201604 Anticipation in Interpreting
Interpreting英语口译
Professional code of ethics
Progression of Skills for Consecutive Interpreting
Memory Training: encoding, storage, retrieval,
categorization, generalization and comparison, mnemonics and aids to memory Public Speaking: voice projection, speed of delivery, eye contact Figures: Cardinal numbers, fractions, decimals, percentages, rates, ratios, totals, trends, stability, fluctuation, comparisons, intensifiers and softeners
Progression of Skills for Consecutive Interpreting
Summary: analysis and organization, focus
on main points Communicating across cultures: cultural references, idioms, humor and jokes Sight translation: structuring your delivery, sentences and sense groups
口译简介
1. Definition of Interpreting⏹Interpreting is an oral translation activity. It is the faithful reproduction in one language of what is said in another language.⏹Way of communication⏹Communicating through sounds⏹Rendering from one language into another keeping the meaning intact⏹A task-based activity cutting across receptive and productive skills2. Past and Present of Interpreting1). Development of Modern Interpreting⏹Paris Peace Conference of 1919⏹Nuremberg Trial⏹Nov.11,1953:International Association of Conference Interpreters (AIIC:国际会议口译员协会）2). Professional Interpreting In China3. 口译的种类与特征⏹交替传译(Consecutive Interpreting)⏹随从传译( Personal Interpreting)⏹联络口译(Liaison Interpreting)⏹同声传译(Simultaneous Interpreting)⏹视译(On-Sight Interpreting)⏹咬耳传译(Whispering Interpreting)3. 口译的种类与特征⏹Features of Interpreting⏹Extemporaneousness（即席性）;⏹Stressfulness（紧张性）;⏹Independence（独立性）;⏹Comprehensiveness（综合性）⏹Miscellaneousness（多面性）⏹口译是技术也是艺术4. Basic Requirements for Interpreters⏹1). A Strong Sense of Duty⏹2). A High Level of Linguistic Proficiency⏹3). Wide Encyclopedic Knowledge⏹4). A Good Mastery of Interpreting Skills4. Basic Requirements for Interpreters⏹1). A Strong Sense of Duty (Professional Codes of Conduct)⏹confidentiality（保密）,⏹impartiality（公正）,⏹accuracy（准确）,⏹objectiveness（客观）⏹competence（胜任）.5. 译员的知识结构⏹Lin Y uru et.al⏹I = S + C + P⏹Interpreting = Interpreting Skills + Comprehension + Production5. 译员的知识结构⏹Daniel Gile’s Formula:⏹C = KL + ELK + A⏹Comprehension =Knowledge for language⏹+ Extra-linguistic knowledge + Analysis5. 译员的知识结构Knowledge Requirement Formula:⏹KI = KL + EK + S (P +AP)⏹KI= Knowledge Required for an Interpreter⏹KL=Knowledge for Language⏹EK= Encyclopedic Knowledge⏹S=(P+AP)=Professional Interpreting Skills + Artistic Presentation Skills5. 译员的知识结构⏹S（P+AP）= Professional Interpreting Skills and Artistic Presentation Skills⏹即技能版块=⏹职业口译技能---包括记忆、笔记、信息综述与重组、译前准备等，⏹艺术表达技能---即以科学的手段、艺术性完成口译过程的技能，如口译的应对策略就属于艺术技能的范畴。
同声传译智慧树知到答案章节测试2023年大连外国语大学
第一章测试1.What is the landmark event in the development of simultaneous interpreting?A:International Postal CongressB:General Assembly of the United NationsC:the Paris Peace ConferenceD:Nuremberg Trials答案:D2.What makes the work of simultaneous interpreting possible?( )A:Demand of the marketB:Development of interpretingC:Demand of the leadersD:Development of technology答案:ABD3.Who is said to be the initiator of simultaneous interpreter?( )A:Edward FileneB:Gordon FinleyC:Andrew ConstableD:Filene-Finlay答案:A4.What is the English name for “耳语同传”? ( )A:chuchotageB:Consecutive interpretingC:whisperD:simultaneous interpreting答案:AC5.What is the simultaneous interpreting system updated by IBM?( )A:EarphoneB:Filene-FinlayC:HushaphoneD:Booth答案:C第二章测试1.What is the standard for good interpreting?（）A:quickB:accurateC:fluentD:complete答案:ABCD2.What is the biggest pressure for simultaneous interpreting?( )A:speechB:contextC:audienceD:time答案:D3.What are the common training for enhancing listening in simultaneous interpreting?（）A:retellingB:closeC:anticipationD:summary答案:ACD4.What belongs to paralanguage?（）A:stressB:Body languageC:IntonationD:pitch答案:ABCD5.If the simultaneous interpreters of all the languages shall listen to one specific interpreter, then what type of interpreting are they doing?（）A:RelayB:LiaisonC:WhisperD:chuchotage答案:A第三章测试1.What equals simultaneous interpreting in the Effort Model?( )A:ProductionB:Listening and AnalysisC:CoordinationD:Memory答案:ABCD2.Memory can be divided into the following except ______ ?（）A:sensory memoryB:past memoryC:long-term memoryD:short-term memory答案:B3.What is the core of information processing model according to psychologist?（）A:listeningB:analysisC:comprehensionD:memory答案:D4.Which of the following is connected with information storage in interpretingtask?（）A:immediate memoryB:long-term memoryC:sensory memoryD:short-term memory答案:CD5.源语复述训练过程中需要注意的是要先跟读，再复述。
同声传译
同声传译基本原则同声传译既是一门艺术、又是一门技术。
因此，有一定的基本原则可以在翻译中遵循，以达到更加有效地完成口译工作。
在同声翻译，特别是汉英同声翻译工作中，以下几条可以作为指导我们进行翻译的原则：(1) 顺句驱动：在同传过程中，译员按听到的原语的句子顺序，把整个句子切成意群单位或信息单位，再使用连接词把这些单位自然连接起来，译出整体的意思。
这种翻译方法为“ 顺句驱动” 。
如以下句子按顺句驱动的原则来译：“ 所有人// 都可以借助互联网资源// 来学习，不论他们是哪个民族、// 何种性别、// 何种肤色、// 只要他们可能接入互联网。
” 译文：“All can study //by relying on internet resources// regardless of their race, nationality and sex// providing that //they could have access to the internet.” 同声传译是与原语发言人的发言同步进行的，翻译活动必须在原语发言人讲话结束后瞬间内（或同时）结束。
因此，同传译员要最大限度地在翻译过程中争取缩短翻译与原语发言之间的时间差。
这个时间差越小，译员记忆的内容就会越多，译出的信息也就越多。
英汉语的语序差别较大，要完全听明白原语语序、意义之后再进行翻译则很难跟上原语发言人。
因此，“ 顺句驱动是英汉同声传译的一个最大特征。
”(2) 随时调整：调整是同声翻译中的校译过程，是译员根据接受到的新的内容调整信息、纠正错译、补充漏译的重要环节。
如英语中的时间、地点状语等大多出现在句尾，在使用“ 顺句驱动” 进行翻译时，会出现译完主句，又出现状语的情况。
如：“I went to Holiday Inn//for a seminar// at 10 oclock//yesterday.” 按顺句驱动的原则，可能这样译：“ 我去了假日酒店// 参加一个研讨会// 在十点钟// 昨天。
sight interpreting(视译)
Principles for Sight Interpreting
• 1. Syntactic Linearity 顺句驱动 • 2. Anticipation 适度超前 • 3. Readjustment 随时调整
1. Syntactic Linearity 顺句驱动
• Linearity – interpreter closely follows the sourcelanguage structure and lexical choices in interpreting • E.g. • 所有人//都可以借助互联网信息资源//来学习，不论他们 是哪个民族、//何种性别、//何种肤色，//只要他们可以 接入互联网。 • All // can study // by relying on Internet resources // regardless of their races, // nationalities // and sex // providing that they could have access to the Internet.
英语作文关于厨神大赛活动
英语作文关于厨神大赛活动在这篇作文中，我会为你创作一篇以"厨神大赛活动"为题材的英语作文，力求高质量，不少于1500字。
---。
Title: The Culinary Excellence Competition。
Introduction:In the realm of culinary arts, where creativity meets skill, there exists a platform that celebrates the prowess of chefs from all walks of life the Culinary Excellence Competition. This annual event draws participants from around the globe, each vying for the coveted title of "Culinary Champion". In this essay, we will delve into the intricacies of this esteemed competition, exploring its significance, format, and the fervor it ignites among both contestants and spectators.Significance:The Culinary Excellence Competition transcends mere culinary showdowns; it embodies a celebration of cultural diversity, innovation, and mastery of culinary techniques. Through this event, participants showcase not only their culinary skills but also their ability to blend tradition with modernity, creating gastronomic delights thattantalize the senses. Moreover, the competition serves as a platform for culinary exchange, fostering camaraderie and mutual learning among chefs from diverse backgrounds.Format:The competition unfolds in multiple stages, each designed to test different facets of a chef's proficiency. The preliminary rounds commence with a mystery box challenge, where contestants are presented with a selection of ingredients and tasked with crafting a dish within a limited timeframe. This segment not only evaluates contestants' adaptability and creativity but also their ability to think on their feet.Following the mystery box challenge, contestants progress to the themed cuisine round, where they are required to prepare dishes inspired by a specific culinary tradition or theme. This segment showcases participants' knowledge of global cuisines, as well as their skill in interpreting and innovating upon traditional recipes.As the competition intensifies, finalists are tasked with the ultimate test the signature dish round. Here, contestants present their pièce de résistance, a dishthat epitomizes their culinary philosophy, creativity, and technical prowess. Judges meticulously evaluate each element of the dish, from flavor and presentation to technique and originality, in determining the ultimate Culinary Champion.Fervor:The Culinary Excellence Competition evokes a palpable sense of excitement and anticipation among both contestants and spectators. For contestants, the competition representsan opportunity to showcase years of dedication, passion, and relentless pursuit of culinary excellence. The journey to the finals is fraught with challenges and adrenaline-fueled moments, as contestants push the boundaries of their culinary expertise in pursuit of greatness.Meanwhile, for spectators, the competition offers a feast for the senses, as they bear witness to culinary masterpieces being brought to life before their eyes. From the sizzle of pans to the aromatic bouquet of spices, each moment is infused with the passion and creativity of the chefs. Moreover, the competition serves as a source of inspiration, igniting a newfound appreciation for the artistry and craftsmanship that define the culinary world.Conclusion:In essence, the Culinary Excellence Competition transcends the realm of mere cooking contests, emerging as a celebration of culinary artistry, innovation, andcultural exchange. Through its format, significance, and the fervor it ignites, the competition serves as atestament to the boundless creativity and talent that define the world of gastronomy. As contestants converge on the culinary stage, they not only compete for accolades but also inspire a global audience with their culinary mastery and passion for the culinary arts.。
Interpretive Approach in Interpreting
Definition
• Interpretative approach • Theory of sense • Adopted by members of the ESIT group(巴黎高等翻译学校), also called ‘Paris interpretive school’(法国释 意派)
Delisle
• Developed a more detailed version of the interpretive approach to translation, based on discourse analysis and text linguistics, where the interpretation of the text is defined in terms of specific criteria such as contextual analysis and preserving textual organicity (Delisle 1988), with particular reference to the teaching of translation and interpreting.
Interpretive Approach in InБайду номын сангаасerpreting
Xu Qiongbo 6512004
Outline
• • • • • Definition The theoretical background Danica Seleskovitch Jean Delisle Relationship to other approaches
The theoretical background
• Late 1960s • On the basis of research in Conference Interpreting • Main representatives: D. Seleskovitch, M. Lederer, J. Delisle, etc.
sight interpreting(视译)
3. Readjustment 随时调整
• interpreter rectifies errors and adds new information • E.g. • My country will submit its report between now and Kyoto. • 我国将提交自己的报告，时间是在京都会议召开之前。
Principles for Sight Interpreting
• 1. Syntactic Linearity 顺句驱动 • 2. Anticipation 适度超前 • 3. Readjustment 随时调整
1. Syntactic Linearity 顺句驱动
• Linearity – interpreter closely follows the sourcelanguage structure and lexical choices in interpreting • E.g. • 所有人//都可以借助互联网信息资源//来学习，不论他们 是哪个民族、//何种性别、//何种肤色，//只要他们可以 接入互联网。 • All // can study // by relying on Internet resources // regardless of their races, // nationalities // and sex // providing that they could have access to the Internet.
3. Repetition 重复
பைடு நூலகம்
使用适当的重复，可以帮助争取时间，组织语言，有时可加强汉语 的节奏感，有助于调整双语之间的差距。
关于大陆法系的英语作文
In the vast tapestry of legal systems that define the worlds governance, the Continental Law System,also known as Civil Law,stands as a rich and complex tradition with deep historical roots.This essay delves into the unique characteristics of the Continental Law System,its historical evolution,and its contemporary significance in shaping the legal landscape of numerous countries.The Continental Law System is distinguished by its reliance on written laws and codes,which serve as the primary source of legal authority.Unlike the Common Law System,which relies heavily on judicial precedents,the Civil Law tradition is characterized by a systematic and comprehensive approach to legislation.This system is prevalent in many European countries,as well as in regions influenced by French and German legal traditions,such as Latin America and parts of Africa and Asia.The origins of the Continental Law System can be traced back to the Roman Law,which laid the foundation for the legal principles that would later be adopted and adapted by various European nations.The Corpus Juris Civilis,compiled by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I in the6th century,is considered a monumental work that encapsulates the essence of Roman Law and has significantly influenced the development of Civil Law.One of the most striking features of the Continental Law System is its codified nature.The Napoleonic Code,established in France in the early19th century,is a prime example of a comprehensive legal code that has served as a model for many other countries.This code was a revolutionarystep in legal history,as it aimed to unify and simplify the French legal system,making it more accessible and understandable to the general public.The Civil Law tradition places a strong emphasis on the role of the state in the creation and enforcement of laws.In this system,the legislature is the primary lawmaking body,and the judiciary is responsible for interpreting and applying these laws in specific cases.This contrasts with the Common Law System,where judges play a more active role in shaping the law through their decisions,which can serve as binding precedents for future cases.The Continental Law System also tends to be more formal and structured in its legal procedures.For instance,the inquisitorial system,commonly used in Civil Law countries,involves a more active role for judges in investigating the facts of a case,as opposed to the adversarial system found in Common Law countries,where the burden of proof lies with the parties involved.Despite its rigidity,the Continental Law System has shown remarkable adaptability over time.Many countries with a Civil Law tradition have incorporated elements of the Common Law System,such as the recognition of judicial precedents,to enhance the flexibility and dynamism of their legal systems.This blending of legal traditions has led to a more nuanced and responsive approach to justice in many jurisdictions.Moreover,the Continental Law System has played a crucial role in shapingthe legal frameworks of numerous countries,particularly in the areas of contract law,property law,and family law.Its influence can be seen in the uniformity and coherence of legal principles across different jurisdictions, which facilitates international trade and cooperation.In conclusion,the Continental Law System is a testament to the enduring legacy of Roman Law and its ability to adapt and evolve over time.Its emphasis on codified laws,the central role of the state in lawmaking,and the formal structure of legal procedures have contributed to the stability and predictability of legal systems in many countries.As the world continues to grapple with complex legal challenges,the insights and principles of the Continental Law System remain relevant and valuable, offering a rich source of knowledge and inspiration for the development of modern legal systems.。
201604 Anticipation in Interpreting
• 语言语境能帮助译员推测词义，这是因为在任何 语言系统里，语言的前后语序有着高度的规律可 循。比如在英语里，作中心词的名词往往后接定 语从句或同位语来解释或补充说明其性质。这样 ，即使碰到不认识的词，译员可以稍微等一下， 借助其它成分来推测词义。其次，语境中包含丰 富的逻辑关系，例如因果、对照、解释、概括、 举例、回述等，这种规律可以帮助人们对特定语 境中的词义进行推测。另外，语言系统内部存在 着大量的冗余现象，语言的冗余带来信息的冗余 。比如很多意思相近或相对的词汇都是成对出现 ，理解了其中的一个，另一个也不难得出。
• Eg: • 如果译员要参加每届政府工作报告后的记者招待 会，那么译员在招待会前必须对工作报告的内容 非常熟悉，其中出现的热点问题，新生词汇要熟 记，据此对记者可能提到的问题心中有数，如每 年大多都会提到的台湾问题，中美关系问题以及 国内经济与民生问题。同时对发言人的回答也可 以通过了解之前此人的各类讲话，对此类问题的 基本立场等等来预测他可能给出的回答。
• Linguistic anticipation语言内预测 • 语言内预测指的是译员依靠其关于语言结构相 关的信息如词语搭配，连词等知识对讲话的内容 或特定的词义进行预测。即译员在口译过程中能 够在讲话人还没有说出某个词或某种表达还没有 结束之前便能够预测出该词的词义或该语言形式 所包含的信息。
• 完整的预测还应该包括对话语内容的预测,而内容 的预测多建立在语境的基础上(Hatim, &Mason, 2001) 。 • 语境,在此指话语发生时的情景语境,即话语参加者 (发言人和听众) 、话题、时间、地点、讲话方式、 使用语言、讲话目的等。 • 语篇解读者对语境特征了解越多,就越有可能预测 出语篇的内容(于万锁, 2007: 24) 。
在杭州亚运会做志愿者的经历英语作文
在杭州亚运会做志愿者的经历英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1My Experience Volunteering at the Hangzhou Asian GamesAs an avid sports fan and lover of athletic competition, I was absolutely thrilled when Hangzhou was selected to host the 2022 Asian Games. The opportunity to be involved with such a massive international sporting event happening right in my home city was a dream come true. I immediately decided I wanted to play a role and applied to be a volunteer as soon as applications opened up.After going through the selection process, which included an interview and submitting information about my background and interests, I was overjoyed to be accepted as a Games volunteer. I was assigned to work at one of the main outdoor venues that would be hosting athletics and soccer events. My role would involve assisting spectators, helping with way-finding and logistics, and providing language support by interpreting between English and Chinese.In the weeks leading up to the Games, we had to go through extensive training to prepare us for our duties. This involved sessions on representing the Games' values of unity and friendship through outstanding customer service. We learned protocols for secure venue operations, emergency responsiveness, and assisting people with accessibility needs. There were also briefings on the intricacies of each sport that would take place at our assigned venue so we could competently explain things to audience members.Finally, after months of anticipation, the day of the Opening Ceremony arrived. I'll never forget the electricity in the air as I reported for my first volunteer shift. Walking into the immense Olympic Sports Center Stadium festooned with the bright colors and symbols of the Asian Games filled me with patriotic pride for my country and its rich sporting traditions.Over the course of the next couple of weeks, I had the great honor of working at my venue during both the athletics and soccer competitions. While the duties were often grueling, with long hours spent on my feet constantly moving about the grounds, it was incredibly rewarding. I was able to interact with people from all across Asia and form connections with fellow sports enthusiasts.One of my most memorable moments was getting to witness the women's 100m sprint final in person. The tension was palpable as the athletes set themselves in the blocks. When the starting gun cracked, I watched them burst from their marks and accelerate down the track in a blazing fury. Seeing that incredible display of world-class speed and athleticism just a few meters in front of me was absolutely breathtaking and gave me goosebumps.Another unforgettable experience was the gold medal soccer match between my home nation of China and powerhouse Japan. The atmosphere in the stands was electric, with fans waving flags, beating drums, and cheering at deafening volumes. Although China ended up losing in a heartbreaker after a tense back-and-forth battle, I was proud to be part of this thrilling sporting drama playing out on my home turf.While those bright moments of witnessing elite athletic performances will forever be seared into my memory, the true highlights were the small interactions I was able to have while volunteering. So many times I helped guide lost spectators to the proper entrance or seating area, and was met with such warm gratitude. On multiple occasions I utilized my multilingual skills to translate for guests who spoke different languages, allowingthem to fully experience and appreciate the Games. Each of those little encounters left me with a feeling of satisfaction in being able to enhance someone's day in a small but meaningful way.In addition, I made some wonderful friends with my fellow volunteers. We came from all walks of life and different corners of China, brought together by our shared passion for sports and desire to showcase China's hospitality on a global stage. Between our shifts we would share snacks, tell stories, and bond over our mutually rewarding experiences. I now have friends from all across my country that I intend to keep in touch with for life.As the Games drew to a close, there was definitely a bittersweet feeling. While we were all exhausted from the long hours and endless hustle of keeping everything running smoothly, there was also a tinge of sadness that this incredible experience was coming to an end. The incredible feats of athletic brilliance we had the privilege of witnessing would soon be just memories.When the Closing Ceremony's extravaganza of music, dance, and pageantry wrapped up, we said tearful goodbyes to the friends we had made. However, we also felt immense pride in ajob well done. We had been the smiling faces and helpful ambassadors who ensured the Games were a success and created wonderful experiences for athletes and spectators alike. The 2022 Hangzhou Asian Games would go down as not only a shining showcase of China's economic and technological progress, but also its unmatched ability to warmly welcome the world.In the years to come, I know I will always look back fondly on my time as a volunteer at this marquee sporting spectacle. It deepened my appreciation for the incredible dedication and hard work of world-class athletes. It allowed me to be a small part of the larger "Olympic Movement" and experience its ideals of international friendship and peaceful competition. Most importantly, it instilled in me immense pride for my country and its ability to pull off such an immense organizational achievement while displaying China's renowned hospitality to the world. I hope to one day have the opportunity to volunteer at another global sporting event, but the 2022 Hangzhou Asian Games will forever remain a crowning personal accomplishment and cherished memory.篇2My Experience as a Volunteer at the Hangzhou Asian GamesAs an avid sports fan and student at Hangzhou University, I was absolutely thrilled when my city was selected to host the 2022 Asian Games. From the moment the announcement was made, I knew I wanted to be a part of this monumental event in whatever way I could. Little did I know just how life-changing the experience of volunteering would turn out to be.The application process to become a Games volunteer was quite rigorous, involving background checks, interviews, and training sessions. However, my determination to be involved overshadowed any doubts I had. After what felt like an eternity, I received the congratulatory email confirming my selection as an English language volunteer at the Hangzhou Olympic Sports Center.The weeks leading up to the Games were a whirlwind of activity. Along with thousands of other volunteers, I attended briefings and orientations to prepare us for our roles. We were taught everything from venue logistics and crowd control measures to emergency protocols and interpersonal skills. The camaraderie among my fellow volunteers was incredible – we came from all walks of life united by a common goal of ensuring Hangzhou put on an amazing show for the world.When the Opening Ceremony finally arrived on September 10th, 2022, the atmosphere around the city was electric. Locals and visitors alike could feel the buzz of anticipation in the air. I remember feeling an immense sense of pride as the broadcast beamed scenes of my beautiful hometown to billions across Asia and beyond. Watching the Pakistani contingent enter the Bird's Nest during the Parade of Nations sent shivers down my spine.My primary duties involved providing language assistance and wayfinding to athletes, coaches, officials and spectators at the Olympic Sports Center venues. The ability to directly interact with world-class athletes was perhaps the most surreal aspect of the whole experience. One moment that will forever be etched in my memory was helping an Iranian weightlifter find his way to the training room before his competition. Despite the language barrier, we managed to engage in a warm conversation about our shared passion for sports using my broken Farsi and his limited English. Moments like those reminded me of the unifying power of events like the Asian Games.Of course, the experience wasn't without its challenges. The long hours and physical demands of being on your feet for 12+ hours per day were grueling. There were times I'd get home after my shift and just collapse into bed, utterly exhausted. Thepressure of representing my city and country on an international stage also weighed heavily. However, any feelings of fatigue were immediately washed away whenever I witnessed a thrilling competition or achievement by an athlete I had assisted in some way.Beyond the sports themselves, I was fortunate enough to forge many new friendships with volunteers from across Asia during our downtime. Sharing meals, swapping cultural stories, and exploring each other's hometowns allowed me to connect with people I may have never met under regular circumstances. Even months later, I keep in touch with volunteers I met from places like Thailand, Malaysia and Qatar. The Games may have had an expiration date, but the bonds formed will last forever.In the blink of an eye, the Closing Ceremony arrived on September 25th, marking the end of the 16-day spectacle. As I watched the fireworks illuminate the night sky, I couldn't help but feel a bittersweet mixture of accomplishment and sadness that it was all over. For nearly three weeks, I had the privilege of not just witnessing greatness, but being a small part of it. The Hangzhou Asian Games was the ultimate test of physical and mental fortitude, flexing my limits in every possible way whilerewarding me with a lifetime's worth of unbelievable experiences.While future career plans are still up in the air, one thing is for certain – the invaluable skills I developed as a Games volunteer will undoubtedly prove useful no matter what path I choose. Qualities like determination, resilience, teamwork, and cross-cultural communication were drilled into me daily. More importantly, this experience opened my eyes to the remarkable unifying power of sports. At a time when conflicts driven by political, cultural and religious differences seem omnipresent, the Games showed me that athletics have a unique ability to transcend boundaries and bring people together in pursuit of a common appreciation for human achievement.As I now připare to depart the vibrant city that raised me for new adventures after graduation, I'll forever cherish theonce-in-a-lifetime opportunity to be an Asian Games volunteer. The laughs, tears, triumphs, and challenges I witnessed and experienced over those few weeks will be etched into the fabric of my soul. While the venues may now be empty, the spirit of camaraderie, perseverance and global unity that defined the Hangzhou Games will live on as part of its great legacy. I can onlyhope that sometime in the future, I'll be lucky enough to have a front-row seat to that kind of magic again.篇3My Experience as a Volunteer at the Hangzhou Asian GamesAs a university student, I had the incredible opportunity to volunteer at the 19th Asian Games held in Hangzhou, China last year. It was an experience that left an indelible mark on my life, teaching me valuable lessons about dedication, teamwork, and cultural exchange.When the call for volunteers went out, I didn't hesitate to apply. The Asian Games is a prestigious multi-sport event involving athletes from across the continent, and I was thrilled at the prospect of being a part of such a momentous occasion. After a rigorous selection process, I was chosen to serve as a volunteer interpreter, tasked with bridging the language barrier between athletes, officials, and spectators.The months leading up to the Games were a whirlwind of preparation. We underwent extensive training sessions, learning about the Games' history, the various sporting events, and the intricate logistics involved in hosting such a massive undertaking. We were also drilled in customer service, conflict resolution, andcrisis management to ensure we were equipped to handle any situation that might arise.As the opening ceremony drew near, the anticipation was palpable. Hangzhou had undergone a remarkable transformation, with new infrastructure, state-of-the-art venues, and vibrant decorations adorning the city streets. The energy was electric, and I could feel the city's collective excitement and pride.On the day of the opening ceremony, I reported for duty at the main stadium, my heart racing with a mix of nerves and exhilaration. The grand spectacle that unfolded before my eyes was truly breathtaking, with dazzling performances, colorful costumes, and a parade of nations celebrating the diversity of Asian cultures. It was a powerful reminder of the unifying force of sports and the potential for these Games to foster understanding and friendship among people from all walks of life.Over the course of the following weeks, I worked tirelessly alongside my fellow volunteers, interpreting for athletes, officials, and media personnel from countless countries. The language barrier was often a challenge, but I quickly learned to adapt, using gestures, drawings, and the occasional bout of charades to convey my message effectively.One of the most rewarding aspects of my role was interacting with athletes from around the world. Their dedication, passion, and sportsmanship were truly inspiring. I witnessed moments of triumph and heartbreak, but through it all, there was a sense of camaraderie and respect that transcended borders and cultural differences.I also had the privilege of working alongside volunteers from various backgrounds, each with their unique perspectives and experiences. We formed a tight-knit community, supporting one another through long hours and challenging situations. Together, we learned the value of teamwork, communication, and mutual understanding.Beyond the sporting events, I had the opportunity to immerse myself in the rich cultural tapestry of Hangzhou. From exploring ancient temples and picturesque landscapes to savoring the city's renowned cuisine, every day was a journey of discovery. I gained a deeper appreciation for the history, traditions, and hospitality of the host city, and I know that these experiences will stay with me for years to come.As the Games drew to a close, there was a bittersweet feeling in the air. While we celebrated the achievements of the athletes and the success of the event, we also bid farewell to newfoundfriends and cherished memories. The closing ceremony was a poignant reminder of the power of sports to unite people from all corners of the globe, if only for a fleeting moment.Reflecting on my experience as a volunteer at the Hangzhou Asian Games, I am filled with a profound sense of gratitude and personal growth. I learned to step out of my comfort zone, embrace diversity, and appreciate the incredible potential of human endeavor. The Games taught me that through hard work, perseverance, and a spirit of collaboration, we can overcome any obstacle and achieve remarkable feats.As I return to my studies and prepare for the next chapter of my life, I carry with me the memories, lessons, and friendships forged during those unforgettable weeks. The Hangzhou Asian Games may be over, but the impact it has had on me will endure forever. I am proud to have been a part of this historic event and to have contributed, in my own small way, to its resounding success.。
目的论指导下中国传统节日汉英口译——以专题片《我们的节日——仲夏蒲月..
硕士专业学位论文论文题目目的论指导下中国传统节日汉英口译——以专题片《我们的节日——仲夏蒲月话端午》（节选）为例研究生姓名张会指导教师姓名王宇专业名称翻译硕士（口译）研究方向英语口译论文提交日期2015年5月C-E Interpreting on Traditional Chinese Festivals from the Perspective of SkoposTheory：The Case of Our Festivals—A Chat about DuanwuFestival(Excerpt)ByZhang HuiUnder the Supervision ofAssociate Professor Wang YuSubmitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for theDegree ofMaster of Translation and InterpretingSchool of Foreign LanguagesSoochow UniversityMay2015目的论指导下中国传统节日汉英口译摘要摘要随着中国与世界的交流日益密切，中国需要向世界展示自己的优秀文化，世界也需要途径更好地了解中国。
作为中国文化的重要组成部分，中国传统节日和传统文化是人们了解中国文化的必要途径。
因此，本文选取《我们的节日》中的端午节这一案例进行研究，希望以此给传统节日类文本的口译实践提供借鉴。
口译是一项跨文化交际行为，明确并实现交际目的在跨文化交际中非常重要。
目的论为本文提供了研究角度。
遵循目的论的三原则，即明确口译目的，确保译文语内连贯，译文和原文语际忠实，能有效传达源语信息，实现交际目的。
本文从目的论视角，对所选案例《我们的节日——仲夏蒲月话端午》的汉英交替传译活动和译后反思进行探讨。
本文首先分析了案例中存在的口译难点，分为语言结构和文化信息两方面。
最喜欢的拉丁舞英语作文
最喜欢的拉丁舞英语作文The rhythm of Latin dance is like a heartbeat, strong and persistent, yet it can be as gentle as a whisper, carrying the dancers through a story told by their bodies. Among the many styles, Salsa has captured my heart with its vibrant energy and passionate expression. It is a dance that does not just move the feet but also the soul, intertwining dancers in a conversation without words, where each step and spin is a syllable in a language understood universally.Salsa's origins are as rich and spicy as its name suggests, a fusion of Afro-Caribbean and Latin sounds that evolved into a dance phenomenon. It is the music that calls first, with percussion as the invitation, the brass section building anticipation, and the clave setting the pace. Then, the dance follows, a physical manifestation of music, a three-dimensional representation of the sound that fills the room.The dance floor becomes a stage, and every couple are the stars of their show. The connection between partners in Salsa is paramount; it is a mutual agreement to converse, to listen and respond. The lead proposes the movements, subtle signals through the hands, the arms, and the frame, and the follow answers, interpreting these cues with grace and precision. This dialogue is not just about performing the steps correctly but about adding a personal flair, a signature that makes each dance unique.In Salsa, there is a sense of community, a shared joy that is palpable in the air. It is not uncommon to see smiles exchanged between strangers, nods of appreciation for a well-executed turn, or claps for a sequence that captures the essence of the music. This community is not bound by language, age, or background; it is united by the love of dance.The beauty of Salsa lies in its versatility. It can be danced socially, with friends and strangers alike, in a casual setting where the only goal is enjoyment. Yet, it can also be elevated to a performance art, where choreography, costumes, and storytelling take center stage, and dancers transform into actors, their performance a narrative.As a dancer, Salsa has taught me more than just steps and timing; it has been a lesson in presence, in being fully in the moment. It demands focus, as the mind must be attuned to the music and the partner, leaving no room for distractions. It is a meditation in motion, where the only thoughts are those of movement and music.Salsa is not just a dance; it is a celebration of life, a reminder that joy can be found in the simplest of things, like a song, a beat, or a step. It is a testament to the power of human connection, a proof that sometimes, words are unnecessary when hearts are speaking.In conclusion, Salsa is not just my favorite Latin dance; it is a cherished chapter in the story of my life. It has been a companion through different seasons, a constant that brings comfort and excitement in equal measure. It is a passion that burns brightly, a flame that I hope to carry and share for as long as the music plays. Salsa is more than a dance; it is a way of life. 。
植树节老师发的满天星植物成长过程作文
The Growth Process of Baby's Breath在春暖花开的季节里，我们迎来了植树节。
这一天，老师发给我们每人一株满天星的小苗，希望我们能亲手培育它，观察它的成长过程。
我小心翼翼地接过这株娇嫩的小生命，心中充满了期待与激动。
In the season of blooming flowers and warm spring, we ushered in Arbor Day. On this day, the teacher gave each of us a small seedling of baby's breath, hoping that we could cultivate it with our own hands and observe its growth process.I carefully took this delicate little life in my hands, filled with anticipation and excitement.刚开始的几天，我每天都会给满天星小苗浇水，生怕它缺水而枯萎。
小苗的叶子嫩绿嫩绿的，看上去非常健康。
我时常蹲在它旁边，仔细观察它的每一个细微变化。
渐渐地，我发现小苗的茎开始变长，叶子也更加茂盛了。
In the first few days, I watered the baby's breath seedling every day, afraid that it would wilt due to lack of water. The leaves of the seedling were bright and tender green, looking very healthy. I often squatted beside it, carefully observing every subtle change in it. Gradually, I noticed that the stem of the seedling began to grow longer, and the leaves became more lush.随着时间的推移，满天星小苗越长越高，叶子也愈发茂盛。
我期待从大学中得到什么英语作文
我期待从大学中得到什么英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1What I Expect to Gain from UniversityGoing to university is a big step in one's life. It is a time of new experiences, challenges, and growth. As I embark on this journey, there are several things that I hope to gain from my time in university.First and foremost, I expect to gain knowledge and skills that will help me in my future career. I have chosen to major in Business Administration, and I hope to learn all the necessary skills to become a successful business professional. I want to understand the ins and outs of the business world, learn how to effectively manage people and projects, and develop strong analytical and problem-solving abilities. I believe that the knowledge I gain from my courses will be invaluable in helping me achieve my career goals.In addition to academic knowledge, I also hope to gain practical experience through internships and co-op programs. I believe that hands-on experience is just as important asclassroom learning, and I am eager to apply what I have learned in real-world situations. I hope to intern at a well-respected company in my field of study, where I can learn from seasoned professionals and gain valuable insights into the industry.Furthermore, I expect to gain personal growth and development from my time at university. I believe that university is not just about academics; it is also about self-discovery and personal growth. I hope to meet new people from diverse backgrounds, engage in meaningful discussions, and challenge my own beliefs and perspectives. I want to push myself out of my comfort zone, try new things, and become a more well-rounded individual.Lastly, I hope to gain lifelong friendships and connections through my time at university. I believe that the people you meet in university can have a lasting impact on your life, and I am excited to make new friends and build strong relationships. I hope to surround myself with like-minded individuals who share my passions and values, and who will support and motivate me throughout my academic journey.In conclusion, there are many things that I hope to gain from my time at university. From knowledge and practical experience to personal growth and lifelong friendships, I believe thatuniversity will be a transformative experience that will shape me into the person I aspire to be. I am excited for all the opportunities and challenges that lay ahead, and I am confident that I will emerge from university as a stronger, more knowledgeable, and more well-rounded individual.篇2As I prepare to embark on my journey towards higher education, I am filled with excitement and anticipation for all the new experiences and opportunities that await me in college. One of the things I am most looking forward to is the chance to further develop my skills in the English language and expand my knowledge and understanding of the world through the study of literature, language, and culture.First and foremost, I am eager to enhance my English language proficiency through rigorous coursework and immersive language practice. In college, I hope to take advanced English classes that will challenge me to become a more eloquent and nuanced communicator. I also plan to participate in language exchange programs and conversation clubs to improve my speaking and listening skills. By honing my command of the English language, I hope to become a moreeffective and articulate communicator in both my academic and professional pursuits.Moreover, I am excited to delve deeper into the rich and diverse world of English literature. In college, I look forward to studying a wide range of literary works from different time periods and cultural perspectives. From classic novels and plays to contemporary poetry and short stories, I hope to explore a variety of genres and styles that will broaden my literary horizons and deepen my appreciation for the written word. By analyzing and interpreting literary texts, I aim to sharpen my critical thinking skills and gain new insights into the human experience.In addition to language and literature, I am eager to explore the cultural aspects of the English-speaking world. Through courses in cultural studies, history, and sociology, I hope to gain a better understanding of the diverse societies and traditions that shape the English-speaking countries. I also look forward to engaging with international students and professors who can offer unique perspectives on global issues and events. By immersing myself in different cultures and worldviews, I hope to cultivate greater empathy, tolerance, and cross-cultural communication skills.Overall, I believe that my college experience will be greatly enriched by my studies in English language, literature, and culture. I am excited to embark on this academic journey and eager to learn and grow in new ways. By immersing myself in the world of English studies, I hope to become a more skilled and knowledgeable individual who can make a positive impact on the world around me. I look forward to the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead, and I am confident that my college education will be a transformative and rewarding experience.篇3What I Expect to Gain from UniversityAs I prepare to embark on my journey towards higher education, I am filled with excitement and anticipation. The prospect of attending university is not only a stepping stone towards achieving my career goals, but also an opportunity for personal growth and development. I have high expectations for my time in university, believing that it will provide me with valuable experiences and opportunities that will shape my future in a positive way.One of the things I expect to gain from university is a strong academic foundation. I look forward to delving into my chosenfield of study and expanding my knowledge and understanding of the subject matter. I hope to be challenged intellectually and pushed to think critically and analytically. I believe that university will provide me with the tools and resources necessary to excel in my studies and prepare me for a successful career in the future.In addition to acquiring academic knowledge, I also expect to develop important life skills during my time at university. I hope to improve my communication and interpersonal skills through interactions with professors, peers, and other members of the university community. I believe that university will provide me with opportunities to collaborate with others, work in teams, and develop leadership skills that will be valuable in my future career.Furthermore, I expect university to be a place where I can explore my interests and passions, both academically and personally. I look forward to participating in extracurricular activities, attending lectures and events, and engaging with different cultures and perspectives. I hope that university will broaden my horizons and expose me to new ideas and experiences that will enrich my life and shape my identity.Overall, I have high hopes and expectations for my time at university. I believe that it will be a transformative and enrichingexperience that will prepare me for the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead. I am excited to see where this journey will take me and eager to make the most of the opportunities that university has to offer. I am confident that university will provide me with the knowledge, skills, and experiences that I need to achieve my goals and fulfill my potential.。
记一次猜字谜活动英文作文450字左右
记一次猜字谜活动英文作文450字左右回答例子1:Title: A Memorable Experience: A Guessing Riddles ActivityLast weekend, I had the pleasure of attending a guessing riddles activity organized by our local community center. It turned out to be an evening filled with laughter, camaraderie, and intellectual challenge.As the event began, the room buzzed with excitement. People of all ages, from children to seniors, gathered around tables adorned with pen and paper, ready to engage in some brain-teasing fun. The atmosphere was electric, with an air of anticipation hanging thickly in the room.The rules were simple: participants were divided into teams, each tasked with solving a series of riddles within a given time limit. The riddles varied in difficulty, ranging from the delightfully easy to the frustratingly complex. But regardless of the challenge level, everyone approached the task with enthusiasm and determination.Our team, comprised of friends and family, huddled together, strategizing our approach. With a mix of confidence and trepidation, we delved into the first riddle. It was a classic brainteaser, requiring lateral thinking and clever wordplay. As we debated various interpretations and brainstormed possible solutions, it became clear that teamwork would be our greatest asset.As the minutes ticked by, we progressed through the riddles, each one presenting its own unique set of challenges. Some required us to think outside the box, while others tested our knowledge of trivia and language. But through it all, we laughed, teased, and encouraged one another, forging bonds of friendship strengthened by the shared pursuit of intellectual victory.There were moments of frustration, of course. Times when we were stumped by a particularly tricky riddle or when our egos took a blow from a seemingly obvious solution eluding us. But in those moments, we reminded ourselves that the joy was in the journey, not just the destination. And so, withrenewed determination, we pressed on, fueled by the thrill of the challenge and the camaraderie of our team.Finally, after what seemed like both an eternity and a fleeting moment, the last riddle was solved. Cheers erupted from our table as we celebrated our collective triumph. But more than the satisfaction of victory, what lingered was the warmth of shared memories and the bonds forged through collaboration and friendly competition.As we bid farewell to our fellow participants and headed home, I couldn't help but reflect on the profound impact of such simple pleasures. In a world often dominated by stress and strife, moments like these serve as reminders of the importance of connection, laughter, and the joy of engaging our minds in playful pursuits.In conclusion, the guessing riddles activity was not just an event but an experience—a testament to the power of community, curiosity, and the enduring appeal of a good challenge. It's a memory I'll treasure for years to come, and a reminder that sometimes, the best adventures are found in thecompany of friends, armed with nothing more than a pen, paper, and a healthy dose of imagination.回答例子2:Sure, I'd be happy to help you brainstorm and outline your essay. Let's start by breaking down the key elements you'll want to cover in your essay about a guessing game activity. Here's a suggested outline:1. Introduction:- Introduce the concept of the guessing game activity.- Briefly explain the purpose of the activity and its popularity.- Provide a thesis statement outlining the significance of the experience.2. Description of the Guessing Game:- Explain the rules and format of the guessing game.- Describe the setting where the activity took place.- Discuss any unique features or variations of the game that were used.3. Participation Experience:- Share your personal experience participating in the guessing game.- Describe your emotions and thoughts before, during, and after the game.- Highlight any memorable moments or challenges you encountered.4. Observations and Reflections:- Analyze the dynamics of the group during the game.- Reflect on the communication strategies used by participants to convey clues or guesses.- Discuss the role of teamwork, cooperation, and competition in the activity.5. Language and Communication Skills:- Evaluate the importance of language skills in effectively conveying and interpreting clues.- Discuss how the guessing game activity can improve language proficiency and communication abilities.6. Social and Cultural Significance:- Explore the social aspects of the guessing game, suchas its role in fostering connections and building relationships.- Discuss any cultural significance or traditions associated with similar games in different cultures.7. Conclusion:- Summarize the key points discussed in the essay.- Reflect on the overall impact of the guessing game experience.- Offer insights or lessons learned from participating in the activity.Would you like to delve deeper into any specific section or aspect of the essay? Let me know if you need further assistance or have any specific questions!。
我的梦想职业是画家的英语作文加中文
我的梦想职业是画家的英语作文加中文Ever since I was a child, I have been captivated by the world of art. The vibrant colors, the intricate brushstrokes, and the ability to capture the essence of a moment or a subject have always fascinated me. As I grew older, my passion for art only deepened, and I found myself drawn to the idea of pursuing a career as an artist. This dream has become a driving force in my life, shaping my aspirations and guiding my every step.One of the primary reasons why I aspire to become an artist is the sheer joy and fulfillment it brings. When I am painting or sketching, I feel a sense of peace and contentment wash over me. The act of creating something from nothing, of transforming a blank canvas into a masterpiece, is a deeply satisfying and empowering experience. It allows me to express my emotions, my thoughts, and my unique perspective on the world around me.Moreover, being an artist offers a level of creative freedom and self-expression that few other professions can match. As an artist, I would have the opportunity to explore a wide range of mediums, styles,and techniques, constantly pushing the boundaries of my abilities and experimenting with new ways of seeing and interpreting the world. This freedom to explore and create is a fundamental aspect of the artistic process, and it is something that I find deeply appealing.Another aspect of being an artist that I find immensely appealing is the opportunity to connect with others on a deeper level. Art has the power to transcend language and cultural barriers, allowing artists to communicate their ideas, emotions, and perspectives to a global audience. By creating art that resonates with people, I would have the chance to touch the lives of others, to inspire them, and to provoke thought-provoking conversations.Moreover, the role of the artist in society is one that I find deeply meaningful. Artists have the ability to shape and reflect the zeitgeist of their time, to comment on social and political issues, and to challenge the status quo. Through their work, they can raise awareness, spark important dialogues, and even inspire social change. This sense of purpose and the potential to make a lasting impact on the world is something that I find incredibly compelling.Of course, pursuing a career as an artist is not without its challenges. The path to success can be long and arduous, with countless obstacles and setbacks along the way. The financial uncertainty and the highly competitive nature of the art world can be daunting, andthere is no guarantee of success or recognition. However, these challenges only serve to make the pursuit of my dream all the more rewarding.To achieve my goal of becoming a successful artist, I am committed to honing my skills and pushing the boundaries of my creative abilities. I plan to continue my formal art education, studying under the guidance of experienced and respected artists who can help me develop my technical skills and expand my artistic vision. I will also seek out opportunities to exhibit my work, to network with other artists and art professionals, and to immerse myself in the vibrant and ever-evolving art community.At the same time, I recognize the importance of developing a well-rounded set of skills that will support my artistic pursuits. This may include learning about business and marketing, as well as developing strong communication and interpersonal skills that will help me navigate the complexities of the art world. By building a diverse skill set, I can increase my chances of success and create a sustainable career as an artist.Ultimately, my dream of becoming an artist is not just about the pursuit of personal fulfillment and creative expression. It is also about the desire to make a meaningful contribution to the world around me. Through my art, I hope to inspire others, to challengetheir perceptions, and to foster a greater appreciation for the power of art to connect, to educate, and to transform. It is a lofty goal, to be sure, but one that I am deeply passionate about and determined to achieve.As I look to the future, I am filled with a sense of excitement and anticipation. The path ahead may be uncertain, but I am confident in my abilities and my unwavering commitment to my dream. With hard work, dedication, and a willingness to take risks, I believe that I can turn my dream of becoming an artist into a reality. And in doing so, I will not only fulfill my own personal aspirations but also make a lasting impact on the world around me.我的梦想职业是画家自从我还是个孩子的时候,我就被艺术的世界所吸引。
这学期我参加了舞蹈俱乐部的英文英语作文
这学期我参加了舞蹈俱乐部的英文英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Joining the Dance Club This SemesterWhen I walked onto campus for my first semester of college, I had no idea what an incredible experience awaited me. Sure, I was excited about my classes and eager to make new friends. But little did I know that one simple decision would open up a whole new world of creativity, expression, and pure joy. That decision? Joining the university dance club.To be honest, I hadn't danced much before college. I took a couple years of ballet as a kid, but quickly got bored with the rigidity of it all. Dancing always seemed like something very technical and restrictive to me. But my perspective shifted entirely when I attended the dance club's welcome event during the first week of the semester.The club was hosting an open dance party in the student union building. Pumped up music was blasting, and students of all backgrounds were freestyle dancing with unbridled enthusiasm. I watched in awe as they moved their bodies withsuch freedom and confidence. Guys were pulling off windmills and backflips. Girls danced sensuously yet powerfully. The vibe was electric and contagious.Against my usual shyness, I felt an impulse to join them on the dance floor. I can't fully explain what emboldened me in that moment. Maybe it was the energy of the room. Maybe it was the liberating anonymity of being a new face on campus. Or maybe it was just a spontaneous willingness to step outside my comfort zone. Whatever the reason, I started bobbing my head and tapping my feet to the rhythm.One of the dancers noticed me and enthusiastically waved me onto the floor. With an anxious deep breath, I jumped in. At first, I felt exposed and self-conscious. My movements were rigid and awkward compared to the effortless flow around me. But the dancers didn't judge - they cheered me on and danced circles around me with bright smiles. Slowly, I let my body loosen up and my insecurities melt away. Before I knew it, I was improvising silly moves and laughing at myself. For those fleeting minutes, I was truly living in the present and experiencing pure joy.Needless to say, I signed up for the dance club right after that night. Over the course of the semester, the club has become my home away from home. The dancers are some of thewarmest, most welcoming people I've ever met. We come from all different backgrounds and belief systems, yet we're united by our shared passion for self-expression through movement.In the club, I've had the chance to explore many different dance styles, from hip-hop and breakdancing to Contemporary and K-pop. I've developed newfound strength, flexibility, and body control that I never could've imagined. But more importantly, I've discovered an avenue to channeling my deepest emotions into something beautiful and cathartic.Dancing has been an oasis of freedom from the stresses of college life. When I'm feeling overwhelmed by classes, tests, and looming decisions about my future, I know I can escape to the dance studio. As soon as the music starts playing, everything else melts away. My mind stops its incessant whirring, and I'm fully present in my body. I lose myself in the rhythm, the movement, and the electrifying energy shared with my dance crew.Not only has dance allowed me to embrace my creative side, but it's also pushed me to new levels of physical health. I never considered myself an athlete before, but dancing is one of the most intense full-body workouts I've experienced. I've become stronger, more flexible, and much more in tune with my physical limits and capabilities. Dance has instilled lessons aboutperseverance, dedication, and managing physical and mental burnout that will serve me well in all areas of life.But ultimately, it's the people in the dance club that have made this semester so special. Never could I have imagined forming such deep bonds through the art of movement. We've laughed together until our cheeks hurt and our abs were sore. We've encouraged each other to take risks and try new styles outside our comfort zones. We've been there for each other through personal struggles, offering hugs, a shoulder to cry on, or just being goofy presences to snap each other out of a funk.I think back to that very first dance party and how scared yet intrigued I felt watching everyone move with such freedom. Looking at me now, confidently performing hip-hop pieces in front of an audience, I'm amazed at how far I've come in such a short time. I've unlocked a new dimension of self-expression and self-love that I don't think I ever could've discovered without dance.As the semester comes to a close, I can't help but feel immense gratitude for the dance club that brought me out of my shy shell. They've become a second family that will always have a special place in my heart. Dance isn't just a physical activity for me anymore - it's a lifestyle, a community, and a beautifulmotivating philosophy. No matter where life takes me after college, I know the art of dance will remain a constant source of joy, creativity, and human connection.To anyone considering joining their university's dance club, I cannot recommend it enough. It's a place of zero judgments, unconditional support, and the freedom to express yourself through movement. You don't need any prior experience - the beauty of dance is that anyone can learn and grow with an open mind and willingness to move outside your comfort zone. So take a risk this semester. Accept the open invitation to lose yourself in the rhythm and discover the purest form of embodied joy.篇2Here's an essay of around 2000 words about joining the dance club this semester, written from a student's perspective in English:The Rhythm Within: My Journey with the Dance ClubAs the new semester dawned, I found myself seeking a fresh challenge, a pursuit that would ignite my spirit and liberate me from the monotony of academia. Little did I know that theanswer lay within the rhythmic beats and graceful movements of the university's dance club.Stepping into the studio for the first time, I was a bundle of nerves and self-doubt. The mirrors that lined the walls seemed to scrutinize my every move, and the experienced dancers exuded an air of confidence that I could only dream of possessing. However, the warm welcome from the club's members quickly dissipated my apprehensions, and I found myself immersed in a world of camaraderie and shared passion.The first few sessions were a whirlwind of new sensations. My body, unaccustomed to the intricacies of dance, protested with aching muscles and clumsy missteps. Yet, with each stumble, I grew more determined to master the art form that had captivated me. The instructors, patient and encouraging, guided me through the basics, breaking down each movement into digestible pieces that I could slowly assemble into a cohesive routine.As the weeks progressed, I began to notice a transformation within myself. The once-foreign movements became second nature, and my body responded with a newfound grace and fluidity. Each practice session was a journey of self-discovery, as I explored the depths of my physical and mental capabilities. Themusic that once merely filled the room now coursed through my veins, propelling me forward with an energy I never knew existed.Alongside the physical demands of dance, I found myself forging bonds with my fellow club members that transcended the studio walls. We became a tight-knit community, supporting one another through the highs and lows of our shared passion. Late-night practice sessions transformed into impromptuheart-to-heart conversations, where we shared our dreams, frustrations, and triumphs. In those moments, the dance floor became a sanctuary, a place where we could shed our inhibitions and express ourselves without fear of judgment.As the semester approached its end, our hard work culminated in a series of performances that showcased our growth and dedication. The anticipation and adrenaline coursing through my veins were palpable as I stepped onto the stage, the bright lights illuminating the path that had led me to this moment. With each graceful movement, each synchronized step, I felt a sense of pride and accomplishment that words could not adequately describe.Looking back on this transformative experience, I realize that joining the dance club was far more than a mere extracurricularactivity. It was a journey of self-discovery, a testament to the power of perseverance, and a reminder that stepping outside of our comfort zones can lead us to unimagined heights. The rhythm that once seemed foreign now pulses within me, a constant companion that reminds me of the strength and resilience I possess.As I embark on the next chapter of my academic and personal journey, I carry with me the lessons learned from the dance club – the importance of embracing challenges, the value of supportive communities, and the undeniable joy that comes from pursuing one's passions wholeheartedly. The rhythm within me will continue to guide my steps, propelling me forward with the grace and confidence I have cultivated through this extraordinary experience.篇3Joining the Dance Club: A Journey of Self-DiscoveryAs I stepped onto the dance floor for the first time this semester, my heart pounded with a mix of excitement and apprehension. Little did I know that this decision to join the university's dance club would become a pivotal moment in my personal growth journey.Growing up, I had always admired the grace and artistry of dancers. The way they moved their bodies, interpreting music through fluid motions, was nothing short of mesmerizing. However, I had never mustered the courage to explore this passion myself. Plagued by self-doubt and the fear of judgment, I convinced myself that dancing was not for someone like me.That all changed when a friend persuaded me to attend the dance club's open house. The energy in the room was electrifying, as a diverse group of students moved to the rhythm of the music, their faces beaming with joy. In that moment, something shifted within me. I realized that dancing was not just a physical activity but a form of self-expression, a way to connect with oneself and others on a deeper level.With trembling legs and a pounding heart, I signed up for the beginner's class. The first few sessions were a whirlwind of confusion and frustration. My body felt stiff and uncoordinated, struggling to keep up with the intricate steps and combinations. But instead of succumbing to self-doubt, I found solace in the encouraging words of our instructor and the camaraderie of my fellow classmates.Slowly but surely, I began to grasp the fundamentals of dance. Each class became a journey of self-discovery, as I learnedto let go of my inhibitions and embrace the freedom of movement. The mirrors that once filled me with dread became portals into my own strength and grace, reflecting back a version of myself I had never seen before.As the weeks passed, I found myself gravitating towards different dance styles, each one igniting a new passion within me. The sharp, precise movements of hip-hop challenged my coordination and control, while the fluid grace of contemporary dance allowed me to explore the depths of emotion through movement. Even the seemingly simple act of learning a choreographed routine became a testament to my perseverance and dedication.But it wasn't just the physical aspect of dance that captivated me. The dance club quickly became a safe haven, a place where I could shed the layers of stress and pressure that often weighed me down. In those precious hours, I was no longer a student burdened by deadlines and expectations; I was simply a dancer, lost in the rhythm and the joy of self-expression.The friendships I forged within the club became a lifeline, as we encouraged and supported one another through the highs and lows of our dance journey. We celebrated each other's successes, whether it was nailing a particularly challenging moveor conquering stage fright during a performance. And when one of us stumbled or felt discouraged, we were there to lift each other up, reminding one another of the reasons we had embarked on this journey in the first place.As the semester drew to a close, our hard work culminated in a showcase, where we had the opportunity to share our passion with the broader university community. The days leading up to the performance were a whirlwind of rehearsals, nerves, and excitement. But when the spotlight shone upon us, all the fears and doubts melted away, replaced by a sense of pure exhilaration.In those moments on stage, I felt truly alive, my body moving in perfect synchronicity with the music and my fellow dancers. The roar of the audience was a symphony of encouragement, fueling our every move. And as the final notes faded away, I was overcome with a profound sense of accomplishment and gratitude.Looking back on this transformative semester, I can scarcely recognize the person I was before joining the dance club. What began as a tentative step into the unknown has blossomed into a deep-rooted love and appreciation for the art of dance. But more importantly, this journey has taught me invaluable lessons aboutself-confidence, perseverance, and the power of embracing one's passions without fear or hesitation.As I prepare to embark on the next chapter of my life, I carry with me the indelible memories and experiences of the dance club. The friendships forged, the challenges overcome, and the sheer joy of movement will forever be etched into the fabric of my being. And while the future may hold uncertainties, one thing is certain: dance will always be a part of my journey, a constant reminder to embrace life with grace, passion, and an unwavering spirit of self-discovery.。
和大人一起读眼睛里的妈妈英语作文
全文分为作者个人简介和正文两个部分：作者个人简介：Hello everyone, I am an author dedicated to creating and sharing high-quality document templates. In this era of information overload, accurate and efficient communication has become especially important. I firmly believe that good communication can build bridges between people, playing an indispensable role in academia, career, and daily life. Therefore, I decided to invest my knowledge and skills into creating valuable documents to help people find inspiration and direction when needed.正文：和大人一起读眼睛里的妈妈英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Reading the Mother in My Mother's EyesI've always loved looking into my mom's eyes. Her warm brown eyes have a way of making me feel safe, loved, and understood in a way that her words sometimes can't quitecapture. As a kid, I used to stare into those eyes for what felt like forever, searching for the truths and secrets they contained. It was like staring into a deep pool of wisdom and stories that I was too young to fully comprehend.Now that I'm older, her eyes are like an open book to me. I can read the shifting emotions and unspoken thoughts swirling behind them. When she's proud of me, her eyes light up and crinkle at the corners. When she's worried, they take on a pensive, furrowed look. And when she's being stern with me, which still happens from time to time, her eyes sharpen into a no-nonsense gaze that I know better than to challenge.But it's not just about reading her current emotional state. If I stare long and deep enough into those familiar brown pools, I swear I can see glimpses of her entire life's journey reflected back at me. The joys, pains, struggles, and triumphs that have etched the laugh lines around her eyes and lent a certain wistful depth to her gaze.I see the bright-eyed, pig-tailed little girl she once was, skipping home from school and dreaming of all the adventures that lay ahead. I see the determined teenager, studying furiously into the night, her eyes burning with ambition and a thirst for knowledge. The fresh-faced newlywed gazing adoringly at mydad, her eyes shining with love and hope for their new life together.Then I see the new mother, her eyes a kaleidoscope of exhilaration, exhaustion, and overwhelming love as she stared down at me for the first time. The working mom rushing out the door, trying her best to juggle career and family, her eyes forever scanning for missed appointments or forgotten permission slips. The single parent after the divorce, her eyes moistened with grief one moment, then hardening with resilience the next as she rebuilt our life.Those eyes have witnessed so much, both wonderful and heartbreaking. They are the eyes of a woman who fell in love, then had her heart broken, but somehow found the strength to pick up the pieces. The eyes of a tireless worker who spent years chasing a dream career, sacrificing holidays and weekends, never complaining. The eyes of a doting grandmother, crinkled with pure, unadulterated joy while snuggling her grandkids.When I think about everything those eyes have seen—all the life experiences, good and bad, that have coalesced into the wise, loving, complicated woman my mother is today—I'm struck by a profound sense of awe and appreciation. Because in those eyes, Idon't just see my mom. I see resilience. I see unconditional love. I see strength and perseverance in the face of hardship.Those brown eyes are truly the windows into my mom's beautiful soul, and I feel so blessed to have had a front row seat to her incredible journey just by gazing into them over the years. They remind me of the core values like hard work, integrity, and compassion that she has embodied and passed down to me. They inspire me to live up to her example as a caring mother, a devoted partner, and a person of substance.I know that one day, after she's gone, I'll still be able to close my eyes and summon the image of her warm, soulful gaze. Those eyes will forever be seared into my memory and my heart as a poignant reminder of the mighty, loving mother who helped shape me into the person I am. And when I have kids of my own, I can only hope that they'll read half as much wisdom, courage, and pure love in my eyes as I've found by reading the mother in my mother's eyes.篇2Reading My Mom's Eyes with AdultsHey there! I'm a student and today I want to share something really special with you all. It's about this really coolexperience I had recently where I got to spend time with my mom and some adults, doing this amazing thing called "reading her eyes."Now, you might be thinking, "Reading eyes? What does that even mean?" Well, let me explain! You see, my mom is one of those super awesome people who can communicate without using words. She was born deaf, which means she can't hear sounds the way you and I can. But that doesn't stop her from expressing herself in the most incredible ways!A few weeks ago, my teacher told our class about this really neat program where deaf people come and teach us how to communicate with them using sign language and other methods.I was so excited because, as you know, my mom is deaf and I've always wanted to learn more about her world.When the day finally came, my heart was racing with anticipation. A group of adults who work with the deaf community came to our school, and guess what? My mom was one of them! I could hardly contain my joy when I saw her smiling face.The adults started by teaching us some basic sign language. It was a bit tricky at first, but with their patience and guidance,we soon got the hang of it. We learned how to sign simple phrases like "hello," "thank you," and "how are you?"But the real highlight of the day was when they introduced us to the concept of "reading eyes." You see, deaf people are incredibly skilled at picking up on facial expressions, body language, and the subtle movements of the eyes. They can often understand what someone is trying to convey without a single word being spoken.My mom was the one who demonstrated this for us. She stood in front of the class and started conveying different emotions and ideas using only her eyes and facial expressions. It was like watching a silent movie unfold right before our eyes!At first, it was a bit challenging to understand what she was trying to say. But the adults encouraged us to pay close attention to the little details – the way her eyebrows moved, the way her eyes crinkled at the corners, and the way her lips curved ever so slightly.Slowly but surely, we started to get it. When my mom's eyes widened and her brows raised, we knew she was trying to express surprise or excitement. When her eyes narrowed and her mouth turned down at the corners, we could tell she was conveying sadness or frustration.It was like unlocking a secret language, a world of unspoken communication that had been hidden from us before. And the best part? I was already fluent in this language, thanks to years of observing my mom's expressive eyes and facial movements.As we continued practicing, I found myself getting better and better at interpreting my mom's silent messages. It was like a game, a puzzle that we were all trying to solve together. And with every successful interpretation, I felt a sense of pride and accomplishment.But it wasn't just about learning a new skill – it was about bridging the gap between the hearing and deaf communities. Through this experience, we were getting a glimpse into the rich and vibrant world of deaf culture, and developing a deeper appreciation for the unique challenges and strengths of those who live in it.The adults shared stories with us about their own experiences, both joyful and difficult, and how they've learned to navigate a world that often overlooks or misunderstands their needs. They talked about the importance of inclusivity, respect, and breaking down barriers to communication.As the day drew to a close, I couldn't help but feel a profound sense of gratitude and admiration for my mom and allthe other deaf individuals who have paved the way for greater understanding and acceptance. They've faced countless obstacles, but they've never let those obstacles define them or limit their potential.And you know what? In that moment, as I looked into my mom's eyes and saw the pride and love shining back at me, I realized that we had all learned something truly invaluable. We had learned to see beyond the surface, to appreciate the beauty and richness of diversity, and to embrace the inherent worth and dignity of every human being.So, thank you, mom, and thank you to all the amazing adults who made this experience possible. You've opened our eyes to a world we never fully understood before, and you've shown us that true communication goes far beyond mere words. It's a language of the heart, a language of the soul, and one that we should all strive to become fluent in.篇3As a kid, I always wondered what my mom was thinking. Her eyes seemed to hold so much emotion, so many stories untold. It wasn't until I was older that I truly began to understand thedepths of a mother's love and sacrifice reflected in those deep pools of wisdom and warmth.One day after school, I found my mom sitting at the kitchen table, a small leather-bound book in her hands. She was so engrossed that she didn't even notice me come in. As I drew nearer, I realized she was reading a tattered old copy of the novel "Mother" by Maxim Gorky. Her eyes glistened with unshed tears as she tenderly turned each page."What's that book about?" I asked, trying my best to feign nonchalance despite my curiosity.My mom slowly closed the book and looked up at me with those eyes that somehow managed to be both tired and sparkling with life all at once. "It's about the hardships and joys of motherhood," she said simply. "About the bond between a mother and her children that can overcome any obstacles."In that moment, it dawned on me that maybe the reason I saw so much in my mother's eyes was because she had lived through the very experiences in that novel a million times over as she raised me. I had been too young and naive to fully grasp the depths of her love and sacrifice before.From then on, I began to see my mom's actions and our relationship through a new lens. Like the mother in the book, she worked tirelessly to provide for me, selflessly putting my needs above her own time and again. When I was sick, she was the one by my bedside with a cool cloth and a warm embrace. When I struggled in school, she would sit with me late into the night, her eyes drooping with fatigue but her determination unwavering as she patiently reworked problems until I understood.Her love was a constant, even when my teenage angst caused me to lash out unreasonably at times. I remember the hurt in her eyes when I would be cruel with my words, like daggers piercing that unconditional well of affection she held for me. Yet, she never stopped loving me. Never stopped believing in me and supporting me, even when I fell short time and time again.As I got older and began to make my own way in the world, I came to realize just how fortunate I was to have a mother who loved me with every fiber of her being. In her eyes, I saw a fire that could burn away any darkness, lighting a path ahead even in my darkest hours. When loneliness and doubt crept in, a look from her would instantly remind me that I was strong, capable, and so deeply loved.Becoming a mother myself only deepened my awe and appreciation for the profound love my own mother showed me throughout my life. As I held my newborn baby and gazed into those innocent eyes brimming with trust, I understood on a visceral level the soul-deep intensity of a mother's devotion that Gorky captured so beautifully in his novel.When my own children stumbled and fell, I saw my mother's eyes looking back at me—infinite wells of unconditional love, fierce protectiveness, and a nurturing warmth that could heal any wound. Her spirit lived on in me, keeping me determined through every challenge parenthood brought. Her lessons passed down through generations in the tender looks we mothers share with our children.To this day, when I visit my mom, I make a point to really look into her eyes and try to fully see the depth of emotion and hard-won wisdom reflected there. Beyond the crinkling laugh lines and streaks of silver in her hair, her eyes still hold that same steadfast lioness love and pride as she watches her children and grandchildren grow.In those eyes, I read entire epics of resilience, selflessness, and the unwavering strength only a mother could possess. They are the eyes that watched over me day and night as a helplessinfant. The same eyes that wiped away my childhood tears and celebrated each milestone. They are the eyes that weathered every storm in life, never faltering from their role as my safe harbor.Those eyes shine with the eternal, transcendent love of "Mother" that Gorky aspired to capture in his writing so long ago.A love that surpasses the mortal limits of human existence and binds families together across the span of lifetimes. When I stare into my mother's eyes, I see the true magic and divinity of life itself—a cosmic force more powerful than anything in this universe.And I know, just as she must have realized while reading that book so many years ago, that the title of "Mother" is one of the greatest callings and most supreme honorifics any soul can hope to achieve. It is a love that transforms, inspires, and ultimately saves in ways too profound for words alone. My mother's eyes have shown me the way to access the boundless ocean of nurturing energy that flows through all women who have experienced the profound joy and purposefulness of motherhood. In them, I will forever read and re-read the timeless poetry of "Mother."。
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• 在英语中表示转折关系的连词有：however，but， although等；表示递进关系的有moreover， furthermore等；表示并列关系的有，one，the other，on one hand，and on the other hand， firstly，secondly，等；表示因果关系的有 as a result, consequently, because， so that， therefore等。如果听到这样的连接词，那么句与 句之间，或段落与段落之间的逻辑关系就可以得 到较为准确的预测了。如当听到moreover时，就 可以预测到下面的内容是对前面内容的增补，进 一步说明；当听到so或therefore时，自然可以预 测到下面将要说的是前面事件所导致的结果。
• 另外无论何种语言，在完整的一段讲话中，句与 句之间，段落与段落之间通常存在着内在的逻辑 关系，如假设关系，因果关系，转折关系，递进 关系等等。而这些逻辑关系在英语中通常都体现 在某些连词的使用上。如果译员能够扎实地掌握 源语和译入语的一些固定搭配，熟悉特定连词所 表达的逻辑关系，这将有利于译员对原文进行预 测。
• Eg: • 如果译员要参加每届政府工作报告后的记者招待 会，那么译员在招待会前必须对工作报告的内容 非常熟悉，其中出现的热点问题，新生词汇要熟 记，据此对记者可能提到的问题心中有数，如每 年大多都会提到的台湾问题，中美关系问题以及 国内经济与民生问题。同时对发言人的回答也可 以通过了解之前此人的各类讲话，对此类问题的 基本立场等等来预测他可能给出的回答。
Anticipation in Interpreting
2016-04
Definition
• Van Besien Fred （1999）认为"预测"就是口译 人员在还没有听到讲话人用源语讲出某个词之前， 已经提前用目的语把这个词翻译出来的做法。 （这个定义过分强调了预测的结果，却忽视了其 过程。） • 吉尔（1995 ）则把口译预测解释为不仅仅是对源 语中具体词句的预测，它还应该包含对发言人的 观点，态度、讲话风格以及发言时的情景等外在 因素的预测。 • 预测通过提前激活存储在长时记忆中的背景知识, 促进读和听的过程中的意义形成。（朱巧莲、张 楠，2009：53）
• 译员可以根据词语的固定搭配和句子间的逻辑关 系进行预测，也可以通过积累语言外知识和充分 地译前准备来进行预测。
• 塞莱斯科维奇和勒德雷尔（1992）也对口译预测 进行了分类，即基于意义期待（sense expectation）上的预期和基于语言预测 （language prediction）之上的预期。他们的研 究与吉尔的研究有相似的地方，但可能在翻译实 践中更强调二者的结合。
Methds of Anticipation
• 1.Collocation & Logic • 根据词语的固定搭配和句子间的逻辑关系进行预 测 • 任何语言中字、词、句的组合都是遵循一定的规 律的。在人类语言发展的过程中，各种语言当中 都会包含相当数量的固定搭配表达法。 • 汉语中的"承担......的义务"、"抓住......的机遇"等
• 国内对口译预测的研究起步较晚，而多是基于国 外研究的框架之上。如安新奎（2001）分别从语 言知识底蕴、交际场合、逻辑思维以及主题知识 的积累四个方面对口译预测机制进行分析研究； 李芳琴（2003）讨论了语境在口译中的预测功能 及其原理。宋佳音（2006）以及桑力攀和温晓龙 （2006）则讨论了同声传译中预测的各种方法。
• 2. Long-term Memory & Encyclopedic Knowledge • 存储于人们长期记忆中的是人们从生活经验中获 取的合理有序的知识体系，它是人们感知和理解 世界的基础。这在图示理论中被称为既存知识结 构。因为人的认知是随着他的经历的不断丰富而 发展变化的，所以这一结构是处于不断的增加， 调节和重建之中的。这一结构是译员所有的知识 总和，其中当然也要有译员的双语知识以及百科 知识等语言外知识。当译员进行口译时，他需要 激活自己长时记忆中所存储的知识来帮助理解源 语，这时如果长时记忆中储备的相关信息足够多， 那么译员就可能对所译内容进行较好的预测。
• 可以定义为： • 把口译预测定义为在讲话人言犹未尽之时，译员 就能基本上明了他的大意，并能够结合讲话的场 合、相关的背景知识以及讲话主题等对下面的内 容进行合理地判断和推理并开始口译。
Importance
• 口译是一项高强度的脑力活动，它要求译员同时 应付听力理解，短期记忆和翻译等几项任务，这 对译员的信息处理能力提出了极大的挑战。 • 要想在短时间内协调完成这几项工作，译员就必 须借助各种各样的策略。 • 口译预测就是一项旨在缓解译员短时记忆的负担， 提高翻译质量的重要策略。
• 完整的预测还应该包括对话语内容的预测,而内容 的预测多建立在语境的基础上(Hatim, &Mason, 2001) 。 • 语境,在此指话语发生时的情景语境,即话语参加者 (发言人和听众) 、话题、时间、地点、讲话方式、 使用语言、讲话目的等。 • 语篇解读者对语境特征了解越多,就越有可能预测 出语篇的内容(于万锁, 2007: 24) 。
• 例如，假如美国某教育代表团来杭州进行访问了 解杭州市的现代外语教育技术概况，市教委相关 处室领导要发表一篇集欢迎与介绍于一体的讲话。 • 在这一特定的语境中，译员在讲话发表前就可预 测到下内容：（1）讲话人将代表市教委向代表团 表示欢迎； • （2）杭州市高等院校简介； • （3）杭州市高校现代外语教育技术运用情况； • （4）对代表团,相反,他们会事先 在脑中勾画出一个轮廓———说话者会说什么? • 也就是说他们会利用所有可以利用的信息,在口译 活动开始前来预测说话者的话语中会包含哪些内 容。 • 在译前进行有效的预测不仅仅是一种缓解压力的 好方法,也可以促进口译进行过程中的信息理解,并 为信息重构打下良好基础。
• 除了语言性的推测以外，译员也可根据非语言语 境，包括借助讲话的主题、内容、顺序、语气等 来推测词义。因为口译活动本身就是一种目的性 很强的现场交际活动，大多围绕一定的主题进行 。所以译员可以积极调动大脑里与主题相关的知 识，帮助理解新的信息。
Related Studies
• 国内外的学者对口译预测的研究还不多，其中最 具有代表性，也是国内研究引用最多的是吉尔 (1995)对口译预测进行的比较系统的研究和分类。 • 他在他的同声传译认知负荷模型理论中为我们指 出了口译预测的必要性和重要性，他认为同传过 程由听解分析、言语生成和短时记忆三项任务构 成；每一项任务都需要某种"认知处理能力 "(cognitive processing capacity)。而译员用来处 理这些任务的能力是有限的,其中任何一种任务占 用的精力过多，那么译员用来处理其他两个任务 的精力就不够，这就有可能导致翻译失误。
• Extra-linguistic anticipation 语言外预测 • 语言外预测主要涉及译员的各种语言外知识，如 情景知识，百科知识以及在译前准备时获得的与 会议事件相关的社会习俗，讲话人的意图和语用 标识等。语言外预测主要指译员对源语讲话人"在 某一特定语境或情况下可能做出的各种反应或说 话方式"的预测,即对讲话中要表达的思想的预测, 而非准确无误地预测讲话人的具体措辞。" • 既包括译员的译前预测，又包括在口译过程中所 作的预测。
• 再比如如果译员要参加一些专业性比较强的会议 如关于实施探月工程的大会，那就要对大会中有 可能涉及到的术语和专有名词提前做准备，例如 要熟悉"月壤"、"核聚变燃料"、"氦-3"等的英文对 应词，另外译员还要准备好相关的基本专业知识， 如开发月球上的资源对人类生产和生活的影响， 世界上其它国家已经对月球所做的探测和开发等 等。
• Eg: • As the European population tends to stagnate, productivity growth is seen by more and more people as the only thing that can keep the motor of the European economy running. Productivity growth is particularly important for European countries because their population is ageing rapidly, which implies that they need high productivity growth if they want to provide for the pensioners of tomorrow decently.
• 所以为了避免译员在短时记忆上花费的精力太多， 就有必要采取预测策略来缓解译员短期记忆的负 荷，从而为理解和语言生成留下足够的精力，也 就为高质量的译文提供了进一步的保障。 • 吉尔同时提出口译预测可分为语言内预测和语言 外预测。
Classification
• 一般可以分成语言内预测和语言外预测 • Linguistic anticipation 语言内预测 • Extra-linguistic anticipation 语言外预测
• Linguistic anticipation语言内预测 • 语言内预测指的是译员依靠其关于语言结构相 关的信息如词语搭配，连词等知识对讲话的内容 或特定的词义进行预测。即译员在口译过程中能 够在讲话人还没有说出某个词或某种表达还没有 结束之前便能够预测出该词的词义或该语言形式 所包含的信息。
• 口译中的听辨要求译员能准确完整地把握信息的 意义。但在实际工作中，译员因为遭遇生词、难 词而“卡壳”的情况也时有发生。有经验的译员 会借助语境来推测词义，化解困难，从而保证口 译工作的顺利进行。 • 语境即语言所处的环境，包括语言语境与非语言 语境。语言语境是一个词所在的那句话、那段话 、或一篇话，也就是人们平时所说的“上下文” ；非语言语境包括说话的时间、地点、周围事物 以及说话人和听话人之间的交际方式等种种情况 。