英语国际贸易概念

CHAPTER 1

绝对优势

Absolute advantage: each country could produce one or more commodities at lower real cost than its trading partners. And each country will benefit from specialization in those commodities in which it has an “absolute advantage”, exporting them and importing other commodities which it produces at a higher real cost than another country.

相对优势

Comparative advantage: trade that will benefit both nations provided only that their relative cost, that is, their ratios of their real costs measured by labor-hour or another commodity, are deferent from two or more commodities.

In short, trade depends on comparative cost or opportunity cost, and one nation can profitably trade with another even though its real cost are higher(or lower) in every commodity.

Reasons for trade restrictions

1.Many countries want a diversified economy to be less dependent on foreign

countries both economically and politically. In addition, it is crucial for countries to protect their vital industries, which are strategically related to stability and economic development.

2.There is an infant industry argument which maintains that a new industry needs to

be protected until the labor force is trained, the production techniques are mastered and the operation becomes large enough to enjoy the economies of scale and be able to compete in the market.

3.The unfair competition argument claims that protection is needed when foreign

firms receive subsidies or other government benefits and sell good abroad at below-cost price to capture a market.

4.Domestic jobs need to be protected from cheap foreign labor, especially for

labor-intensive industries such as textile industries, since employment is crucial to

a country’s stability.

5.Some countries impose restrictions on import in order to maintain a balance of

trade and balance of payments.

6.There pure political reasons. E.g. Arab nations did not trade with Israel for many

years in history.

关税

A tariff is a duty or fee levied on goods being imported into a country.

反补贴税

Countervailing duty is collected against bounty or grant during production, transport and export, etc.

反倾销税

Anti-dumping duty is collected when importing country believes that there is a dumping( a not universally defined concept that can mean selling price in a foreign

country is below domestic selling price, world market price, or production cost ). Variable levy差额税

CHAPTER 2

International rules for the interpretation of trade terms (incoterms)

国际贸易术语解释通则

It aims to provide such a set of standardized terms which mean exactly the same to both parties to a contract and which will be interpreted in exactly same way by courts in every country.

1.Group E term: EXW

2.Group F term: FCA, FAS, FOB

3.Group C term: CFR, CIF,CPT,CIP

4.Group D term: DAF, DES, DEQ, DDU, DDP.

With increasing responsibilities, costs, and risks for the seller and decreasing responsibilities, costs, and risks for the buyer.

工厂交货价EXW: Ex … works

货交承运人FCA: Free Carrier

船边交货价FAS: Free Along Shipment

离岸价FOB: Free On Board

成本加运费CFR: Cost And Freight CFR=FOB+F

到岸价CIF: Cost Insurance And Freight CIF=FOB+F+I

运费付至CPT: Carriage Paid To…

运费和保险付至CIP: Carriage and Insurance Paid To…

边境交货DAF: Delivered At Frontier

目的港船上交货DES: Delivered Ex Ship

目的港码头交货DEQ: Delivered Ex Quay

未完税交货价格DDU: Delivered Duty Unpaid

完税交货价格DDP: delivered Duty Paid

CHAPTER 3

Cargo packaging is needed for 4 main reasons: protective function, loading and transport function, stowage function, promotion function.

Types of packaging

1. Bale 捆装

A bale is a heap of material pressed together and tied with rope or metal wire. Effective low-cost easy-to-handle limited protection

2. Bags

Bags can be made of cotton, plastic, paper or jute. They are ideal for cement, fertilizer, flour, chemicals and many consumer products.

Low cost but easy to be damaged by water, sweat, leakage and breakage.

3. Barrel/Drum

This type of container is made of wood, plastic, or metal. It is used for liquid or greasy cargoes such as casing for sausage.

Ad: resale value in some countries

Disad: a metal drum can get rusty and result in leakage if it is not sealed properly.

4. Box/Case

A case is made of wood and varies in size. Some cases are lined to create airtight packing.

Ad: resale value, reliable protection for expensive cargoes, against the risk of pilferage, ease of handling.

High cost

5. Glass container

This type of packaging is often used for dangerous liquid cargoes such as acids. It protects workers and transport vehicles but requires more careful handling.

6. Carton

Ad: inexpensive, expandable, easy to handle and stow, words can be printed on. Dis: susceptibility to crushing and pilferage, humidity.

7. Crate/Skeleton case

This form of packaging is halfway between a bale and a case and has a wooden structure. It is often used for lightweight goods of large cubic capacity such as machinery and domestic appliances.

Stowage of cargo 理仓

1. Protect cargoes, transport vehicles and personnel

2. Increase handling efficiency

3. Maximizes the utilization of the available space

4. Help promote sales

CHAPTER 4

海运的优缺点

优点

1. It is easy passage since about 70%of the earth is covered by water.

2. Ocean transport has a large capacity.

3. The unit distribution cost is reduced

4. Ocean transport has good adaptability to cargoes of different size, weight, shape, etc.

缺点

One is slow passage. In addition it is vulnerable to bad weather and less punctual.

Bill of lading 海运提单

作用：

1. It is evidence that a valid contract of carriage exists between the carrier and the shipper, and it may incorporate the full terms of the contract between them.

2. It is a receipt signed by the carrier confirming whether the goods matching the contract description have been received from the shipper in good condition.

3. It is also a document of title, creating ownership of the goods shipped.

Clause of shipment装运条款

The details include time of shipment, port of shipment and port of destination, advice of shipment, partial shipment and transshipment, etc.

Pipelines 管道运输

优点

1. low cost of distribution

2. The 24-hour availability of the network

3. Little maintenance needed during operation

4. Cause little disruption to the environment during installment and cause no noise or fumes during distribution of cargoes.

缺点

1. Limited capacity

2. Until the new pipeline is installed, the market growth is somewhat inhibited.

国际多式联运

International multimodal transport is the carriage of goods by at least two different modes of transport on the basis of a multimodal contract from a place in one country at which the goods are taken in charge by the multimodal transport operator to a place designated for delivery situated in a different country.

多式联运运输单据

Multimodal transport document is a document that evidences a multimodal transport contract, the taking in charge of the goods by the multimodal transport operator, and an undertaking by him to deliver the goods in accordance with the terms of that contract.

CHAPTER 5

Foreign exchange is the currency of any country which is authorized instrument of settlement and the basis for record keeping in that country.

Foreign exchange rate is the price relationship between the currencies of two countries or the price of one country in terms of the other.

Quotation /quote means a statement of willingness to buy or sell at announced price. Under direct quotation, when foreign currencies become more expensive, the buying and selling prices are higher.

Most countries in the world use direct quotation.

Exporters should avoid receiving the currencies that he believes will become weaker. Importers should avoid paying the currency that he believes will become stronger. CHAPTER 6

A draft (also called bill of exchange) is an unconditional order in writing sighed by one party (drawer) requesting a second party (drawee/payer) to make payment in lawful money immediately or at a determinable future time to a third party.

A promissory note is an unconditional promise in writing made by one person (the maker) to another (the payee/the holder) signed by the maker engaging to pay on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time a sum of money to or to the order of a specified person or to bearer.

A check is an unconditional order in writing addressed by the customer (drawer) to a bank (drawee) signed by the customer authorizing bank to pay on demand a specified sum of money to or to the order of a named person or to the bearer.

Remittance means the transfer of money from one party to another party through banks.

TT is a method of transferring funds by telecommunication system such as telex or cable.

Fast speed、high cost

Letter of credit is a writing undertaking by a bank given to a seller at the request, and in accordance with the instructions, of the buyer to effect payment up to a stated sum of money, within a prescribed time limit and against stipulated documents.

Reasonable assurance of payment、prompt payment、possible financing availability Strict compliance of L/C terms、cumbersome procedures、higher expense than other methods

Documentary collection is a means of ensuring that goods are only handed over to the buyer when the amount shown on a bill of exchange is paid or when the customer accepts the bill as a contract to pay by a specified date.