有关国际货运代理的文献综述
关于国际货运代理的论文
国际货运代理论文管理学院物流管理1002班题目:关于国际货运代理的论文【摘要】:近年来,随着经济的发展,商品的流通、交易越来越频繁,各国间的贸易越来越密切。
随着国际贸易和国际运输的发展,国际货运代理服务的范围不断的扩大,其在国际贸易和国际运输中的地位也越来越重要。
然而,不管如何命名,其从事的基本业务是大同小异的,主要是代表客户完成货物的装卸、储存、布置运输和收取运费等。
随着我国经济和全球贸易的高速发展,国际货运代理业在我国得到了长足的发展。
货代的存在联系了货主和承运人,对我国货运的发展起到了推动作用。
【关键字】:物流信息系统宏观调控合理配置新兴行业【引言】:随着国际贸易和国际运输的不断发展,国际货运代理业逐渐从这两个关系密切的行业里分离出来,成为独立的行业。
它在发展国民经济中所起的重要作用是别的行业不可替代的,被誉为是连结货主与承运人的纽带,是国际贸易运输的组织者和设计师。
我国的国际货运代理业是一个新兴行业,其特点是联系面广、环节多、专业性强;其功能是把国际贸易中相当繁杂的货运业务进行集中协调和统筹。
因此,国际货运代理的形成是国际商品流通过程的必然产物,是国际贸易必不可缺的组成部分。
国际货运代理(一)、国际货运代理概念:是指国际货运代理组织接受进出口货物收货人、发货人的委托,以委托人或自己的名义,为委托人办理国际货物运输及相关业务,收取代理费或佣金的行为。
通常情况下,国际货运代理不是“运输当事人”,即承运人,他有自己的服务内容,主要是充当发货人或收货人的代理人,并依此处理货物。
从传统的运输形式看,发货人和收货人作为一方,承运人作为另一方,货方可以直接找承运人布置货物运输;而国际货运代理的出现,充当了两者之间的中间人。
因此,国际货运代理的基本性质就是具有中间人性质的运输经营者。
这在过去显得尤为突出,但如今货代的性质也发生了一定程度的变化,他已经不仅仅局限于充当货方的代理,在很多情况下,货代逐渐以当事人的身份参和到国际运输中,提供更为完善的服务,发挥更为独特的功能。
第一章国际货运代理业务综述
第一章国际货运代理业务综述
1.1.2国际货运代理企业
¡ 1.国际货运代理企业的含义 ¡ 国际货物运输代理企业(简称国际货运代理
企业)是指接受进出口货物发货人、收货人 或承运人的委托,以委托人的名义或者以自 己的名义,为委托人办理国际货物运输及相 关业务并收取服务报酬的法人企业。 ¡ 国际货运代理企业可以作为进出口货物收货 人、发货人的代理人,也可以作为独立经营 人,从事国际货运代理业务。
第一章国际货运代理业务综述
①直接代理:货代以委托人的名义,为委托人办理 国际货物运输及相关业务。 各当事方法律关系如下图所示:
货主
委托
(被代理人)
国际货代 以委托人的名义 (代理人)
第三人
当国际货运代理人以委托人(客户)的名义开展业 务时,处于代理人的法律地位。其只能在委托人的授 权范围内实施法律行为,其后果直接归属于委托人。
¡ 代理分为委托代理,法定代理和指定代理。
¡ 委托代理是指由被代理人委托、 授权而产生代理权的代理行为。
第一章国际货运代理业务综述
¡ 代理制度的核心是——为被代理人进行的民 事法律行为,后果直接归属于被代理人。
¡ 大陆法系代理法
“名义原则”
¡ 我国的代理制度既有直接代理 也有间接代理的规定。
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第一章国际货运代理业 务综述
2020/11/14
第一章国际货运代理业务综述
国际货代 介入的区域 ----“履行 外贸合同”
第一章国际货运代理业务综述
第一章 国际货运代理业务综述
第一章国际货运代理业务综述
(吴正:客服人员)货代公司经营的产品是什么?怎样才能做好国际 货代的工作?
面对这些关键性问题,我们应 该怎样分析和解答,才能获得 最佳印象呢?
打基础:后续的 [知识与技能]
商务部《国际货运代理业管理规定》: 国际货物运输代理,是指接受进出口货 物收货人、发货人的委托,以委托人的 名义或以自己的名义,为委托人办理国 际货物运输及相关业务并收取服务费用 的行业。
国际货代的经营范围
----签发运输单证、履行国际运输合同等 有关业务,而且可以根据这些条件,从 事与运输合同有关的活动。
国际货运代理协会联合会
(FIATA):货运代理是根据客户的指示,并为客户的利益 而揽取货物运输的人,其本人并不是承运人。货运代理可 以依这些条件,从事与运送合同有关的活动,如储存、报 关、验收、收款。
所有和货物运输相关的服务,及货物拼箱、储存、处理、 包装、配送等相关的服务,以及与上述服务相关的辅助性 与咨询服务,比如海关和财政事务、货物官方申报、安排 货物保险、代收代付货物相关款项和单证等服务。还包括 物流服务,即将现代信息通讯技术应用于货物运输、处理、 储存及实质上的整体供应链管理之中。所有这些服务,均 可根据客户要求和具体服务内容而量身订做、灵活运用。
可见,货代企业几乎可以经营运输过程 中的所有日常服务和一揽子服务。
1、理解国际货物运输
国际货运代理
----具有国际货运代理资质的企业,接受进出口 货物的收货人、发货人或其代理人的委托, 以委托人名义或货代公司自己的名义,办理 签发运输单证,履行运输合同等有关业务, 收取代理费或佣金的行为。
直接代理
-- “民法上的代
中国国际货运代理业发展综述
中国国际货运代理业发展综述附件2:总报告中国国际货运代理业发展综述(征求意见稿)引言第一章我国国际货运代理业发展回顾一、我国国际货运代理业的发展历程(一)计划经济体制下的专营阶段(1949年10月—1978年11月)1、国民经济恢复时期我国国际货运代理行业实行专营起步阶段2、计划经济时期的我国国际货运代理行业的专营化阶段(二)改革开放时期的渐进放开阶段(1978年12月~2004年6月)1、社会主义市场经济体制转型期(1979年1月-1995年5月)2、依法管理为基础的开放竞争阶段(1995年6月~2001年12月)3、加入WTO后对内对外开放的新阶段(2001年12月-2004年5月)(1)我国加入WTO有关货代服务的承诺(2)兑现加入WTO的承诺I、加入WTO后国际货运代理业对内开放的新进展(2001年12月-2004年5月)II、政府全面兑现加入WTO对外承诺(三)市场全面开放,实行备案登记制的行业自律的阶段(2004年7月后)1、取消行政审批、商务部门实施国际货运代理企业备案制2、相关政府部门对国际货运代理相关业务的管理3、国际货运代理协会推动行业自律的主要工作二、改革开放30年来我国国际货运代理行业取得的主要成就(一)保障对外贸易,促进国民经济发展方面1、国际货运代理始终是我国对外贸易发展不可或缺的重要环节2、国际货运代理业在我国国民经济发展中发挥着重要作用(1)服务对外贸易(2)引进外资(3)发展第三方物流(4)吸纳就业(二)国际货运代理市场主体发展壮大方面1、从经营主体上,从改革开放前的国有专营演变发展到现阶段的多种背景、多种所有制形式并存2、从服务对象上,从改革开放前面向传统单一的国营外贸企业转变为现阶段的面向各类外向型组织3、从经营内容上,从改革开放前主要依靠代办国际铁路和海运业务发展成为现阶段业务和产品丰富的多式联运和物流经营人4、从运营质量看,从改革开放前的粗放经营转化为现阶段的注重效率、质量、管理等内涵的科学发展(三)管理体制创新及我国国际货运代理行业组织的发展壮大方面1、政府的政策支撑是推动国际货运代理业快速发展的强大动力2、各级货代协会在推动行业蓬勃发展上成就卓著(1)坚定维护维护行业企业权益(2)积极培养行业人才(3)大力加强同业国际交流(四)改革开放30年来我国国际货运代理业快速发展的经验第二节我国国际货运代理业发展现状一、国际货运代理业已成为我国服务贸易的重要组成部分(一)国际货运代理业已发展成为我国一个全新的服务产业1、国际货运代理业成为全新的服务产业的标志2、我国国际货运代理业的成长和产业升级二、现阶段我国国际货运代理业的现状特点(一)国际货运代理业已日益成为全球化程度高的一项业务1、国际货运代理经营的业务线已走向全面放开2、外资控股及独资经营国际货运的步伐明显加快(二)已基本形成大型国有、外资、民营所有制结构并存的市场结构1、国有或国有控股国际货运代理企业2、民营国际货运代理企业3、外商投资国际货运代理企业(三)市场竞争使得突出主业、行业重组的趋势加强1、市场分散使得行业资源整合的需求加强2、行业环境变化引导企业变革、发展核心竞争力(四)网络化布局在国际货运代理企业经营中日趋重要1、网络是国际货运代理企业经营发展一种稀缺的战略资源2、积极推进国内企业的网络化布局和发展(五)信息和科学技术对国际货代经营的重要作用日益显现(六)并购重组等资本运作由理论转向实践三、当前我国国际货运代理业发展面临的主要问题(一)经济全球化的加强给国内国际货运代理业带来挑战1、FOB货物增多使得对国际货代服务选择权由国内转向海外2、我国国际货运代理企业“走出去”战略处于初级阶段(二)货代业务复杂性使现阶段政府行业管理存在职能交叉现象(三)企业自身经营管理中存在的问题第三节我国国际货运代理业的发展趋势一、市场环境(一)全球国际货运代理物流业的发展趋势(二)我国国民经济和对外贸易持续快速发展(三)加快现代服务业发展已列入国家战略(四)金融危机对国际货运代理行业的潜在影响二、未来我国国际货代业的发展趋势(一)国际货运代理行业主体发展方面1、延伸链条,整合功能,做全程物流服务商2、行业整合重组的趋势将进一步增强3、以民营经济为主体的中小企业趋向活跃4、综合交通运输和科技等完善为行业进步创造良好外部条件(二)国际货运代理行业管理层面1、积极探索新形势下适应行业特点的新型行业管理体制(1)完善政府部门之间的协调管理(2)加快修订完善《货代管理规定》2、行业组织在新形势下的作用将进一步加强(1)加强行业自律(2)加强行业调研和统计等基础性工作,提供宏观指导服务。
有关国际货运代理的文献综述-推荐下载
货物运输关系人的代理人,是联系发货人、收货人和承运人的货物运输中介人。
(姚大伟,2003)国际货运代理的工作性质决定了从事这项业务的人必须具有有关国际贸易运输的广博的专业知识、丰富的实践经验和卓越的办事能力。
国际货运代理是整个国际货物运输的设计师和组织者。
其作用可归纳为:组织协调的作用、开拓控制作用、中间人作用、顾问作用、提供专业化服务、提供特殊服务。
(陈智刚,2009)它也具有组织协调职能、专业服务职能、沟通控制职能、咨询顾问职能、降低成本职能、资金通融职能。
(陈明舒,2007)陈明舒(2007)指出国际货运代理企业的经营范围是:揽货、订舱(含租船、包机、包舱)、托运、仓储、包装;货物监装、监卸、集装箱装拆箱、分拨、中转及相关的短途运输服务;报关、报检、报验、保险;缮制签发有关单证、交付及结算运杂费;国际展品、私人物品及过境货物运输代理;国际多式联运、集运(含集装箱拼箱)、国际快递(不含私人信函);咨询及其他国际货运代理业务。
2.2国际货运代理的相关理论1.委托代理理论上世纪30年代,美国经济学家伯利和米恩斯因为洞悉企业所有者兼具经营者的做法存在着极大的弊端,于是提出“委托代理理论”,倡导所有权和经营权分离,企业所有者保留剩余索取权,而将经营权利让渡。
代理是指代理人按照本人(委托人)的授权,代表本人同第三人订立合同或作其他的法律行为,由此而产生的权利义务直接对本人发生效力。
(任荣明,侯兴政 2004)大陆法从代理权产生的原因出发,将代理分为:委托代理和法定代理。
委托代理又称意定代理,是基于被代理人的意思表示而发生的。
其特点是代理权的授权内容机器范围都是由被代理人的意思表示来决定。
被代理人授权可以采用书面形式、口头形式或其他形式。
商事代理主要是委托代理。
(张旭,2005)2.利润中心说日本权威学者西泽修教授在1907年提出的利润中心学说。
认为物流是除了物质资源的节约的第一个利润源泉和劳动消耗的降低的第二个利润源泉之外的第三利润来源。
国际物流论文
我国货运代理行业现状及发展【摘要】随着国际贸易和国际运输的不断发展,公共仓库在港口、城市的不断建立,国际货运代理业得到了迅速的发展,并逐渐从这两个关系密切的行业里分离出来,逐步发展成一个独立的行业,其特点是联系面广、环节多、专业性强;其功能是把国际贸易中相当繁杂的货运业务进行集中协调和统筹。
因此,国际货运代理的形成是国际商品流通过程的必然产物,是国际贸易必不可缺的组成部分。
它在发展国民经济中所起的重要作用是不可替代的,是连结货主与承运人的重要纽带,是国际贸易运输的组织者和设计师。
我国的国际货运代理业是一个新兴行业,本文首先归纳了目前我国国际货运代理市场的现状,找出目前市场上货运代理企业存在的问题,着重分析我国国际货运代理市场应该采取的对策以及发展前景。
【关键词】国际货运代理业现状存在问题对策发展前景一、国际货运代理的发展背景及内涵(一)国际货运代理的发展背景从某种意义上来说,代理制度是随着社会经济关系的发展而逐渐形成和发展起来的。
特别是随着商品货币关系的发展,出现了“委托”这种现象,如货物运输、货物保管、甚至货物的交易等。
随着国际贸易、运输方式的发展,致使贸易、运输的经营人大都不能亲自处理每一项具体业务,大量业务需要委托他人代为办理。
同时,为了使国际贸易运输向简单化、统一化发展,由同一代理人完成或组织完成货物贸易运输显得十分必要,“货运代理”就应运而生了。
(二)1.广义上的国际货运代理国际货运代理是指国际货运代理组织接受进出口货物收货人、发货人的委托,既可以以居间人、代理人的身份,也可以以独立经营人的身份,为委托人办理国际货物运输及相关业务,并收取劳务报酬的人。
这类国际货运代理往往成为当事人型,也称委托人型、独立经营人型。
2. 狭义上的国际货运代理国际货运代理是指接受进出口货物收货人、发货人的委托,以居间人、代理人的身份,为委托人办理国际货物运输及相关业务,并收取劳务报酬的人。
二、我国国际货运代理业的发展现状中国自1978年实行改革开放的新基本国策以来,中国物流业实现了30年的持续增长。
国际货代论文
国际货运代理国际货运代理与第三方物流的关系【摘要】国际货运代理是一个发展中的行业。
就世界范围而言,国际货运代理业已有几百年的历史,但近半个世纪以来有了突飞猛进的发展,焕发出青春的活力。
在我国,国际货运代理是个非常年轻的行业,特别是近十年来有了较快的发展。
第三方物流是供方与需方以外的物流企业提供物流服务的业务模式,实际上第三方物流是国际物流中一个具体的网。
即在物流渠道中由中间商提供服务。
本文试图从国际货代的发展现状入手,讨论它与第三方物流的关系以及未来的趋势。
Abstract: International freight forwarding is a developing industry. On a global scale, international freight forwarders have been hundreds of years of history, but nearly half a century has been rapid development of youthful vitality. In China, international freight forwarding is a very young industry, especially over the past decade has been rapid development. Third-party logistics is supply-side and demand-side other than the provision of logistics services logistics business model, in fact, in the third-party logistics is a specific international logistics network. That in the logistics channel to provide services by the intermediaries. This paper attempts to the status quo of the development of international freight forwarding, discuss it with third-party logistics, relationships, and future trends.【关键词】国际货代第三方物流关系趋势Keyword:International Freight Forwarder Third Party Logistics relation(一)国际货运代理与第三方物流的定义目前,在全世界范围内对于国际货运代理并没有统一的界定。
国际货运代理风险英文文献
国际货运代理风险英文文献International Freight Forwarding Risk: A Review of English Literature.International freight forwarding is a complex and dynamic industry that involves the transportation of goods across borders, often through multiple modes of transportation. As such, it is subject to various risksthat can impact the efficiency and reliability of the supply chain. In this review, we will explore the existing English literature on the risks associated with international freight forwarding.One of the primary risks in international freight forwarding is the potential for delays and disruptions in the transportation process. This can be due to a variety of factors, including adverse weather conditions, political instability, or logistical challenges. These delays can have significant implications for both the freight forwarder and the client, leading to increased costs andpotential damage to the reputation of the involved parties.Another key risk in international freight forwarding is the potential for damage or loss of goods during transportation. This can occur as a result of accidents, theft, or improper handling of the cargo. The financial implications of such incidents can be substantial, particularly if the goods are of high value or are perishable in nature.Additionally, there are regulatory and compliance risks associated with international freight forwarding, as the industry is subject to a complex web of international trade regulations and customs procedures. Non-compliance with these regulations can result in fines, delays, and reputational damage for the freight forwarder and their clients.Furthermore, the fluctuating nature of currency exchange rates and fuel prices can introduce financialrisks for international freight forwarders. Sudden changes in these economic factors can impact the profitability offreight forwarding operations and require careful risk management strategies to mitigate their impact.In conclusion, international freight forwarding is fraught with a variety of risks that can impact the efficiency, reliability, and financial stability of the supply chain. Understanding and effectively managing these risks is crucial for the success of freight forwarding operations in the global marketplace. The existing English literature provides valuable insights into these risks and the strategies for mitigating them, offering guidance for industry practitioners and researchers alike.。
【跨国物流问题研究文献综述1600字】
跨国物流问题研究文献综述针对国内外研究现状,国外对于跨国物流配送业务的研究由来已久。
对于跨境电商与跨国物流配送的未来发展相关的深入研究。
国外的Tuan Nguyen Trong、Phuong Phan Thi Khanh(2012)判断在剧烈的市场中慢慢消失了的大多数跨境电商公司,在其快速蓬勃发展前期中忽视了物流配送的重要意义,他们相信物流业发展水平在电子商务企业开发中占有着至关重要的战略地位,跨境电商和跨国物流配送的关系也就是这样。
Hsiao(2017)则指出,跨国物流配送业务的未来发展需求量与必要性正伴随跨境电商的蓬勃发展而日益提高,而跨国物流配送服务商也唯有通过不断创新和提升相应服务水平,才能在越来越剧烈的市场竞争中维持其优势。
而在跨国物流配送业务方面。
Boyson和Csorisi(1999)指出,第三方物流配送是未来跨国物流配送蓬勃发展的新趋势,第三方公司企业物流配送的稳定对跨境电商的蓬勃发展无疑是有益的。
Ewa Płaczek(2013)指出,互联网电子商务与物流业需要通过信息资源重构,在解决需求的基石上考虑服务实现的时机,因而在跨国物流配送业务的分配环节,需要有适当灵活性的运送体系,从而适应多样化的供给需求。
Jazairy(2017)等人给出了在未来进一步发展第三方配送与供货商伙伴关系中,提升成本效益以及准时交货领域方面的物流配送绩效的指导方针。
外国专家学者们善于汇总了FedEx、UPS等外国大规模物流配送龙头企业发展战略的经验,并汇总出了一些领先发展理念,以提供其他物流公司参照借鉴,为蓬勃发展跨国物流配送业务作出了贡献。
相比较于国外,国内则在跨国物流发展的研究领域较晚。
但是从起步发展到现在,已经发生了翻天覆地的变化。
关于这一方面的研究主要表现在以下两个方面。
一是基于跨国物流业务的技术研发。
跨境电商与跨国物流配送协调发展方面一般有如下看法,庞燕(2015)指出服务的高质量是电子商务蓬勃发展的保障,同理,跨境电商网络平台的蓬勃发展也对跨国物流水平提供了相应的条件。
我国国际货运代理业现状研究毕业论文正文
毕业论文2015届题目我国国际货运代理业现状研究专业物流管理学生姓名虞巍学号11012610指导教师刘剑论文字数11175完成日期2015年4月湖州师范学院教务处印制目录中英文题目摘要关键词 (2)一、国际货运代理基础理论概述 (3)(一)国际货运代理的定义 (3)(二)国际货运代理的业务范围和运输方式 (4)二、我国国际货运代理的发展现状 (5)三、我国国际货运代理发展存在的问题 (7)(一)业务范围窄,服务水平低 (8)(二)基础设施落后,专业人才缺失 (8)(三)政府管理无序,法律不够完善 (8)(四)市场秩序不够规范,合法货代企业压力大 (9)四、对策研究 (9)(一)合理配置基础设施以及物流资源 (9)(二)加强企业信息化建设,增强核心竞争力 (10)(三)加强物流专业性人才培养,营造有利的环境来吸引人才 (10)(四)制定相应的有效的竞争策略 (10)五、我国国际货运代理业的未来展望 (11)六、总结 (12)参考文献 (13)致谢辞 (14)我国国际货运代理业现状研究11012610 虞巍摘要:近些年,我国国际货运代理行业取得了长足进步,选择从事国际货运代理的人也越来越多,不得不说,国际货代已经成为推动我国经济贸易发展的一支重要力量,同时,它在繁荣运输经济、满足货物运输关系人服务需求等方面也贡献着自己独有的一份作用。
但我国的国际货运代理行业仍然存在着很多问题,信息化程度不高,基础设施落后,专业人才缺失,法律法规不完善,这些问题制约了我国国际货运代理的发展。
本文从国际货运代理相关理论知识基础出发,总结了当前我国国际货运代理行业的发展现状及存在问题,并针对这些问题提出相应的解决对策,希望能够促进我国国际货运代理行业更好更快地发展,缩小与西方发达国家的差距。
关键词: 我国国际货运代理;发展现状;存在问题;对策Research on the Development Status of China's International FreightForwarding IndustryAbstract:In recent years, the international freight forwarding industry in China has made great progress,international freight agent team is growing, has become the promotion of economic and trade development and prosperity of China’s economy, transportation service to meet a freight transportation demand relationship between people's indispensable power. But China's international freight forwarding industry still has many problems, informatization level is not high,poor infrastructure, lack of professional talents, imperfect laws and regulations,these problems have restricted the development of international freight agency in china。
有关国际货运代理的文献综述
xxxxx大学专业文献综述题目:xx国际货运代理的发展研究综述姓名:学院:经济与贸易学院专业:班级:学号:指导教师:职称:2011年月日xxxx大学教务处制xx国际货运代理的发展研究综述摘要:近年来,我国国际货运代理业取得了很大的发展,国际货运代理人队伍也不断壮大,已成为促进我国经贸发展、繁荣运输经济、满足货物运输关系人服务需求的一支重要力量。
本文在国际货运代理相关理论知识的基础上,归纳了专家学者对世界国际货运代理、中国及xx国际货运代理的发展现状、存在问题等方面的研究内容,总结了相关解决对策方面的研究成果,并以此提出了我对xx国际货运代理的研究视角。
关键词:国际货运代理;现状问题;发展研究1.选题背景及意义随着经济全球化、市场一体化趋势的加强,中国与中亚国家之间经济贸易的往来日益频繁,跨国经济活动日益增加。
xx与中亚国家有良好的地缘优势和经济互补优势,自1991年国家实施延边开放政策以来,xx对外贸易发展态势一直很好,也促使国际货运代理业取得了长足的发展。
特别是近几年,在国家西部大开发和对口援建政策的扶持下,依托强大的国内市场,xx与中亚国家的进出口贸易总额连年大幅度攀升,为xx的国际货运代理的发展提供了前所未有的机遇。
因此,研究xx国际货运代理具有很重要的市场价值和现实意义。
2.关于国际货运代理的国内外研究现状2.1 国际货运代理概述2.1.1国际货运代理的概念国际货运代理协会联合会(FIATA)给国际货运代理所下的定义是:货运代理是根据客户的指示,为客户的利益而揽取货物运输的人,其本人并不是承运人。
国际货运代理也可以依据这些条件,从事与运输有关的活动,如储货(也含寄存)、保管、验收、收管等。
(陈智刚,2009)货运代理人本身不是运输关系的实际当事人,而是运输关系实际当事人的代人。
(姚大伟,2003)我国国家质量监督局于2001年批准实施的《中华人民共和国国家标准物流术语》给国际货运代理所下的定义是:国际货运代理,是接受进出口货物收货人、发货人的委托,以委托人或自己的名义,为委托人办理国际货物运输及相关业务并收取劳务报酬的经济活动。
文献综述2
毕业设计(论文)开题报告(含文献综述、外文翻译)题 目 先达国际货运有限公司客户满意度分析姓 名 张萍萍学 号 3080125064专业班级 08物流管理(2)班指导教师 叶婷婷(讲师)学 院 管理学院开题日期 2011年12月18日宁波理工学院评价:全文特别是文献综述部分,看到的都是摘抄自别的文章的内容,没有经过自己的理解、加工和梳理。
根本就没有认真去阅读过相关的文献,所以会出现ACSI模型的这个表达多种多样的情况。
写作态度及其不认真和端正,这是论文写作的大忌,以往论文不通过的同学很大程度上是因为态度不认真,对自己写的东西及其不负责任,望吸取教训,加以改正。
如果你要在范文上修改你的内容,那切忌把不属于你的东西删除,这是我第二次提醒你了。
把文献综述部分与自己相关的东西逻辑梳理清楚后重写,开题报告部分注意章节标题和底下内容要一致。
希望周六时看到全新的东西。
文献综述:“先达国际货运有限公司客户满意度分析”文献综述1.客户满意度的概念客户满意度是指对客户满意的量化测评,要达到客户满意的目标,就要对客户满意度进行研究。
客户满意度是指顾客在历次购买活动中逐渐积累起来的连续状态,是一种经过客户满长期沉淀而形成的情感诉求,也就是客户在消费过程中,商品或服务对顾客消费期望的满足程度。
它不仅限于“满意”或“不满意”这两种状态的整体感觉。
客户满意度可以这样简单定义为,客户接受产品和服务的实际感受与其期望值比较的程度。
这个定义既体现了客户满意的程度,反映出企业提供的产品或服务满足客户需求的成效。
[1]2.客户满意度的国内外研究现状2.1客户满意度国内研究现状随着社会文明程度和人类生存质量的提高,人们的生存观正在从对生活中接受的服务以“好不好”的评价转向到“满意不满意”的评价,即评价的标准已经上升到心理和情感层面的服务。
客户满意度的重要性越来越得到企业的关注。
企业的流程始于客户需要,终于客户满意,形成一个闭路循环的不断发展的创新体系。
快递业文献综述及外文文献资料
本份文档包含该专题的:外文文献、文献综述一、外文文献Transport, Logistics, and Fulfillment OptionsLaurel J. DelaneyAir TransportShipping by air used to be an emergency strategy, used only when a customer needed a product immediately, but with the proliferation of international air delivery services such as Federal Express, DHL, UPS, and Airborne Express, it is now easy and economical to move your product around the world, even overnight. You’ll generally pay a higher price per kilo than you will for ocean shipment, but in some expense categories you’ll actually rack up some savings. For example, packing costs tend to run less for air transport. One major consideration is the weight of your cargo. Are you exporting feathers? If so, air transport would be cheaper, provided you don’t use cartons that take up a lot of space. Tractors, on the other hand, should be transported via ocean.If exporting highly perishable items is your business, you’ll want to familiarize yourself with carriers that offer affordable worldwide express shipments of chilled, frozen, and fresh foods, such as seafood, meats, and produce. You will see more and more demand for this service as the market for organic, fresh, and convenience foods expands. I suggest you call the US Department of Agriculture’s interna tional marketing office for additional help. It usually has directories, workbooks, and guides to assist exporters of highly perishable products.The International Air Transport Association represents 240 airlines worldwide. When these members reach agreement on a fixed rate, they file a tariff with the US Department of Transportation. Tariffs define the rate, rules, and regulations governing air cargo deliveries for a given carrier or conference. Only when an exporter is charged by a shipper a cost that is beyond the maximum amount specified in the tariff (unless it is under a service contract) will she need to notify a regulatory agency to complain.There are two major types of equipment used in air transport:1.Air cargo containers: These types of containers are loaded by hand or forklift. They come in more than a dozen different styles and sizes.2.Air cargo pallets made of wood or plastic (corrugated plastic is used but not recommended) with netting: These are also loaded by hand or forklift.Which type of equipment you use depends on the type and quantity of the cargo you are shipping. To determine the absolute best way to ship your cargo, always discuss your situation with your transportation company. And don’t forget to find out the distance from your cust omer’s door to the closest seaport or airport. If one delivery destination is closer than the other, you’ll save your customer time but not necessarily money in the case of shipping to the nearest airport, because air cargo can be expensive.The top two considerations when choosing air vs. sea freight are transit time and the cargo itself. It usually takes a product a couple of days to arrive by air, whereas sea freight takes anywhere from twelve to fourteen days. The cargo itself, whether delicate in nature (fine art, for example) or large in size (as is heavy equipment), forces you to make the best decision for your cargo shipment.CautionAlways check with your shipping specialist to verify the pallet requirements for yourdestination country. Some countries, for example, require certain types of wood packaging to be treated with chemicals or heat before being allowed into their country.Ocean TransportShipping by ocean takes much longer than shipping by air, but it is nearly always much less expensive. T hat is why it will generally be your overseas customers’ preferred method of transport. Whereas with air shipment, the greater the volume of your shipment, the more expensive it becomes, with ocean shipment a greater volume of shipment actually decreases the cost. Ocean transport is less simple, though, because it involves many more choices that you may know very little about. These include the choice between terminals, vessel types, container loading options, and so forth. You’ll have to rely on your trans port company to give you advice.When choosing a transport company, you’ll want to find out the following:1.The frequency that the vessels sail2.The transit times3.The reliability measures4.The ports served by steamship line5.The company’s safety record6.The computerization for cargo managementThe last point, computerized cargo management, is vital these days. You want to be able to track your cargo at any given point. If it gets lost, you want to know that the transport company can find it. Cargo management is an important part of the package you offer your customers— so anytime you find a new and better way to serve them in terms of cargo, jump on it.Shopping for an Economical Transport PackageShipping lines—whose vessels are still commonly referred to as “steamships” although the days of steam-powered shipping are long gone— can be classified as either independent or conference. Independent lines tend not to have as many ports of call, which can cause shipping delays. Sometimes, while comparison shopping, you will find an independent line that quotes you a rate that is cheaper than what the conference lines are offering. Howe ver, when using an independent line you can’t be sure of your shipper’s timeliness or reliability. Conference lines, on the other hand, guarantee similar standards and rates. If you can contract with a conference line on an exclusive basis, rates are usually cheaper than, or at least competitive with, those offered by an independent line. The guarantee on rates during a specified period of time is a savings that you can then pass on to your customer or use to pad your own profit margin. Other types of ocean transport companies that have evolved over the years are NVOCCs, or non-vessel-operating common carriers, and shipper’s associations. NVOCCs book space on vessels and then sell the space to shippers with smaller cargoes in smaller-volume units. They consolidate these smaller shipments into container-loads under one bill of lading, and as a result can pass on more favorable rates to the small cargo shipper. You can also take advantage of a larger shipper’s economies of scale to move your smaller loads more cheaply. Shipper’s associations, similarly, were formed to pull together several different shippers’ cargoes to achieve greater volum e and hence lower rates.Don’t forget that ocean and air shipping itself is only part of the transport package you’ll need to assemble. To get your product to an ocean-going vessel for loading, you must also transport your cargo overland by truck or rail. How do you do this without spending an arm and a leg?The most advanced and efficient transport mode currently available to exporters to handle this problem is intermodal transportation. This is a start-to-finish transport package that takes your cargo fro m its point of origin to its point of destination (commonly described as “door -to-door”) under a single bill of lading. It involves the use of at least two different transportation modes— rail and ocean, for example— to cover the overland and overseas movement of the cargo. The company that offers the package is liable for getting the cargo from the point of origin to the final destination, and it will charge you a “through rate” to do so. The rate represents a substantial savings over what it would cost you to engage separate carriers for each leg of the trip. An added bonus: The company can issue a computer-generated bill of lading within hours of the cargo’s receipt at an inland terminal or immediately after the vessel has left port. This means faster turnaround time in collecting payment from your customer. Some intermodal service packages also offer container freight stations, which save you time and drayage (local transportation) costs by bringing their service closer to your door.TipWith the Internet and the advent of e-commerce sales transactions for B-to-C transactions, most international carriers and third-party logistics providers now offer all-inclusive door-to-door landed costs (meaning they include the price of the product, the delivery charge, taxes, duties, customs, and in a currency your shoppers understand) on single-product shipments delivered to a consumer. In 2009, this was unheard of. What a difference five years makes! If you are an exporter of refrigerated commodities, most sophisticated transportation companies can offer cost-efficient transport via refrigerated vehicles. For example, there are railcars equipped with individual generators to ensure the preservation of perishable products during transit. Some companies offer what is ca lled a “motorbridge” (trucking) service to exporters of frozen meat and other perishables, which entails a through transportation rate from the producer’s door to the customer’s door. Other companies offer multipurpose vessels for more cost-effective shipment of noncontainerized cargo, such as tin, tea, equipment, and grain. These vessels are usually smaller in size than those found in a regular containerized ship, allowing them to travel safely through rough seas and narrow channels. They also make the difficult portside dockings at newly industrialized countries easier.It’s imperative to shop around and compare rates to get the best-possible transportation package for your customer. Don’t be shy about questioning a transportation company or freight forwarder at length and in great detail about its service and rates. That is what it is there for, and you don’t owe them anything until after you’ve hired them. Always inquire about the latest and most advanced methods for moving goods overseas. Even as you read this, improvements are underway. Keeping current with the transportation industry will help you offer your customers the most innovative and cost-effective service and equipment options. Break-Bulk and Container LoadingWhat kind of vessel you choose to ship your cargo, and what special handling, loading or storage apparatus, if any, should be used, will depend on the type and quantity of your goods. Here are a variety of common options and techniques for loading your shipment.Break-BulkBetter known as less than container-load, or LTL shipment, break-bulk shipment is the most likely option to be used by new exporters, whose first orders are likely to be small. It allows your customer to test the product in his market before committing to a large quantity, such asa full container-load or more. The shipper can still load the goods into a container, but the container will be delivered to a consolidation point (port of exit) where other shippers’ goods will also be stowed in the container. The advantage of this method is that it allows smaller, low-volume exporters to have their cargo containerized, although it is not as desirable as a sealed door-to-door container, as I will discuss.To control the expense of small-quantity shipment, find a transport company that specializes in break-bulk. Naturally, when you are shipping a small trial order and hoping for repeat business, it will be to your advantage to control your customer’s costs by offering them the best rate possible. When shipping LT L, you’ll need to take extra care in packing and marking your cartons. (I’ll discuss carton marking in greater detail later.) Break-bulk shipments are commonly packed using the following materials:Pallets: Wood pallets must be strong enough to be stacked on racks and reused numerous times.Never let your cartons overhang a pallet. Your whole load might collapse! As previously mentioned, some countries require certain types of wood pallets to be treated with chemicals or heat before allowing the shipment to cross its borders. Check with your transportation specialist.Slipsheets: Used to pull your cargo to the point of loading, these sheets are usually made of fiberboard or plastic. They must be strong enough for the forklift operator to clamp onto and pull. Slipsheets cost less than pallets and eliminate the expense of transporting pallets back to the shipper for reuse. Cartons placed on slipsheets must be cross stacked, shrink-wrapped, or secured with extra-strength strapping.Crates: Wood crates are still popular with some shippers due to their strength and resistance to humidity, at any temperature and at any point in transit.All onboard packing aids should be recyclable or reusable. Use the minimum amount of material necessary to protect your product. Pallets, slipsheets, and crates are loaded using the following methods:Bulk loading by machine or hand (for bulk commodities, for example)Hand loading using individual shipping containers, with or without pallets Unit loading using palleted or slipsheet stacks into containers with forkliftsContainer LoadingShipment by container-load continues to be the preferred method for exporting goods because each container is sealed (allowing it to stay closed from the factory door to the customer’s door), strong, theft resistant, and stackable. Containers are also easy to load and unload; transport by truck, rail, or ship; and store. The only time the container may be opened while in transit is for the customer’s inspection, so the transport of the goods becomes nearly bulletproof concerning safety and pilferage issues.NoteExporting by container continues to grow. According to trade data produced by PIERS, “U.S. containerized exports were up 5 percent in February 2013 compared to February 2012, reaching 1,011,874 20-foot-equivalent units.” PIERS, a database of US waterborne trade activity, says this is the largest year-over-year increase since June 2012, when exports jumped nearly 10 percent.Containers are available in various volumes and in a number of specialized constructions to accommodate various cargo types. Typically, shipping companies provide containers, but youcan also rent or buy them new or used. If you want to do so, try eBay, contact a local shipping company to inquire about used shipping containers, or contact the Container Alliance, a network of portable storage and shipping container providers.A container can cost anywhere from $1,500 (used) to $8,000 (new). Rental costs range from $75 to $295 per month. You can also expect to pay delivery and pickup charges on any of these scenarios. The twenty-foot container, the most popular volume, works well for starting up with exports. The forty-foot container is the second-most popular choice. It’s important to resist the temptation to overload this larger container or you won’t be able to move your cargo over land! For large loads, a forty-five-foot container is an attractive bargain because it gives you a 27 percent increase in interior capacity over the forty-foot unit for the same handling costs. Containers come as large as forty-eight feet, but these are comparatively rare.Just as you conducted market research on where the best market is for your product using a variety of sources, keeping track of where all your exports are going provides a good basis for asking yourself, “Should we be looking at these markets since there are so many containers going to that part of the world?” Take The Journal of Commerce s annual ranking of the top fifty world container ports for 2012). 5Here is a snapshot of the top ten container ports, which shows heavy concentration in China (Asia):The port of Shanghai handled 32.5 million twenty-foot-equivalent container units, considered the busiest container port in the world in 2012.High-cube containers (referred to as HQ; they include twenty-foot, forty-foot, and other measurements) are oftentimes shipped at the same rate as a standard container but offer more cargo space and are typically one foot taller. Garment containers have a movable track system, so that prepressed and prelabeled garments can be shipped on their individual hangers, unloaded, moved right into a showroom, and racked for sale. Open-top containers, designed for awkward, oversize goods, such as heavy equipment, can be loaded from the top by crane. This reduces handling costs. Refrigerated containers come in high-cube and wide-body dimensions and offer temperature-controlled environments that can be monitored by means of an exterior temperature recorder, a central shipboard control, or even satellite transmission. Bulk-hatch containers, used for commodities such as corn and grains, can be loaded from the top or the rear for easy access and minimal handling. Vented containers allow for appropriate ventilation and thus eliminate potential condensation, preventing damage to moisture-sensitive goods like tobacco, spices, and coffee. Flat-rack containers, designed for moving huge goods, such as heavy equipment, lumber, and pipes, can be loaded from the top or the side, thus reducing handling costs. An expandable chassis accommodates a variety of box sizes and allows for easy offloading from ship, to train, to truck.TipIf you are interested in learning more about shipping containers and who invented containerized cargo (hint: an American by the name of Malcolm P. McLean), read the article “The Truck Driver Who Reinvented Shipping,” and try The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger, by Marc Levinson. Both are fascinating reads!Having shown you what’s entailed in getting your shipment underway, I’d like to introduce you to one of my favorite solutions for the shipping phase: the freight forwarder.The Global Freight Forwarder: Your One-Stop Transport ProGlobal freight forwarders serve as all-around transport agents for moving export cargo, typically transporting it from a factory door to your customer’s warehouse or storage facility. Their service saves you lots of time, effort, and anxiety and is available for a very reasonable fee, usually under US$200 per transaction—an e xpense that you’ll include in your price quotation to your customer and recoup when you collect payment. These are just some of the things a freight forwarder will do for you:Handle all shipping arrangements on the basis of your specificationsTake legal responsibility for the shipmentPay up-front costs to move the productArrange for a carrier to arrive at your factory door at a specified date and timeBook space with transportation carriersHandle all documentation and see that it is properly processedArrange insurance, if requestedPresent documents to your bank in a timely fashion to meet your payment terms Suggest or make on-the-spot packing adjustments, if neededMove the product from the factory door to the port of exit, either by common carrier or rail Take responsibility for getting the cargo on the vessel in time to sail on schedule, thus enabling you to meet all the terms and conditions of your payment agreement Monitor the shipment from beginning to end and keep you informed throughout See to it that the shipment arrives safely at the foreign port of entry and proceeds from there, depending on the delivery terms that you quoted to your customerIf you were to undertake the transit of goods yourself, you would probably be overwhelmed by all these logistics, and you would certainly not achieve the savings that forwarders can, given the networks of service providers that they have in place and the volume and frequency of shipping that they do. You can find freight forwarders by conducting a web search using the keywords “Freight forwarders, international transportation” or you can check for listings in trade magazines or other international directories. You should find hundreds of them. In some instances, they will be categorized by the geographic area they serve, the type of commodity in which they specialize, or the transport modes they offer, such as air or ocean—most forwarders offer both. Pick two or three that seem like a good fit for your product and shipping destination. Some may be located near your office or by an airport or port facility that you expect to use often.The Kings and Queens of International Shipping: UPS, FedEx, DHL, and TNT Logistic experts UPS, FedEx, DHL, and TNT have long been considered the best in international shipping. Check with each of these companies in regard to their areas of expertise, including whether they not only ship worldwide but also handle fulfillment needs and collecting payments from customers worldwide.The electronic filing of export information, formerly do ne with the Shipper’s Export Declaration (SED) form, is the system used by US companies to electronically declare exports with the US Census Bureau. The process, now called electronic export information (EEI), is done through AES Direct the filing is required for items valued over $2,500 or on products requiring an export license. Most sophisticated carriers can take care of the electronic filing on your behalf for a small fee and provide options for you to self-file or provide your own company’s completed EEI. Check with each international carrier. Refer for more information.Third-Party Logistics and Fulfillment CentersExporting represents a significant opportunity for online small business retailers. Setting up an e-commerce site automatically puts you in front of a potential 2.4 billion online customers. To service even a fraction of those customers, you’ve got to get up to speed on how to package and ship your products internationally.A third-party logistics company (abbreviated 3PL) provides logistics services for part or all of your supply-chain-management functions. They can warehouse, pack, and ship your products to customers all over the world, for example. Some will even produce or procure goods for you. Many of these services can be scaled and customized to your needs. Further, 3PLs allow you to leverage their industry expertise, achieve volume discounts, and realize other benefits (better carrier rates, for instance). To get up and running, many service providers require you to have a good technology program developer on board to install appropriate applications. Prepare accordingly.NoteTypically with a 3PL, you’ll need to integrate your e-commerce platform closely with that of the 3PL’s provider. Major carriers like UPS and FedEx, for exa mple, offer tools or even application programming interfaces (APIs) that make it possible to calculate the landed cost and integrate shipping tools into your e-commerce platform. Consult with them on how to incorporate their APIs within your existing e-commerce platform.Ask whether your provider can not only calculate the international shipping costs on transactions but handle the fulfillment part on B-to-C transactions as well. Decisions must be made on who will put your product in a box, label it, insert the appropriate commercial invoice (used as a customs declaration form), calculate shipping charges (including tariffs, duties, and taxes), and ensure the product arrives to a customer’s final destination timely, economically, and safely. These are things a 3PL will do for you. It may be worth investigating one or more from the list we will look at to make the fulfillment part of e-commerce easier on yourself and your customers as well. Third-Party SuppliersHere is a short list of third-party suppliers (3PLs) who specialize in helping businesses ship internationally and deal with the customs, tariffs, and currency conversions worldwide. The whole point of using 3PLs is to enable you to reach customers globally and take on new customers by using existing technology systems— all without hiring extra employees.TipSome people shy away from putting all their eggs in one basket. In the case of selling, distributing, and marketing your products worldwide, you might want to consider a master logistics provider that does it all. That way, you develop a strong relationship and achieve efficient distribution with fewer touch points (meaning less people handling your product), letting you focus on perfecting your sales and marketing methods.Simple Methods to Improve Logistics and Boost SalesThere are a few other factors to consider before getting started with international carriers or 3PLs. Here are some steps you can take to improve your international e-commerce results Comparison shop between carriers and the various carrier-shipping-fulfillment options. Saving even pennies on each package you ship internationally can save you big bucks later on, and those savings can boost your bottom line. Use various online calculators (USPS, UPS, orFedEx, for instance) to get an idea of what it might cost to send your package to China as an example of the costs.Audit your shipping and fulfillments costs quarterly. See if you are making or losing money. If you are losing money, switch carriers or take an entirely new approach toward the product you are exporting, the market you are entering, and the carrier you are using.Scrutinize the rates of different carriers to decide whether to opt for a flat-rate price on each package or go by weight or measurement (whichever is greater) on the calculation.To ship free or not to ship free? That is the key question. Free shipping is a growing trend in e-commerce. The most popular offer is free shipping in exchange for a minimum order in dollars. Second to that is free shipping for a limited time only, such as three weeks prior to a Valentine’s Day shipping deadline. I’ve always fallen for the free shipping offers, especially when I need a product and it’s coming from overseas, showing that it does have a positive psychological influence on consumers, resulting in increased sales. If you offer free shipping, make sure you don’t lose money on those sales!SummaryYou now have some guidelines telling you what transport and fulfillment methods are available to get your product to your customer and how to make a cost-effective choice. As you move on to put together a price quotation for your customer, including price per unit, total transport, and incidental charges, you’ll see exactly how valuable working with a good global freight forwarder, logistics expert, or fulfillment company can be in making the sale and delivering the goods. 二、文献综述快递业研究文献综述摘要:近年来,中国快递产业发展迅速,目前已经在中国东部地区形成了以沿海大城市群为中心的区域性快运速递圈。
模块一 国际货运代理综述
• 我国的国际贸易航空货运线和机场 • 在我国,目前主要在北京,上海,天津, 沈阳,大连,哈尔滨,青岛,广州,南宁, 昆明和乌鲁木齐等机场接办国际航空货运 任务。新增点郑州,主要针对欧美国家
(二)运输路线
3.空运航线 (2)航区惯例
一区(TC1):包括北美、中美、南美、格陵兰、百慕大和夏威夷 群岛。 二区(TC2):由整个欧洲大陆(包括俄罗斯的欧洲部分)及毗邻岛 屿,冰岛、亚速尔群岛,非洲大陆和毗邻岛屿,亚洲的伊朗及伊朗 以西地区组成。本区也是和我们所熟知的政治地理区划差异最多的 一个区,它主要有三个亚区:非洲区;欧洲区;中东区。
从是否适合集装箱运输分类
从是否适合集装箱运输分类,货物可以
分为最适宜货物、适宜货物、临界货物、不 适宜货物四类。 (1)最适宜货物 (2)适宜货物 (3)临界货物 (4)不适宜货物
8.危险品的处理
1.危险货物的分类
危险货物是指具有爆炸、易燃、毒害、感染、 腐蚀、放射性等危险特性,在运输、储存、生产、 经营、使用和处置中,容易造成人身伤亡、财产损 毁或环境污染而需要特别防护的物质和物品。共分 为9大类,分别为:第1类爆炸品;第2类气体;第3 类易燃液体;第4类易燃固体、易于自燃的物质、遇 水放出易燃气体的物质;第5类氧化性物质和有机过 氧化物;第6类毒害物质和感染性物质;第7类放射 性物质;第8类腐蚀性物质;第9类杂项危险物质和 物品,包括危害环境物质。
• 远东/欧洲二线 (AE2)
全长10900公里,辐射世界30多个国家和地区。 它比北线大陆桥减少行程3000公里,比走海路费用 节约20%,时间减少一半。比绕道印度洋和苏伊士运 河的水运距离缩短了1万公里。
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国际货物运输
国际货物运输代理论文一、含义国际货物运输代理具有两方面的含义,一是国际货运代理业,二是国际货运代理。
即它从国际货运代理业角度看是行业,从国际货运代理角度是运输中介人。
二、服务对象主要是为货主服务,比如说租船订舱、代理报关、转运等,以此从货主那里获得报酬。
三、国际货物运输代理的国际组织1、国际货运代理协会理事会(FIATA)2、国际货运代理协会(FLATA)其总部设在瑞士的苏黎世。
3、中国国际货运代理协会(CIFA)四、国际货物运输代理行业的发展现状20世纪以来,全球经济飞速发展,国家与国家、国家与地区之间的联系日益紧密,但是由于各个国家的差异性导致了世界各国经济实力的不同,对外贸易的水平也不尽相同。
比如:发达国家利用其技术优势和资金优势,不断抢夺市场,特别是它的跨国公司发展得尤为迅速。
发展中国家由于经济起步较晚,经济技术实力也落后于许多发达国家。
但是世界各国货代行业发展的现状可以通过主要代表性国家货代行业的发展窥视一角。
世界主要发达国家代表了当今货运代理行业的发展水平,其货运代理制度完备,货运代理企业规模优势明显,业务范围广泛,代理网络覆盖面广,从业人员素质也较高,主要代表国家美国、日本、中国香港等;而反观发展中国家,各项基础设施建设起步较晚,货代公司发展参差不齐,规模较小,服务网点少,人员素质不一缺乏统一的培训,竞争力差。
1、发达国家地区行业整体发展水平走在世界前列,全球网络覆盖面广。
如英国的EXEL集团,美国的UPS集团、FEDEX集团,德国邮政世界网等等,它们都将先进理念运用于货代业务,立足于全球视角,占领着大半的市场。
2、发达国家有先进的技术进行管理。
这些发达国家的货代企业积极运用先进的现代化信息管理技术,如运输管理系统,GPS/GIS跟踪技术,FMS费用结算系统……然而在这一点上,发展中国家的管理技术则显得较为落后,这些都有待进一步加强。
一方面是技术难度,另一方面则是资金问题了。
3、从事国际货代的企业多如牛毛,但是杂而不专。
国际货代论文
国际货代论文摘要摘要:本文首先评析国际货运代理的概念,接着简单介绍国际货运代理的历史、现况和发展,然后重点论述国际货运代理的法律地位,以及和无船承运的关系,并由此论述国际货运代理的法律责任,最后就国际货运代理如何保护自身的法律地位提出一些浅见。
一、国际货运代理的概念国际货运代理(简称货代)来源于“The Freight Forwarder”一词,近年来,随着国际贸易和国际运输的发展,国际货运代理服务的范围不断的扩大,其在国际贸易和国际运输中的地位也越来越重要。
然而,不管如何命名,其从事的基本业务是大同小异的,主要是代表客户完成货物的装卸、储存、布置运输和收取运费等。
因而,围绕着这些服务内容,可对国际货运代理作如下定义摘要:所谓国际货运代理是指受进出口的发货人或收货人的委托,以委托人或者自己的名义,从事国际货物运输以及相关业务,并收取报酬的人。
通常情况下,国际货运代理不是“运输当事人”,即承运人,他有自己的服务内容,主要是充当发货人或收货人的代理人,并依此处理货物。
从传统的运输形式看,发货人和收货人作为一方,承运人作为另一方,货方可以直接找承运人布置货物运输;而国际货运代理的出现,充当了两者之间的中间人。
因此,国际货运代理的基本性质就是具有中间人性质的运输经营者。
这在过去显得尤为突出,但如今货代的性质也发生了一定程度的变化,他已经不仅仅局限于充当货方的代理,在很多情况下,货代逐渐以当事人的身份参和到国际运输中,提供更为完善的服务,发挥更为独特的功能。
二、国际货运代理行业的历史和发展从公元10世纪起,国际货运代理就开始出现。
随着公共仓库在港口和城市的建立,随着海上贸易的扩大,以及欧洲交易会的举办,国际货运代理逐步得到发展。
以后,国际货运代理逐步地发展成为中间性质的、独立的行业。
到了19世纪,一些发达国家相继成立国际货运代理协会,以此加强对国际货运代理行业务的管理,也促进了他的健康发展。
不仅如此,在1926年5月31日,16国的国际货运代理协会在奥地利的首都维也纳成立了国际货运代理协会联合会,即FIATA,进一步加强了国际货运代理的国际合作。
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xxxxx大学专业文献综述题目:xx国际货运代理的发展研究综述姓名:学院:经济与贸易学院专业:班级:学号:指导教师:职称:2011年月日xxxx大学教务处制xx国际货运代理的发展研究综述摘要:近年来,我国国际货运代理业取得了很大的发展,国际货运代理人队伍也不断壮大,已成为促进我国经贸发展、繁荣运输经济、满足货物运输关系人服务需求的一支重要力量。
本文在国际货运代理相关理论知识的基础上,归纳了专家学者对世界国际货运代理、中国及xx国际货运代理的发展现状、存在问题等方面的研究内容,总结了相关解决对策方面的研究成果,并以此提出了我对xx国际货运代理的研究视角。
关键词:国际货运代理;现状问题;发展研究1.选题背景及意义随着经济全球化、市场一体化趋势的加强,中国与中亚国家之间经济贸易的往来日益频繁,跨国经济活动日益增加。
xx与中亚国家有良好的地缘优势和经济互补优势,自1991年国家实施延边开放政策以来,xx对外贸易发展态势一直很好,也促使国际货运代理业取得了长足的发展。
特别是近几年,在国家西部大开发和对口援建政策的扶持下,依托强大的国内市场,xx与中亚国家的进出口贸易总额连年大幅度攀升,为xx的国际货运代理的发展提供了前所未有的机遇。
因此,研究xx国际货运代理具有很重要的市场价值和现实意义。
2.关于国际货运代理的国内外研究现状2.1 国际货运代理概述2.1.1国际货运代理的概念国际货运代理协会联合会(FIATA)给国际货运代理所下的定义是:货运代理是根据客户的指示,为客户的利益而揽取货物运输的人,其本人并不是承运人。
国际货运代理也可以依据这些条件,从事与运输有关的活动,如储货(也含寄存)、保管、验收、收管等。
(陈智刚,2009)货运代理人本身不是运输关系的实际当事人,而是运输关系实际当事人的代人。
(姚大伟,2003)我国国家质量监督局于2001年批准实施的《中华人民共和国国家标准物流术语》给国际货运代理所下的定义是:国际货运代理,是接受进出口货物收货人、发货人的委托,以委托人或自己的名义,为委托人办理国际货物运输及相关业务并收取劳务报酬的经济活动。
国际货运代理企业作为代理人从事国际货运代理业务,是指接受进出口货物收货人、发货人和其他委托方或其代理人的委托,以委托人或自己的名义办理有关业务,提供增值服务,收取代理费、佣金或其他增值服务劳务报酬的行为。
(陈智刚,2009)2.1.2国际货运代理的性质、作用及业务范围“货运代理”一词有两种含义:一是指货运代理人;二是指货运代理行业。
与此对应,其性质也可以从国际货运代理人和国际货运代理人行业两个角度来理解。
本文主要是针对国际货运代理人进行研究,国际货运代理人本质上属于货物运输关系人的代理人,是联系发货人、收货人和承运人的货物运输中介人。
(姚大伟,2003)国际货运代理的工作性质决定了从事这项业务的人必须具有有关国际贸易运输的广博的专业知识、丰富的实践经验和卓越的办事能力。
国际货运代理是整个国际货物运输的设计师和组织者。
其作用可归纳为:组织协调的作用、开拓控制作用、中间人作用、顾问作用、提供专业化服务、提供特殊服务。
(陈智刚,2009)它也具有组织协调职能、专业服务职能、沟通控制职能、咨询顾问职能、降低成本职能、资金通融职能。
(陈明舒,2007)陈明舒(2007)指出国际货运代理企业的经营范围是:揽货、订舱(含租船、包机、包舱)、托运、仓储、包装;货物监装、监卸、集装箱装拆箱、分拨、中转及相关的短途运输服务;报关、报检、报验、保险;缮制签发有关单证、交付及结算运杂费;国际展品、私人物品及过境货物运输代理;国际多式联运、集运(含集装箱拼箱)、国际快递(不含私人信函);咨询及其他国际货运代理业务。
2.2国际货运代理的相关理论1.委托代理理论上世纪30年代,美国经济学家伯利和米恩斯因为洞悉企业所有者兼具经营者的做法存在着极大的弊端,于是提出“委托代理理论”,倡导所有权和经营权分离,企业所有者保留剩余索取权,而将经营权利让渡。
代理是指代理人按照本人(委托人)的授权,代表本人同第三人订立合同或作其他的法律行为,由此而产生的权利义务直接对本人发生效力。
(任荣明,侯兴政 2004)大陆法从代理权产生的原因出发,将代理分为:委托代理和法定代理。
委托代理又称意定代理,是基于被代理人的意思表示而发生的。
其特点是代理权的授权内容机器范围都是由被代理人的意思表示来决定。
被代理人授权可以采用书面形式、口头形式或其他形式。
商事代理主要是委托代理。
(张旭,2005)2.利润中心说日本权威学者西泽修教授在1907年提出的利润中心学说。
认为物流是除了物质资源的节约的第一个利润源泉和劳动消耗的降低的第二个利润源泉之外的第三利润来源。
(张红梅,2007)3.不完全竞争理论不完全竞争理论的观点是:企业由于受到“产品差别性”和“市场不完全性”的影响,它的规模是有一定限度的,即使从事大规模经营的企业,由“产品差别性”和“市场不完全性”的障碍,也不能无限制地扩大规模,因此就有了中小企业的存在和发展的条件。
(张红梅,2007)2.3 关于国际货运代理的国内外实证研究2.3.1 关于世界国际货运代理的实证研究二次世界大战以后,在加速前进的世界经济、贸易、科学技术的推动下,国际货运代理呈现出蓬勃发展的态势。
经过几十年的发展,世界各国已有国际货运代理公司40000多个,从业人员达800~1000万人之众。
在经济比较发达的西欧主要国家,平均每个国家都有300~500家的国际货运代理公司。
(姚大伟,2003)其中,联邦德国有4500多家,法国也有2000多家。
在美洲,仅20世纪90年代的美国,就有货运代理公司6000多家。
在亚洲,日本拥有国际货运代理公司400多家,新加坡拥有国际货运代理公司300多家,韩国、印度分别拥有200多家。
我国香港地区拥有国际货运代理公司1000多家,台湾地区拥有近260家。
目前,世界上80%左右的空运货物,70%以上的集装箱运输货物,75%的杂货运输业务,都控制在国际货运代理人手中。
(罗开富,2006)但是,货运代理行业的发展并不平衡。
总的来讲,发达国家的国际货运代理行业发展水平较高,制度比较完备,国际货运代理公司多数规模较大,网络比较健全,人员素质较高,业务比较发达,控制了世界国际货运代理服务市场。
发展中国家的国际货运代理行业发展比较缓慢,制度不够完备,国际货运代理公司多数规模较小,服务网点较少,人员缺乏培训,以本国业务为主,市场竞争能力较差。
(罗开富,2006)目前国际货运代理市场的竞争存在明显的垄断特征。
世界排名前20位的班轮公司已占全球主航线60%以上的份额,这些跨国集团实力雄厚,手段灵活,随着市场准入条件的放宽,他们会迅速抢滩中国国际货运代理市场并改变中国国际货运代理业的格局。
(宏伟,2001)2.3.2 关于中国国际货运代理的实证研究2.3.2.1 中国国际货运代理的发展现状中国国际货运代理行业起步较晚,历史较短,但是由于国家重视,政策鼓励,规范发展,发展十分迅速。
到2002年12月底为止,中国已有国际货运代理企业3775家(包括分公司),从业人员近30万人。
其中,国有国际货运代理企业占了近70%,外商投资国际货运代理企业占了近30%。
沿海地区国际货运代理企业占了70%,内陆地区国际货运代理企业占了30%。
从事国际航空货运代理业务的企业361家,占大约9.6%。
这些企业遍布全国各省、自治区、直辖市,分布在30多个部门和领域,国有、集体、外商投资、股份制等多种经济成分并存,已经成为中国对外贸易运输事业的重要力量,对于中国对外贸易和国际运输事业的发展,乃至整个国民经济的发展作出了不可磨灭的贡献。
(姚大伟,2003)2005年后发展迅速,目前中国80%的进出口贸易货物运输和中转业务(其中,散杂货占70%,集装箱货占90%),90%的国际航空货物运输业务都是通过国际货运代理企业完成的。
(罗开富,2006)2.3.2.2 中国国际货运代理存在的问题我国国际货运代理业在物流系统、服务质量等方面与国外企业相比差距很大,国际货运代理市场不规范、法规不健全,缺乏政策扶持,市场主体过多,运力大于运量,无序竞争严重。
从宏观上看,国际货运代理法律建设明显滞后,有关市场准人、企业经营监管、专业技术关系等的法律法规尚未完全建立起来, 有不少企业难以在“入世”后适应激烈的国际市场竞争环境。
在这种情形下,跨国公司的进入无疑会加大国内国际货运代理业的竞争力。
(宏伟,2001)从整体上讲,中国目前国际货运代理业的现状是:经营规模小、资产规模小;服务功能少、专业人才少;竞争力弱、融资能力弱;服务质量参差不齐、缺乏网络或网络分散,经营秩序不规范。
(罗开富,2006)另外,陈智刚(2009)将中国国际货运代理业的发展现状概括为:“小、少、弱、差”,即:大部分企业规模小、物流服务功能少、缺乏高素质物流人才、管理水平差。
孙熙安认为国际货运代理企业规模普遍小、服务网络化程度低、通信手段利用不高、操作不规范或违法操作等。
贾利军(2006)提出了我国国际货运代理业发展中面临的五大问题:一是无法可依,缺乏宏观调控。
政府部门多头管理,政策法规不够统一,开放程度有待扩大;政府对行业管理“秩序缺位”。
二是收费混乱,业内竞争激烈。
货代业内收费混乱;业内竞争激烈,传统货代企业的生存空间日趋严峻;恶性竞争严重,影响口岸形象,不利于大通关的发展。
三是非法挂靠多,难以管理四、服务质量差,很难满足客户要求。
五是发展不平衡,专业人才缺口大。
货代业发展并不平衡;货代专业人才缺乏。
2.3.2.3 中国国际货运代理的发展对策罗开富(2006)指出中国货代企业发展方向应定位于规模化、专业化、网络化、物流化。
孙熙安(2006)认为应成立中国国际货物运输代理协会和地方国际货物运输代理协会,规范市场;调整产权关系,进行股份制改革;实行规模化、网络化经营;利用计算机和互联网等手段提高企业效益。
(宏伟,2001)要建立并强化行业协会,完善其信息服务、决策咨询、沟通协调、规范自律、培训交流等方面的功能作用,以保障国内企业权益,开辟国际市场。
一是实行规模经营,提升企业的整体竞;二是提高服务附加值,以满足客户需求为目标,完善个性化物流服务功能;三是开发和完善物流信息系统,强化国际业务能力,建立和完善国际网络争实力。
(李亚,2008)陈明舒(2007)提出货代企业要有勇气打破以往的老路子老模式,实现多样化经营,就要做到:一是提高产品差异性,扩大传统运输业务竞争能力;二是开发个性化服务产品,培育新的客户群;三是增加增值服务,创造新的利润空间;四是提供物流管理服务,创造新的增长点。
陈金山(2007)针对上海国际货运代理行业提出了创新性的营销策略。