate at times. I amsorry that Michael Jordan had to deal with the negative publicity he received about gambling. I don't think most people can imagine what it's like to be watched thatclosely every minute of every day. I was told once that it wouldn't be that bad for me because no one would know me outside of Utah, but that's not true. Ever sinceI played on the Dream Team in the Olympics, I can't go anywhere without being thecenter of attention, and that's very confining at times. For instance, there havebeen occasions when I've felt like buying a big Harley-Davidson motorcycle and riding it down the street. First, the Jazz would have a fit and say it's too dangerous.Second, everyone would be watching to see if I wore a helmet, if I was obeying thespeed limit, if I was taking turns safely —you name it. The first time I didn'tmeasure up to expectations, I would hear, "What kind of example is that to set forother people who ride motorcycles"But the good things about being a role model outweigh the bad. It's a greatfeeling to think you're a small part of the reason that a kid decided to give school another try instead of dropping out or that a kid had the strength to walk away when someone offered him drugs. But one thing I would encourage parents to do is to remindtheir kids that no matter which athletes they look up to, there are no perfect human beings. That ways if the kid's heroes should make mistakes, it won't seem like theend of the world to them.I would never criticize someone for saying what he thinks. If Charles doesn'tconsider himself a role model, that's certainly his right.But I think he is a role model— and a good one, too. And if he gets that NBA championship ring, I might just make him my role model.运动员该成为楷模吗1.我喜爱查尔斯 ?巴克利，就像他是我的亲兄弟同样，并且除了竞赛中在篮板下相互触犯的时候（我在犹他爵士队；他在菲尼克斯太阳队），我们是很好的朋友。
全新版(第二版)第一册Unit5 TEXT A the Company Man 课文及翻译
Unit5 The Company Man1.He worked himself to death, finally and precisely, at 3:00 a.m. Sunday morning.2.The obituary didn’t say that, of course. It said that he died of a coronary thrombosis — I think thatwas it — but everyone among his friends and acquaintances knew it instantly. He was a perfect Type A2, a workaholic, a classic, they said to each other and shook their heads — and thought for five or ten minutes about the way they lived.3.This man who worked himself to death finally and precisely at 3:00 a.m. Sunday morning — onhis day off —was fifty-one years old and a vice-president. He was, however, one of six vice-presidents, and one of three who might conceivably — if the president died or retired soon enough — have moved to the top spot. Phil knew that.4.He worked six days a week, five of them until eight or nine at night, during a time when his owncompany had begun the four-day week for everyone but the executives. He worked like the Important People3. He had no outside “extracurricular interests,” unless, of course, you think about a monthly golf game that way. To Phil, it was work. He always ate egg salad sandwiches at his desk. He was, of course, overweight, by 20 or 25 pounds. He thought it was okay, though, because he didn’t smoke.5.On Saturdays, Phil wore a sports jacket to the office instead of a suit, because it was the weekend.6.He had a lot of people working for him, maybe sixty, and most of them liked him most of the time.Three of them will be seriously considered for his job. Th e obituary didn’t mention that.7.But it did list his “survivors” quite accurately. He is survived by his wife, Helen, forty-eight yearsold, a good woman of no particular marketable skills, who worked in an office before marrying and mothering. She had, according to her daughter, given up trying to compete with his work years ago, when the children were small. A company friend said, “I know how much you will miss him.” And she answered, “I already have.”8.“Missing him all these years,” she must have given up part of herself which had cared too muchfor the man. She would be “well taken care of.”9.His “dearly beloved” eldest of the “dearly beloved” children is a hard-working executive in amanufacturing firm down South. In the day and a half before the funeral, he went around the neighborhood researching his father, asking the neighbors what he was like. They were embarrassed.10.His second child is a girl, who is twenty-four and newly married. She lives near her mother andthey are close, but whenever she was alone with her father, in a car driving somewhere, they had nothing to say to each other.11.The youngest is twenty, a boy, a high-school graduate who has spent the last couple of years, like alot of his friends, doing enough odd jobs to stay in grass and food4. He was the one who tried to grab at his father, and tried to mean enough to him to keep the man at home. He was his father’s favorite. Over the last two years, Phil stayed up nights worrying about the boy.12.The boy once said, “My father and I only board here5.”13.At the funeral, the sixty-year-old company president told the forty-eight-year-old widow that thefifty-one-year-old deceased had meant much to the company and would be missed and would be hard to replace. The widow didn’t look him in the eye. She w as afraid he would read her bitterness and, after all, she would need him to straighten out the finances — the stock options6 and all that.14.Phil was overweight and nervous and worked too hard. If he wasn’t at the office he was worriedabout it. Phil was a Type A, a heart-attack natural. You could have picked him out in a minute from a lineup.15.So when he finally worked himself to death, at precisely 3:00 a.m. Sunday morning, no one wasreally surprised.16.By 5:00 p.m. the afternoon of the funeral, the company president had begun, discreetly of course,with care and taste, to make inquiries about his replacement. One of three men. He asked around: “Who’s been working the hardest?”公司人1.他终于在星期天凌晨三点整因过度劳累而离开人世。
全新版大学英语5(第二版)UNIT 1-7课文翻译英汉对照
UNIT 1 One Writer’s Beginnings1 I learned from the age of two or three that any room in our house, at any time of day, was there to read in, or to be read to. My mother read to me. She’d read to me in the big bedroom in the mornings, when we were in her rocker together, which ticked in rhythm as we rocked, as though we had a cricket accompanying the story. She’d read to me in the dining room on winter afternoons in front of the coal fire, with our cuckoo clock ending the story with “Cuckoo,”and at night when I’d got in my own bed. I must have given her no peace. Sometimes she read to me in the kitchen while she sat churning, and the churning sobbed along with any story. It was my ambition to have her read to me while I churned; once she granted my wish, but she read off my story before I brought her butter. She was an expressive reader. When she was reading “Puss in Boots,” for instance, it was impossible not to know that she distrusted all cats.我从两三岁起就知道，家中随便在哪个房间里，白天无论在什么时间，都可以念书或听人念书。
新视野大学英语第二册Unit5课文翻译
新视野大学英语第二册Unit5课文翻译新视野大学英语第二册Unit 5课文翻译下面是新视野大学英语第二册Unit 5课文翻译，这个单元的课文都跟对孩子的教育有关，欢迎大家阅读!新视野大学英语第二册Unit 5课文翻译篇1我女儿抽烟。
她做作业时，脚搁在前面的长凳上，计算器嗒嗒地跳出几何题的答案。
我看着那包已抽了一半、她随意扔在手边的“骆驼”牌香烟。
我拿起香烟，走到厨房里去仔细察看，那里的光线好一点──谢天谢地，香烟是有过滤嘴的。
我心里十分难过。
我想哭。
事实上，我确实哭过。
我站在炉子旁边，手里捏着一支雪白的香烟，制作得非常精致，但那可是会致我女儿于死地的东西啊。
当她抽“万宝路”及“普雷厄尔”牌香烟时，我硬起心肠，不让自己感到难过。
我认识的人当中没有人抽这两种牌子的香烟。
她不知道我父亲、也就是她外公生前抽的就是“骆驼”牌香烟。
但是在他开始抽机制卷烟之前──那时他很年轻、也很穷，眼睛炯炯有神──他抽的是用“阿尔伯特亲王牌”烟丝自己手工卷的香烟。
我还记得那鲜红的烟丝盒，上面有一张维多利亚女王丈夫阿尔伯特亲王的照片，他身穿黑色燕尾服，手里拿着一支手杖。
到40年代末、50年代初，我的家乡佐治亚州的伊腾顿已没有人再自己手工卷烟了(而且几乎没有女人抽烟)。
烟草业，再加上好莱坞电影──影片中的男女主角都是烟鬼──把像我父亲这样的人完完全全争取了过去，他们无可救药地抽烟抽上了瘾。
然而我父亲从来就没有像阿尔伯特亲王那样时髦过。
他还是一个贫穷、过于肥胖、为养活一大家人而拼命干活的男人。
他是黑人，嘴里却总叼着一支雪白的香烟。
我记不清父亲是什么时候开始咳嗽的。
也许开始时并不明显，只是早晨一下床点燃第一支香烟时才有点微咳。
到我16岁，也就是我女儿现在这般年纪时，他一呼吸就呼哧呼哧的，让人感到不安;他上楼时每走三、四级楼梯就得停下来休息一会儿，而且，他常常一连咳上一个小时。
肺部的病痛把我父亲折磨得虚弱不堪，一个严冬，他死于被称为“穷人之友” 的疾病──肺炎。
2019外研版必修二Unit5 课文及翻译1
Blogging Australia用博客记录澳大利亚1 Who are you and what do you do?请介绍一下你自己和你从事的工作吧。
My name is Lauren Elizabeth Pirie Bath, Until a few years ago I was a chef, and a happy one at that, but I wanted more out of life. I wanted to TRAVEL. At that time I discovered blogging and found that I took pretty good pictures. So I decided to post pictures on my blog. In less than 18 months, there were over 200,000 people reading my blog! At first, I only regarded it as a hobby, but companies started paying me to take photos and publish them. In 2013, I was determined to make my dream come true: I would become Australia’s first professional photo blogger. It was a challenging job, but I did it. Now I spend three weeks out of every month travelling and have over 464,000 fans following me online. I’ve got to know more about this country and its people.我叫劳伦·伊丽莎白·皮里·巴思。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
市场营销：概论在过去的一百多年中，市场营销作为一项商业职能，其职责和概念有了长足的发展。
最初，市场营销活动仅仅关注如何完成商业交换，即让顾客去买东西。
通常一些较大的商业力量经常自己完成销售活动。
在美国，在这些商业力量的影响下，销售过程的发展可以分为几个时期。
Perreault和McCarthy 总结为以下五个时期（1）简单贸易时期（2）产品时期（3）销售时期（4）市场营销部门时期（5）市场营销公司时期。
为了了解现代市场营销在美国商业中如何发挥作用，回顾每个时期的销售行为是很有帮助的。
在讨论其发展过程后，将可以依据它在美国商业行为中的运做而提出一个现代市场营销的定义。
在简单贸易时期，通常“制造商”是专门生产一种或几种产品的乡村家庭。
这些产品通常是农作物或牲畜，但是他们可以是使用简单的手工工具来完成的技艺。
剩余的产品就卖给或以实物交换给当地的中间商，这些中间商又寻找更远的顾客来出售他们收集来的产品。
这个时期在西方社会持续了几百年。
此外，这个时期的中间人的活动范围都比较大。
举个例子，文艺复兴时期的意大利特别是威尼斯商人，从印度、中国和东南亚进口商品。
这些商人是这个简单贸易时期运作最成功的商人。
当19世纪末，工业革命在欧洲兴起的时候，美国开始发展起来，这时产品时期也取代了简单的贸易时期。
产品时期最明显的特征就是机器使用率的提高和新的组织技术的发展，这些大大促进了产品数量的增加。
因此有很多商品都能以较低的价格提供给更多的顾客，从而也大大刺激了需求的增长。
所以，很多公司把更多的精力放在提高生产技术上。
生产效率很高的公司很少关注产品的销售，因为这个时期需求远远大于供给。
如果公司生产一件产品，通常就有现成的买主在等待着。
到了19世纪30年代，很多生产商已经大大地提高了产量，使得西方国家很多行业的生产能力超过了潜在顾客的需求，这就导致了销售时代的来临。
销售时代的特征是相信顾客不愿购买产品，部分原因是因为如此众多的公司为了获得客户的关注而展开竞争。
在这个时代，大多数公司向销售人员传授成功的销售技巧，这些技巧可以征服潜在顾客心中的抵制情绪。
因此，销售人员常常成为了说服艺术和人际交往的专家。
在大多数极端的案例中，很多销售策略都是为了操纵消费者，而很少或根本不顾及顾客是否对产品有需求。
随着大多数行业的销售和大部分西方国家在第二次世界大战后得到发展，销售时代过渡到市场营销部门时代。
市场营销部门时代认为销售是一个更全面的活动，而非个体销售代表征服客户的活动。
销售活动已经扩大到更多非个人的交流形式，而且组织创立了市场营销部门来协调整个公司的销售活动。
在市场营销部门时代，营销经理主要贯彻执行由公司经理制定的销售战略。
例如，20世纪50~60年代通用汽车公司通过市场营销部门来协调销售取得了巨大的成功。
通过整合广告，特别是个人销售技巧，通用汽车公司在美国汽车业处于统治地位。
目前，在美国甚至全球的许多公司都开始向市场营销公司时代过度。
在这个时代，全面的公司战略的制订都有市场营销部门的广泛参与，并且通过运用市场营销研究来帮助公司决策如何更好地为客户服务。
甚至这些公司不再把市场营销与其它的业务分开。
市场营销被视为一种客户的观点，它不断地致力于更全面地了解客户的需求，并且把对需求的理解转化为更好的产品。
实际上，在市场营销公司时代，公司首先要努力识别客户需求，进而设计、生产能够适应客户需求的产品和服务。
尽管美国工商企业在工商活动的前四个时代也许真正处于领先地位，但是并非美国所有的或甚至大多数公司都是首批进入市场营销公司时代。
例如，日本汽车制造商，尤其是丰田和本田公司成功地占据美国汽车市场的大部分市场份额。
它们的成功在很大程度上是由于这些公司不断努力地制造出的汽车能够满足美国消费者的需求。
这些日本公司在美国的成功很大程度上损害通用汽车公司的利益，而通用公司是一个曾在市场营销部门时代非常成功的典范。
这些日本制造商的成功在很大程度上是由于它们表达了市场公司时代的理想。
上述所提及的五个时代的市场概念的进化中一个深奥且重要的方面是，公司中市场的职责可视为是不断变化的。
要理解这个进化的重要性，回顾人们传统以来认为工商活动的功能是商业直线功能和人事职能中的一种，这是有益的。
商业的生产线功能与人事职能传统意义上，企业认为生产线职能指的是那些与公司销售的商品及服务的生产直接相关的活动。
在传统的制造企业中，生产线功能集中在生产线、原料和生产汽车、电视等有形产品的劳动力之间的协调。
生产线经理们监管这一活动。
在服务型企业中，比如会计公司，生产线活动包括专业会计服务，如公司财务审计等。
这些服务的提供者必须是专业的会计师，其中最有代表性的就是注册会计师。
在这两个例子中，生产线功能就是创造能给公司带来赢利的商品和服务的活动。
相比较而言，人事职能在传统意义上并不直接包含在产品和服务的生产过程。
人事职能是保证生产线职能更有效率地发挥而提供必要的支持所必须完成的活动。
举例来说，人力资源部是用来协调和管理员工计划的部门。
人力资源从业者可能帮助员工了解公司为员工提供的关于卫生保健或退休计划的福利。
但是人力资源从业者不参与公司销售的任何产品和服务的生产过程，所以人力资源被认为是一个支持或辅助的人事职能。
传统意义上，市场营销在市场公司时代被认为是人事辅助功能。
在先前提到的前四个阶段中，这种观点是非常明显的。
因为市场营销人员不创造公司销售的产品或服务，所以它被认为是一个辅助部门。
在很大程度上，市场营销作为辅助部门的这个观点在市场营销公司时代是有效的。
但生产线部门和辅助部门的区别已经没有早期的营销时代那么清晰。
根据市场营销公司时代的观点，组织的结构是为了发现并对客户对公司创造或提供销售的产品的需求做出反应。
此外，市场营销也被视为公司整体战略规划中一个至关重要并且相对完整的一部分。
在全公司范围内的市场营销思想的一体化使得生产线职能和辅助职能更加难以区分。
比如说汽车生产商根据顾客满意调查所做的市场研究中提供的车主的反馈而改变汽车的特性，所以很难区分新性能的创造（辅助功能）和用于销售的新车（生产线功能）。
市场营销定义正是在人们对企业如何在竞争日益激烈的全球环境中运作的观点更加复杂的背景下，我们现在可以定义市场营销。
当我们将市场营销看成一个复杂的企业活动时，市场营销可以定义为：“……计划并执行这个概念，思想，产品和服务的定价，促销和分销以此创造满足个人及组织的目标的交换的过程。
”后来，美国市场营销协会采纳了这个定义，并建议市场营销行为可以被划分为四组相对独立的活动。
这四组活动分别指：产品、渠道、价格、促销。
通常被称为“4Ps”，这样的组织结构有助于理解市场营销人员在进行营销活动中必须完成哪些活动。
市场营销中的“4Ps”市场营销中“4Ps”的概念是非常有用的，因为它把市场营销的全部职能按照相关性分解成4个不同领域的活动。
一个市场营销从业人员可以涉及不止一个领域，但至少每个领域中的活动都是由一个或多个专家负责。
在依次讨论市场营销的每个领域时，很重要的一点就是要记住：为了把产品卖给需要它们的顾客，我们要不断协调并整合各个领域内的活动，形成一个具有逻辑性、一致性的行动。
产品就是由公司制造，并且以赢利为目的，销售给组织或个体客户的商品和服务。
产品可以是有形的商品，如汽车、家用电器，也可以是无形的服务，如会计师所完成的工作和医生给病人提供的治疗。
渠道是指顾客如何获得产品的途径。
它包括产品如何从卖家转移到买家及在哪里转移最有效。
比如，给零售店选一个好的地理位置是一项与渠道有关的重要的营销决定。
然而，除了选择一个合适的地点，协调某一特定地点给顾客提供相应的服务也是必要的。
这就是后勤或分销所关注的。
举例来说，在顾客愿意去的商店销售电器是渠道战略的一部分。
但是市场营销中的4Ps中渠道决策也包括：运送电器，供养一支车队来运送（要么作为公司的支持工作人员或是外包给第三方卖主），跟踪存货来控制供应与需求等。
定价是确定一项商品的支付额的一系列的活动。
制定价格策略要充分考虑到供需的经济规律。
商品价格的变化最直接影响到近期该商品的销售量。
然而价格也可以影响消费者对产品可能的象征价值的认识。
比如，给一个发型服务制定一个较高的价格就暗示着服务质量可能要优于一个类似的但价格较低的发型服务。
所以，与价格相关的决定不仅会影响到商品的供求，而且也会影响消费者如何根据价格将该商品同竞争对手的商品区别开来。
促销是商家向潜在的消费者传递信息的一系列交流活动。
这些交流活动可以向消费者介绍一种新产品，对商品的拥有者进行商品使用办法和窍门的培训，或试图引导消费者立即购买而不是以后再买。
传统上，促销活动可以被划分成以下四个方面：人员推销、广告、宣传和促销。
尽管每个方面都在促销之下进行协调，但是每一方面又都认为是市场营销活动中一个专业化的部分。
这些活动整体上被称为促销组合的工具。
它们之所以被称为组合是因为商家只有制定好这些工具的组合方式、次序、比例和相对重要性，才能使整个销售/营销活动的效果实现最优化。
人员推销人员推销是以销售代表的形式与客户进行接触的方式，销售代表需要拜访客户，而且经常是面对面的接触，所以销售代表的工作是有偿的、单独的。
人员推销是买卖双方进行单独、互动式交流的唯一形式。
在很多场合，人员推销是很重要的，因为销售代表（推销员）能直接掌握顾客的反馈信息。
对于很多产品，尤其是公司间进行买卖的产品，人员推销是整个促销活动中很重要的一个环节。
尽管在任何特定的情况下个人推销可能要与其它的促销工具一起使用，但是对于一些产品而言，这种方式是比其它一切更重要。
一般来说，如果产品成本很高而产品本身又很复杂，对于买者而言，很容易做出错误的购买决定，或者难以理解产品的使用方法和利益，所以人员推销是促销活动中最重要的一个部分。
广告指的是卖家向买家或预期买家传递信息的任何付费的、非个人的活动。
付费是指广告是由卖方创造、掌控，同时卖方也要支付一定的费用。
广告经常要通过大众传媒的渠道传播，这些渠道包括：电视、广播、报纸、杂志和公告牌等等。
广告之所以是非个人的是因为它不是买卖双方面对面的交流。
宣传宣传是传达公司或其产品信息的一种非付费、非个人的交流方式。
宣传之所以不用付费是由于卖方无需对交流信息支付费用。
宣传是促销组合中一个特殊的部分，因为这种信息传递的源头不是公司本身。
举个例子，英特尔生产新型微处理器的消息发布在华尔街时报上就是一种宣传形式。
英特尔可以把重要的信息提供给华尔街时报，目的是希望新产品的报道会对公司更加有利，但英特尔无法最终控制文章对产品的报道。
由于宣传的源头不在卖方的控制之下，潜在的消费者一直认为宣传具有较高的可信度。
营业推广营业推广是需要支付费用的非个人的计划。
它包括一些短期的激励因素来鼓励消费者尝试并且（或者）购买产品。