434国际商务英语单词整理分析
431专业英语词汇
431专业英语词汇专业英语词汇在不同领域中有着不同的特点和用法。
以下是一些常见的专业英语词汇，涵盖了不同领域的词汇：1. 医学领域，anatomy（解剖学）、physiology（生理学）、pharmacy（药房）、diagnosis（诊断）、treatment（治疗）、surgery（手术）、vaccine（疫苗）、symptom（症状）、prescription（处方）等。
2. 工程领域，mechanical engineering（机械工程）、civil engineering（土木工程）、electrical engineering（电气工程）、computer engineering（计算机工程）、structural analysis（结构分析）、project management（项目管理）、quality control（质量控制）等。
3. 商业领域，marketing（市场营销）、finance（金融）、accounting（会计）、management（管理）、advertising（广告）、investment（投资）、entrepreneurship（创业精神）、business administration（工商管理）等。
4. 教育领域，pedagogy（教育学）、curriculum（课程设置）、instruction（教学）、assessment（评估）、classroom management（课堂管理）、educational psychology（教育心理学）、special education（特殊教育）等。
5. 科学领域，biology（生物学）、chemistry（化学）、physics（物理学）、astronomy（天文学）、geology（地质学）、environmental science（环境科学）、research（研究）、experiment（实验）等。
《国际商务英语》重点单词,词组
acquire v. 获得，得到
*acquisition n. 收购，被收购的公司或股份
acting adj. 代理的
activity n. 业务类型
actual adj. 实在的，实际的，确实的
compensate v. 补偿，酬报
compensatiБайду номын сангаасn n. 补偿，酬金
compete v. 比赛，竞争
competition n. 比赛，竞争
competitor n. 竞争者，对手
competitive adj. 竞争性的
boom n. 繁荣，暴涨
boost v. 提高，增加，宣扬
bottleneck n. 瓶颈，窄路，阻碍
bottom adj. 最后的，根本的
v. 到达底部，建立基础
bounce v. 支票因签发人无钱而遭拒付并退回
circular n. 传阅的小册子（传单等）
circulate v. 传阅
claim n./v. 要求，索赔
client n. 委托人，顾客
cold adj. 没人找上门来的，生意清淡的
commercialise v. 使商品化
audit n. 查账，审计
automate v. 使某事物自动操作
average n. 平均，平均水准
awareness n. 意识；警觉
B
backing n. 财务支持，赞助
backhander n. 贿赂
frozen asset n. 冻结资产
intangible assets n. 无形资产
商务英语词汇大全
商务英语词汇大全一、基本商务术语1. 商务活动（Business Activity）2. 市场营销（Marketing）3. 销售额（Sales Revenue）4. 成本（Cost）5. 利润（Profit）6. 投资回报率（Return on Investment, ROI）7.SWOT分析（Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats）8. 目标市场（Target Market）9. 市场细分（Market Segmentation）10. 定位（Positioning）二、商务谈判术语1. 谈判（Negotiation）2. 合同（Contract）3. 报价（Quotation）4. 还价（Counteroffer）5. 成交（Close the Deal）6. 付款方式（Payment Terms）7. 交货期（Delivery Time）8. 质量保证（Quality Assurance）9. 售后服务（Aftersales Service）10. 合作伙伴（Business Partner）三、商务函电术语1. 询盘（Inquiry）2. 报盘（Offer）3. 订单（Order）4. 发票（Invoice）5. 装箱单（Packing List）6. 信用证（Letter of Credit, L/C）7. 汇票（Bill of Exchange）8. 托运单（Shipping Order）9. 提单（Bill of Lading）10. 保险（Insurance）四、人力资源术语1. 招聘（Recruitment）2. 简历（Resume）3. 面试（Interview）4. 培训（Training）5. 薪资（Salary）6. 福利（Benefits）7. 绩效考核（Performance Appraisal）8. 晋升（Promotion）9. 劳动合同（Labor Contract）10. 职业规划（Career Planning）五、企业运营术语1. 企业战略（Corporate Strategy）2. 企业文化（Corporate Culture）3. 组织结构（Organizational Structure）4. 部门（Department）5. 团队协作（Teamwork）6. 项目管理（Project Management）7. 生产计划（Production Plan）8. 供应链管理（Supply Chain Management）9. 库存（Inventory）10. 客户关系管理（Customer Relationship Management, CRM）六、财务与会计术语1. 财务报表（Financial Statements）2. 资产（Assets）3. 负债（Liabilities）4. 所有者权益（Owner's Equity）5. 现金流（Cash Flow）7. 资产负债表（Balance Sheet）8. 利润分配（Profit Distribution）9. 折旧（Depreciation）10. 纳税（Taxation）七、国际贸易术语1. 进口（Import）2. 出口（Export）3. 贸易壁垒（Trade Barrier）4. 关税（Tariff）5. 配额（Quota）6. 原产地证明（Certificate of Origin）7. 贸易术语（Trade Terms，如FOB、CIF等）8. 国际支付（International Payment）9. 外汇（Foreign Exchange）10. 世界贸易组织（World Trade Organization, WTO）八、市场营销策略术语1. 市场调研（Market Research）2. 产品生命周期（Product Life Cycle）3. 广告（Advertising）4. 促销（Promotion）5. 公关（Public Relations）6. 品牌战略（Brand Strategy）7. 网络营销（Internet Marketing）8. 社交媒体营销（Social Media Marketing）9. 客户满意度（Customer Satisfaction）10. 忠诚度计划（Loyalty Program）九、企业管理术语1. 领导力（Leadership）2. 决策（Decision Making）3. 风险管理（Risk Management）4. 企业伦理（Business Ethics）5. 知识管理（Knowledge Management）6. 创新能力（Innovation Capability）7. 企业形象（Corporate Image）8. 危机管理（Crisis Management）9. 持续改进（Continuous Improvement）10. 企业社会责任（Corporate Social Responsibility, CSR）十、电子商务术语2. 在线支付（Online Payment）3. 网络安全（Network Security）4. 顾客评价（Customer Review）6. 网络营销策略（Online Marketing Strategy）7. 搜索引擎优化（Search Engine Optimization, SEO）8. 率（Clickthrough Rate, CTR）9. 转化率（Conversion Rate）通过这些词汇的积累，您将能够在商务交流中更加得心应手，展现出您的专业素养和沟通能力。
商务英语跨境电商高频词汇归纳
商务英语跨境电商高频词汇归纳随着全球经济的快速发展，跨境电商成为一种日益普及的商业模式。
在跨境电商的运营过程中，掌握一些商务英语高频词汇是至关重要的。
本文将对跨境电商中常见的商务英语词汇进行归纳，以帮助读者更好地理解和应用。
一、供应链管理1.1 Inventory（库存）-指存储在库房或仓库中的商品数量。
1.2 Warehouse（仓库）-用于储存、处理和分发商品的建筑或设施。
1.3 Logistics（物流）-指商品从供应商到消费者的整个过程，包括采购、储存、运输、配送等环节。
1.4 Distribution（分销）-指将商品从仓库运送到最终消费者的过程。
1.5 Supply chain（供应链）-指不同环节的企业之间，从原材料供应商到最终消费者，通过合作和协调来完成生产和销售的整个过程。
1.6 Outsourcing（外包）-将某些业务流程和职能外包给外部合作伙伴，以实现成本和效益的最优化。
二、电子商务平台2.1 E-commerce platform（电子商务平台）-用于在线交易和销售商品的虚拟平台，例如京东、亚马逊等。
2.2 Marketplace（电商市场）-在线平台，允许不同卖家在同一平台上销售商品，例如阿里巴巴国际站、eBay等。
2.3 B2B（Business-to-Business）-指企业之间进行的电子商务活动，例如供应商与制造商之间的交易。
2.4 B2C（Business-to-Consumer）-指企业与消费者之间进行的电子商务交易，例如在网上商城购买商品。
2.5 C2C（Consumer-to-Consumer）-指消费者之间进行的电子商务活动，例如通过在线拍卖网站进行二手商品的交易。
2.6 E-payment（电子支付）-通过网上银行、支付宝等电子渠道进行的支付方式，方便快捷。
三、国际贸易3.1 Import（进口）-从其他国家购买商品并引入本国市场。
3.2 Export（出口）-将本国商品销售给其他国家的过程。
国际商务双语知识点总结
国际商务双语知识点总结一、国际商务的定义国际商务是指在国际范围内进行的商业活动，包括跨国贸易、国际投资、跨国合作等多方面内容。
国际商务在全球化背景下愈加重要，对国际企业的经营和管理提出了新的挑战。
通过国际商务，企业可以拓展市场，获取资源，增加收入，提升竞争力，促进经济发展。
International Business SummaryI. Definition of International BusinessInternational business refers to commercial activities carried out on the international level, including cross-border trade, international investment, and multinational cooperation. International business is becoming increasingly important in the context of globalization, posing new challenges for the operation and management of international enterprises. Through international business, companies can expand their markets, acquire resources, increase revenue, and enhance competitiveness, promoting economic development.二、国际商务环境与市场1. 国际商务环境国际商务环境包括政治、经济、文化、法律等因素。
政治稳定、经济状况、文化差异和法律制度都会影响国际商务的运作。
2. 国际商务市场各国市场的规模、结构、需求以及消费习惯存在差异，了解不同国家的市场特点对于开展国际商务至关重要。
国际商法知识点总结 英文
国际商法知识点总结英文Key Knowledge Points in International Commercial Law1. Principles of International Commercial ContractsInternational commercial contracts are the backbone of global trade. Understanding the principles of contract law is crucial for companies engaged in international business. The key elements of a valid contract include offer, acceptance, consideration, intention to create legal relations, and certainty of terms. In the international context, parties may encounter issues such as choice of law, jurisdiction, and the enforceability of contracts across borders.2. The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)The CISG is the most widely adopted international treaty for the sale of goods. It provides a uniform set of rules for contracts for the international sale of goods and governs the rights and obligations of both buyers and sellers. Understanding the provisions of the CISG, such as the obligations of the parties, the determination of the contract price, and the remedies for breach of contract, is essential for businesses engaged in international trade.3. International Trade LawInternational trade law encompasses the rules and regulations that govern the exchange of goods and services across national borders. It covers areas such as import and export regulations, tariffs, customs duties, and trade agreements. Businesses need to be aware of the legal framework governing international trade to ensure compliance and mitigate risks.4. IncotermsIncoterms are internationally recognized terms that define the responsibilities of buyers and sellers in international trade transactions. They provide a set of standard rules for the interpretation of trade terms, such as delivery, transport, insurance, and risk allocation. Understanding the different Incoterms is essential for negotiating and drafting international commercial contracts.5. International Dispute ResolutionDisputes are inevitable in international commercial transactions. Understanding the various methods of international dispute resolution, such as litigation, arbitration, and mediation, is crucial for businesses engaged in cross-border trade. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of dispute resolution mechanism should be carefully considered based on the specific circumstances of the dispute.6. Intellectual Property Rights in International BusinessIntellectual property (IP) rights play a crucial role in international business, as they protect the creations of the mind, such as inventions, trademarks, and copyrights. Understandingthe principles of IP law and the international treaties and conventions that govern IP rights is essential for businesses engaged in cross-border trade, as it helps protect their intangible assets from infringement and unauthorized use.7. Cross-Border Mergers and AcquisitionsInternational mergers and acquisitions involve complex legal issues related to corporate law, antitrust law, and regulatory compliance. Understanding the legal framework governing cross-border M&A transactions, including the due diligence process, merger control regulations, and the negotiation and drafting of acquisition agreements, is essential for companies seeking to expand their global footprint through M&A activities.8. Compliance with International Regulations and StandardsInternational businesses need to comply with a myriad of regulations and standards, including those related to product safety, environmental protection, anti-corruption, and data privacy. Understanding the legal requirements and best practices for compliance in different jurisdictions is essential for maintaining the reputation and sustainability of the business.9. International Commercial ArbitrationArbitration is a widely used method for the resolution of international commercial disputes. Understanding the principles of international arbitration, including the selection of arbitration rules, the appointment of arbitrators, the conduct of arbitral proceedings, and the enforcement of arbitral awards, is essential for businesses engaged in cross-border transactions.10. Legal and Ethical Issues in International BusinessOperating in the global marketplace raises various legal and ethical challenges for businesses, such as bribery and corruption, human rights violations, and supply chain management. Understanding the legal and ethical issues in international business is crucial for companies to navigate the complex landscape of global trade while upholding ethical standards and corporate social responsibility.In conclusion, international commercial law is a vast and complex field that requires a deep understanding of legal principles, regulations, and customs that govern cross-border transactions. Businesses operating in the global marketplace need to be aware of the key knowledge points in international commercial law to ensure compliance, mitigate risks, and seize opportunities in the global economy.。
国际商务名词解释
GNP国民生产总值: Gross national Product. The market value of goods and service produced by the property and labor owned by the economy.GDP 国内生产总值： Gross Domestic product. The market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.Anti-dumping duty反倾销税: a tax levied by a country on imports that it believes to constitute dumping in its own market. Anti-monopoly law反垄断法: a law used to prevent companies from fixing prices, carving up the market, and gaining unfair monopoly advantagesBalance of payments国际收支平衡: a statistical system that records all external expenditure and income activities of a country第一部分金融绝对购买力评价：本国货币与外国货币之间的均衡汇率是通过两国货币之间的购买力或物价水平表现出来的Absolute purchasing power evaluation: the exchange rate between domestic and foreign currencies is expressed by the purchasing power or price level between the two currencies 相对购买力评价：两国之间的通货膨胀率决定两种货币之间的均衡汇率Relative purchasing power evaluation: the inflation rate between the two countries determines the exchange rate between the two currencies短期投资是指企业购入的各种能随时变现、持有时间不超过一年的有价证券，以及不超过一年的其他投资Short-term investment refers to all kinds of securities purchased by enterprises that can be realized at any time and held for no more than one year, as well as other investments that do not exceed one year.长期投资是指不准备随时变现，持有时间超过1年的企业对外投资Long-term investment refers to the outward investment of an enterprise that is not ready to be realized at any time and has been held for more than one year.对冲指特意减低另一项投资的风险的投资。
434国际商务名词解释大全
434国际商务名词解释大全1. 国际商务（International Business）：指跨越国界进行的商业活动，涉及跨国贸易、投资、合作等方面的经济活动。
2. 进出口贸易（Import and Export Trade）：指在国家间进行的商品和服务的买卖活动，包括商品的进口和出口。
3. 跨国公司（Multinational Corporation）：指在多个国家开展经营活动并拥有跨国经营能力的公司，通常在多个国家设有子公司或分支机构。
4. 外包（Outsourcing）：指企业将原本在内部完成的某些工作、业务或服务外部委托给其他公司或机构进行处理。
5. 直接投资（Foreign Direct Investment）：指一国企业或个人直接在其他国家投资设立企业并参与其经营活动。
6. 公司并购（Mergers and Acquisitions）：指一家公司通过购买或合并其他公司来扩大自身规模或进入新的市场。
7. 跨文化沟通（Cross-cultural Communication）：指在不同文化背景下进行交流和互动的过程，需要克服语言、价值观、行为习惯等方面的差异。
8. 贸易壁垒（Trade Barrier）：指国家为保护本国产业或市场而采取的措施，如关税、配额、技术壁垒等，对跨国贸易造成限制。
9. 跨国营销（International Marketing）：指企业根据不同国家或地区的市场需求和特点，制定不同的营销策略和方案。
10. 子公司（Subsidiary）：指一家公司控制或持有另外一家公司的股份，并能对其经营和决策产生影响。
11. 贸易平衡（Trade Balance）：指一个国家或地区在一定时期内商品和服务的出口与进口之间的差额。
12. 竞争优势（Competitive Advantage）：指企业相对于竞争对手在市场中具备的特殊优势，包括技术、创新、成本、品牌等方面的优势。
13. 供应链管理（Supply Chain Management）：指企业在供应商、制造商、经销商和客户之间构建和协调的物流与信息流的整体运作体系。
商务英语高频词汇归纳
商务英语高频词汇归纳共50个1. Agreement - 协议2. Budget - 预算3. Client - 客户4. Contract - 合同5. Deadline - 截止日期6. Entrepreneur - 企业家7. Forecast - 预测8. Gross Profit - 毛利润9. Invoice - 发票10. Joint Venture - 合资企业11. Liability - 责任12. Market Research - 市场调研13. Negotiation - 谈判14. Outsourcing - 外包15. Partner - 合作伙伴16. Profit Margin - 利润率17. Quality Control - 质量控制18. Revenue - 收入19. Stakeholder - 利益相关者20. Strategy - 策略21. Target Market - 目标市场22. Wholesale - 批发23. E-commerce - 电子商务24. Franchise - 特许经营25. Human Resources - 人力资源26. Inventory - 库存27. Joint Venture - 合资企业28. Lead Time - 交货期29. Merger - 合并30. Net Profit - 净利润31. Offshore - 海外32. Onboarding - 入职培训33. Online Marketing - 网络营销34. Overhead - 间接费用35. Partnership - 合伙36. Quota - 配额37. Retail - 零售38. Scalability - 可扩展性39. Start-up - 初创公司40. Turnover - 营业额41. Underwriting - 承保42. Valuation - 估值43. Wholesale - 批发44. Branding - 品牌45. Cash Flow - 现金流46. Dividend - 股息47. Equity - 股权48. Franchise - 特许经营权49. Headquarters - 总部50. Logistics - 物流。
《国商英语》词汇解释
一1. Budget—预算an account of probable future income and expenditure during a stated, period, usu. a year used as a guide in making financial arrangements.2. Return—回报the gain from an investment, either as income or yield or as profit on the sale of the investment.3. Portfolio—证券投资组合the entire collection of investments in the form of stocks, bonds, or certificate of deposits for purposes other than controlling4. Royalty—专利税money paid to the owner of a copyright for permission to publish copyright material and to the owner of a patent for permission to use a patented design, usu. at a greed percentage of the selling price of the product.5. Expertise—专门知识expert knowledge or skill, esp. in a particular field; know-how.6. Licensor—认证颁发者a person or company granting a license.7. Patent—专利权a special right to an inventor to be the only person to make and sell, or to authorize others to make and sell a newly-invented machine or process.8. Non-tariff barrier—非贸易壁垒all forms of man-made obstructions to international trade other than tariffs, including prohibitions and quotas, etc.9. Turnkey contract—one in which one of the parties agrees to supply, at the contract price, a complete product ready for use, such as a new home, factory, ship, etc.10. Franchise—经销权an arrangement by which a monopoly producer or owner gives another permission for the exclusive right to manufacture or sell the products in a certain area.二1. Purchasing power—购买力of persons, the public, having the money to buy goods and services.2. Assess—估价to judge an amount or value.3. spur—to urge or encourage4. average—of an ordinary, common or usual kind in quality or amount5. Productive—producing in high efficiency or in large quantity6. tap—to take what is needed from, to exploit 10. PPP—purchasing power parity7. Infrastructure—large-scale public services, such as water and power supplies, road, rail and radio communications, etc. needed to support economic activity, esp. industry, trade and commerce.8. recipient—a person or an organization etc. that receives something 9. consumerism—considerable desire to make purchase for consumption三1 liberalization—of trade, the act of government in lifting controls over imports and exports2 integration—combining into the whole3 tariff—tax levied by the customs4 barriers to trade—any action by a government to limit or prevent the free flow of goods in and out of its country.5 mobility—capacity that can move or be moved easily and quickly from place to place.6 detour—绕道route that avoids a blocked road; deviation7 banknote—纸币printed paper money issued by a bank, usu. the country’s central bank.8 erode—侵蚀wear away, eat into 9 envisage—picture(an event, action, etc) in the mind as a future possibility; imagine 10 veto—否决权right to reject or forbid something四 1 affiliate—a subsidiary company controlled by another 2 assets—total resources of a business, as cash, accounts receivable, real estates etc.3 world company—a multinational whose national identity has been blurred4 facilities—something designed, built or installed to serve a specific function or perform a particular service5 revenue—收益the total annual income of state6 decentralize—使分权distribute the administrative powers over a less concentrated area7 nationalize—to bring under the control or ownership of a nation\ 8 welfare—well-being9 framework—organization structure 10 input—something that is put in business operation五 1 service—something done to help or benefit others 2 abundant—plentiful, more than enough3 specialization—to restrict one’s economic activities to certain particular fields4 primary commodities—those commodities not processed, or only slightly processed, usually farm produce or raw materials5 incentive—that which incites, rouses or encourages a person6 alternative—that may be had, used etc. in place of sth. else7 intuitive—relating to the power of the immediate understanding of something without reasoning or study 8 efficient—producing a desired or satisfactory result; able to perform duties well9 endowment—a natural gift or ability 10 exploit—to develop the use of, make the best use of六 1 drawback—退税duties paid on imported goods that are refunded when re-exported 2 highlight—to make prominent; to draw special attention3 bulky—taking a lot of space, and often of a shape difficult to handle4 perishable—easily to go bad5 tariff—duties imposed on goods imported and exported6 specific duties—duties levied on the basis of quantity, weight, size etc. of the goods7 ad valorem duties—duties levied on the basis of the price of the goods 8 unilaterally—单方面地done by one side or party only9 maritime—connected with the sea or navigation 10 remittance—汇款money sent by post七 1 law suit—legal prosecution 2 dispute—argument or controversy3 remedy—method of putting right something that is wrong4 amendment—修正changes made to something5 Incoterms—a set of international rules for the interpretation of trade terms6 present—submit premise—a tract of land including its buildings 8 heading—category9 classification—the arrangement of things by groups 10 carriage—the price or cost of transportation八 1 business line—goods dealt in by a company 2 voluntary offer—an offer made on the initiative of the offerer3 contract—an agreement setting forth the binding obligations of the relevant parties4 indispensable—absolutely necessary5 contract proper—the main body of a contract6 contracting parties—signatories of an agreement7 force majeure—[不可抗力] social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contracting party 8 purchase contract—a contract made by the buyer9 firm offer—an offer whose terms and conditions are binding on the offer 10 offeree—受要约人the party to whom an offer is made九popular—liked and admired hyperinflation—恶性通货膨胀soaring of prices beyond controlinflation—通货膨胀rise in prices brought about by the excess demand, expansion of money supply, credit etc.protectionism—贸易保护主义the theory of the system of developing home countries through duties and other means imposed on competitive importsbilateral—双边的of two sides bundling—捆绑式销售the exchange of goods or services are tied together verified data—authentic materialsexpertise—expert skill or knowledge creditors—a person to whom one owns money transferable—possible to be handed over1.十debtor—a person who owes money default—fail to carry out an obligation dubious—doubtful, uncertain, questionabledraft—an unconditional order to someone to pay a sum of money remittance—the sending of money or the money sent fluctuation—irregular movement of (prices, exchange rates etc.) drawer—the person who issues a draft, usually the exporter2.sound—financially satisfactory ban—prohibit, forbid drawee—付款人the person to whom a draft is drawn1.十一credit-worthiness—being believed or accepted by others as reliable in making payment substantial—large, great, considerable2.constitute—make up; amount to; form a pplicant of an L/C—the importer that goes to a bank for the establishment of an L/C3.beneficiary—受益人the company that can make use of an L/C to get paid for its export discrepancy—difference; absence of agreement4.confirming bank—the bank that adds its own commitment to an L/C bill of exchange—written order drawn by the beneficiary on the bank for the purpose of payment5.underlying—forming the basis of reimburse—退款pay back to somebody for the expenses he has spent1.十二clean credit—a credit that does not require shipping documents for payment cancel—not to do something that has been arranged or decided upon2.leading bank—major bank, most important bank impeccable—faultless insolvent—无力偿还的unable to pay debts3.sight credit—a credit by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draft maturity—becoming due after sight—after presentation of draft4.middleman—中间商trader through whom goods pass between the producer and the consumer sustain—suffer1.十三documentation—the presentation and use of shipping documents consignee—the party in the bill of lading to whom the goods are shipped2.shipping marks—what is printed on the outer packing of goods as symbol for identification in the course of transportation3.discrepancy—absence of agreement liability—what one is responsible for according to law apparent—according to appearance; seeming4.insurance policy—a document used for covering possible risks discount—amount of money that may be taken off the full amounttitle—right to the possession of a position or property invoice—a document for the general description of the goods and the price十四alternative—a choice from two or more possibilities. 2 modes—different forms of transportation3 fundamental—very important4 ownership—legal right of possession5 intermediate products—semi-manufactures6 commercial intercourse—business dealings between individuals or firms7 unload—getting goods off a carrier 8 package—combination of related parts or elements accepted or rejected as a single unit9 distribution—the marketing, transporting, merchandising, and selling of any item 10 destination—the terminal to which goods are sent十五 1 insured—a person covered by an insurance policy 2 premium—the amount paid by an insured for coverage under the contract3 potential loss—loss which is possible to incur4 viability—ability to succeed in operation5 claim—a payment demanded in accordance with an insurance policy6 margin—amount above what is estimated as necessary7 underwriter—a person who carries on insurance as a business8 consumption—the using up of goods and services having an exchangeable advantage9 compensation—something given or received as an equivalent for loss 10 pooling—a combination of funds formed for common advantage十六 1 field—a sphere of activity 2 incidence—occurrence 3 multi-modal transportation—transport that combines road, rail, sea and air4 diminish—the right to collect from an endorser a payment of loss5 indemnity—compensation for loss6 subrogate—to substitute a claim against one person for a claim against another person7 legal action—an action taken against someone in accordance with the law8 leader—an insurer who is well-known in a particular class of business 9 deposit—money paid as part payment that is owned 10 compulsory—that must be done 十七 1 peg—to keep fixed or unchanged 2 redeem—to repay or pay off, esp. loan stock, debentures and preference shares or stock3 settlement—the act of paying a bill, debt, charge, etc4 exchange rate—the price at which one currency can be exchanged for another currency5 fluctuations—upward and downward movements in the economic system6 gold reserves—the stock of gold coin and bullion held by a note-issuing bank in a country on the gold standard.7 money circulation—money in the hands of the public and being used to pay for goods and services8 devaluation—the act of a government in reducing by law the exchange value of its currency in units of gold or as compared with other currencies9 offset—to set one value against another or as equal to another 10 par—equal in value, on the same level十八1 affiliate—a business concern owned or controlled in whole or in part by another concern2 institutions—an organization or establishment devoted to the promotion of a particular object3 productivity—power of being productive4 loans—something lent on condition of being returned, especially a sum of money lent at interest5 prerequisite—required as a condition for something else6 cyclical—recurring in cycles7 maturity—the time when a note or bill of exchange or a loan becomes due 8 reserve—money held aside to meet future demand9 investment—the act of putting money to use in something offering profitable returns 10 stringent—strict, that must be obeyed1十九quota—a limit placed by a government on the amount of imports or commodity2 VER—an agreement by a country’s exporters or government to limit their exports or government to limit their ex ports to another country3 acquisition—company expansion through the phrase of other business4 synergy—benefits from combining different business, normally claimed by the promoters of mergers5 rebate—reduce6 intellectual property—certain non-tangible assets held, principally covering the areas of patent protection, registered trade marks and designs, and copy-right7 tax holiday—a period of time during which tax is not levied8 return—the gain from an investment, either as income or yield or as profit on the sale of the investment9 access—a way by which a place, esp. property, can be reached or entered or used10 joint venture—a business where the provision of risk capital is shared between two or more firms二十1 market place—a place in which securities are sold and bought 2 securities—stocks and bonds3 gilts—stocks issued by government4 information—knowledge communicated or received concerning a particular fact or circumstance5 qualifications—competence6 membership—the state of being a member of a certain organization7 practitioner—a person engaged in the practice of a profession or occupation 8 cost-effective—producing optimum results for the expenditure9 shortfall—deficiency 10 equities—company stocks二十一1 ratify—make an arrangement or a treaty officially valid by signing it.2 controversy—public argument about sth. which many people disagree with3 biennial—happening every alternate year4 clout—influence5 anti-dumping—one form of action which may be taken by a government to protect industries from unfair competition by which goods are sold at a price lower than in the country where they are manufactured6 mandate—authority given to perform a duty7 stillborn—(of a child) dead at birth; (of an idea or a plan) not developing further8 contracting party—a country or firm that signs a legal agreement 9 akin to—similar, related to 10 optimal—best or most favorable二十二 1 terms of trade—the relation of export and import prices 2 preference—a practical advantage given to one over others3 export earnings—money earned on the sales of goods to other countries4 provisions—a formal or explicit statement of conditions demanded5 tariffs—customs duties imposed by a government on imports or exports6 invisible—trade in services7 board—an official group of persons who direct or supervise some activities of a firm 8 permanent—lasting9 counterpart—a person or thing that closely resembles another in position or function 10 forum—an outlet for discussion of matters of interest to a given group。
上海对外经贸大学2021年434国际商务专业基础考研真题(回忆版)
上海对外经贸大学2021年434国际商务专业基础考研真题（回忆版）一、名词解释1．人文发展指数2．国际战略3．掉期4．领导型工厂5．世界范围的地区结构二、论述题1．霍夫斯泰德文化纬度理论（写出四个即可）2．区域经济一体化的几个阶段3．技术授权的优缺点4．国际生产折衷范式及其优缺点三、简答题如何创新发展模式，优化贸易模式四、材料分析题材料关于特斯拉（1）特斯拉进入中国市场先后采取的两个进入模式分别是什么?为什么?（2）特斯拉现在在中国取得成功的原因?（3）特斯拉在中国建厂对谁有有益?对谁有害?为什么?五、专业英语1．名词解释import quota and volunteer export restraint（进口配额和自动出口限制）2．论述题互联网对商务活动和全球化的影响3．翻译Localization strategy makes sense when there are strong pressure for local responsiveness in host country．The situation is common when there are significant differences in consumer tastesand preferences across countries，when infrastructure and traditional practicerequire customization，when government demand requires local adaptation．somepeople will probably think auto industryfaces local responsiveness as the fast foodindustry．In contrast，global standardization strategy make sense whenthe pressure for cost reductions are strong．The examples of industry where globalstandardization strategy is common are semiconductor industry and bulk chemical industry．。
上财434国际商务专业基础
上财434国际商务专业基础上海财经大学（简称上财）434国际商务专业注重培养学生的国际商务视野和实际操作能力，为学生打下坚实的专业基础。
以下是对上财434国际商务专业基础的简要介绍：一、课程体系434国际商务专业的课程体系设计合理，涵盖了国际商务领域的核心知识。
学生将学习国际贸易、国际市场营销、国际商法、国际金融等多个方面的基础课程，为深入专业学习打下基础。
二、国际商务英语在国际商务领域，良好的英语能力是必不可少的。
434专业设置了国际商务英语课程，旨在提升学生的英语沟通和写作能力，使他们能够熟练运用英语处理商务事务，顺利开展国际业务。
三、实践性教学上财434国际商务专业注重实践性教学，通过实习、案例分析、模拟经营等方式，让学生在真实的商务环境中锻炼和应用所学知识。
这有助于学生更好地理解和掌握国际商务操作的技能。
四、国际商务法规学习国际商务法规是国际商务专业的重要组成部分。
学生将深入研究国际商法、国际贸易法等法规体系，了解并遵守国际商务领域的法律规定，培养守法经营的观念。
五、跨文化沟通国际商务涉及多国多文化之间的交往，跨文化沟通成为不可或缺的能力。
434专业设置了跨文化沟通课程，帮助学生更好地理解和适应不同文化背景下的商务交往方式，提升国际交往的能力。
六、专业实训基地为了更好地提供实践机会，上财434国际商务专业建立了专业实训基地。
学生可以在这些基地中接触真实商务环境，通过参与实际项目锻炼实际操作技能，加深对国际商务工作的理解。
七、学科交叉为拓宽学生的知识面，434专业还设置了一些与国际商务相关的学科交叉课程，如国际经济、国际关系等。
这有助于学生更全面地理解国际商务背后的经济、政治、文化等因素。
综合而言，上海财经大学434国际商务专业的基础教育着眼于培养学生的国际视野和实际操作技能，使其具备在国际商务领域中立足的能力。
通过系统的课程设置和实践性教学，学生将在专业基础上建立起扎实的知识体系，为未来的发展打下坚实基础。
商务英语考试常用必备词汇的总结
商务英语考试常用必备词汇的总结
市场是指为了买和卖某些商品而与其他厂商和个人相联系的一群厂商和个人。
市场需求曲线表示在整个市场中产品的价格和它的需求量之间的关系。
市场周期是指一种商品的供给量保持不变的一段时期。
四种一般的市场类型是完全竞争、垄断、垄断竞争和寡头垄断。
一个市场的结构依赖于买者和卖者的数量以及产品差异的大小。
市场供给表表示在各种价格下一种商品所能够供给的数量。
加成定价是指，为了确定一种产品的价格而把一个百分比（或绝对的）数量加到所估计的产品平均（或边际的）本钱上，这就意味着该数量要计入某些无法化归任何具体产品中去的本钱，并且旨在维持厂商的某一投资回报率。
最大最小策略是指局中人使得能够获得的最小收益最大化的策略。
微观经济学是经济学的一局部，它分析像消费者、厂商和资源所有者这些个体的经济行为（宏观经济学与之相反，它分析像国内总产品这样的经济总体行为）。
在长期中平均本钱处于或接近其最小值的最小的工厂规模。
模型是指以对现实进行简化和抽象的假设为根底的理论，根据它可以引申出对现实世界的预测或结论。
商务英语高频词汇归纳
商务英语高频词汇归纳English: Some high-frequency vocabulary in Business English includes terms such as profit, revenue, cost, investment, budget, market, competition, strategy, management, leadership, negotiation, communication, analysis, decision-making, innovation, globalization, and teamwork. These words are essential for effectively communicating in a business setting, whether it be discussing financial performance, planning marketing strategies, evaluating competition, or leading a team. Understanding these key terms will not only help individuals navigate the complexities of the business world but also showcase their fluency in the language of commerce.中文翻译:商务英语中一些高频词汇包括利润、收入、成本、投资、预算、市场、竞争、战略、管理、领导、谈判、沟通、分析、决策、创新、全球化和团队合作。
这些词汇对于在商务环境中有效沟通至关重要，无论是讨论财务绩效、规划营销战略、评估竞争对手或领导团队。
理解这些关键术语不仅有助于个人驾驭商业世界的复杂性，还能展示他们在商务语言方面的流畅表达能力。
商务英语高频词汇解析
千里之行，始于足下。
商务英语高频词汇解析商务英语高频词汇主要指在商务领域中经常使用的词汇，这些词汇涵盖了商务交流、商务活动、商务合作等各个方面。
下面是一些常见的商务英语高频词汇及其解析：1. negotiation (谈判)：指商业合作中双方就合作细节、价格、条款等进行协商和讨论的过程。
2. contract (合同)：指商业合作双方达成的书面协议，明确了各方的权利和义务。
3. agreement (协议)：指商业合作双方达成的口头或书面的共同意见，不同于合同，但具有法律效力。
4. investment (投资)：指将资金、资源等投入到某个企业、项目或市场中以获取收益。
5. marketing (市场营销)：指通过研究市场需求、开发销售策略和推广产品等方式来推销和销售商品或服务。
6. export (出口)：指将产品或服务从国内向国外销售。
7. import (进口)：指从国外购买产品或服务进入国内市场。
8. sales (销售)：指销售产品或服务以获取利润的过程。
9. finance (财务)：指管理和控制资金的流动，包括财务规划、投资决策、资金筹集等。
10. strategy (战略)：指为实现商业目标而制定的长期计划和方法。
11. market research (市场调研)：指通过收集和分析市场数据来评估市场需求和竞争状况的过程。
12. customer (客户)：指购买产品或服务的个人或组织。
13. negotiation skills (谈判技巧)：指在谈判过程中运用的技巧和策略，以达到合理的协议和解决争议。
14. trade (贸易)：指国内和国际间买卖商品和服务的活动。
第1页/共2页锲而不舍，金石可镂。
15. business meeting (商务会议)：指商业组织或企业的成员之间定期或临时召开的会议，用于讨论问题、做决策等。
以上是一些常见的商务英语高频词汇及其解析，这些词汇在商务领域中经常使用，对于学习和实践商务英语具有重要的意义。
南京大学434国际商务考研名词解释总结
名词解释欧洲美元：Eurodollar，是指储蓄在美国境外的银行而不受美国联邦储备系统监管的美元。
因此，此种储蓄比相似的美国境内的储蓄受到更少的限制而有更高的收益。
米德冲突：一般地，是以财政政策和货币政策实现内部均衡，以汇率政策实现外部均衡。
固定汇率制度下，汇率工具无法使用。
要运用财政政策和货币政策来达到内外部同时均衡，在政策取向上，常常存在冲突。
但国际收支逆差与国内经济疲软并存，或是国际收支顺差与国内通货膨胀并存时，财政、货币政策都会左右为难，经济学上称之为米德冲突溢出效应(Spillover Effect)，是指一个组织在进行某项活动时，不仅会产生活动所预期的效果，而且会对组织之外的人或社会产生的影响。
简而言之，就是某项活动要有外部收益，而且是活动的主体得不到的收益。
溢出效应分为经济溢出效应和技术溢出效应等。
棘轮效应，又称制轮作用，是指人的消费习惯形成之后有不可逆性，即易于向上调整，而难于向下调整。
尤其是在短期内消费是不可逆的，其习惯效应较大。
这种习惯效应，使消费取决于相对收入，即相对于自己过去的高峰收入。
消费者易于随收入的提高增加消费，但不易于收入降低而减少消费，以致产生有正截距的短期消费函数。
这种特点被称为棘轮效应。
货币差额论属于重商主义，是重商主义早期的观点：“货币平衡理论”出口值超过进口值时，他们主张多卖少买或不买，并主张采用行政政策控制商品进口，禁止货币输出以积累货币财富。
重商主义晚期的观点是“贸易平衡理论”，即贸易差额论。
认为所有的购买都会减少货币，所有的售卖都会增加货币。
因此一国在对外贸易中，必须坚持扩大出口、减少进口甚至不进口的原则。
因为只有这样，贵金属或者货币才能流入国内，增加一国的财富量。
均衡贸易条件是指当一国需要进口的商品恰好是另一国所愿意出口的，并在数量上也相等，而用于进口支付所出口的商品及其数量又恰好是另一国愿意接受的，两国贸易便达到了平衡；商品交换比率及相对价格也稳定不变时的贸易条件。
国际商务必备-经济学中英文词汇及释义
国际商务必备-经济学中英⽂词汇及释义Economist绝对优势（Absolute advantage）如果⼀个国家⽤⼀单位资源⽣产的某种产品⽐另⼀个国家多，那么，这个国家在这种产品的⽣产上与另⼀国相⽐就具有绝对优势。
2、逆向选择（Adverse choice）在此状况下，保险公司发现它们的客户中有太⼤的⼀部分来⾃⾼风险群体。
3、选择成本（Alternative cost）如果以最好的另⼀种⽅式使⽤的某种资源，它所能⽣产的价值就是选择成本，也可以称之为机会成本。
4、需求的弧弹性（Arc elasticity of demand）如果P1和Q1分别是价格和需求量的初始值，P2 和Q2 为第⼆组值，那么，弧弹性就等于-（Q1-Q2）（P1＋P2）/（P1-P2）（Q1＋Q2）5、⾮对称的信息（Asymmetric information）在某些市场中，每个参与者拥有的信息并不相同。
例如，在旧车市场上，有关旧车质量的信息，卖者通常要⽐潜在的买者知道得多。
6、平均成本（Average cost）平均成本是总成本除以产量。
也称为平均总成本。
7、平均固定成本( Average fixed cost）平均固定成本是总固定成本除以产量。
8、平均产品（Average product）平均产品是总产量除以投⼊品的数量。
9、平均可变成本（Average variable cost）平均可变成本是总可变成本除以产量。
10、投资的β(Beta）β度量的是与投资相联的不可分散的风险。
对于⼀种股票⽽⾔，它表⽰所有现⾏股票的收益发⽣变化时，⼀种股票的收益会如何敏感地变化。
11、债券收益(Bond yield）债券收益是债券所获得的利率。
12、收⽀平衡图（Break－even chart）收⽀平衡图表⽰⼀种产品所出售的总数量改变时总收益和总成本是如何变化的。
收⽀平衡点是为避免损失⽽必须卖出的最⼩数量。
13、预算线(Budget line）预算线表⽰消费者所能购买的商品X和商品Y的数量的全部组合。
国际商务英语重点词汇
国际商务英语重点词汇国际商务英语重点词汇(默写)1、关税区,2、有,无,形贸易,3、国内生产总值,4、证券投资,5、股票,6、债券,7、大额存单,8、许可,特许,经营, 9、商标, 10、专利, 11、专利使用费,许可使用费, 12、版权, 13、给予/接受许可的人, 14、给予接受特许的人, 15、管理合同, 16、价值链, 17、承包生产, 18、“交钥匙”工程,19、建设、经营、移交, 20、知识产权,21、国民收入, 22、国民生产总值,23、人均收入, 24、购买力平价, 25、消费,消费主义, 26、收入分布, 27、经济合作与发展组织, 28、基础设施 29、独立国家联合体, 30、大路货, 31、债权国, 32、东南亚国家联盟, 33、生产要素, 34、经济一体化,35、设置障碍, 36、自由贸易区,37、关税税率, 38、配额限制,39、北美自由贸易协定,40、关税同盟, 41、共同市场,carried out; 4) for spring hangers (included simple spring, hangers and constant support hangers) it should also be recognized as setting and locking of loads. 5) check the surface quality, folded layering and without cracks, rust and other defects. 5) after completion of the testand control drawing number one by one, by series baled. Color alloysteel parts, the parts marking installation location and rotation about the direction you want. 7.3.14. hangers installation 7.3.14.1 hanger layout a. a clear design of hanger should be installed strictly in accordance with the drawings and designs shall not be installed wrong, missing, etc. B. own arrangement of piping support and hanger set and selection should be based on comprehensive analysis of general layout of piping systems; cold installation of steam pipe with particularattention reserved for compensation of thermal expansion displacementand orientation. C. support systems should be rational to withstand pipe loads, static load and incidental load; reasonable piping displacement; guaranteed under various conditions, stress are within the allowed range. Strength, stiffness, and meet requirements to prevent vibration and soothing water, without affecting the adjacent equipment maintenance and other piping installation and expansion. D. equipment connected to the interface to meet pipeline thrust (torque) limit requirements; increase the stability of piping systems to prevent pipeline ... C. welding elbow should be not less than 1.5 times the pipe diameter. D. Press elbow should be not smaller than the outside diameter of the pipe.42、主权国家, 43、政治实体, 44、签字国, 45、结算, 46、纸币, 47、货币流通, 48、行政机构, 49、委员,专员,50、欧洲委员会, 51、部长理事会, 52、多极化, 53、双部长会议, 54、分委员会, 55、卡特尔,联盟, 56、石油输出国组织, 57、以迂回的方式, 58、区域性经济体, 59、国际化, 60、国际经济环境, 61、两位数字的, 62、技术进步, 63、日常管理, 64、权利,管理范围, 65、分支机构,附属机构, 66、股东, 67、东道国,68、自然资源, 69、初级产品; 70、专业化, 71、规模经济, 72、自然的赋予, 73、资本、土地和劳动力, 74、绝对利益, 75、比较利益, 76、关税壁垒, 77、配额,78、关税同盟, 79、进,出,口关税, 80、从价税, 81、从量税,82、复税,混合税, 83、退税,84、最惠国待遇, 85、让步,86、税率表, 87、非关税壁垒, carried out; 4) for spring hangers (included simple spring, hangers and constant support hangers) it should also be recognized as setting and locking of loads. 5) check the surface quality, folded layering and without cracks, rust and other defects. 5) after completion of the test and control drawing number one by one, by series baled. Color alloy steel parts, the parts marking installation location and rotation about the direction you want. 7.3.14. hangers installation 7.3.14.1 hanger layout a. a clear design of hanger shouldbe installed strictly in accordance with the drawings and designs shall not be installed wrong, missing, etc. B. own arrangement of pipingsupport and hanger set and selection should be based on comprehensive analysis of general layout of piping systems; cold installation of steam pipe with particular attention reserved for compensation of thermal expansion displacement and orientation. C. support systems should be rational to withstand pipe loads, static load and incidental load; reasonable piping displacement; guaranteed under various conditions,stress are within the allowed range. Strength, stiffness, and meet requirements to prevent vibration and soothing water, without affecting the adjacent equipment maintenance and other piping installation and expansion. D. equipment connected to the interface to meet pipeline thrust (torque) limit requirements; increase the stability of piping systems to prevent pipeline ... C. welding elbow should be not less than 1.5 times the pipe diameter. D. Press elbow should be not smaller than the outside diameter of the pipe.88、运输工具, 89、内河船只,90、货仓, 91、古迹,92、膳宿供应, 93、移民;94、移民, 95、汇款, 96、贸易术语,交易条件, 97、贸易惯例, 98、修正案, 99、生产场所、经营厂址, 100、目的地,终点, 101、滚装滚卸式运输,102、结关, 103、商品交易会,104、长途电话, 105、询盘,询价, 106、报价, 107、有效期, 108、收盘人, 109、还盘, 110、销售合同, 111、售货,购货,确认书, 112、业务范围, 113、合同正文,114、寄售, 115、缔约方, 116、不可抗力, 117、仲裁, 118、棉布, 119、棉纱, 120、货号, 121、对销,反向,贸易, 122、术语, 123、实际头寸, 124、极度通货膨胀,125、欧洲支付联盟, 126、竞争性贬值,127、复印机, 128、清算系统,129、补偿贸易, 130、加工贸易,131、租赁, 132、代理, 133、政策目标, 134、贸易保护主义, 135、金融市场,136、中央计划经济国家, 137、债务人, 138、借方, 139、财务状况, 140、资信可靠状况, carried out; 4) for spring hangers (included simple spring, hangers and constant support hangers) it should also be recognized as setting and locking of loads. 5) check the surface quality, folded layering and without cracks, rust and other defects. 5) after completion of the test and control drawing number one by one, by series baled.Color alloy steel parts, the parts marking installation location and rotation about the direction you want. 7.3.14. hangers installation7.3.14.1 hanger layout a. a clear design of hanger should be installed strictly in accordance with the drawings and designs shall not be installed wrong, missing, etc. B. own arrangement of piping support and hanger set and selection should be based on comprehensive analysis of general layout of piping systems; cold installation of steam pipe with particular attention reserved for compensation of thermal expansion displacement and orientation. C. support systems should be rational to withstand pipe loads, static load and incidental load; reasonable piping displacement; guaranteed under various conditions, stress are within the allowed range. Strength, stiffness, and meet requirements to prevent vibration and soothing water, without affecting the adjacent equipment maintenance and other piping installation and expansion. D. equipment connected to the interface to meet pipeline thrust (torque) limit requirements; increase the stability of piping systems to preventpipeline ... C. welding elbow should be not less than 1.5 times the pipe diameter. D. Press elbow should be not smaller than the outside diameter of the pipe.141、分阶段付款, 142、预付现金, 143、汇票, 144、汇票 145、出票人, 146、受票人, 147、受款人, 148、远期汇票, 149、跟单汇票, 150、光票, 151、提单, 152、货物所有权, 153、保险单, 154、跟单托收, 155、付款交单, 156、承兑交单, 157、破产,158、记账交易, 159、开证申请人, 160、开证银行, 161、受益人, 162、关系行, 163、通知行, 164、保兑行, 165、单价, 166、分批装运, 167、转船, 168、价格术语, 169、载货船只, 170、机制, 171、光票信用证, 172、非贸易结算, 173、,不,可撤销信用证, 174、保兑信用证, 175、主要银行, 176、双重保障, 177、即期信用证, 178、远期信用证, 179、资金周转, 180、面值, 181、,不,可转让信用证, 182、中间人, 183、无汇票信用证, 184、推迟付款, 185、循环信用证, 186、佣金/折扣, 187、运输标记, 188、签字, 189、用概括性的词语, 190、备忘录, 191、托运人, 192、运输, 193、收货人, 194、被通知人, 195、空运提单, 196、铁路运单, 197、被保险人, 198、货币, 199、商业发票, carried out;4) for spring hangers (included simple spring, hangers and constant support hangers) it should also be recognized as setting and locking of loads. 5) check the surface quality, folded layering and without cracks, rust and other defects. 5) after completion of the test and control drawing number one by one, by series baled. Color alloy steel parts, the parts marking installation location and rotation about the direction you want. 7.3.14. hangers installation 7.3.14.1 hanger layout a. a clear design of hanger should be installed strictly in accordance with thedrawings and designs shall not be installed wrong, missing, etc. B. own arrangement of piping support and hanger set and selection should be based on comprehensive analysis of general layout of piping systems;cold installation of steam pipe with particular attention reserved for compensation of thermal expansion displacement and orientation. C. support systems should be rational to withstand pipe loads, static load and incidental load; reasonable piping displacement; guaranteed under various conditions, stress are within the allowed range. Strength, stiffness, and meet requirements to prevent vibration and soothing water, without affecting the adjacent equipment maintenance and other piping installation and expansion. D. equipment connected to the interface to meet pipeline thrust (torque) limit requirements; increase the stability of piping systems to prevent pipeline ... C. welding elbow should be not less than 1.5 times the pipe diameter. D. Press elbow should be not smaller than the outside diameter of the pipe.200、起运港, 201、装船通知, 202、产品自然领域, 203、承运人, 204、公共/契约/自有承运人, 205、企业家, 206、中间产品, 207、制成品, 208、每一单位, 209、托运人, 210、库存, 211、零库存, 212、物流, 213、成本节约, 214、中间产品, 215、承保人, 216、企业, 217、共同款项, 218、保险费, 219、索赔, 220、顾客, 221、保证金, 222、起服务作用的事物, 223、已知的保险费, 224、腾出资金, 225、在时间上的间隔, 226、保险公司, 227、最大诚信, 228、货物原产地港口, 229、崭新的, 230、白金, 231、损失赔偿, 232、占用、冻结, 233、分摊, 234、按比例, 235、福特轿车, 236、百分比, 237、取代, 238、疏忽的, 239、交货费用, 240、导致损失的直接原因, 241、可保险权益, 242、占用的资金,243、汇率, 244、金本位制, 245、平价, 246、储备货币, 247、交互作用, 248、清洁浮动, 249、反之亦然, 250、特别提款权, 251、国际收支赤字, 252、贴现率, 253、游资, 254、直接标价, 255、买入价, 256、卖出价, 257、中间价, 258、多国参加的, 259、资金, 260、收益, 261、详细说明, 262、标准, 263、捐助, 264、补充或增加的资金, carried out; 4) for spring hangers (included simple spring, hangers and constant support hangers) it should also be recognized as setting and locking of loads. 5) check the surface quality, folded layering and without cracks, rust and other defects. 5) after completion of the test and control drawing number one by one, by series baled. Color alloy steel parts, the parts marking installation location and rotation about the direction you want. 7.3.14. hangers installation 7.3.14.1 hanger layout a. a clear design of hanger should be installed strictly in accordance with the drawings and designs shall not be installed wrong, missing, etc. B. own arrangement of piping support and hanger set and selection should be based on comprehensive analysis of general layout of piping systems; cold installation of steam pipe with particular attention reserved for compensation of thermal expansion displacement and orientation. C. support systems should be rational to withstand pipe loads, static load and incidental load; reasonable piping displacement; guaranteed under various conditions, stress are within the allowed range. Strength, stiffness, and meet requirements to prevent vibration and soothing water, without affecting the adjacent equipment maintenance and other piping installation and expansion. D. equipment connected to the interface to meet pipeline thrust (torque) limitrequirements; increase the stability of piping systems to preventpipeline ... C. welding elbow should be not less than 1.5 times the pipe diameter. D. Press elbow should be not smaller than the outside diameter of the pipe.265、先决条件, 266、人口计划, 267、营养, 268、基石, 269、资本市场, 270、借款权, 271、黄金份额, 272、储备金, 273、宽限期, 274、私营经济, 275、股权投资, 276、超越部门界限, 277、备用,信贷,安排, 278、投资收益, 279、饮料, 280、金枪鱼, 281、罐头食品厂, 282、生物遗传学, 283、生物工艺学, 284、大众汽车, 285、客户流动, 286、存货, 287、免税期, 288、并购, 289、白手起家, 290、合资企业, 291、总公司, 292、绿地战略, 293、投资者, 294、有价证券, 295、法令, 296、普通股, 297、指数, 298、金边证券, 299、经纪人, 300、股票买卖经纪人, 301、二级资本市场, 302、交易场地, 303挂牌证券交易市场, 304、所得税, 305、资格, 306、常务委员会, 307、标准,复,,308、增值税, 309、亏空, 310、开业者, 311、长期资本, 312、对新发行的有价证券的筹措活动 313、期权, 314、追溯到, 315、争议, 316、框架,机构, 317、普惠制, 318、非歧视的, 319、前任, 320、充分就业, 321、最惠国条款, 322、与贸易有关的, 323、完全合格的, 324、裁决, 325、关税减让, 326、回合,327、制度力量, 328、门槛, 329、反补贴措施, 330、反倾销; carried out; 4) for spring hangers (included simple spring, hangers and constant support hangers) it should also be recognized as setting and locking of loads. 5) check the surface quality, folded layering and without cracks, rust and other defects. 5) after completion of the test and control drawing number one by one, by series baled. Color alloy steel parts, the parts marking installation location and rotation about the direction you want.7.3.14. hangers installation 7.3.14.1 hanger layout a. a clear design of hanger should be installed strictly in accordance with the drawings and designs shall not be installed wrong, missing, etc. B. own arrangementof piping support and hanger set and selection should be based on comprehensive analysis of general layout of piping systems; cold installation of steam pipe with particular attention reserved for compensation of thermal expansion displacement and orientation. C. support systems should be rational to withstand pipe loads, static load and incidental load; reasonable piping displacement; guaranteed under various conditions, stress are within the allowed range. Strength, stiffness, and meet requirements to prevent vibration and soothing water, without affecting the adjacent equipment maintenance and other piping installation and expansion. D. equipment connected to the interface to meet pipeline thrust (torque) limit requirements; increase the stability of piping systems to prevent pipeline ... C. welding elbow should be not less than 1.5 times the pipe diameter. D. Press elbow should be not smaller than the outside diameter of the pipe.331、国民待遇, 332、关税配额, 333、公平贸易,334、联合国经济及社会理事会, 335、论坛,336、贸易条件, 337、免责条款, 338、领土,339、行动纲领, 340、特惠税, 341、机关,342、正式会议, 343、优先权, 344、无差别待遇原则,345、国际经济新秩序, 346、技术转让,carried out; 4) for spring hangers (included simple spring, hangers and constant support hangers) it should also be recognized as settingand locking of loads. 5) check the surface quality, folded layering and without cracks, rust and other defects. 5) after completion of the test and control drawing number one by one, by series baled. Color alloysteel parts, the parts marking installation location and rotation about the direction you want. 7.3.14. hangers installation 7.3.14.1 hanger layout a. a clear design of hanger should be installed strictly in accordance with the drawings and designs shall not be installed wrong, missing, etc. B. own arrangement of piping support and hanger set and selection should be based on comprehensive analysis of general layout of piping systems; cold installation of steam pipe with particularattention reserved for compensation of thermal expansion displacementand orientation. C. support systems should be rational to withstand pipe loads, static load and incidental load; reasonable piping displacement; guaranteed under various conditions, stress are within the allowed range. Strength, stiffness, and meet requirements to prevent vibration and soothing water, without affecting the adjacent equipment maintenance and other piping installation and expansion. D. equipment connected to the interface to meet pipeline thrust (torque) limit requirements; increase the stability of piping systems to prevent pipeline ... C. welding elbow should be not less than 1.5 times the pipe diameter. D. Press elbow should be not smaller than the outside diameter of the pipe.。
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商务英语单词economist 经济学家socialist economy 社会主义经济capitalist economy 资本主义经济collective economy 集体经济planned economy 计划经济controlled economy 管制经济rural economics 农村经济liberal economy 经济mixed economy 混合经济political economy 政治经济学protectionism 保护主义autarchy 闭关自守primary sector 初级成分private sector 私营成分,私营部门public sector 公共部门,公共成分economic channels 经济渠道economic balance 经济平衡economic fluctuation 经济波动economic depression 经济衰退economic stability 经济稳定economic policy 经济政策economic recovery 经济复原understanding 约定concentration 集中holding company 控股公司trust 托拉斯cartel 卡特尔rate of growth 增长economic trend 经济趋势economic situation 经济形势infrastructure 基本建设standard of living 生活标准,生活水平purchasing power, buying power 购买力scarcity 短缺stagnation 停滞,萧条,不景气underdevelopment 不发达underdeveloped 不发达的developing 发展中的initial capital 创办资本frozen capital 冻结资金frozen assets 冻结资产fixed assets 固定资产real estate 不动产,房地产circulating capital, working capital 流动资本available capital 可用资产capital goods 资本货物reserve 准备金,储备金calling up of capital 催缴资本allocation of funds 资金分配contribution of funds 资金捐献working capital fund 周转基金revolving fund 循环基金,周转性基金contingency fund 意外开支,准备金reserve fund 准备金buffer fund 缓冲基金,平准基金sinking fund 偿债基金investment 投资,资产investor 投资人self-financing 自筹经费,经费自给bank 银行current account 经常帐户current-account holder 支票帐户cheque 支票美作:checkbearer cheque, cheque payable to bearer 无记名支票,来人支票endorsement 背书transfer 转让,转帐,过户money 货币issue 发行ready money 现钱cash 现金ready money business, no credit given 现金交易,概不赊欠change 零钱banknote, note 钞票,纸币美作:billto pay in cash 付现金domestic currency, local currency本国货币convertibility 可兑换性convertible currencies 可兑换货币exchange rate 汇率,兑换率foreign exchange 外汇floating exchange rate 浮动汇率free exchange rates 汇兑市场foreign exchange certificate 外汇兑换券hard currency 硬通货speculation 投机saving 储装,存款depreciation 减价,贬值devaluation 货币贬值revaluation 重估价runaway inflation 无法控制的通货膨胀deflation 通货紧缩capital flight 资本外逃securities business 证券市场business recession 景气衰退doldrums 景气停滞dull 盘整ease 松弛raising limit 涨停板Wall Street 华尔街short term loan 短期贷款long term loan 长期贷款medium term loan 中期贷款borrowing 借款interest 利息rate of interest 利率discount 贴现,折扣rediscount 再贴现annuity 年金maturity 到期日,偿还日amortization 摊销,摊还,分期偿付redemption 偿还insurance 保险mortgage 抵押allotment 拨款short term credit 短期信贷consolidated debt 合并债务funded debt 固定债务,长期债务floating debt 流动债务drawing 提款,提存aid 援助allowance, grant, subsidy 补贴,补助金,津贴short term loan 短期贷款long term loan 长期贷款medium term loan 中期贷款lender 债权人creditor 债权人debtor 债务人,借方borrower 借方,借款人borrowing 借款interest 利息rate of interest 利率discount 贴现,折扣rediscount 再贴现annuity 年金maturity 到期日,偿还日amortization 摊销,摊还,分期偿付redemption 偿还insurance 保险mortgage 抵押allotment 拨款short term credit 短期信贷consolidated debt 合并债务funded debt 固定债务,长期债务floating debt 流动债务drawing 提款,提存aid 援助allowance, grant, subsidy 补贴,补助金,津贴cost 成本,费用expenditure, outgoings 开支,支出fixed costs 固定成本overhead costs 营业间接成本overheads 杂项开支,间接成本operating costs 生产费用,营业成本operating expenses 营业费用running expenses 日常费用,经营费用miscellaneous costs 杂项费用overhead expenses 间接费用,管理费用upkeep costs, maintenance costs 维修费用,养护费用transport costs 运输费用social charges 社会负担费用contingent expenses, contingencies 或有费用apportionment of expenses 分摊费用income 收入,收益earnings 利润,收益gross income, gross earnings 总收入,总收益gross profit, gross benefit 毛利,总利润,利益毛额net income 纯收益,净收入,收益净额average income 平均收入national income 国收入profitability, profit earning capacity 利润率,赢利率yield 产量收益,收益率increase in value, appreciation 增值,升值duty 税taxation system 税制taxation 征税,纳税fiscal charges 财务税收progressive taxation 累进税制graduated tax 累进税value added tax 增值税income tax 所得税land tax 地租,地价税excise tax 特许权税basis of assessment 估税标准taxable income 须纳税的收入fiscality 检查tax-free 免税的tax exemption 免税taxpayer 纳税人tax collector 收税员China Council for the Promotion of International Trade, C.C.P.I.T. 中国国际贸易促进委员会National Council for US-China Trade 美中贸易全国理事会Japan-China Economic Association 日中经济协会Association for the Promotion of International Trade,Japan 日本国际贸易促进会British Council for the Promotion of International Trade 英国国际贸易促进委员会International Chamber of Commerce 国际商会International Union of Marine Insurance 国际海洋运输保险协会International Alumina Association 国际铝矾土协会Universal Postal Union, UPU 万国邮政联盟Customs Co-operation Council, CCC 关税合作理事会United Nations Trade and Development Board 联合国贸易与发展理事会Organization for Economic cooperation and Development, DECD 经济合作与开发组织European Economic Community, EEC, European Common Market 欧洲经济共同体European Free Trade Association, EFTA 欧洲贸易联盟European Free Trade Area, EFTA 欧洲贸易区Council for Mutual Economic Aid, CMEA 经济互助委员会Eurogroup 欧洲集团Group of Ten 十国集团Committee of Twenty Paris Club二十国委员会Coordinating Committee, COCOM 巴黎统筹委员会Caribbean Common Market, CCM, Caribbean Free-Trade Association, CARIFTA 加勒比共同市场加勒比贸易同盟Andeans Common Market, ACM, Andeans Treaty Organization, ATO 安第斯共同市场Latin American Free Trade Association, LAFTA 拉丁美洲贸易联盟Central American Common Market, CACM 中美洲共同市场African and Malagasy Common Organization, OCAM 非洲与马尔加什共同组织East African Common Market, EACM 东非共同市场Central African Customs and Economic Union, CEUCA 中非关税经济同盟West African Economic Community, WAEC 西非经济共同体Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, OPEC 石油输出国组织Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries,OAPEC 阿拉伯石油输出国组织Commonwealth Preference Area 英联邦特惠区Centre National du Commerce Exterieur, National Center of External Trade 法国对外贸易中心People's Bank of China 中国人银行Bank of China 中国银行International Bank for Reconstruction and development, IBRD 国际复兴开发银行World Bank 世界银行International Development association, IDA 国际开发协会International Monetary Found Agreement 国际货币基金协定International Monetary Found, IMF 国际货币基金组织European Economic and Monetary Union 欧洲经济与货币同盟European Monetary Cooperation Fund 欧洲货币合作基金Bank for International Settlements, BIS 国际结算银行African Development Bank, AFDB 非洲开发银行Export-Import Bank of Washington 美国进出口银行National city Bank of New York 花旗银行American Oriental Banking Corporation 美丰银行American Express Co. Inc. 美国万国宝通银行The Chase Bank 大通银行Inter-American Development Bank, IDB 泛美开发银行European Investment Bank, EIB 欧洲投资银行Midland Bank,Ltd. 米兰银行United Bank of Switzerland 瑞士联合银行Dresden Bank A.G. 德累斯敦银行Bank of Tokyo,Ltd. 东京银行Hongkong and Shanghai Corporation 香港汇丰银行International Finance Corporation, IFC 国际金融公司La Communaute Financieve Africane 非洲金融共同体Economic and Social Council, ECOSOC 联合国经济及社会理事会United Nations Development Program, NUDP 联合国开发计划署United Nations Capital Development Fund, UNCDF 联合国资本开发基金United Nations Industrial Development Organization, UNIDO 联合国工业发展组织United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, UNCTAD 联合国贸易与发展会议Food and Agricultural Organization, FAO 粮食与农业组织, 粮农组织Economic Commission for Europe, ECE 欧洲经济委员会Economic Commission for Latin America, ECLA 拉丁美洲经济委员会Economic Commission for Asia and Far East, ECAFE 亚洲及远东经济委员会Economic Commission for Western Asia, ECWA 西亚经济委员会Economic Commission for Africa, ECA 非洲经济委员会Overseas Chinese Investment Company 华侨投资公司New York Stock Exchange, NYSE 纽约证券交易所London Stock Market 伦敦股票市场宏观经济的macroeconomic通货膨胀inflation破产insolvency有偿还债务能力的solvent合同contract汇率exchange rate紧缩信贷tighten credit creation私营部门private sector财政管理机构fiscal authorities宽松的财政政策slack fiscal policy税法tax bill财政public finance财政部the Ministry of Finance平衡预算balanced budget继承税inheritance tax货币主义者monetariest增值税VAT value added tax 收入revenue总需求aggregate demand货币化monetization赤字deficit经济不景气recession经济好转turnabout复苏recovery成本推进型cost push货币供应money supply生产率productivity劳动力labor force实际工资real wages成本推进式通货膨胀cost-push inflation需求拉动式通货膨胀demand-pull inflation 双位数通货膨胀double- digit inflation极度通货膨胀hyperinflation长期通货膨胀chronic inflation治理通货膨胀to fight inflation最终目标ultimate goal坏的影响adverse effect担保ensure贴现discount萧条的sluggish认购subscribe to支票帐户checking account货币控制工具instruments of monetry control 借据IOUs I owe you本票promissory notes货币总监controller of the currency拖收系统collection system支票清算或结算check clearing资金划拨transfer of funds可以相信的证明credentials改革fashion被缠住entangled货币联盟Monetary Union再购协议repo精明的讨价还价交易horse-trading欧元euro公共债务membership criteria汇率机制REM储备货币reserve currency劳动密集型labor-intensive股票交易所bourse竞争领先frontrun规模经济scale economcies 买方出价与卖方要价之间的差价bid-ask spreads 期货股票futures经济商行brokerage firm回报率rate of return违约default现金外流cash drains经济人佣金brokerage fee存款单CD certificate of deposit营业额turnover资本市场capital market布雷顿森林体系The Bretton Woods System经常帐户current account套利者arbitrager远期汇率forward exchange rate即期汇率spot rate实际利率real interest rates货币政策工具tools of monetary policy银行倒闭bank failures跨国公司MNC Multi-National Corporation商业银行commercial bank商业票据comercial paper利润profit监督to monitor佣金经济人commission brokers套期保值hedge有价证券平衡理论portfolio balance theory 外汇储备foreign exchange reserves固定汇率fixed exchange rate浮动汇率floating/flexible exchange rate货币选择权期货currency option套利arbitrage合约价exercise price远期升水forward premium多头买升buying long空头卖跌selling short按市价订购股票market order股票经纪人stockbroker国际货币基金the IMF监督surveillance同业拆借市场interbank market可兑换性convertibility软通货soft currency限制restriction交易transaction充分需求adequate demand短期外债short term external debt 汇率机制exchange rate regime直接标价direct quotes资本流动性mobility of capital赤字deficit本国货币domestic currency外汇交易市场foreign exchange market 国际储备international reserve利率interest rate资产assets国际收支balance of payments贸易差额balance of trade繁荣boom债券bond资本captial资本支出captial expenditures商品commodities商品交易所commodity exchange期货合同commodity futures contract 普通股票common stock联合大企业conglomerate货币贬值currency devaluation通货紧缩deflation折旧depreciation贴现率discount rate归个人支配的收入disposable personal income 从业人员employed person汇率exchange rate财政年度fiscal year企业free enterprise国生产总值gross antional product库存inventory劳动力人数labor force债务liabilities 市场经济market economy合并merger货币收入money income跨国公司Multinational Corproation个人收入personal income优先股票preferred stock价格收益比率price-earning ratio优惠贷款利率prime rate利润profit回报return on investment使货币升值revaluation薪水salary季节性调整seasonal adjustment关税tariff 失业人员unemployed person效用utility工资wages工资价格螺旋上升wage-price spiral收益yield补偿贸易compensatory trade, compensated deal 储蓄银行savings banks欧洲联盟the European Union单一的实体a single entity抵押贷款mortgage lending业主产权owner''''s equity普通股common stock无形资产intangible assets收益表income statement营业开支operating expenses行政开支administrative expenses现金收支一览表statement of cash flow贸易中的存货inventory收益proceeds投资银行investment bank机构投资者institutional investor垄断兼并委员会MMC招标发行issue by tender定向发行introduction代销offer for sale直销placing公开发行public issue信贷额度credit line国际债券international bonds欧洲货币Eurocurrency11。