违反合作原则的20个

违反合作原则产生的特殊会话含义的具体事例

合作原则共包含四大准则，其下又分为若干小则，格莱斯曾指出，反语（irony）、隐喻（metaphor）、夸张（hyperbole）和缓叙（meiosis）都会最终导致合作原则的违反现象，现根据四大准则进行举例分析。

合作原则 Cooperative Principle

（一）量的准则 Maxim of Quantity

(1)所说之话应包含交谈目的所需要的信息。Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purpose of the exchange；

(2)所说之话不应包含超出需要的信息。Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.

For example,

1. Earl: I just want to look nice for my son when he comes in.

Max: What I am going to meet your kid

Earl: Well, one of them.

Max:“One of them” How many do you have

Earl: So far

Max: Oh, Earl, I love you.

Earl: This is my son, Darius. He is the Chrysler salesman in all of Detroit. And he is my very favorite if he is the one I’m thinking of.

(From Bankruptcy Sisters)

Analyze: This is a scene of Bankruptcy Sisters, Earl only told he dressed so decently to meet his son, but didn’t say clearly if Max would meet his son together, that`s why Max felt puzzled and asked him how many of his sons; then Earl answered “So far” , until the last sentence he did tell the purpose for meeting his son and add another unnecessary message “ if he is the one I’m thinking of.” Because of the hiatus or the redundancy of their conversation, makes the audiences fall into a reverie and sets a humorous comedy atmosphere.

2. Caroline: Oh my God! Is he your father

Max: Yes, he is my father. And my mother is a piece of chalk.

(From Bankruptcy

Sisters)

Analyze: This is a conversation between Caroline and Max. Caroline asked if the man came into the cafe was Max’s father, Max answer “Yes” but add one more sentence “And my mother is piece of chalk.” which indicated the man was not Max ‘s father at all. Obviously, though this situation is typical message redundancy, it helps the listeners to understand the speaker’s real meaning and humor.

3.柳小姐之夫：老婆，请问一下你会不会打我

柳小姐：我干嘛要打你啊你又没做错事。如果我要真的打你的话，一定就是你做错事了。从现在开始，你只许疼我一个人，要宠我，不能骗我，答应我的每一件事情都要做到，对我讲的每一句话都要真心，不许欺负我、骂我，要相信我。别人欺负我，你要在第一时间出来帮我，我开心呢，你要陪着我开心；我不开心呢，你要哄我开心。永远觉得我是最漂亮的，梦里面也要见到我，在你的心里只有我！就是这样喽！（出自电影《河东狮吼》）

Analyze: In this conversation, had obeyed the maxim of quantity, the content of her answer was over the question requests. However, the extra message of her answer shows the

true requirements of , also makes the audiences realize ’s personality.

4. A tourist hailed a bus at a request stop and asked the conductor, “What’s the fare to Regent’s Park”

“5 pence,” said the conductor.

The tourist didn’t get on the bus, but instead ran along behind it after it pulled away. As he met the bus again at the next stop, he panted, “What’s the fare to Regent’s Park now”“10 pence,” said the conductor, “You’re running the wrong way.”

Analyze: In this funny story, the tourist was a niggard, tried to save money by running after bus and shorting the distance to his destination. At first, he asked the fare to his destination and was told “5 pence”; but after he ran tired out and asked again, then was told the fare had risen and he ran the wrong direction of his destination. It’s ascribed to the first time, the conductor did not tell details to the tourist, brought a misunderstanding to the tourist and the readers: as the tourist ran more that he could saved more money.