《实用翻译教程》学习辅导书-第1~3章【圣才出品】
张培基《英汉翻译教程》学习辅导书( 我国翻译史简 介)【圣才出品】
第1章我国翻译史简介1.1 复习笔记一、我国翻译的早期我国的翻译事业有约两千年的历史。
最早开始的是佛经的翻译,翻译家有安世高、号称“三支”的支娄迦谶、支亮、支谦,竺法护。
二、隋唐时期我国翻译事业高度发达的时期是从隋代(公元五九〇年)起到唐代。
这一时期古代翻译界的巨星玄奘(与上述鸠摩罗什、真谛一起号称我国佛教三大翻译家)。
玄奘的贡献为:①玄奘不但把佛经由梵文译成汉文,而且把老子著作的一部分译成梵文,成为第一个把汉字著作向国外介绍的中国人。
②玄奘在翻译理论方面也是有贡献的,他提出的翻译标准是“既须求真,又须喻俗”,意即“忠实、通顺”。
三、明清时期从明代万历年间到清代“新学”时期,出现了以徐光启、林纾(琴南)、严复(又陵)等为代表的介绍西欧各国科学、文学、哲学的翻译家。
明徐光启和意大利人利玛窦合作,翻译了欧几里得的《几何原本》《测量法义》等书。
清林纾最著名的文学作品有《巴黎茶花女遗事》(La Dame aux Camelias)、《黑奴吁天录》(Uncle Tom’s Cabin)、《块肉余生述》(David Copperfield)、《王子复仇记》(Ham1et)等。
严复是我国清末新兴资产阶级的启蒙思想家,所译作品多系西方政治经济学说,如赫胥黎(T. H. Huxley)的《天演论》(Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays)、亚当·斯密(A. Smith)的《原富》(An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations)等。
严复提出了著名的“信、达、雅”翻译标准。
四、五四时期至今“五四”是我国近代翻译史的分水岭。
“五四”以后,我国翻译开始介绍马列主义经典著作和无产阶级文学作品。
《共产党宣言》的译文就发表在“五四”时期。
这一时期的翻译工作在内容和形式上都起了很大变化。
白话文代替了文言文。
实用翻译教程
实用翻译教程翻译教程目录第1课绪论--翻译概述(1) (7)一、学科特点 (7)二、为什么可能有翻译 (7)三、翻译的性质 (8)四、翻译的类别 (9)五、对译者的要求 (9)第2课绪论--翻译概述(2) (11) 一、翻译标准 (11)第3课绪论--翻译概述(3) (15) 二、翻译的过程 (17)第4课翻译技巧--加注 (19)第5课翻译技巧--释义 (23)第6课翻译技巧--增词 (27)一、为了语法上的需要 (28)二、为了意义上的需要 (29)三、为了修辞上的需要 (31)第7课翻译技巧--减词 (32)一、从语法角度进行减省 (32)二、从修饰角度进行减省 (34)第8课翻译技巧--转换(1) (35)一、词类转换 (36)二、句子成分转换 (37)三、表达方式转换 (38)四、自然语序与倒装语序转换 (39) 第9课翻译技巧--转换(2) (39)五、正面表达与反面表达转换 (39)六、主动式与被动式转换 (41)七、分句转换 (42)第10课翻译技巧--归化 (43)第11课翻译技巧--切分与合并 (46)一、切分 (46)二、合并 (50)第12课翻译层次--词语层 (51)一、词语层 (51)二、选词用字 (54)第13课翻译层次--句子层 (55)一、英汉句子对比 (56)二、英语句子翻译 (57)第14课翻译层次--段落与篇章 (60)一、段落(paragraph) (60)二、篇章 (62)第15课翻译难点--声色词的译法(1) (64)一、英汉拟声词比较 (64)二、拟声词译法 (65)第16课翻译难点--声色词的译法(2) (68)一、英汉颜色词比较 (68)二、颜色词的译法 (70)第17课翻译难点--习语译法(1) (72)一、英汉习语比较 (73)二、英语习语的译法 (75)第18课翻译难点--习语译法(2) (77)第19课翻译难点--名称译法(1) (81)一、英语人名的译法 (81)二、书名、影视片名的译法 (83)三、报刊杂志名的译法 (84)第20课翻译难点--名称译法(2) (85)四、地名的译法 (85)五、机构名称的汉译 (87)六、商标的译法 (87)第21课翻译难点--英语修辞格译法(1) (89) 一、什么是修辞格 (90)第22课翻译难点--英语修辞格译法(2) (94) 二、修辞格的译法 (94)第23课翻译疑点--动与静 (98)一、动与静 (99)第24课翻译疑点--概略化与具体化 (102)一、概略化 (103)二、具体化 (104)第25课翻译疑点--有灵动词与无灵动词 (107)一、英语无生命主语句特点 (107)二、无生命主语句的译法 (108)第26课翻译疑点--形合法和意合法 (111)一、采用意合法 (112)二、采用形合法 (114)第27课翻译与文体--应用文翻译 (116)一、公文的文体特点及翻译 (116)二、商贸函电的文体特点及翻译 (117)三、广告英语的文体特点及翻译 (119)第28课翻译与文体--论说文翻译 (120)第29课翻译与文体--新闻英语翻译 (124)第30课翻译与文体--科技英语翻译 (129)一、科技英语的文体特点 (129)二、科技英语的翻译 (131)第31课翻译与文体--文学翻译(1) (134)一、小说的翻译 (134)二、散文的翻译 (137)第32课翻译与文体--文学翻译(2) (138)一、诗歌的翻译 (138)二、舞台剧及影视剧本的翻译 (142)第33课翻译批评--翻译批评原则 (144)一、什么是翻译批评? (144)二、翻译批评的原则 (145)第34课翻译批评--翻译批评的方法和步骤 (148)一、翻译批评的方法 (148)二、翻译批评的步骤 (149)三、翻译批评应注意的几个问题 (150)第35课翻译史--中国翻译简史 (151)一、汉代-秦符时期 (152)二、隋-唐-宋时代 (153)三、明清时代 (154)四、五四时期 (156)五、新中国成立至今 (157)第36课翻译史--西方翻译简史 (157)一、西方翻译活动简介 (158)二、西方译论简介 (160)。
郭著章《英汉互译实用教程》(第4版)教材配套题库-第1、2章【圣才出品】
第1章翻译概述一、请将下列各句译成汉语1. Considering its lack of training, our team has acquitted itself well.【译文】鉴于我们队缺乏训练,其表现已经不错了。
2. He would be quite a likeable fellow if only he wouldn’t act the goat so much. 【译文】只要他不搞恶作剧,就是一个讨人喜欢的小伙子。
3. The management instituted a system of consultation with the staff so that any grievances might be aired.【译文】管理部门建立了与职工协商的制度,不管有何不平,均可言明。
4. We didn’t take his expression of interest in our ideas too seriously, for we suspected he was merely angling for praise.【译文】尽管他说对我们的想法颇感兴趣,我们却不能太当真,因为我们怀疑他仅仅是沽名钓誉。
5. He wouldn’t have done it of his own will, but he was argued into it by his wife. 【译文】若不是妻子说服了他,他是不会自愿做的。
6. Wherever she went she was attended on by a large number of followers andservants.【译文】不管她走到哪里,随从和佣人都是前呼后拥。
7. You never realize how fortunate you are to have good health until it is suddenly brought home to you by the sight of suffering.【译文】除非你突然亲眼目睹体弱多病之苦,不然,你不会认识到有一个健康的身体是何等有幸。
郭著章、李庆生《英汉互译实用教程》(第3版)课后习题及详解-第3、4章【圣才出品】
郭著章、李庆⽣《英汉互译实⽤教程》(第3版)课后习题及详解-第3、4章【圣才出品】第3章翻译常⽤的⼋种技巧⼀、翻译下列各段。
注意翻译术语的适当运⽤,尤其是有关翻译技巧的定义1. There are in the main eight techniques and principles in translation, either from English into Chinese or from Chinese into English. They are: diction, amplification, omission, conversion, inversion, negation, division and repetition.【答案】不管是英译汉还是汉译英,主要有⼋条翻译技巧(和原则),即选词⽤字法,增译法,减译法,词类转移法,词序调整法,正说反译法、反说正译法,分译法和重译法。
2. By “diction” we mean proper “choice of words” in translation on the bas is of accurate comprehension of the original.【答案】所谓“选词⽤字法”,就是在正确理解原⽂的基础上适当地选择词语。
3. Repetition is useful chiefly for clearness, which is of course the first quality to be acquired in a discourse. Secondly, words are repeated also for the sake of emphasis or force, which is another important quality in expression. Lastly, repetition will give life to the discourse and make it more attractive.【答案】重译法之所以有⽤,第⼀是它可使译⽂明确(明确是衡量语⾔质量的第⼀个标准);第⼆是为了强调,使语⾔有⼒(这是衡量语⾔质量的另⼀重要标准);第三是为了使译⽂⽣动形象,引⼈⼈胜。
郭著章、李庆生《英汉互译实用教程》(第3版)课后习题及详解-第1、2章【圣才出品】
第1章翻译概述一、填空1. Yan Fu’s 3-word translation criteria are _____, _____and_____.【答案】faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance【解析】严复提出的翻译标准:信、达、雅。
2. Translation in China has a long history of some_____years.【答案】two thousand【解析】我国的翻译事业有约2000年的历史。
3. The two words used as the common criteria of translation in China today are _____and_____.【答案】faithfulness, smoothness【解析】我国现今通用的两个翻译标准:“信”和“达”。
二、回答下列问题1. What is meant by translation?【答案】Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language, not only an art but also a science.2. What was Karl Marx fond of saying about the importance of a foreign language?【答案】Karl Marx was fond of saying: “A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.”3. What are the prerequisites for a qualified translator?【答案】Generally speaking, a qualified translator should have five prerequisites:① a good command of the source language,② a good command of the target language,③ a wide range and scope of knowledge,④ a high political consciousness,⑤ a necessary knowledge of basic techniques used in translation.4. How to define the literal translation and the liberal translation?【答案】Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original almost without any change of word-order or sentence construction. Liberal translation is also called free translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word-order of the original.5. What do you think should be the criteria of translation?【答案】To me, the criteria of translation should be the following two words: faithfulness and smoothness, or even only one word: faithfulness.三、英译汉1. Source language and target language【答案】译出语和译入语2. the Oriental and Occidental languages 【答案】东方语言和西方语言3. Alexander Fraser Tyler【答案】亚历山大•弗雷泽•泰勒4. Georges Mounin【答案】乔治•穆南5. Feedorov【答案】费道罗夫6. Indu Dharmarakcha【答案】竺法护7. Kumara’3iva【答案】鸠摩罗什8. Paramartha(Gunarata)【答案】真谛/波罗末陀(拘那罗陀)【答案】利玛窦10. Euclid’s Elements【答案】《几何原本》11. La Dame aux Camelias【答案】《茶花女》12. A History of Politics(by E. Jenks)【答案】《社会通诠》(甄克思著)13. On Liberty(by J. S. Mill)【答案】《群己权界论》(约翰•穆勒著)14. An Inquiry Into the Nature and Cause of the Wealth of Nations(by A.Smith) 【答案】原富》(亚当•斯密)15. Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays(by T. H. Huxley)【答案】《天演论》(赫胥黎)四、汉译英【答案】faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance2. “宁顺而不信。
《实用翻译教程》学习辅导书 笔记及习题(词法翻译)【圣才出品】
第3章词法翻译3.1 复习笔记一、对等译法在翻译过程中,一般都可以在译文语言中找到同原文中某个单词、词组或成语意义上的对等表达。
因此,对等译法是翻译中最常用、最重要的翻译方法。
必须注意译文中所采用的对等表达是名符其实的对等表达。
一般说来,汉英两种语言中单词的对等率最高,而词组、成语、谚语的对等率就要相对低一些。
1. 单词汉英两种语言中单词的对等程度要高一些,一方面是单词的文化背景比较简单,另一方面是单词本身的语义结构比较简单。
当然,两种语言中存在着差异的“对等”单词也有不少,例如:从语义上来讲,“杯子”并不完全对等于cup,而是对等于cup + mug + glass +...,“桌子”的对等表达是table + desk,从感情色彩上来讲,“宣传”并不完全对等于propaganda,“农民”并不完全对等于peasant,“地主”也并不完全对等于landlord。
2. 成语成语的对等是从3个方面体现出来的,一个是比喻意义,一个是比喻形式,再一个是感情色彩。
三者中比喻意义是最重要的,当三者发生矛盾时,优先保留比喻意义。
感情色彩的对等同比喻意义的对等几乎同样重要。
如果感情色彩不对等,这条成语就肯定不能用。
至于比喻形式,能对等则应尽量对等,实在对等不了,就应当机立断,大胆放弃。
3. 谚语谚语和成语一样,其汉英两种语言中的对等大多数也是从比喻意义、比喻形式和感情色彩等3方面体现出来的。
同样,比喻意义的对等是最重要的,是翻译中必须做到的,感情色彩的对等几乎是同等重要,不可忽视,在保证这两方面的基础上,再来考虑比喻形式的对等。
有不少谚语根本不包含比喻,也就不存在比喻形式的问题。
有的谚语虽有比喻形式,但其比喻并不明显,去寻求这种形式上的对等翻译意义不大。
对等译法是翻译中最为常用的方法之一,这种翻译方法因其对应程度高,译文与原文所产生的效果也是最为接近的,因此这种翻译方法深受译者和译文读者的欢迎。
二、具体译法由于两种语言的差别,我们在翻译中不得不经常使用具体译法,也就是具体化的翻译方法。
实用翻译教程(A Practical Coursebook on Translation)
Scope of translation
• In terms of language 1. Native languages into foreign languages 2. Foreign languages into native languages • 1. 2. 3. In terms of the mode Oral interpretation口译 Human Translation Written translation笔译 人工翻译 Machine translation计算计翻译
epower简介英语专业毕业论文英语学习辅导资料英语四六级考试研究生考试分类专业毕业论文精品教学课件课堂学习激趣课件毕业论文指导中小学课程辅导文化教育生活资源
A Practical Coursebook on Translation
第一章: 翻译概论
• The definition of translation
• 1. I never had much in seeing you. There was no love lost between us at any time. • 2. We grumble (抱怨) a little now and then , to be sure. But there’s no love lost between us. • 1.我向来不大想看到你,我们两人之间 大概什么时候都不曾有过好感。 • 2.当然啦,我们有时也免不了争论几句, 但是我们还是相亲相爱。 • 3. I am afraid photograph is not my cup of tea.
• 从那里,我可以看见下面的整个山谷, 那田野、河流和村庄。这一切非常美丽, 见到后使我心里充满了渴望。 • 从这里望下去,整个山谷一览无遗,只 见那田野、河流和村庄,全都美不胜收, 真叫我心驰神往。
《实用翻译教程》学习辅导书-第9章 译者的风格【圣才出品】
第9章译者的风格9.1 复习笔记每个学习翻译的人都应该研究和学习优秀翻译家的翻译风格。
最好的办法是把他们的翻译风格同其他翻译家的翻译风格进行比较。
本章选录了我国当代著名的翻译家杨宪益、戴乃迭夫妇(Yang Xianyi and Gladys你Yang)、王佐良教授、许渊冲教授所翻译的代表作,把他们的译作同其他翻译家对同一个原著的翻译进行比较。
杨氏夫妇、王佐良教授、许渊冲教授在翻译风格上各具特色,通过对本章中译者风格的学习研究,总结自己的体会,得出自己的结论,并经过大量有的放矢的翻译实践树立起自己的翻译风格,为实现“青出于蓝而胜于蓝”的远大目标而不懈努力。
一、杨宪益、戴乃迭翻译风格研究杨氏夫妇的翻译风格以“忠实、清晰”著称。
在这一章里我们通过《阿Q正传》节选《阿Q逞强》《三国演义》节选《孔明借箭》《西游记》节选《悟空借扇》《红楼梦》节选《宝玉诉衷肠》《黛玉吐真情》这几篇文章的杨氏夫妇译文与另一译者译文对应比较,以及《促织》一文杨氏夫妇译文与其他几位译者译文的比较,从而对杨氏夫妇的翻译风格进行研究,以便学习和借鉴。
选择翻译方法时他们秉承忠实与通顺地翻译风格;运用直译与意译相结合,以直译为主,意译为辅;运用异化与归化相结合,以异化为主,归化为辅。
这些都是非常值得我们借鉴的。
二、王佐良翻译风格研究王佐良教授的汉语译文“古朴、典雅”,英语译文则“地道、流畅”。
1. 培根《论读书》王佐良译本与其他多译本比较分析通过比较可以显而易见,原文总词数为503,而王佐良译文总字数为612,跟原文相比所差无几,而其余译本总字数要远远高于原文,相较之下王佐良的译文则是最为精炼的一个版本,这足以见得他的语言功底是极为深厚的。
从用词来看,王佐良译文的文言用词为71个,居于首位,尤其是“也”“凡”“皆”“乃”“亦”“矣”“令”这几个词,但有好几位译者甚至一次都没有用,而其虚助词,例如“的”,则一个也没有用过,可见其语言书面化程度最高。
郭著章 李庆生《英汉互译实用教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(确定词义,表达得体)【圣才】
第2章确定词义,表达得体2.1 复习笔记第1节确定词义不能望文生义,否则会引起实际翻译工作中的很大失误。
1. The School of the Air (the school of the air)【正译】广播学校(即通过电台对各地学生授课的学校)【误译】空军学校2. a family tree【正译】家谱【误译】一棵家庭树3. 协议书【正译】Agreement(or:Written Agreement)【误译】Agreement Book4. 王教授精通小学和《大学》。
【译文】Professor Wang is a master of the study of ancient forms,phonologyand meaning of written language as well as of the book The Great Learning.【解析】此句中的“小学”不能译成“primary school”或“elementary school”,《大学》也不能译为什么“university”之类。
因为“小学”在此句中的意思是指研究文字古字形、训诂、音韵的学问;《大学》是我国古代经典著作《四书》之一。
第2节表达得体一、表达得体表达得体就是使译文恰如其分,不仅和原文的意思相符而且和原文的风格相符。
二、翻译中做到表达得体的方法1. 要联系上下文,这是确定词义、表达得体的基础。
2. 注意文字表达的分寸与褒贬。
3. 活用词典,即不能照抄词典上的译文。
只能根据各种词典所赋予的基本意思,融会贯通,自己创造出恰如其分的措词或词典上碰巧合适的译文。
4. 充分发挥汉语和英语的优势,使译文更地道,做到精益求精。
英、汉语各有自己的优势。
从下面例句,特别是译文中对成语的使用,可以看出汉语的优势所在。
①What we were offered was a big fat zero.我们得到的是一个大零蛋。
②Carter is shooting at oil now, but who will be next?卡特现在正拿石油开刀,下一个目标是谁呢?第3节正确理解与表达译例一、应用文方面的译例汉语中同样一个字,所处的上下文不同,译法就会各不相同:1. ××书:①申请书Letter of Application②报告书Report③协议书Agreement2. ××启事:①招领启事Found②鸣谢启事Acknowledgments③征稿启事Contributions Wanted④更正启事Corrections以上为汉译英的例子。
刘季春《实用翻译教程》(第3版)配套题库(含考研真题)-技巧编【圣才出品】
【译文】 ①The motorcycle is light and handy. ②She is nimble in movement. ③You talk as if it were just a walkover. Why not try yourself and see if you can bring back a trophy, too?
5. ①to cut wheat
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圣才电子书
②to cut cake
十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
③to cut finger-nails
【译文】
①割麦子
②切蛋糕
③剪指甲
6. He was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation. I believe the reputation was not deserved. 【译文】他是一个正直的人,但不幸背负着某种坏名声。我相信他这种坏名声是不该有的。
②This is a matter that troubles us not only because of its immediate impact.
【解析】influence 可用于广义上的影响,既可以是积极的,也可以是消极的。impact 多
用于消极的影响。
II. 试将下列英语词组和句子译成汉语,注意措辞。 1. ①a popular man
6. ①进行社会主义革命 ②进行一场激烈的争论 ③进行实地调查 ④进行亲切的谈话 ⑤进行侵略 ⑥进行协商
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郭著章《英汉互译实用教程》(第4版)-翻译练笔材料及详解【圣才出品】
附录翻译练笔材料及详解一、英文短篇1A faint whinny, penetrating her dreams, woke the little girl on the veranda①. When she opened her eyes it was still not quite light and the tall gums crowding the steep rise to the road loomed up darkly over the house②, only leaving a pale strip of sky. Dew lay heavy on everything -the bark woodshed, the wheelbarrow by the stump, the bracken on the edge of the bush.③From the spouting trickled beads of water, dimming the flywire that netted the veranda.Warm in her blankets, the little girl looked drowsily up at the dark shape that always frightened her at bedtime; it had the beard and hunched shoulders of an old man and stretched out a dead hand④. Now, in the growing light, it was only a tree, no different from the other trees. Noises were beginning to seep through the woolly mist—the yellow robin’s plucked string⑤, clop-clop and jingle of a farmer’s cart on the road above, snort of the pony that was always brought into the paddock near the house at night-time.【参考译文】一阵轻微的马嘶声闯进了睡在阳台上的小妞的梦乡,把她惊醒了①。
实用翻译教程ppt课件
is it to make social problems evaporate. • 直译:砸镜子不能使丑八怪变漂亮,也不能使社会问题烟消云散。 • 意译:砸镜子并不能解决实际问题。 I gave my youth to the sea and I came home and gave my wife my
美国 奈达 Eugene Nida: 读者反应论 忠实原文;易于理解;形式恰当;吸引读者 使
译文读者在读译文时,和原文读者在读原文时有 着大体相同的感受 natural / close; dynamic / functional equivalence
苏联 费道罗夫:等值论 与原文作用相符(表达方面的等值)
2.1.1 理解专业知识和文化背景知识 课堂练习 课后作业
经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为 的,应 当按照 消费者 的要求 增加赔 偿其受 到的损 失,增 加赔偿 的金额 为消费 者购买 商品的 价款或 接受服 务的费 用
第一章: 引论
1.1 翻译的概念及其重要性 1.2 翻译的基本标准 1.3 译者的基本素质
钱钟书:化境说 sublimed adaptation 文学翻译的最高标准是‘化’。所谓“化境”,
就是原作向译文的“投胎转世”,文字形式虽然换 了,而原文的思想、感情、风格、神韵都原原本本 地化到了译文的境界里了,丝毫不留下翻译的痕迹, 让读者读译作就完全像在读原作一样。
经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为 的,应 当按照 消费者 的要求 增加赔 偿其受 到的损 失,增 加赔偿 的金额 为消费 者购买 商品的 价款或 接受服 务的费 用
郭著章 李庆生《英汉互译实用教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解-第1~3章【圣才出品】
第1章翻译概述1.1 复习笔记第1节翻译自学方法和译者合格条件一、翻译自学方法掌握必要翻译知识和理论,进行大量实践阅读翻译理论书籍、期刊,进行名著翻译实践、阅读翻译技巧书籍、浏览翻译网站等。
二、译者合格条件(一)外文水平高有些原文在特定情况下有特定译法,不能一概而论。
要特别重视基本功的训练。
1. (Just) imagine (it).【译文】不可能/想不到/没想到【解析】≠把它想象一下吧。
2. I’ll buy it.【译文】我不懂。
/我答不出。
/请告诉我。
【解析】≠我将买它。
(二)中文水平高母语好是理解和表达的需要。
理解指汉译英时理解汉语原文,表达指英译汉时可用好的汉语来表达。
(三)知识面广1. John can be relied on, he eats no fish and plays the game.【译文】约翰为人可靠,他既诚实又正直。
【解析】需要英国历史典故方面的知识。
2. The Security Council has been seized of the question since then.【译文】安理会自那时以来就一直受理这个问题。
【解析】需要国际法方面的知识。
3. Nyaungu was actually the boundary between the two Japanese divisions.【译文】良字实际上是日军两个师的结合部。
【解析】需要地理、军事等方面的知识。
(四)政治觉悟高这一点在决定用词褒贬时要特别注意。
1. the peasant uprisings in the history of China【译文】中国历史上的农民起义【解析】不能根据英国的ALD及其香港出的汉译翻成“中国历史上的农民叛乱(或叛变)”,而应译为“农民起义”。
2. The enemy killed one of our comrades and we killed an enemy agent.【译文】敌人杀害了我们一位同志,我们宰了一个敌特。
王治奎《大学英汉翻译教程》【笔记课后习题翻译示例汇总】-第1~4章【圣才出品】
第1章翻译的性质、标准及要求1.1 复习笔记一、翻译的性质翻译即将一种语言——源出语(Source Language)转换成另一种语言——目的语(Target Language)或曰接受语(Receptor Language),而意义保持或大抵保持不变。
尤金·奈达(Eugene A. Nida)给翻译所下的定义为:Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene A. Nida & Charles R. Taber: The Theory and Practice of Translation, 1969)[译文]所谓翻译,是在译语中用切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息,首先是意义,其次是文体。
奈达还对此作了说明:(1) 再现原文的信息(Message)而不是保留原文的形式结构(Formal Structure);(2) 对等(Equivalence)不是同一(Identity);(3) 对等是最贴近、自然的对等;(4) 意义是优先考虑的因素;(5) 文体成分虽居其次,但也十分重要。
翻译一般分为三类:(1) 按翻译手段,可分为口译、笔译和机器翻译。
(2) 按源出语和目的语,可分为语际翻译、语内翻译和符际翻译。
(3) 按翻译题材,可分为政论翻译、应用文翻译、科技翻译、文学翻译等。
二、翻译的标准翻译标准,亦曰翻译原则,即指导翻译实践、评价译文质量的尺度。
(一) 泰特勒的三原则与严复的三字标准1. 亚历山大·F·泰特勒(Alexander Fraser Tytler)在《论翻译的原则》中提出了三条基本原则:(1) A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.(译文应完全复写出原作的思想。
郭著章《英汉互译实用教程》(第4版)笔记和课后习题详解-翻译概述【圣才出品】
第1章翻译概述1.1复习笔记第1节翻译学习方法和译者合格条件一、翻译学习方法掌握必要翻译知识和理论,进行大量实践阅读翻译理论书籍、期刊,进行名著翻译实践、阅读翻译技巧书籍、浏览翻译网站等。
二、译者合格条件(一)外文水平高有些原文在特定情况下有特定译法,不能一概而论。
要特别重视基本功的训练。
1.(Just)imagine(it).【译文】不可能/想不到/没想到【解析】≠把它想象一下吧。
2.I’ll buy it.【译文】我不懂。
/我答不出。
/请告诉我。
【解析】≠我将买它。
(二)中文水平高母语好是理解和表达的需要。
理解指汉译英时理解汉语原文,表达指英译汉时可用好的汉语来表达。
(三)知识面广1.John can be relied on,he eats no fish and plays the game.【译文】约翰为人可靠,他既诚实又正直。
【解析】需要英国历史典故方面的知识。
2.The Security Council has been seized of the question since then.【译文】安理会自那时以来就一直受理这个问题。
【解析】需要国际法方面的知识。
3.Nyaungu was actually the boundary between the two Japanese divisions.【译文】良字实际上是日军两个师的结合部。
【解析】需要地理、军事等方面的知识。
(四)政治觉悟高这一点在决定用词褒贬时要特别注意。
1.the peasant uprisings in the history of China【译文】中国历史上的农民起义【解析】不能根据英国的ALD及其香港出的汉译翻成“中国历史上的农民叛乱(或叛变)”,而应译为“农民起义”。
2.The enemy killed one of our comrades and we killed an enemy agent.【译文】敌人杀害了我们一位同志,我们宰了一个敌特。
《实用翻译教程》英译汉课堂练习(01)
百度文库专用百度文库专用《实用翻译教程》英译汉课堂练习(01)In March 1947, the Communists told me I must leave Yenan. They were evacuating their last capital and going into the hills where I was unable to go. Mao told me I might return “when we again have contact with the world”. He thought it would be in about two years. He understated. In less than a year I met Chiense in Paris who told me the time was near for my return. “Events move faster than we thought.” Byt autumn of 1948 I was in Moscow bound for China. Five months I kept asking for my Soviet exit visa. Then, just as Chinese friends arrived who might secure my journey, the Russians arrested me as a “spy” and sent me out through Poland. Five days in jail I wondered what I had stepped on. I never knew.Six years I lived in America; no Communists in the world would speak tome. Then Moscow “rehabilitated” me, by publishing that the charges had been “without grounds”. Again an invitation came from China. This time it took three years’ legal fight to get my American passport. I had it by spring of 1958. Ten year late!I was 72 then, living in Los Angeles where I had more friends than anywhere else. I owned a town house, a summer lodge in the mountains, w winter cabin in the desert, a car and a driver’s license to take myself about. I had income to live on for life. Should I go to China now?I went to Moscow first, my second home for nearly thrity years. My husband’s relatives urged me to stay. “Here you have always a home!” I was moved. I was even more moved when the Writer’s Union made me their guest and sent me for a month to a Rest Home while they got back all the rubles I had lost at the deportation, and an order for a Moscow apartment agina. “Would I care to choose it now?”I thanked them very sincerely but said: “Better wait till I return from Peking.”Could Peking have the magic Yenan had? Could I adjust to Chinese life at 72? Two months later I told my Chinese friends: “This is not a criticism of any other country, neither the U.S.A. nor the U.S.S.R. But I think the Chinese know better than anyone the way for man. I want to learn and write.”They found an apartment for me in the Peace Committee’s compound.《实用翻译教程》英译汉课堂练习(02)When I reached the age of twelve I left the school for ever and got my first fulltime job, as a grocer’s boy. I spent my days carrying heavy loads, but I enjoyed it. It was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from early dismissal, for I could never stomach speaking to my “betters”with the deference my employer thought I should assume.But the limit was reached on Tuesday my half holiday. On my way home on that day I used to carry a large basket of provisions to the home of my employer’s sister-in-law. As her house was on my way home I never objected to this.On this particular Tuesday, however, just as we were putting the shutters up, a load of smoked hams was delivered at the shop. “Wait a minute,” said the boss, and he opened the load and took out a ham, which he started to bone and string up.I waited in growing impatience to get on my way, not for one minute but for quite a considerable time. It was nearly half-past two when the boss finished. He then came to me with the ham, put it in the basket beside me, and instructed me to deliver it to a customer who had it on order.This meant going a long way out of my road home, so I looked up and said to the boss: “Do you know I finish at two on Tuesday?” I have never seen a man look more astonished than he did then. “What do you mean?” he gasped. I told him I meant that I would deliver the groceries as usual, but not the ham.He looked at me as if I were some unusual kind of insect and burst into a storm of abuse. But I stood firm. He gave me up as hopeless and tried new tactics. “Go out and got another boy,” he yelled at a shop-assistant.“Are you going to deliver them or not?” the boss turned to me and asked in a threatening tone. I repeated what I had said before. “Then, out of here,” he shouted, So I got out.This was the first time I had serious trouble with an employer.《实用翻译教程》英译汉课堂练习(03)Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of the field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate—we can not consecrate—we can not hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.《实用翻译教程》英译汉课堂练习(04)They tell us, sir, that we are weak—unable to cope with so formidable an adversary. But when shall we be stronger? Will it be the next week or the next year? Will it be when we are totally disarmed, and when a British guard shall be stationed in every house? Shall we gather strength by irresolution and inaction? Shall we acquire the means of effectual resistance by lying supinely on our back, and hugging the delusive phantom of hope, until our enemies shall have bound us hand and foot? Sir, we are not weak, if we make a proper use of those means which the God of nature hath placed in our power. Three millions of people, armed in the holy cause of liberty and in such a country as that which we possess, are invincible by any force which our enemy can send against us. Besides, sir, we shall not fight our battles alone. There is a just God who presides over the destinies of notions; and who will raise up friends to fight our battles for us. The battle, sir, is not to the strong alone; it is to the vigilant, the active, the brave. Besides, sir, we have no election. If we were base enough to desire it, it is now too late to retire from the contest. There is no retreat, but in submission and slavery! Our chains are forged. Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston! The war is inevitable—and let it come! I repeat it, sir, let it comeIt is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry, peace, peace—but there is no peace. The war is actually begun! The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to bur ears the clash of resounding arms! Our brethren are already on the field! Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, has to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death!《实用翻译教程》英译汉课堂练习(05)Proverbs are the popular sayings that brighten so much Latin American talk, the boiled-down wisdom that you are as apt to hear from professors as from peasants, from beggars as from elegances. Brief and colorful, they more often than not carry a sting.When a neighbor’s dismally unattractive daughter announced her engagement, Imelda remarked, “You know what they say, Senora: ‘There’s no pot so ugly it can’t find a lid.’” And when her son-in-law blustered about how he was going to get even with the boss who had docked his pay, Imelda fixed him with a cold eye and said, “Little fish does not eat big fish.”One afternoon, I heard Imelda and her daughter arguing in the kitchen. Her daughter had quarreled with her husband’s parents, and Imelda was insisting that she apologized to them. Her daughter objected. “But, Mama, I just can’t swallow them, not even with honey. They talk so big until we need something; then they’re too poor. So today when they wouldn’t even lend us enough to pay for a new bed, all I did was say something that I’ve heard you say a hundred times: ‘If so grand, why so poor? If so poor, why so grand?”“Impertinent!” snorted Imelda. “Have I not also taught you, ‘What the tongue say, the neck pays for’? I will not have it said that I could never teach my daughter proper respect for her elders. And before you go to beg their pardon, change those trousers for a dress. You know how your mother-in-law feels about pants on a woman. She always says, ‘What was hatched a hen must not try to be a rooster!”Her daughter made one more try. “But Mama, you often say, ‘If the saint is annoyed, don’t pray to him until he gets over it.’ Can’t I leave it for tomorrow?”“No, no and no! Remember: ‘If the dose is nasty, swallow it fast.’ You know, my child, you did wrong. But, ‘A gift is the key to open the door closed against you.’ I have a cake in the oven that I was making for the Senora’s dinner, I will explain to the Senora. Now, dear, hurry home and make yourself pretty in your pink dress. By the time you get back, I will have the cake ready for you to take to your mother-in-law. She will be so pleased that she may make your father-in-law pay for the bed. Remember: ‘One hand washes the other, but together they wash the face.’”《实用翻译教程》英译汉课堂练习(06)I took home a briefcase full of troubles. As I sat down on that hot and humid evening, there seemed to be no solutions to the problems thrashing around in my brain. So I picked up a book, settled into a comfortable chair and applied my own special therapy—supper-slow reading.I spent three or four hours on two short chapters of Personal History by Vincent Sheean—savoring each paragraph, lingering over a sentence, a phrase, or even a single word, building a detailed mental picture of the scene. No longer was I in Sydney, Australia, on a sticky heart-wave night. Relishing every word, I joined foreign correspondent Sheean on a mission to China and another to Russia. I lost myself in the author’s world. And when finally I put in down, my mind was totally refreshed.Next morning, four words from the book—“take the long view”—were still in my mind. At my desk, I had a long-view look at my problems. Once more, super-slow reading had given me not only pleasure but perspective, and helped me in my everyday affairs.I discovered its worth years ago….Previously, if I had been really interested in a book, I would race from page to page, eager to know what came next. Now, I decided, I had to become a miser with words and stretch every sentence like a poor man spending his last dollar.I has stared with the practical object of making my book last. But by the end of the second week I began to realize how much I was getting from super-slow-reading itself. Sometimes just a particular phrase caught my attention, sometimes a sentence. I would read it slowly, analyze it, read it again—perhaps changing down into an even lower gear—and then sit for 20 minutes thinking about it before moving on. I was like a pianist studying a piece of music, phrase by phrase, rehearsing it, trying to discover and recreate exactly what the composer was trying to convey.《实用翻译教程》英译汉课堂练习(07)From this motive I began to think seriously of matrimony, and choose my wife, as she did her wedding gown, not for a fine glossy surface, but such qualities as would wear well. To do her justice, she was a good-natured, notable woman; and as for breeding there were few country ladies who could show more. She could read any English book without much spelling; but for pickling, preserving, and cookery, none could excel her. She prided herself also upon being an excellent contriver in housekeeping, though I never could find that we grew richer with all her contrivances.However, we loved each other tenderly, and our fondness increased as we grew old. There was, in fact, nothing that could make us angry with the world or each other. We had an elegant house, situated in a fine country, and a good neighbourhood. The year was spent in moral and rural amusements, in visiting our rich neighbours, and relieving such as were poor. We had no revolutions to fear, more fatigues to undergo; all our adventures were by the fireside, and all our migrations from the blue bed to the brown.As we lived near the road, we often had the traveler or stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine, for which we had great reputation; and I profess, with the veracity of an historian, that I never knew one of them to find fault with it. Our cousins, too, even to the fortieth remove, all remembered their affinity and come very frequently to see us. Some of them did us no great honour by these claims of kindred; as we had the blind, the maimed, and the halt amongst the number. However, my wife always insisted that as they were that same flesh and blood, they should sit with us at the same table. So that if we had not very rich, we generally had very happy friends about us; for this remark will hold good through life, that the poorer the guest, the better pleased he ever is with being treated; and as some men gaze with admiration at the colours of a tulip, or the wing of butterfly, so I was by nature an admirer of happy human faces. However, when any one of our relations was found to be a person of very bad character, a troublesome guest, or one we desired to get rid of, upon his leaving my house I ever took care to lend him a riding-coat or a pair of boots, or sometimes a horse of small value, and I always had the satisfaction of finding he never came back to return them. By this the house was cleared of such as we did not like; but never was the family of Wakefield known to turn the traveler or the poor dependant out of doors.《实用翻译教程》英译汉课堂练习(08)LectureThe traditional pattern of classroom experience at the college level brings the professor and a group of 20 to 30 students together for a 45-to-50-minute class session tow or three times a week. The most common mode of instruction is the lecture. When lectures are the principal method of instruction in larger classes, regular periods may be set aside for small group discussions under the leadership of an assistant instructor. In cases where a small class size encourages informality, lectures may be combined with discussions sessions based on assigned readings, required textbooks, and other outside materials.Accurate, legible notes are invaluable aids to the student who is enrolled in a lecture course. Notes should be taken during lectures, and when the student is reading the texts prior to each session of the course. The key to good note-taking is to be able to listen a lot and to write only as much as is needed to record the essence of a point or idea presented by the lecturer. Thus, students should endeavor to identify only the main points and ideas being presented and to write them down in outline form. They should also strive to take good notes the first time and not plan to recopy notes—or to do so only when clarity and conciseness demand it. Finally, they should review their notes for about five minutes on the same day that they take them, and go over them again for about half an hour at least once a week, according to a regular schedule or plan. There is no course syllabus to be memorized; instead, the examinations will be base on the material presented in the lectures and textbooks.ReadingReading skills are equally important. Experts estimate that it is possible for any normal adult English speaker to read 1,000 words a minute (and more), with special training. Yet most students read only about 300 words per minute. The following principles might be helpful for foreign students who whish to increase their reading skill:1. Always s read faster than is comfortable. The faster your normal rate of reading become, the better your understanding will be.2. While reading do not allow yourself to regress, but keep reading ahead in very sentence, even when you come across a new word. If some word, term, or phrase has clouded your understanding, you should reread it only after you have read the entire paragraph through once.3. Read selectively. As you read make a conscious effort to screen the nouns, pronouns, and verbs from the other words, since these are the words that give meaning to what you have read. In effect, you should really read nouns, pronouns, and verbs and merely see the rest of the words in the sentence.《实用翻译教程》英译汉课堂练习(09)Joe’s dark eyes searched frantically for Cleo as he marched with the other Negro soldiers up the long thoroughfare towards the boat. Women were running out to the line of march, crying and laughing and kissing the men good-by. But where the hell was Cleo?Beside him Luke Robinson, big and fat, nibbled from a carton of Baby Ruth candy a he walked. But Joe’s eyes kept traveling up and down the line of civilians on either side of the street. She would be along here somewhere; any second now she would come calmly out of the throng and walk alongside him till they reached the boat. Joe’s mind made a picture of her, and she looked the same as last night when he left her. As he had walked away, with the brisk California night air biting into his warm body, he had turned for one last glimpse of her in the doorway, tiny and smiling and waving good-by.They had spent last night sitting in the little two-by-four room where they had lived for three months with hardly enough space to move around. He had rented it and sent for her when he came to California and learned that his outfit was training for immediate shipment to Korea, and they had lived there fiercely and desperately, like they were trying to live a whole lifetime. But last night they had sate on the side of the big iron bed, making conversation, half-listening to a portable radio, acting like it was just any night. Playing-acting like in the movies.It was late in the evening when he asked her, “How’s little Hoey acting lately?”She looked down at herself. “Oh, pal Joey is having himself a ball.” She smiled, took Joe’s hand, and placed it on her belly; and he felt movement and life. His and her life, and he was going away from it and from her, maybe forever.Cleo said, “He’s trying to tell you good-by, darling.” And she satvery still and seemed to ponder over her own words. And then all of a sudden she burst into tears.She was in his arms and her shoulders shook. “It isn’t fair! Why can’t they qtake the ones that aren’t married?”He hugged her tight, feeling a great fullness in his throat. “Come on now, stop crying, hon. Cut it out, will you? I’ll be back home before little Joey sees daylight.”“You may never come back. They’re killing a lot of our boys over there. Oh, Joe, Joe, why did they have to go and start another war?”《实用翻译教程》英译汉课堂练习(10)Old Henry and his wife Phoebe were as fond of each other as it is possible for two old people to be who have nothing else in this life to be fond of. He was a thin old man, seventy when she died, a queer, crotchety person with coarse gray-black hair and beard, quite straggly and unkempt. He looked at you out of dull, fishy, watery eyes that had deep-brown crow’s-feet at the sides. His clothes, like the clothes of many farmers, were aged and angular and baggy, standing out at the pockets, not fitting about the neck, protuberant and worn at elbow and knee. Phoebe Ann was thin and shapeless, a very umbrella of a woman, clad in shabby black, and with a black bonnet for her best wear. As time had passed, and they had only themselves to look after, their movements had become slower and slower, their activities fewer and fewer. The annual keep of pigs had been reduced from five to one grunting porker, and the single horse which Henry now retained was a sleepy animal, not over-nourished and not very clean. The chickens, of which formerly there was a large flock, had almost disappeared, owing to ferrets, foxes, and the lack of proper care, which produces disease. The former healthy garden was now a straggling memory of itself, and the vines and flower-beds that formerly ornamented the windows and dooryard had now become choking thickets. A will had been made which divided the small tax-eaten property equally among the remaining four, so that it was really of no interest to any of them. Yet these two lived together in peace and sympathy, only that now and then old Henry would become unduly cranky, complaining almost invariably that something had been neglected or mislaid which was of no importance at all.“Phoebe, where’s my corn-knife? You ain’t never minded to let my thins alone no more.”“Now you hush, Henry,” his wife would caution him in a cracked and squeaky voice. “If you don’t, I’ll leave yuh. I’ll git up and walk out of here some day, and then where would y’l be? Y’ ain’t got anybody but me to look after yuh, so yuh just behave yourself. Your corn-knife’s on the mantel where it’s allus been unless you’ve gone an’put it summers else.”Old Henry, who knew his wife would never leave him in any circumstances, used to speculate at times as to what he would do if she were to die. That was the one leaving that he really feared. As he climbed on the chair at night to wind the old, long-pendulumed, double-weighted clock, or when finally to the front and the back door to see that they were safely shut in, it was a comfort to know that Phoebe was there, properly ensconced on her side of the bed, and that if he stirred restlessly in the night, she would be there to ask what he wanted.“Now, Henry, do lie still! You’re as restless as a chicken.”“Well, I can’t sleep, Phoebe.”“Well, yuh needn’t roll so, anyhow. Yuh kin let me sleep.”This usually reduced him to a state of somnolent ease. If she wanted a pail of water, it was a grumbling pleasure for him to get it; and if she did rise first to build thefires, he saw that the wood was cut and placed within easy reach. They divided this simple world nicely between them.《实用翻译教程》英译汉课堂练习(11)It was a fine day in early Spring. Bright sunshine flooded the street where a group of boys in Sunday clothes were playing ball. In most of the tenements the windows were up. Clean-shaven men in collarless shirts or in underwear, women with aprons or sloppy pink wrappers leaned on the sills and gazed with aimless interest at the street, the sky, those who were passing below. Thus they would spend most of every Sunday morning through the coming summer and now, in the first flush of mild weather, they had already taken up their posts. The street rang with the animated bickering of the boys at their game, with the click of a girl’s shoes as she shipped rope, with the muted sounds of a dozen unseen radios.Into this familiar scene came a sudden intruder: an odd-looking ambulance with glazed window. It turned into the street quietly, moved along slowly as the driver searched for a number, and then came to a stop before a rooming house a drab, four-story building of yellowish, soot-stained brick. In the tenement windows above all eyes turned to the ambulance. On the street all games stopped and, in an instant, the ambulance was surrounded by children.Those who knew why it had come told the others. An hour earlier there had been a police car and, still earlier, two men from the gas company. The odor of gas emanating from the building has been so strong that it had made church-goers sniff as they passed by on the street.Up above now, in the open windows of the surrounding tenements, new faces had appeared, and eyes were riveted on the doorway of the yellow brick building. No on talked, no one moved away, and no one came down.When the tow men in the front seat of the ambulance stepped out and walked into the house, one of the boys, a wiry, sallowfaced, blond lad, jerked his thumb and murmured softly to the others: “Oh, mama, ain’t they got the job?”“They’ll be carrying you down some day, Shortly,”a stoutish lad commented with an attempt at humor.The door of the rooming house opened again and conversation stopped. Both men came out. They walked to the rear of the ambulance and opened the door. Inside all was dazzling white, excessively sanitary-looking. Piled one on the other were several unpainted pine boxes without covers. The men lifted out the topmost one. The children became very still, even the youngest one ceasing their chatter. The man who was holding the rear of the box rested it for a moment on his hip and thigh, while using his free hand to close the door. They went inside with the smaller youngsters tailing after them. The landlady shut the door and leaned against the jamb with folded arms. “Beat it,” she said.The men appeared. The box had its anonymous occupant now in its dark, canvasshroud. The younger children stared in eager fascination, but it was clear that they could not fully comprehend. The older boys, clumped together, looked on intensely, lips pressed together. The blond boy quickly crossed himself.《实用翻译教程》英译汉课堂练习(12)Thousands of years ago the ancient peoples found out that days were longer in summer than in winter, and nights were shorter. They knew that this had a great deal to do with the changes of the seasons and the growth of plants and animals. They determined through generations of painstaking observation that the day was shortest in the Northern Hemisphere on the 22nd of December, after which it gradually grew longer until the 21st of June, when the day was the longest in the year and the night was the shortest. After that, the day would begin to shorten again gradually. In the beginning, the actual dates of these two days had to be calculated for each individual year, and depended on what kind of calendar was being used.The first calendar to fix these days on definite dates of the year was the solar calendar, which had 365 days in a year an d—every four year s—a “leap-year” with one extra day.To an observer on earth, the sun seems to move farther and farther away from the equator to the north until on June 21st it seems to reach its furthest point north. Then it seems to “pause”for one day before it turns around and goes back. Then it goes further and further south until on December 22nd it appears to “pause” again for one day before swerving back north again. These two days are called the Summer Solstice and the Winter Solstice respectively.Now we know that all this is caused by the movement of the earth around the sun. as the earth journeys around the sun, it spins on its own axis. This can be illustrated by a simple experiment. If you push a sharp stick through a rubber ball and twirl it with two fingers, the ball spins around I much the same way the earth is spinning at this very moment. The points where the stick comes through the ball correspond to the North and South Poles. If you twirl this ball at night directly in front of a bright light, you will notice that half the ball is lighted up while the other half is in the shade. That is just like our night and day. If you keep the stick strictly vertical to the light and twirl it at an even speed, any spot on the ball’s surface will be in the light and in the shade the same length of time.If the earth were spinning just like this rubber ball, there would only be day and night on earth, but no seasons, and days would always be the same length as night s—12 hours each. But that is not how the earth spins. It spins with its axis tilted. Its axis is always at the angle to the plane of its orbi t—and angle of about 23.5 degrees.It is this tilting that accounts for our four seasons and the lengthening and shortening of days and nights. For this reason also, the Equator (an imaginary line drawn around the earth at equal distance from the two poles) is not always directly under the sun’s rays. For six months the earth is tilted towards the sun, and the Northern Hemisphere gets more than its share of sunlight every day. Days are longer。
《实用翻译教程》学习辅导书 笔记及习题(成语与翻译)【圣才出品】
第5章成语与翻译5.1 复习笔记一、英语成语汉译英语成语以其精辟、形象、生动等特点,牢固地确立了它在英语中的重要地位。
无论是在书面语言中,还是口头语言里,英语成语都发挥着越来越显著的作用,其数量正在日益扩大、其质量也在不断升华。
因此,英语成语的汉译已成为翻译工作中的突出问题。
例:He was in the seventh heaven last night.许多人把in the seventh heaven同“升天”“死”的概念联系起来。
这是由望文生义而引起的理解错误。
七重天是指上帝和天使居住的天国最高层。
言下之意,人能身居天国最高层、与上帝同处,自然是非常愉快的。
因此,翻译时一定要从“愉快”“高兴”的意义出发,如:“欢天喜地”“欣喜若狂”“喜出望外”“大喜过望”“兴高采烈”“乐不可支”“其乐无穷”“心花怒放”等。
1. 英语成语可分两类(1)平铺直叙。
翻译时可直接照字面译。
(2)有明显比喻意义,其中不少有着一定的历史或神话典故。
这类成语中,有一部分因使用范围广、历史久,其字面意义和比喻意义都能为中国读者所接受。
可以直接翻译它们的字面意义,因为一般中国读者都能理解这部分成语字面意义后面的比喻意义。
这一类英语成语中的另一部分,由于其文化背景的缘故,中国读者还不能通过它们的字面意义来理解它们的比喻意义。
翻译时则要直接译出它们的比喻意义,以便中国读者更好地理解和接受。
2. 英汉相似成语对应翻译1)burn the boat破釜沉舟2)castle in the air空中楼阁3)a bolt from the blue晴天霹雳3. 英汉形异意同成语翻译1)have an axe to grind别有用心2)talk through one’s hat胡言乱语3)to be as poor as Job家徒四壁4)neither fish nor fowl不伦不类4. 一条成语不同语境译法5. 多条同义英语成语可译成多条对等的同义汉语成语这种译法在很大程度上增加了翻译的灵活性。
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第1章总论
1.1 复习笔记
一、翻译的定义
翻译是用一种语言形式把另一种语言形式里的内容重新表现出来的语言实践活动,可分为口头和书面两种。
二、翻译的目的
翻译作为一门课程,其目的就是在掌握汉语和英语这两种语言的基础上,结合不断的翻译实践,学习翻译中的各种技巧,提高翻译水平。
三、翻译的标准
1. 清代严复:信、达、雅
忠实于原著,译文流畅,文字典雅。
2. 傅雷:文学翻译的“传神”论
“以效果而论,翻译应当像临画一样,所求的不在形似而在神似。
”译文同原文在内容上一致,这叫“意似”,是翻译的最低标准;译文同原文在形式和精神上同时一致,这叫“形似”和“神似”,是翻译的最高标准。
“形似”和“神似”不可兼得之时,可摆脱原文形式,追求译文和原文的“神似”。
3. 钱钟书:翻译的“化境”之说
原文向译文的“投胎转世”,文字形式虽然换了,而原文的思想、感情、风格、神韵都
化到了译文的境界里,丝毫不留下翻译的痕迹,让读者读译作就像在读原作一样。
“化境”是比“传神”更高的翻译标准。
四、翻译的条件
1. 汉语功底要好。
要学好汉语,一方面可借助于教材,掌握汉语语法,另一方面可读一些优秀的文学作品,学习地道的汉语表达方法。
2. 英语语言能力要强。
一方面要掌握全面的英语语法知识,另一方面要有很大的词汇量。
3. 知识面要广。
博览群书,增加自己的百科知识。
对于政治、经济、文化、等方面的知识都要有一定的了解。
第2章语义翻译
2.1 复习笔记
一、理解中的选义
英语中的一词多义、汉语中的一字多义是常见的语言现象。
越是常用的字和词语,越是拥有繁多的释义和搭配,所以这就需要我们依靠具体的上下文来判断某一个字或词语的意义。
一字多义和一字多种搭配在汉语里也是相当常见的。
在进行翻译时,我们更多地要借助于上下文,从下文入手来理解字和词语。
有的时候,上下文不一定是完整的长句或一大段话,上下文可以是一个短短的词组或是一个紧凑的固定搭配。
也就是说,我们可以根据两三个字或词语来确定某一个字或词语的意义。
二、表达中的选词
在翻译过程中,有了正确的理解并不等于翻译已经完成。
正确的理解是翻译中正确表达的基础;没有正确的理解,正确的表达也就无从谈起。
反之,翻译没有正确的表达,正确的理解也是枉然,翻译也就不成其为翻译。
如果说理解是在原文中选义的过程,那么表达就是在译文中选词的过程。
选词就是在译文里寻找最恰当的表达方法。
1. 同义词或近义词的选择
一般来说,选词是在一组同义词或近义词之间进行。
一个词在译文里的同义词和近义词越多,越有可能把它翻译得比较精确,在选词时要注意原文与译文在文体、语域、比喻形象和感情色彩上的对应程度。
2. 抽象词语词义的选择
一般来说,普通的抽象词语不但原文里的词义多,而且每个词义在原文和译文里的同义词和近义词也特别多,具体的物质名词由于实指某一物体,翻译的理解和表达的难度要相对小一些。
但是,虚指的抽象词语在翻译中就不那么简单。
为了做到表达精确,我们在选词时既要考虑到词语的语域和语体,又要照顾到词语的感情色彩。
3. 形容词
在翻译形容词,我们不能简单翻译为基本词义,一定要根据上下文,进行引申。
例:great(基本词义:很多)
He once again imparted to us his great knowledge, experience, and wisdom.
我们又一次领受了他那广博的知识、丰富的经验和无穷的智慧。
如果把his great knowledge, experience, and wisdom简单地译成“许多的知识、经验和智慧”,译文就会显得没有文采,缺少节奏感,也不像是地道的汉语。
4. 动词
In every Chinese city, we got into the streets, shops, parks, theatres and restaurants.
在中国我们每到一个城市,就逛街、逛商店、逛公园、上剧场、下饭馆。
例句中的got into the streets, shops, parks, theatres and restaurants 如译成“走进大街、商店、公园、剧场和饭店”,语言就会显得平淡,而且不地道。
选择合适的动词来搭配名词,同一个动词也可以引申出不同的词义,这也是我们在翻译中要注意和掌握的。
5. 名词
例:1)a love letter情书(×情信)
a suicide letter绝命书(×自杀信)
2)a commendatory letter表扬信
a thank-you letter感谢信(ד谢谢你”的信)
3)a letter of condolence唁函(×吊唁信)
从上面的例子可以看出,英语单词letter在译成汉语时有时要用“信”字,有时要用“书”字,有时要用“函”字。
这组例子说明翻译中的选词也要符合译文的表达习惯。
三、翻译中的灵活性
在翻译的过程中,完全按照原文的句式和字典的释义来进行翻译是行不通的。
汉英两种语言在文化背景和语法结构上存在着很大的差异,因此,我们必须根据具体的上下文进行灵活处理。
例1. After the fall of France, Germany was incomparably stronger than England on the ground, about equally matched in the air, and gravely inferior at sea.
法国崩溃之后,德国陆军大大超过英国,空军力量旗鼓相当,海军则严重处于劣势。
如果将此句中的on the ground, in the air, at sea 分别译作“在陆地上,在天空中,在海上”,就会显得非常生硬,充满翻译腔,不地道,所以要将这些词组适当引申,结合句子的上下文进行翻译。
例2. The happiness—the superior advantages of the young women round about her, gave Rebecca inexpressible pangs of envy.
利蓓加看见她周围的小姐们那么有福气,享受种种权利,说不出的眼红。
此句在翻译时,要注意的是调整句子语序。
因为英语是树状结构,而汉语则是竹形结构。
在英译汉时,一定要注意调整语序。
例3. He was a clever man; a pleasant companion; a careless student; with a
great propensity for running into debt, and a partiality for the tavern.
他是个聪明人,谈吐非常风趣,可是不肯用苦功。
他老是东借西挪,又喜欢上酒店喝酒。
词性转换,又是一个在翻译中常用的技巧。
在翻译时,可以将动词或动词词组翻译成名词,反之亦然。
在此句的翻译中,除第一个词组外,其他四个名词词组,在英译汉的过程中,都被转成成了动词,使得译文一下子生动起来。
例4. 非是我等要去寻他,那厮倒来吹毛求疵,因而正好乘势去拿那厮。
(施耐庵:《水浒传》,第四十六回)
Although we’re not looking for trouble with the Zhu’s, since they’ve started the provocations, this is a good chance to go down and nab them.
例5. 这是你自己的祖母。
拜拜罢,保佑你生龙活虎似的大得快。
(鲁迅:《彷徨》中的《孤独者》)
This is your own grandmother. Bow to her so that she will protect you and make you grow up strong and healthy.
例6. 全客厅顿然见得一团和气了。
(鲁迅:《彷徨》中的《离婚》)
Complete harmony prevailed in the hall.
例4中的“吹毛求疵”,例5中的“生龙活虎”以及例6中“一团和气”的都是汉语成语,都采用了修辞中的比喻;但是这3条成语在这3个上下文中,原比喻形象与实际意义不同,因此,我们无法按照字面的比喻意义进行直译,这种情况下就需要灵活处理。
在上面的例句中“吹毛求疵”被译成start the provocations,“生龙活虎”被译成strong and healthy,“一团和气”则被灵活的处理为complete harmony。
四、翻译的多样性。