粉煤灰的外文翻译
土木工程材料英汉词典
AAbram's rule 阿勃拉姆规则Abrasion 磨耗Accelerated strength testing 快速强度试验Acid resistance 耐酸性Adiabatic temperature rise 绝热升温Admixture 外加剂Aggregate 集料（混凝土）Air entrainment 引气（加气）Autoclave 高压釜Accelerated curing 快速养护Absorbed water 吸附水Added water 附加水Aggregate bulk density 集料松散容重Auti-corrosion Admixture 防锈剂Anisotropic materials 各向异性材料Air-entrained concrete 引气混凝土Air Entrain Admixture 引气剂Aggregate porosity 集料孔隙率Artificial marble 人造大理石Alite 阿利特Alkali-aggregate reaction 碱－集料反应Alkalies in Portland cement 波特兰水泥中的碱Alkali-silica reaction 碱－二氧化硅反应Anhydrite 无水石膏（硬石膏）Autoclave expansion test 高压釜膨胀试验Air-entrained concrete 加气混凝土Adhesion agent 粘着剂Accelerating agent 速凝剂All mesh ferrocement 无筋钢丝网水泥Allyl-Butadiene-Styrene 丙烯氰－丁二烯－苯乙烯共聚树脂（ABS）Air pockets 鼓泡Axial tensive property 轴心受拉性能Axial compressive property 轴心受压性能Air impermeability 气密性Abnormal Polypropylene 无规聚丙烯（APP）Asbestos fibres 石棉纤维Asbestos insulation 石棉绝热制品Autoclave expansion test 压蒸法Artificial 人造石Air entraining and water-reducing admixture 引气减水剂Active addition 活性混合材Addition of cement 水泥混合材Aluminoferic cement clinker 铁铝酸盐水泥熟料Age 龄期，时期Aluminum silicate wool 硅酸铝棉Aluminum foil 铝箔Air space insulation 封闭空气间层Areal thermal resistance（specific thermal resistance）比热阻（热导率的倒数）Absorptivity 吸收率Air permeability（Air penetration coefficient）空气渗透率BBrick 绝热砖Bond strength 粘结强度Bleeding 泌水Bitumen-determination of penetration 沥青针入度测定法Battery-mold process 成组立模工艺Bar spacing 加筋间距Binder bonding agent 粘合剂Bitumastic paint 沥青涂料Bituminous road materials 沥青筑路材料Blowing agent 发泡剂Bar between mesh 加筋Ball impact test （冲击强度）落球试验法Basic constituent 碱性组分基本成分Basicity 碱度，碱性Barytes 重晶石Batchhing 称量（配料）Belite 贝利特Biaxial behavior 双轴向性质Blaine fineness 勃来恩，细度Blast-furnace slag 高炉矿渣Blast-furnace slag cements 高炉矿渣水泥Blended portland cements 掺混合料的波特兰水泥Bogue equations 鲍格方程式Bond 粘结Brucite 氢氧镁石（水镁石）Bulking of sand 砂的湿胀Bull-float 刮尺Board（block）insulation 绝热板Batch mixture 配合料Bend stress 弯曲应力Bituminous paint 沥青涂料Bituminous concrete 沥青混凝土Block brick 大型砌块Blunger 搅拌器，打浆机Brick setting 砖砌体(brickwork)Brittle point of asphalt 沥青冷脆点Broken stone 碎石Bubbing potential 发泡能力Building brick 建筑红砖Building system 建筑体系，建筑系统Brittle material 脆性材料CCalcium aluminate cement 铝酸钙水泥Calcium aluminates 铝酸钙Calcium chloride 氯化钙Calcium ferroaluminates 铁铅酸钙Calcium hydroxide 氢氧化钙Calcium oxide 氧化钙Calcium silicate hydrate 水化硅酸钙Calcium silicate 硅酸钙Calcium sulfates 硫酸钙Calcium sulfoaluminate 硫铅酸钙Calcium sulfoaluminate hydrates 水化硫铝酸钙Capillary voids（pores）in cement 水泥中的毛细管Capillary water 毛细管水Carbon dioxide 二氧化碳Cavitation 混凝土中的大孔洞，空蚀作用Cement fineness 水泥细度Cement paste 水泥浆Cement soundness 水泥安定性Cement specifications 水泥规范Cement strength 水泥强度Cement types 水泥品种Ceramsite 陶粒Chalcedony 玉髓Chemically combined water 化学结合水Chert 燧石（黑硅石）Chloride 氯化物Cold rolled steel 冷轧钢Cellular concrete 多孔混凝土Complex accelerator based on triethanolamine 三乙醇胺复合早强剂Component 组分，成分，构件Compliance 柔度Composite 复合，合成，复合材料Composite insulation 复合绝热层Composite portland cement 复合硅酸盐水泥Concrete 混凝土Condensed silica fume 浓缩（凝聚）的二氧化硅烟雾（硅粉）Consistency 绸度Core tests 钻芯试验Corrosion of steel in concrete 混凝土中钢筋的腐蚀Cost of concrete 混凝土成本Cracking 开裂Creep 徐变Critical aggregate size 临界集料尺寸C-S-H 水化硅酸钙Coefficient of thermal expansion 热膨胀系数Conductivity 导热性Coefficient of shrinkage 收缩系数Coefficient of permeability of concreteChloroprene Rubber 氯丁橡胶（CR）Chord modulus 弦弹性模量Clinker 熟料Coarse aggregate 粗集料Cold-weather concreting 冷天浇筑混凝土Compacting factor test 捣实系数试验Compaction（consolidation）捣实（捣固）Compressive strength 抗压强度Computer control system 计算机控制系统Concrete batching plant 混凝土搅拌站Concrete composition 混凝土配合比Concrete products 混凝土制品Concrete pump 混凝土输送泵Coefficient of permeability of concrete 混凝土渗透系数Carbonated lime sand brick 碳化灰砂砖Carbonating 碳化处理Cement resistance to chemical 水泥抗化学侵蚀性Cube size 立方体试件尺寸Characteristic strength 特征强度Coarse aggregate ratio to fine 粗集料玉细集料之比Carbonated shrinkage 碳化收缩Calcium silicate insulation 硅酸钙绝热制品Cellular（foamed）glass 泡沫玻璃（多孔玻璃）Composite insulation 复合绝热层混凝土收缩系数Cement mortar 水泥胶砂Crescent ribbed bars 月牙肋钢筋Concrete block 混凝土砌块Cold-drawn reinforcement bar 冷拉钢筋Cold rolled steel 冷轧钢Condensation polymerization 缩聚反应Critical degree of saturation 临界饱和度Critical stress 临界压力Cryogenic behavior 低温性质Crystallization pressure of salts 盐的结晶压力Crystal structure and reactivity 结晶结构和活性Curing 养护Civil Engineering 土木工程Cement 水泥Crack 裂缝Calcium silicate insulation 硅酸钙绝热制品Cement mortar 水泥砂浆Cork 软木Cork insulation 软木绝热制品Cellular（foamed）plastics 泡沫塑料（多孔塑料）Cellular（foamed）polystyrene 聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料Cellular（foamed）polyurethane 聚氨脂泡沫塑料Calcium-resin insulating board 钙塑绝热板Cellular（foamed）rubber 泡沫橡胶DDarby 刮尺D-cracking D行裂缝Deicing salts action 除冰盐作用Diatomaceous earth 硅藻土质泥土Dicalcium silicate（C2S）硅酸二钙Dynamic modulus of elasticity 动弹性模量Dolomite 白云石Decoration mortar 装饰砂浆Deformed bar 变形钢筋，螺纹钢Defoamer 消泡剂Dense concrete 密实混凝土Diatomaceous silicate 硅藻土(Kieselguhr，diatomite)Diatomite insulation 硅藻土绝热制品Drying shrinkage 干燥收缩（干缩）Ductility 延性Durability 耐久性Durability factor 耐久性因素Decoration glass 装饰玻璃Density 密度Deformation 变形钢筋Degree of hardness 硬度Degree of humidity 湿度EEarly-age behavior 早期性质Ecological benefit 生态效应Effective absorption 有效吸收Efflorescence 白霜Elastic modulus 弹性模量Electron micrographs 电子显微图Energy requirement 能量需要Entrained air 引入的空气Extensibility 可伸长性Emerging wire 露丝Emerging mesh 露网Expanded perlite 膨胀珍珠岩Epoxy Resin 环氧树脂Erosion 冲刷风化、剥蚀Ettringite 钙矾石Expanded clay and shale 膨胀粘土和页岩Expanded slag aggregate 膨胀矿渣集料Expansive cement concrete 膨胀水泥混凝土Expansive cement 膨胀水泥Expansive phenomena in concrete 混凝土中的膨胀现象Expanded vermiculite 膨胀蛭石Expanded rermiculite insulation 膨胀蛭石制品Expanded plastics 多孔塑料Engineering plastics 工程塑料FFabriform 土工模袋False set 假凝Feldspar 长石Fiber-reinforced concrete 纤维增强混凝土Final set 终凝Fine aggregate 细集料Fineness modulus 细度模量Flowing concrete 流动混凝土Fly ash 粉煤灰Foamed slag 泡沫矿渣Formwork removal 拆模Ferromanganese 锰钢Flow of cement mortar 水泥胶砂流动度Fiber reinforced plastics 纤维增强塑料Fiber-glass reinforced plastics 玻璃纤维增强塑料Facebrick 饰面砖，面砖Facing tile 外墙面砖Flint 燧石Floating 刮平Fracture toughness 断裂韧性Free calcium oxide 游离氧化钙Freeze-thaw resistance 抗冻融性Fresh concrete 新拌混凝土Facing 面层Fiber insulation 纤维绝热材料Flexible insulation 柔性绝热制品Frost action on aggregate 骨料受到冰冻作用Frost action on cement paste 水泥浆受到冰冻作用Future of concrete 混凝土的前景Fire resistance 耐火性Ferrocement 钢丝网水泥Ferrocement with skeletal bar 加筋钢丝网水泥Flexural property 受弯性能Fatigue resistance 耐疲劳性Faience mosaic 嵌花地砖，釉陶锦砖Fiber cement 纤维水泥Figured glass 压花玻璃Fine sand 细砂Fineness of cement 水泥细度Finishing 抹面（修整）Flash set 闪凝（瞬间凝结）Flexural strength 弯曲强度Forst resistance 抗冻性Fineness modulus 细度模数（M）Flexural rigidity 抗弯刚度（B）Foamed concrete 泡沫混凝土Fiber board 纤维板Frost action on concrete 混凝土受到冰冻作用GGamma rays γ-射线Gel pores 凝胶孔Gel/space ratio 凝胶/空隙比（对强度的影响）(Effect on strength）Geonet 土工网Geotextile 土工格栅Geotextile 木织物Glass geogrid 土工复合排水材Geomat 土工垫Gradation 级配Gypsum 石膏Granulated wood 粒状棉Glass geogrid 玻纤网Glassfiber Reinforced Plastics 玻璃纤维增强塑料Glass wool 玻璃棉Granular（powder）insulation 颗粒绝热材料Gap-graded aggregate 间断级配材料Gas concrete 加气混凝土Glass 玻璃体Giving a basic reaction 发生碱性反应Giving an acid reaction 发生酸性反应Grading 颗粒级配Grain-size refinement 级配曲线Gravel 砾石、卵石Graywacke 杂砂岩Grout 薄浆（灌浆）Granite 花岗岩Graph 图表、图解Green concrete 新拌混凝土Gritly 粗砂状的Ground slag 矿渣粉Gypsum wall board 石膏墙板Gypsum concrete 石膏混凝土HHardening 硬化Hcp 水化水泥浆的简写Heat of hydration 水化热Heavyweight aggregate 重集料Heavyweight concrete 重混凝土Hydration of portland cement 波特兰水泥的水化Hydration reaction of aluminates 铝酸盐的水化Hydration reaction of silicates 硅酸盐的水Hemihydrate 半水化物High-alumina cement 高铝水泥High-early strength cement 高早强水泥High-strength concrete 高强混凝土High-workability concrete 高工作性混凝土Hot-weather concreting 热天浇筑混凝土Hydrophilic and hydrophobic 亲水与憎水Hydrated（portland）cement paste 已水化的水泥浆化反应Hydraulic cement 水硬性水泥Hydraulic pressure 水压力Honeycomb 蜂窝Heat transfer rate 热流量Homogeneous materials 均质材料High-tensile reinforcing steel 高强度钢筋High-tensile wire 高强钢丝High carbon steel 高碳钢High strength concrete 高强混凝土High performance concrete 高性能混凝土IIgneous rocks for aggregate 作为集料的岩浆岩Impact strength 冲击强度Impregnation with polymers 用聚合物浸渍Initial set 初凝Initial tangent modulus 初始正切模量Interlayer space in C-S-H C-S-H中的层间空间Interlayer water in C-S-H C-S-H中的层间水Iron blast-furnace slag 化铁高炉渣Iron ores aggregate（heavyweight）铁矿石（重集料）Isotropic materials 各向同性材料Iron wire 低碳钢丝Impact ductility 冲击韧性Impact strength 抗冲击强度Impermeability 抗渗性，不渗透性Impermeability to water 抗渗水性，不透水性Impregnate 浸渍，渗透Index of quality 品质指标，质量控制标准Inhomogeneous 不均匀的，多相的Initial shrinkage 早期收缩Initial strength 早期强度Insulating layer 隔热层Intarsia 玻璃锦砖Impact resistance 抗冲击性JJet set cement 喷射水泥Jolting table 振动台Job mix 现场配合Jaw crusher 颚式破碎机"Jian-1" water reducer "建-1"型减水剂KKilled steel 镇静钢Kiln dust 窑灰，飞灰Kiln building 窑房Kiln plant 窑设备Kilogram calorie 千卡，大卡Knot 木节Kominuter 球磨LLow PH value cement 低碱水泥Laitance 浆皮Leaching of cement paste 水泥浆渗漏Lime cement 石灰水泥Limestone 石灰石Lightweight aggregates 轻集料Lightweight concrete 轻混凝土Lignosulfonate 木质磺酸盐Low heat Portland cement 低热波特兰水泥Laboratory 实验室Lean concrete 贫混凝土Loss of slump of concrete 混凝土的坍落度损失Le chatelier soundness test 雷氏夹法Loss on ignition 烧失量Light weight ferrocement 轻质钢丝网水泥Longitudinal bar 纵筋Longitudinal bar spacing 纵筋间距Loose fill insulation 松散填充绝热层Low alloy steel 低合金钢Low caron colddrawn steel 冷拔低碳钢丝Longitudinal rib 纵肋Lumber grading 木材等级MMacrostructure 宏观结构Magnesium oxide 氧化镁Magnesiun salts solution effect on concrete 镁盐溶液对混凝土的影响Map cracking 地图形裂纹Marcasite 白铁矿Mass concrete 大体积混凝土Maturity concept 成熟度概念Maturity meters 成熟度测定仪Microcracking 微裂缝Microsilica 微细二氧化硅（硅粉）Minimum crack spacing 最小裂缝间距Microcrack 微裂Modulus of deformation 变形模量（EB）Mineral wool insulation 矿棉绝热制品Mineral fibres 矿棉纤维Masonry cement 砌筑水泥Mild steel 低碳钢Medium carbon steel 中碳钢Moisture content of wood 木材含水量Moisture 湿度水分Moisture condition 含水状态Mocromolecule high polymer 高分子Microstructure 微观结构Mixing of concrete 矿物外加剂Mixing water 拌合用水Mix proportioning（designing）配合比（设计）Mix proportions 配合比Mumicipal-waste aggregate 城市废物集料Moisture absorption 吸湿率（water vapour absorption）Moisture content of aggregate 骨料含水量Matrix 基材Mesh-bar placement and tying 铺网扎筋Manual plastering 手工抹浆Maximum size of sand 砂的最大粒径Mortar consistency 砂浆绸度Mortar strength 砂浆强度Maximum crack width 最大裂缝宽度Mix proportion by absolute volume 绝对体积配合比（设计）Mix proportion by loose volume 现场松散体积配合比（设计）Mixed-in-place 现场拌和Mix proportion by weight 重量配合比Mixed process 混合过程Mixing time 拌和时间Mixing water 拌和水Modility 流动性Membreane curing 薄膜养护Map cracking 龟裂Mastic 玛脂Modulus of elasticity concrete 混凝土弹性模量Modulus of water-glass 水玻璃模数Masonry mortar 砌筑砂浆Maximum aggregate size 最大集料粒径Modified portland cement 改性的波特兰水泥Modulus of elasticity 弹性模量Modulus of rupture 挠折模量（破裂模量）Monosulfate hydrate 单硫酸盐水化物Mortar 砂浆Multiaxial strength 多轴向强度Marber 大理岩Moderate heat portland cement 中热硅酸盐水泥Moderate heat of hydration 中热Moderate sulfate resistance 中抗硫酸盐Magnitude of self-stress 自应力NNDT 非破损试验的缩写Neutron radiation 中子辐射Neoprene 氯丁橡胶NNO water reducer NNO型减水剂Non-hydranlic cement 气硬性水泥Non-destructive tests 非破损试验Nuclear shielding concrete 核屏蔽混凝土Normal distribution 正太分布Non-evaporable water 非蒸发水Nominal diameter 公称直径Normal consistency of cement paste 水泥净浆标准绸度Neat cement paste 水泥净浆Needle crystal 针状晶体Needle penetrometer 维卡仪OOscillating screen 振动筛Oscillation generator 振动器Oscillator 振动器Oil-well platform concrete 油井平台混凝土Opal 蛋白石Overlays of concrete 混凝土覆盖层Oriented water 定向的水Osmotic pressure 渗透压力Oven-dry aggregate 炉干骨料Overall thermal conductance 总导热系数Organosilicon 有机硅Organosilicon resin 有机硅树脂Oscillate 振动，振荡Ordinary low-alloy steel 普通低合金钢Ordinary oil well cement 普通油井水泥Ordinary portland cement 普通硅酸盐水泥PParticle size 颗粒尺寸Penetration resistance 抗贯入性Periclase 方镁石Perlite 珍珠岩Permeability 渗透性Phosphate 磷酸盐Phenolic Formaldehyde 酚醛树脂（PF）Placing of concrete 混凝土的浇筑Plaster of paris 建筑石膏Polypropylene 聚丙烯（PP）Prestressed steel 预应力钢筋Pumped concrete 泵送混凝土Pumice concrete concrete block 浮石混凝土砌块Plastics 塑料Polythene 聚乙烯（PE）Polyvinyl Alcohol 聚乙烯醇（PVA）Polyvinyl Acetate 聚醋酸乙烯（PVAC）Polyvinyl Chloride 聚氯乙烯（PVC）Polyvinyl Formal 聚乙烯醇缩甲醛（PVFO）Polystyrene 聚苯乙烯（PS）Polystyrene-plywood laminate 聚苯乙烯胶合木板Polyester plastics 聚酯塑料Plastic veneer 塑料贴面板Plastic-steel window 塑钢窗Polyester 聚酯Polyester Resin 聚酯树脂（PR）Plastic shrinkage 塑性收缩Poisson's ratio 泊松比Polymer concrete 聚合物混凝土（PC）Polymer-impregnated concrete 聚合物浸渍混凝土（PIC）Polymer-cement concrete 聚合物水泥混凝土（PCC）Polymethylmethacrylate 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）Pore-size distrbution 孔径分布Pore-size refinement 孔径尺寸修整Prestressded ferrocement 预应力钢丝网水泥Plain round bar 光圆钢筋Porosity 孔隙率Portland cement 波特兰水泥Portland blast-furnace slag cement 高炉矿渣波特兰水泥Portlandite 氢氧钙石Portland pozzolan cement 火山灰质波特兰水泥Potential compound composition 潜在化合物成分Pyrite pyrrhotite 硫化铁，黄铁矿Particle size distribution 粒度分布Pat test 试饼法PH-value PH值Pozzolan 火山灰Pozzolanic reaction 火山灰质反应Preplaced aggregate concrete 预填集料混凝土Proportioning 配合Pulverized fuel ash 磨细粉煤灰Pull-out test 拔出试验Pumice 浮石QQuality assurance 质量保证Quick set 快凝Quality 质量Quality control 质量控制Quartz glass 石英玻璃Quartz glass fiber 石英玻璃纤维Quartz sand 石英砂Quick lime 生石灰[CaO]Quartz 石英Quatzite 石英岩Quick-taking cement 快凝水泥Quick hardening 水硬性水泥Quench 水淬，骤冷RRadiation shielding concrete 辐射屏蔽混凝土Rapid setting and hardening cement 快凝与快硬水泥Revibration 重新振捣Rice husk ash 谷糠灰Ready-mixed concrete 预拌混凝土Recycled-concrete aggregate 再生混凝土集料Resistance to chemical attack of mortar 砂浆耐蚀性Rock wool 岩石棉Rigid insulation 刚性绝热制品Rib height 肋高Rib spacing 肋间距Ribbed bars 带肋钢筋Rich concrete 富混凝土Residue on sieve 筋余Regulated-set cement 调凝水泥Retarding admixtures 缓凝外加剂Retempering 重新调拌Roller-compacted concrete 滚筒-压实混凝土Reinforced plastics 加筋塑料Reinforcement mat 钢筋网Raw limestone 石灰石Raw gypsum 二水石膏SSalt crystallization pressure 盐的结晶压力Sand 砂Sandstone 砂岩Saturated surface dry condition 饱和面干条件Scaling 起皮，鳞片状剥落Schmidt rebound hammer 希密特回弹仪Screeding 抹平Seawater 海水Secant elastic modulus 正割弹性模量Sedimentary rocks for aggregate 作为集料的沉积岩Segregation 离析Self-stressing cement 自应力水泥Setting of cement paste 水泥浆的凝结Special hydraulic cement 特种水硬性水泥Specifications 规范Specific heat 比热Specific surface area 比表面积Sphericity 圆度Splitting tension strength 劈裂抗拉强度Standard specifications 标准规范Standard test method 标准试验方法Stiffening of cement paste 水泥浆的变硬Strain 应变Strength 强度Setting of concrete 混凝土的凝结Shear-bond failure 剪切粘结破坏Shear strength 剪切强度Shotcreting 喷射混凝土浇筑Shrinkage 收缩Shrinkage-compensating concrete 收缩补偿混凝土Sieve analysis of aggregate 集料的筛分析Silica fume 硅粉Slag 矿渣Slip-formed concrete 滑模混凝土Slump cone test 坍落度锥体试验Slump loss in concrete 混凝土中坍落度损失Solid/space ratio 固体∕空隙比Solid-state hydration 固态水化Soundness 安定性Spacing-factors of entrained air 引入空气Self-stressing cement mortar 自应力水泥砂浆Shear steel 剪切钢筋Saturation capacity 饱和含水量Saturation point 饱和点Stearic acid 硬脂酸Surface-active agents 表面活性剂Synthetic resin binder 树脂粘结剂Synthetic lightweight aggregate 人造轻集料Shotereting process 喷浆工艺Scaling 麻面Surface dusting 表面起砂Sandwich 夹层Shrinkage crack 收缩裂缝Stressed crack 受力裂缝Special steel 特种钢Sawdust concrete 锯屑混凝土Softening point test 软化点试验Solidification 凝固作用Stress 应力Stress intensity factor 应力强度因素Stress-strain curve 应力－应变曲线Surface moisture 表面水Splitting strength 劈裂强度Splitting failure 劈裂破坏Standard error 标准误差Stand sieve 标准筛Static modulus 静弹性模量Steam curing 蒸汽养护Strength grading 强度级别Strength of cube 立方体强度Strength at 28 days 28天强度Stress concentration 应力集中Styrene Butadiene Rubber 丁苯橡胶（SBR）Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene 苯－丁－苯乙烯Sulphoaluminate cement clinker 硫铝酸盐熟料Surface energy 表面能Surface hardness 表面强度Surface tension 表面张力Sand-lime brick 灰砂砖Saturated aggregate 饱和水集料Superplasticized admixture 超塑化外加剂Surface area 表面积Strength of aggregate 集料强度Strength of cylinders 圆柱体强度的间距因素Structural lightweight concrete 结构轻混凝土Structure（microstructure）of concrete 混凝土的（微观）结构Structures（concrete）in photographs 混凝土结构照片Sulfate attack 硫酸盐侵蚀Sulfate resisting cement 抗硫酸盐水泥Sulfates in portland cement 波特兰水泥中的硫酸盐Sulfides and sulfate aggregate 硫化物与硫酸盐集料Standard sand 标准砂Strength of cement mortar 水泥胶砂强度Strength grade of cement 水泥强度等级Spiral reinforcement 螺纹钢筋Stirrup 箍筋Struture lightweight concrete 结构用轻混凝土Specimen 试件Self-stressing concrete 自应力混凝土Sand grading 砂的级配Sand grading curve 砂的级配曲线Sand grading standard region 砂的级配标准区Self-stressing ferrocement 自应力钢丝网水泥Supersulphated cement 石膏矿渣水泥Setting time of concrete 混凝土的凝结时间Standard of concrete 混凝土强度Standard deviation 标准差Structure high density concrete 结构高表观密度混凝土Steel-fibre concrete 钢纤维混凝土Set retarder admixture 缓凝剂Set retarding and water-reducing admixture 缓凝减水剂Superplasticizer admixture 高效减水剂Superplasticized concrete 超塑性混凝土Setting time 凝结时间Sulphonated formaldehyde melamine 磺化甲醛三聚氰胺Saturated and surface-dry aggregate 饱和面干集料TTangent modulus of elasticity 正切弹性模量Temperature effects 温度效应Tensile strain 拉伸应变Tensile strain capacity 拉伸应变能力Tensile strength 拉伸强度（抗拉强度）Test methods 试验方法Thermal conductivity 导热性Thermal expansion coefficient 热膨胀系数Thermal shrinkage 热收缩Truckmixing 卡车搅拌Total water/cement ratio 总水灰比Trial mixes 试拌合物The particle grading 颗粒级配Tough aggregate 韧性集料Timber 木材Thermal insulation material 保温材料Test sieve 试验筛Through-solution hydration 通过溶液的水化Time of set 凝结时间Tobermorite gel 莫来石凝胶Topochemical hydration 局部水化Toughness 韧性Transition zone 过渡区Transporting concrete 混凝土输送Tricalcium aluminate 铝酸三钙Tricalcium silicate 硅酸三钙Triethanolamine 三乙醇胺Testing of material 材料试验Testing sieve shaker 试验用振动筛分机Test load 试验负荷Test method 试验仪表Test report 试验报告Test result 试验结果Tetracalcium aluminate hydrate 水化铝酸四钙Texture of wood 木材纹理Theories of cement setting and hardening 水泥凝结硬化理论Thermal contraction 热收缩Thermal diffusivity 热扩散性Thermosetting plastics 热固性塑料Technical manual 技术规范Test method of ferrocement panels in flexure 钢丝网水泥板受弯试验方法Transverse barspacing 横筋间距Thermo plastics 热塑性塑料Transverse rib 横肋Transverse bar 横筋Temperature shrinkage 温度收缩Thermal insulation material 绝热材料Thermal insulation properties 保温性能Thermal insulating concrete 绝热混凝土Thermal insulating plaster（Thermal insulating mortar）绝热砂浆UUltrasonic pulse velocity 超声脉冲速度Unixial compression behavior 单轴向受压状况Ultimate creep 极限徐变Ultimate strain 极限应变Unlimited swelling gel 无限膨胀凝胶Units of measurement 计量单位Unit weight 单位重量Ultimate gation 极限伸长值Ultimate principles 基本原理Ultrasonic inspection 超声波样份Uncombined CaO 游离CaOVVander Wale force 范德华力Viscometer 粘度仪Vebe test 维勃试验Vermiculite 蛭石Very high early strength cement 超高早强水泥Vibration 振动，振捣Vicat apparatus 维卡仪Void in hydrated cement paste 水化水泥浆中的孔隙Volcanic glass 火山玻璃Vinsol resin 松香皂树脂Vapor pressure 蒸汽压力Variegated glass 大理石纹Veneer 墙面砖、饰面砖Vesicular structure 多孔结构Vicat needle 维卡仪Viscosity 粘度粘滞性Viscosity of asphalt 沥青粘滞性Voids ratio 孔隙率Vibro-moulding process 振动成型工艺Vibrating stamping process 震动模压工艺Vibrating vacuum-dewater process 振动-真空脱水工艺Vacuum insulation 真空绝热Vapour barrier，water vapour retarder 隔汽层Vibrating table 振动台Voids detection 空隙的测定V-B test（vebe test）维勃证WWater 水Water/cement ratio 水灰比Water-reducing admixture 减水剂Water tightness 水密性、不透水性Water content 用水量Water requirement 需水量Water-lightness 透水性Water-reducing retaders 缓凝减水剂White cement 白水泥Windsor probe 温莎探针Winter concreting 混凝土冬季浇筑Workability 工作性（工作度）Wetting agents 温润剂Water solubility 水溶性Water retentivity 保水性Water storage 在水中养护Water repellent 疏水的、不吸水的、憎水的Water resistance 抗水性Water vapor 水蒸汽Wearability 耐磨性Weather resistance 耐候性Workability 可加工性Wood-preserving process 木材防腐处理Work done by impact 冲击功Weighting error 称量误差Workability loss of with time 和易性随时间损失Workability of ready-mixed concrete 预拌混凝土和易性Workability of light-weight concrete 轻混凝土和易性Water-reducing admixture 普通减水剂Water-proofing 防水的Water-proofing admixture 防水剂Wire rope 钢绞线Workability measurement 和易性测量Wire mesh 钢丝网Welded mesh 焊接网Wood wool slab 木丝板Water content（moisture content）含水率（湿度）Water absorption 吸水率Wet screening 湿法筛分，湿筛析Wetting and drying 潮湿与干燥Workability control 和易性控制Workability definition 和易性定义Water pepellent admixture 防水剂Water requirement for normal consistency of cement paste 水泥净浆标准绸度用水量Water proofing compound 防水化合物XX-ray diffiraction analysis X射线衍射分析X-ray phase analysis X射线相分析X-rayogram X射线图式X-ray spectrometer X射线光谱仪YYield limit 屈服极限Yield point 屈服点Yield strength 屈服强度Yield stress 屈服应力Yield of steel 钢材的屈服ZZeolite 沸石Zones for sand grading 砂级配区Zeta-potential ζ－电位Zone of heating 预热带。
外文翻译外文文献英文文献新型粉煤灰烘干机技术性能介绍英文
Technical performance of the new dryer introduction of fly ash Drying technology is the production of fly ash, slag powder and other key technologies must be matched, I wet fly water for large proportion of small, fine grain size, and other notable features, the development of new and efficient drying of fly ash machine, the device compared with other drying equipment, production capacity, continuous operation; structure is simple, easy to operate; less failure, low maintenance costs; for a wide range of fluid resistance is small, you can use it dry granule-like material, for adhesion of the material that is also very beneficial to large; operating flexibility, allowing the production of greater fluctuations in the flow of product range, will not affect the quality of the product; cleaning easy. The equipment is now in Henan, Anhui and other enterprises put into use, and create considerable economic benefits. New Fly Ash dryer - energy efficient, environmentally friendly.China's cement industry in recent years, a major breakthrough in comprehensive utilization of resources, waste cement industry consumptive use of solid waste in the country total more than 80%. By using less clinker cement industry, more powder, the cement produced in low-capital technologies that can maximize the consumption of electric power, metallurgy, coal industry produced fly ash, slag, coal gangue and other industrial waste. Our process uses traditional cement clinker produced, mixed material mixing mill, mill production is low, high energy consumption, waste slag and other materials used only as a hybrid, mixing amount of not more than 30%. Use of clinker, slag grinding process, respectively, the use of slag fine powder in the high state of good activity can be used as the main component of cement characteristics, the preparation of "blending" of cement, admixture of 50% -60%, can substantially reduce the cement produced in the capital. Waste produced by the cement industry, based on a variety of waste powder admixture fair match to progress in concrete density, the formation of low density, high density, low defect structure, much progress in concrete life.China's annual industrial waste slag produced 1.5 billion -16 billion tons of fly ash and gangue -6 reached 400 million tons, flooded areas in the department. Take advantage of cheap local coal ash, slag and other waste of resources produced in low-capital high performance green cement, cement manufacturing is the transformation of the region an important way.Energy saving is a saving society, an important prerequisite for a harmonious society, but also cement the most effective way to profit growth. Energy efficiency is progress, but decided to advance the hub grinding efficiency is to reduce the moisture content of raw materials. Because fly ash, slag, etc. into the plant when the water is too large, is not conducive to ground, resulting in low yield milling system, full grinding and grinding, such as grinding paste deterioration in working conditions, must first dried before grinding into dehydration. Therefore, the fly ash produced dryer comprehensive utilization of fly ash with good development prospects. New Fly Ash dryer is produced in high energy-saving technology of fly ash, slag powder and other equipment necessary for supporting the hub, in the promotion of energy efficiency of cement, representing centrifugal dewatering equipment, the old vertical dryer, in the design, energy efficiency and practical applications have great breakthrough.Old vertical dryer. Equipment from external burner, vertical dryer composed of host and environmental protection equipment, vertical assemble a brick inside the dryer, how abdominal group and the sliding hopper feed bowl set. Its working principle is: material handling equipment into the upper vertical dryer, set by its own gravity through the hopper, slide pots expected drop in sink. Burner to create heat, heat exchange through the vertical dryer, after discharge of environmental protection equipment. Course materials collection hopper and slip angle of the basin slowed down the speed of the material to extend the time for heat exchange materials, but materials, materials in the collection hopper and slip sliding is the central basin discharge, the formation of the wind tunnel is in use a lot of heat Air filter materials, coupled with the continued cooling tube burner, thermal efficiency is only about 50%. The device's strengths are: small size, less investment; disadvantage is that: ① the high consumption of coal, about 50% utilization of geothermal energy; ② high power consumption, power consumption 4kWh tons of dry material around; ③ adaptability, and tend to occur the material, sealing;④ more stringent requirements on coal-fired heating; ⑤ drying quality can not control.Previous centrifugal dewatering machinery, equipment expensive, low capacity, dehydration rate of small, usually only one precipitation 10% --- 20% of the remaining 15 water. The new full set of fly ash from the dryer three sectors: heating system, heat exchange system and to take the air dust removal system. Heating systems using hot stove technology sector, adequate heat, heat effect, structural simplicity; heat exchange system is the drying cylinder, the cylinder body lifting plate arranged in spiral staggered repeatedly Young Caesar materials, high efficiency heat exchange ; ventilate the system will be equipped with dust filter, because the fly ash particle size, density, light, dry conditions in the negativepressure, easily flow away, leading to changes in fluid medium, and large dust gas water to prevent Cited air system into the atmosphere sucked out of resources and environmental pollution extravagance, unified by the dust collecting.Fly ash drying machine will first be wet peeling machine conveyor were broken into horizontal, to prevent bulk material into the drying cylinder of the drying effect, has broken into the material and then drying drum, the cylinder body have much to copy board, arranged in spiral, driven by the rotating cylinder, keep the material copied toss board, Young Caesar, and the cylinder wall material again hitting crushing equipment, materials and the arguments raised air system full access to the incoming hot air, heat exchange, evaporation of water to complete the drying, from the discharge port, the dust emitted by the dust removal equipment uniform collecting moisture.Sawdust dryer is how and product advantages of working classSawdust dryer is how to work. Main works: wood chips into sawdust dryer drum rotary cylinder by the injection pipe and the joint action of boiling flow in the barrel of hot air full contact with the material to complete the drying, air-sawdust dryer, air drying is the so-called refers to the body like wet sawdust powder by screw conveyor to continuously add drying tube, the delivery of high-speed hot air and dispersed the.Galileo Heavy sawdust dryer is designed for sawdust, wood chips, small pieces of wood, veneer, wood drying wet materials and professional design and manufacturing, with a drying speed, yield, remarkable energy saving, low maintenance features . Wet sawdust dryer to evaporate the moisture in the material, powder or granular dry products by the process, mainly by the air heater, feeder, air drying tube, cyclone, fan and other components.Characteristics of chicken manure dryer, we will introduce you to here. Galileo mechanical scientific research, production, marketing as a whole, market-oriented enterprises, rely on technological innovation and management innovation to promote the development, production sand dryer mainly based manufacturers.How to choose the right drum dryerThe so-called rotary drum dryer, also known as rotary drum dryer. Its wide range of applications, mainly used in building materials, metallurgy, chemical and cement industries, drying of the material mainly of limestone slag, coal ash, slag, clay and so on. It consists of rotary body, lifting plate, gear, support equipment and seals and other components. And has a reasonable structure, well-made, high output, lowenergy consumption and easy operation. Meanwhile, the rotary drum dryer can also be used in fertilizer production, grain drying and fertilizer certain humidity, the aircraft also has a high thermal efficiency, uniform drying, cleaning materials, the number of small, suitable and convenient maintenance. So the selection of drum drying machine? Choose the right drum dryer which method? Here's a brief look at how to choose the right drum dryer.We want to know, usually drum dryer direct heat transfer medium is dry flue gas, where we will be divided into a downstream or upstream drying drying for two: first, the first to know what is along countercurrent flow drying and drying. The so-called downstream drying is its combustion chamber and wet feed materials in the same side, the heat flow direction and the direction of movement of materials is the same, the wet material from the feed end to discharge end of the transfer talk, hot air is from feed-side induced draft fan in the blower and the discharge side to go down the role of outflows in the process flow of wet material with hot air heating and drying; the so-called counter-flow is drying wet material from the feed end into the dryer, combustion chamber in the discharge end, in the process, the material and the hot air is doing the reverse movement, the wet material in motion the process of being dried by heat. Second, in the purchase, the specific way we choose to be dry and the dry material from the final request. But we should know that the initial drying driving force downstream drying larger, later with the material temperature, the drying medium temperature will be decreased, this comparison applies to the final water content (ie dried) less demanding materials. Countercurrent drying in the drying process, due to more uniform drying driving force, it is appropriate to be dry and dry material is strictly demanded.Dryer operating processes and precautions when usingDryer understanding of people know that, proficiency in the operation of the dryer process and use precautions is important, because it is about whether the normal use of the dryer and the process can be used to avoid a lot of unnecessary trouble . Here's a brief look at the dryer operating procedures and precautions in use.First, the operation of the dryer process, we mainly of five ways. The first is in operation, before opening the door of the dryer feed, the dehydration of the fabric tube into the turn, and then feed the door closed and locked; second is at the right time, the regular rotation button to the desired location; the third is in front of the preparatory work to do, start button, dryer drying, drum and exhaust fan to begin the work of the normal drying; fourth in the drying process, should always pay attention to the fabric to be dried so that accidents can take immediate measures; fifth is in the baking process, machine failure, should be immediately stopped, in time to find out the reasons for failure, and ina timely manner excluded.Second, when the note on the use of mainly explained from three aspects: first, before starting to pay attention to the dryer, make sure to feed the door closed and locked, take the fabric to ensure that the machine stops running, to avoid accidents ; The second is to regularly clean the filter on the suction fan, keep it clean; the third is to use the device in accordance with relevant provisions, not to violate the relevant national standards.Vacuum drying how to improve profit margins?Although the resin dryer is usually referred to as "auxiliary" equipment, but the decision of its type selection there may be a plastics processing, play a leading role in business strategy. This is in Belgium (the whole family), it is such, is a global cross-industry manufacturers, business focus involving electronic and electrical (E & E) equipment, components for injection molding. By abandoning the traditional hot air dryers in favor of the principle based on a new type of vacuum drying equipment (Figure 1), completed its Hasselt in Belgium (Hasselt) plant simplifies the injection molding process to obtain a substantial savings and improve product quality.As with other electronic and electrical (E & E) equipment supplier, as the three strategic challenges facing:1) intense price competition caused by the supplier relentless pressure to cut costs, improve production efficiency;2) customers on product quality and balance the demanding requirements;3) the long-term energy costs will be high expectations.Vacuum Drying of the most obvious benefits related to the third challenge: with similar specifications, hot air dryer (Figure 2) compared to completely dry resin in the vacuum dryer can save 80% of the energy. However, due to the completion of the original, while only one-sixth of the time, the use of vacuum dryer will have the opportunity to significantly improve production efficiency. The short term, this can be started on Monday morning ahead of manufacturers in the production of "cold start" time; in the long run, it can provide a more streamlined operational convenience to concentrate. Finally, Vacuum Dryer provide shorter residence time and higher efficiency to reduce drying defects and lower reject rate.Used in the factory in Hasselt 40 molding machines, 26 table is used for injection molding polyamide 6.6 material to be made into models of AA and AAA batteries small security cover. The use of 12 hot air dryer to dry 26 resin molding machine. By using the three US-Kui? LPTM vacuum dryer replaced (fourth sets new LPD vacuum dryer for emergency standby),according to the Technical Manager, Mr. Rudi Vermeulen stated that achieved the following results:Energy cost savings. 92% reduction of energy consumption, saving 15,700 euros. The corresponding cost savings estimate does not include the power sector, Mr. Vermeulen the additional peak imposed a fine of 5,000 euros, not including the estimated Mr Vermeulen "great" to exclude from the factory for the production of heat hot air drying machine electricity consumed by air-conditioning energy savings.Production longer. Cold start by reducing the time Monday morning, received an additional 192 hours per year at full capacity production time. According to Mr. Vermeulen rough estimate, assuming that sales levels will be sufficient to maintain the plant at full capacity, this new production capacity can bring an extra 57,600 euros per year could be the amount of sales of products.Streamlining and automation. While hot air drying machine 12 in any one able to meet not more than 2 sets of injection molding machines for production capacity requirements, vacuum dryer drying cycle, shorter and this makes it possible to cover the 26 battery production lines converted to a PLC control central delivery system. Hot air dryers from 12 to 3 units (actual use) vacuum dryer conversion brought 2,970 euros, or 92% of the preventive maintenance savings. Bulk container bags package from the package to 11,800 euros per year cost savings.Defect rate / scrap rate. According to Mr. Vermeulen stated, as to avoid excessive drying, and the output of the resin contained in the residual moisture than hot air dryers are less resin processing, vacuum dryer significantly reduces the rejection rate.Mr. Vermeulen said, from waste reduction, air-conditioning costs and production efficiency savings arising from the specific data yet to be statistics, this is due to the recently installed a vacuum dryer and the central feeding system. Calculated over the current annual statistical data and other cost savings reached 35,470 euros. These savings, combined with the increase in annual output of 57,600 euros, for a total of 93,070 euros.Because the central feeding system, and 4 sets of vacuum dryer total investment cost of 100,000 euros, the overall total cost savings sufficient to manufacturers in the number of little more than a year to recover the investment cost. If you wait until the other end and then save the data to collate statistics, including the actual cost recovery will take less than one year.New injection molding machines to speed up drying operation starts The vacuum dryer energy consumption and only a very short time a number of resins can be ready to prepare for processing, which is due to their design and operation of the standard hot air / desiccant dryer is different in two ways:Vacuum dryer using a vacuum to reduce the boiling point of water so quickly into wet vapor, the water vapor really is removed from the resin particles, and not covered with dry air and then slowly remove the resin particles in which the moisture.Vacuum Dryer mark in three separate locations simultaneously heating and vacuum drying, to small batch production, which will actually batch process into a continuous process, so that the output and processing machines to keep pace .Vacuum Drying small quantities of batch output and a short drying cycle allows only 40 minutes to prepare adequately for the drying of the resin molding machine feeding, rather than the traditional use of the dryer they needed 4 hours. This is why the start time on Monday to reduce their reasons.Hasselt casting plant in order to secure the battery cover, the use of 20 5 50 tons and 10 tons of plastic injection molding machine. These machines 236 days a year three shifts a day job, which requires two operators each shift care. It started Monday morning both need to start each machine. 50 tons of the molding machine starts 30 minutes and 10 tons of molding machine 15 minutes to complete the activation steps, takes 12 hours to allow all 26 machines to full production status - this does not include fully dry resin required time.If you use a traditional hot air drying machine, drying time is also the need for additional 4 hours, which also takes 16 hours to reach full capacity all of the state. As can be ready in time after full drying of the resin molding machines to meet the first start, Vacuum Dryer save this extra time.Furthermore, Mr. Rudi Vermeulen, 12 hot air drying machines start operating complex, and must first start one; in contrast to vacuum dryer start simple, and only one of the 3 sets to 26 sets of molding machine production line with . "We set a timer, on Monday morning, the old vacuum drier than before, 1 hour ahead of starting the dryer," Vermeulen said Mr., "When the operator for duty on time, due to the dry resin can provide, they can immediately start The first injection molding machines. "The principle of common mixer analysisMixing machines is the use of mechanical force and gravity, two or more materials will be uniformly mixed together machinery. Mixing machines are widely used in various industrial and everyday life.Machinery can be mixed with a variety of materials into a homogeneous mixture, such as the cement, sand, gravel and water mixture into the wet concrete and other materials; also can increase the material contact surface area to facilitate chemical reactions; also be able to speed up the physical changes, such as granular solute adding solvent,by mixing the role of mechanical mixing can accelerate the dissolution.Commonly used mechanical mixture of gases and low viscosity liquids into mixer, medium and high viscosity liquids and pastes mixed machinery, thermoplastic material mixer, powder mixing machine with the granular solid material four categories.Mixed gases and low viscosity liquids characterized by simple machinery, and no moving parts, maintenance and overhaul a small amount of low energy consumption. Such machines are divided into mixed-flow mixing, pipe mixing, jet mixing and blending four types of forced circulation.The high viscosity of the mixture of liquid and paste machinery, generally have strong shear; thermoplastic material mixer is mainly used for thermoplastic materials (such as rubber and plastics) and the additives mixed; powder, granular solid material mixing machines and more intermittent operation, including the role of both mechanical mixing and grinding, such as the wheel rolling machines.Require all mixed evenly in a mixture of materials. The degree of mixture into an ideal mix, random mixing and completely mixed three states. Machinery of various materials mixed in the mixing degree, depending on the ratio of the material to be mixed, physical state and properties, as well as the type of machinery used for mixing and blending operations duration and other factors.Mainly by mechanical mixing of liquid mixers, air and liquid jet to be mixed, so that the material was stirred to be mixed to achieve uniform mixing. Caused some stirring of liquid flow, flow of liquid and push the liquid around it, resulting in the formation of circulation flow inside the solution, the resulting liquid is called the spread between the main convective diffusion.When the agitation caused by liquid flow rate is very high, high-speed flow and low-speed flow around the interface between the shear stress appears to produce large amounts of localized vortex. Quickly to the edges of these eddies, again more fluid volume into the whirlpool, the formation of small scale convective diffusion disorder called eddy diffusion.Mechanical stirrer moving parts in the rotation will produce shearing on the liquid, the liquid flows through the wall and installed in the container when the various fixed components, but also by shearing, the shear will lead to many local eddy diffusivity.The main convective mixing caused by diffusion and eddy diffusion, an increase of molecular diffusion between the different liquid surface area to reduce the diffusion distance, which shortens the diffusion time. If the viscosity of the liquid to be mixed is not high, without stirring a long time to reach the state of random mixing; if high viscosity, it would take a longer mixing time.For the density, composition is different, immiscible liquid, agitation generated by strong shear and turbulence to the liquid density, and tear into small droplets dispersed evenly to the main liquid. Produced by mixing the liquid flow rate must be greater than the droplet settling velocity.A small amount of insoluble solids and liquid powder mixing mechanism, and the density of different components, a mixture of liquid immiscible same mechanism, but mixing solid powder particle size can not be changed. If the mixture prior to settling velocity of solid particles can not be less than the liquid flow rate, no matter what kind of agitation do not form a homogeneous suspension of all.Mixture of different pastes mainly to be split and mixed materials to be pressed repeatedly, rolling, extrusion and other actions arising from the strong shear, followed by repeated mergers, kneading, and finally achieve the desired degree of mixing. This hybrid is difficult to achieve the desired mix, only to random mixing. Powdery solid with a small amount of liquid paste after mixing, the mixing mechanism and the mechanism of the same mixture of paste materials.Different thermoplastic materials and thermoplastic materials mixed with a small amount of powdered solid, need to rely on strong shearing, repeatedly rubbing and kneading to reach the random mixing.Granular solid with good liquidity depends mainly on the rotary container itself, or by moving parts in a container in the role, repeatedly turning, blending and can be mixed, such materials are also available airflow to achieve the mixed convection or turbulence . Solid particles is not easy vortex convection or turbulence, mixing speeds well below the liquid mixture, mixing only to the general level of random mixing.Poor liquidity, each occurrence of the adhesion of solid particles or powder is often required with mechanical turning and pressing, rolling and other movements of the hybrid machinery.。
煤炭术语中英文对照
煤炭术语中英文对照煤炭术语中英文对照（一）煤及其产品序号术语名称英文名称定义符号允许使用的同义词停止使用的同义词2.1.1 煤coal 植物遗体在覆盖地层下，压实、转化而成的固体有机可燃沉积岩煤炭2.1.2 煤的品种Categories of coal 以不同方式加工成不同规格的煤炭产品2.1.3 标准煤Coal equivalent 凡能产生29.27MJ 的热量（低位）的任何数量的燃料折合为1kg 标准煤2.1.4 毛煤Run-of-mine coal 煤矿生产出来的，未经任何加工处理的煤2.1.5 原煤Raw coal 从毛煤中选出规定粒度的矸石（包括黄铁矿等杂物）以后的煤2.1.6 商品煤Connercial coal;salable coal 作为商品出售的煤销煤2.1.7 精煤clenedcoal 煤经精选（干选或湿选）后生产出来的、符合质量要求的产品洗精煤2.1.8 中煤Middings 煤经精选后的道德、灰分介于精煤和矸石之间的产品2.1.9 洗选煤Washed coal 经过洗选后的煤'2.1.10 筛选煤Screened coal;sieved coal 经过筛选加工的煤2.1.11 粒级煤Sized coal 煤通过筛选或精选生产的,粒度下限大于6mm 并规定有限下率的产品2.1.12 粒度Size 颗粒的大小2.1.13 限上率Oversize fraction 筛下产品中大于规定粒度上限部分的质量百分数2.1.14 限下率Undersize fraction 筛上产品中小于规定中的粒度下限部分的质量百分数含末率2.1.15 特大块Uitra large coal（＞100mm）大于100mm 的粒级煤2.1.16 大块煤Large coal（＞50mm）大于50mm 的粒级煤2.1.17 中块煤Medium-sizldcoal（25 ?50mm） 5 ?50mm 的粒级煤2.1.18 小块煤Small coal（13 ?25mm）13 ?25mm 的粒级煤2.1.19 混中块Mixed medium-sized coal （13?80mm）13?80mm 的粒级煤2.1.20 混块Mixedlumpcoal（13 ?300mm） 13 ?300mm 之间的粒级煤2.1.21 粒煤Pea coal（6 ?13mm） 6?13mm 的粒级煤2.1.22 混煤Mixed coal（＞0 ?50mm）0?50mm 之间的煤2.1.23 末煤Slack;slackcoal（＞0 ?25mm） 0?25mm 之间的煤2.1.24 粉煤Fine coal（＞0 ?6mm） 0?6mm 之间的煤2.1.25 煤粉Coal fines（＞0 ?0.5mm）小于0.5mm 的煤2.1.26 煤泥slime 煤经洗选或水采后粒度在0.5mm 以下的产品2.1.27 矸石Shale 采.掘过程中从顶、底板或煤层混入煤中的岩石矸子2.1.28 夹矸Dirt band 夹层在煤层中的矿物质层2.1.29 洗矸washeryrejects 从洗煤中排出的矸石2.1.30 含矸率Shale cont ent 煤中大于50mm 矸石的质量百分数（二）煤的采样和制样序号术语名称英文名称定义符号允许使用的同义词停止使用的同义词2.2.1 煤样Coals ample;sample 为确定某些特性而从煤中采取的、具有代表性的一部分煤2.2.2 采样Samping 采取煤样的过程2.2.3 子样Increment 采样器具操作一次或截取一次煤流分断面所采取的一份样2.2.4 总样Gros ssample 从一个采样单元取出的全部子样合并成的煤样2.2.5 随机采样andom sampling 在采取子样式，对采样的部位或时间均不施加任何人为的意志，能使任何部位的煤都有机会采出2.2.6 系统采样Systematic sampling 按相同的时间、空间或质量的间隔采取子样，但第一个子样在第一个间隔内随机采取，其余的子样按选定的间隔采取2.2.7 批Batch;lot 在相同的条件下，在一段时间内生产的一个量2.2.8 采样单元Sampling unit 从一批煤中采取一个总样的煤量。
粉煤灰
粉煤灰一.粉煤灰简介从煤燃烧后的烟气中收捕下来的细灰称为粉煤灰，粉煤灰是燃煤电厂排出的主要固体废物。
粉煤灰的主要来源是以煤粉为燃料的火电厂和城市集中供热锅炉，其中90%以上为湿排灰，活性较干灰低，且费水费电，污染环境，也不利于综合利用。
1.粉煤灰的燃烧过程：煤粉在炉膛中呈悬浮状态燃烧，燃煤中的绝大部分可燃物都能在炉内烧尽，而煤粉中的不燃物(主要为灰分)大量混杂在高温烟气中。
这些不燃物因受到高温作用而部分熔融，同时由于其表面张力的作用，形成大量细小的球形颗粒。
在锅炉尾部引风机的抽气作用下，含有大量灰分的烟气流向炉尾。
随着烟气温度的降低，一部分熔融的细粒因受到一定程度的急冷呈玻璃体状态，从而具有较高的潜在活性。
在引风机将烟气排入大气之前，上述这些细小的球形颗粒，经过除尘器，被分离、收集，即为粉煤灰。
2.粉煤灰的外观特性粉煤灰外观类似水泥，颜色在乳白色到灰黑色之间变化。
粉煤灰的颜色是一项重要的质量指标，可以反映含碳量的多少和差异。
在一定程度上也可以反映粉煤灰的细度，颜色越深粉煤灰粒度越细，含碳量越高。
粉煤灰就有低钙粉煤灰和高钙粉煤灰之分。
通常高钙粉煤灰的颜色偏黄,低钙粉煤灰的颜色偏灰。
粉煤灰颗粒呈多孔型蜂窝状组织，比表面积较大，具有较高的吸附活性，颗粒的粒径范围为0.5~300μm。
并且珠壁具有多孔结构，孔隙率高达50%—80%，有很强的吸水性。
3.粉煤灰的组成粉煤灰的化学组成我国火电厂粉煤灰的主要氧化物组成为：SiO2、Al2O3、FeO、Fe2O3、CaO、TiO2、MgO、K2O、Na2O、SO3、MnO2等，此外还有P2O5等。
其中氧化硅、氧化钛来自黏土，岩页；氧化铁主要来自黄铁矿；氧化镁和氧化钙来自与其相应的碳酸盐和硫酸盐。
粉煤灰的元素组成(质量分数)为：O 47.83%，Si 11.48%～31.14%，A1 6.40%～22.91%，Fe 1.90%～18.51%， Ca 0.30%～25.10%，K 0.22%～3.10%，Mg 0.05%～1.92%，Ti 0.40%～1.80%，S 0.03%～4.75%，Na 0.05%～1.40%，P 0.00%～0.90%，C1 0.00%～0.12%，其他0.50%～29.12%由于煤的灰量变化范围很广，而且这一变化不仅发生在来自世界各地或同一地区不同煤层的煤中，甚至也发生在同一煤矿不同的部分的煤中。
煤化工专业英语复习资料
一.专业名词解释动力煤：fuel coal；steam coal 水煤浆：coal water mixture 发热量：calorific value 实验室煤样：laboratory sample of coal 工业分析：proximate analysis 元素分析：ultimate analysis 挥发分：volatile matter 固定碳：fixed carbon 煤炭焦化：coal carbonization 孔隙率porosity 煤阶：rank 灰成分分析：ash analysis 粘结指数：caking index 干燥无灰基：dry ash-free basis 灰融融性：ash fusibility 洁净煤技术：clean coal technology炼焦配煤：coal blending for coking 煤炭气化：coal gasification 煤基活性炭：coal-based activated carbon 二.短语解释Coal formation 煤的作用Coal forming process 成煤作用Peatification 泥炭化作用metamorphism 变质作用三.文章中词语翻译The coalification process is, in essence (本质）, the progressive（渐进的，累进的）change in the plant debris as it becomes transformed from peat to lignite（褐煤）and then through the higher ranks （高阶）of coal （such as subbituminous （次烟煤）and bituminous （烟煤）coals）to anthracite （无烟煤）. The degree of coalification generally determines the rank of the coal, but the process is not a series of straightforward（简单的，直截了当的）chemical changes. For example, the metamorphism （变质作用）of the plant debris not only relies on （＝depend on）geological time(地质年代）but also on temperature and pressure.(P64)A. Clay Minerals (Aluminosilicates) 粘土矿物（铝硅酸盐）B. Quartz (Silica) 石英（硅石）C. Carbonate Minerals 碳酸盐矿物质D. Sulfur (Sulfide and Sulfate) Minerals 硫（硫化物和硫酸盐）矿物质(P72)Indeed, a high ash content also introduces additional problems such as a loss in the combustion efficiency (燃烧效率) as well as problems related to handling (处理) and disposing (处理) of larger amounts of mineral ash. Obviously, mineral matter in coal will (and often does) cause problems during utilization, and measures (措施) to counteract (抵消) any adverse effects (反作用，不利作用) that will arise from (起于) the presence (到场，存在) of the mineral matter are necessary. On the other hand, the potential benefits that could arise from the presence of this same mineral matter should not be ignored (忽视); catalytic effects (催化效果) in processes designed for the liquefaction (液化)and the gasification (气化) of coal may be cited (引用) as examples(P74)Products from coal pyrolysis （热解）Combustible Gases: hydrogen, methane（甲烷）, and carbon monoxide一氧化物as well as lesser amounts of hydrocarbons 碳氢化合物Tarry products迟延产品: small molecular volatile matters such as hydrocarbons, aromatics （芳族化合物）and their derivatives （衍生物）Coke: char residue which consists of carbon and mineral matter （矿物质）Carbon emission 碳排放量Carbon sequestration 碳封存IGCC plant 整体煤气化联合循环电厂 renewable energy 可再生能源Direct liquefaction technology 直接液化技术四：英译汉1.A definition of CoalCoal is a kind of sedimentary organic rock originating from ancient plant remains undergone complicatedly biochemical and physicochemical changes under certain climatic, biological, environmental and geological conditions.煤是一种由古代植物在一定的气候、生物、环境和地质条件下经历复杂的生物化学和物理化学作用而形成的沉积有机岩。
无机非金属材料 英语阅读教程单词
A brasion 磨损，擦伤，刮除accelerate 加快…之速度，变快accelerated period 加速期acoustical 声音的，声学的activator 活化剂，催化剂additive 添加剂admixture 混合，混合物aggregate 聚集，凝结，骨料air-entraining agent 加气剂alkali sulfate 碱硫酸盐alkali 碱，碱性alloy 合金alumina Al2O3 矾土aluminate 铝酸盐ambient 周围的，外界的ammonium sulphate 硫酸铵amorphous 无定形的非结晶的anhydride 无水石膏anhydrite 硬石膏，硫酸铁矿approximately 近似地，大约artificial 人工的，人造的asset财产，资产available 可获得的，可利用的B auxite 矾土，铝矾土，矾土矿beneficiate 富集bind 使凝固binder 粘合剂，粘结剂blended 混合的，融合的blending 掺和，混合brittle 易碎的，脆弱的bulk 体积，主体，凝结，块状burning 煅烧burnt clay 粘性土C alcareous 石灰质的，钙质的calcium 钙calcium aluminate 铝酸钙calcium aluminoferrite 铁铝酸钙calcium carbonate 碳酸钙calcium hydroxide 氢氧化钙calcium oxide 氧化钙calcium silicate 硅酸钙calcium sulphate 硫酸钙calorific 热量的，含热量的capacity 容量，智能，才能capillary 毛状的，毛细作用carbon dioxide 二氧化碳cast iron 铸铁caution 小心cementing property 胶结能力cementitious 似水泥的ceramic 陶瓷chalk 白垩characteristics 特性，特征chemical admixture 化学外加剂chlorine 氯气circumference 周长clay 粘土clinker 水泥熟料，炉渣coal ash 煤灰commensurate 相等的，均匀的comparable 可以比较的comparably 可比较低compatible 协调的，一致的comply 遵守，遵循component 成分，组成物composite 合成的，复合的composition 构造，组成，作品compound 混合物compressive strength 抗压强度concrete 混凝土consecutive 连续的，连贯的consistency 链接，结合，浓度，密度consolidation 巩固；加强constituent 成分，要素constitute 构成，组成consumption 消费，消耗contaminate 沾染，污染conversion 变换，转化convert 使转变，转换coral reef 珊瑚礁corrective 矫正的，改过自新corrosion 腐蚀，侵蚀，受损creep 蠕变，徐变criteria 标准，准则cross section 横截面，横断面crystalline 晶体的，晶体状的cube 立方体curing 养护，湿治cylinder 圆筒D ecade 十年decarbonation 碳酸盐分解deflection 偏斜，偏转，偏差deformation 变形，扭曲变形denote 指示表示density 密度，比重deposit 堆积物，沉淀物designated 指定的，派定的deterioration 消耗，磨损，变坏detestable 可恨的，可厌恶的detrimental 有害的diatomaceous earth 硅藻土dicalcium silicate 硅酸二钙C2Sdiffusion 扩散，弥漫dimension 尺寸，尺度dissolution 分解，分离dissolve 溶解，液化distinguish 区分，辨别distort 歪曲，曲解distribute 分发，分配，散步dolomite 白云石dormant period 潜伏期，静止期dry process 干法ductility 延展性，韧性durability 耐久性，耐用性E lastic 弹性的，可自由伸缩的electrolytic 电解的eliminate 消灭，消除，排除elongation 伸长，延长，伸长率embed 使插入endurance 忍耐energy consumption 能源消耗enhance 增强，增加era 纪元ettringite 钙矾石evolution 开展，发展excess 过度的，额外的excessive 多的，过分的，极端的exothermic 放热的，方能的exotic 吸引人的，异乎寻常的F atigue 疲劳ferrite 铁酸盐ferrosilicon 硅铁，高硅铸铁fertilizer 化肥，肥料fibre 纤维，构造，纤维制品fibrous 纤维制的，纤维状的fineness 细度flash furnace 快速分解炉flexural 挠性的，弯曲的flexure 弯曲，歪度floatation 浮选fluidity 流动性，流质fluidized-bed 流化床，流动层fluorine 氟flux 流动，通量，流量fly ash 粉煤灰，飘尘foreign ion 杂质离子formation 形成，构成fracture surface 断裂面froth 起沫，发泡fuse 熔化fusion 融合，熔化G auge 标准度量，程度gehlenite 钙黄长石generic name 属名glassy 玻璃状的，透明的granulated blast furnace slag：粒化高炉矿渣granulated 颗粒状的grate 炉格；摩擦gravel 砂砾grinding stage 研磨阶段ground 粉磨，粉碎，研磨gypsum 石膏H ammer 捶打hardening 硬化heat curing 热养护hematite 赤铁矿hexagonal 六角形的，六方晶系的high-carbon steel 高碳钢high-limed 高(氧化)钙的homogeneous 同类的，均一的hot exit gas 热废气humidity 湿气，潮湿，湿度hydrate 水合物，氢氧化物hydration 水合，水合作用hydraulic 水力的，水压的I dentical 相等的相同的impact 冲打，碰撞，影响impetus 刺激，动力，原动力impracticable 不能实行的impurity 不纯净物incorporation 结合，合并；掺和indentation 穴孔，压痕induction period 诱导期inferior 次等的劣等的ingredient 组成，成分initial 最初的，开始的，初期的initially 开始地，起初initiate 开始innovation 革新inorganic binder 无机粘结剂insoluble 点燃，发火，着火manufacture 制造intergrind 共同粉磨，互磨interlock 使连接intermediate 中间的intermix 混合，混杂interstitial space 胞间隙，空隙intimately 密切的ion 离子ionic 离子的iron ore 铁矿铁矿石iron oxide 氧化铁L atent 潜在的，潜伏的laterite 红土，红泥limestone 石灰石，石灰岩liquid phase 液相longitudinal 经度的，纵向的loot 抢劫掠夺low-carbon steel 低碳钢M agnesium oxide 氧化镁magnetite 磁铁矿malleable 可锻的，可压制的marl 泥灰岩mechanical 机械的，机械性的member 构件mesh 目，筛，网眼metallurgy 冶金术，冶金学metric ton 公吨microcrystalline 微晶的micrometer 测微计，千分尺microscopical 显微镜的microsilica 硅灰，微硅粉mineral 矿物，矿物质minimum 最少的，最小的mix 混合物mixture 混合物mobility 易变性，灵活性；流动性modulus 模数，模量molar ratio 摩尔比monitor 监视器，监控monolithic 块体的，整体浇注的mortar 灰浆，灰泥，胶泥mullite 莫来石N egligible 可以忽略的nodule 结节，小结nonferrous metals 有色金属nonferrous 非铁的non-reactive不起反应的惰性的nonrenewable 不能再生的noticeable 明显的，重要的O btainable 可以获得的offset 弥补，抵消opening 筛孔optimize 使最优化oxide 氧化物oyster 牡蛎P acking 堆积，填料，密封parameter 限制因素；界限partial 部分的particle 颗粒penetration 渗入，进入performance tests 性能测试periclase 氧化锰permeability 渗透，渗透性pertain 属于，适合于pharmacy 制药业phase 状态，阶段，相phosphorous oxide 五氧化二磷plague 瘟疫，祸患plastic 塑胶的plasticity 塑性plasticizer 增塑剂，增韧剂platy 板状的，扁平状的polymer 聚合物，高聚物polymorph 多型，多晶型pore 毛孔，孔隙portion 部分portlandite 氢氧钙石possess 占有，拥有，持有potassium oxide 氧化钾pozzolana 火山灰pozzolanic 凝硬性的，火山灰的precipitation 沉淀，析出preheating 预热pre-induction period 初始水解期prerequisite 首要的，必备的prestress 给…预加应力prominent 著名的，卓越的pronounced 显著的，断然，明确的proportion 比例，均衡pulp 柔软的材料；木浆Q ualify 具有资格，证明资格quantitative 定量的，与量有关的quarry 采石场quench 熄灭，淬火R apture 破裂，断裂ratio 比，比率raw feed 生料喂入reactivity 反应能力，活性refractory 耐火的，耐火材料reinforce 加强，增援，加固reinforcement 增强，加固resilience 弹性，弹力，回弹respectively 分别的，各个的retardation 减速，延缓reverse 相对，相反rheological property 流变性质rheology 流变能力rigidity 坚硬，讲话roam 闲逛，无目的地漫游rod mill 棒磨roller mill 辊磨机，立磨rotary kiln 回转窑rotate 转动S and shale 砂页岩saturation 饱和，饱和度scratching 刮伤，刻，搔semiconductor 半导体sensor 传感器serrated 边上呈锯齿状的serviceability 有用性，适用性setting time 凝结时间setting 凝固shaft kiln 立窑shearing stress 剪应力，切应力significantly 重要地，重大地silica fume 硅粉silica 二氧化硅，硅石simultaneous 同时发生sinter 烧结烧成slag 矿渣，炉渣sludge 污水烂泥slump 混凝土坍落度slurry 泥浆sodium oxide 氧化钠span 跨度，跨距specification 说明，技术规范，规格spherical 球的，球形的stationary 固定的，静止的steam-curing 蒸汽养护steelwork 钢铁架stiffness 刚变，刚性，稳定度strength development 强度增进stringent 严厉的，严格的strut 支柱柱子subsequent 后来的，并发的substandard 标准以下的，不合规格的substantial 很多的，大量的substantially 实际上，很多地sufficient 足够的，充分的superconductor 超导体superplasticizer 超塑化剂supplementary 增补的，补充的suspension 悬吊，悬浮sustenance 实物，饮料，营养swirl calciner 涡流分解炉T ensile strength 抗拉强度tetracalcium aluminoferrite C4AFthermal 热的，热量的，热学的timber 木料torsion 扭，扭转，扭力，扭矩transition zone 界面过渡层tricalcium aluminate 铝酸三钙tricalcium silicate 硅酸三钙C3Strigger 扳机，引发U ltimately 最后，最终，基本undergo 经历，遭受，忍受undesirable 不符合要求的undesirably 不合要求的不理想uniformity 一致，均匀utilize 利用V ariation 变异，差异，变种vertical kiln 立窑viscosity 粘度，粘滞性Y ield point 屈服点yield 生出，生产；产生。
外文翻译(中文)掺有粉煤灰、硅灰的硅酸盐水泥的热分析和微观结构
掺有粉煤灰、硅灰的硅酸盐水泥的热分析和微观结构Arnon Chaipanich .Thanongsak Nochaiya摘要：热分析与扫描电镜可以一起用来研究掺有粉煤灰、硅灰的硅酸盐水泥的水化产物及它们的微观结构。
水化硅酸钙，钙矾石，钙铝黄长石（C2ASH8）,氢氧化钙（Ca(OH)2）以及碳酸钙（CaCO3）相可以在混合料中检测到。
混合料中添加硅灰时，氢氧化钙（Ca(OH)2）含量与参考掺粉煤灰水泥浆体相比会随着增加硅灰量在5%和10%而降低，相应的水化硅酸钙凝胶量会增加。
关键词：热分析，微观结构，粉煤灰，硅灰，水化正文粉煤灰，火力发电厂的一种副产品，已经由于它的环境效益和工程效益而被看着一种重要的结构材料（产生少量的水化热，增强可使用性，改善对化学侵蚀如氯化物和硫酸盐的耐久性，全世界广泛地用其作水泥的替代材料。
然而，众所周知,粉煤灰是一种火山灰质材料，会与氢氧化钙反应形一种与硅酸盐水泥加水形成的相似的粘合物质。
这种与氢氧化钙反应的火山灰质反应缓慢，是由于氢氧化钙首先是硅酸盐水泥的水化产物，而且常用的粉煤灰粒径比硅酸盐水泥的粗糙。
根据ASTM C618, 与平均粒径在10到15微米的硅酸盐水泥相比，具有代表性的粉煤灰的粒径60%到100%的通过45微米的筛径或不多于34%的留在这种大小的筛上。
硅灰作为硅铁合金和金属硅工业的副产品，一方面，其平均粒径大约100纳米。
有报道指出它的高反应性对混凝土的强度有益,能显著地增加混凝土的强度,就其本分可以作为水泥的替代材料。
硅灰作为添加材料的应用在混有粉煤灰的水泥的混合料，已经引起了人们的关注，主要是因为其强度和耐久性在结构材料方面的效益。
然而，这种混合料在水化浆体系统的水化研究是有限的。
在前24小时内，掺粉煤灰、硅灰的硅酸盐水泥浆体的水化产物的氢氧化钙量减少。
然而，很少有人知道其后的影响，热重分析和差热分析也没有充分的证明。
在这项工作中，粉煤灰和硅酸盐水泥混合来生产粉煤灰水泥浆体，硅灰，作为一高活性材料，用来生产三元水泥浆料。
外文翻译外文文献英文文献新型粉煤灰烘干机技术性能介绍英文
Technical performance of the new dryer introduction of fly ash Drying technology is the production of fly ash, slag powder and other key technologies must be matched, I wet fly water for large proportion of small, fine grain size, and other notable features, the development of new and efficient drying of fly ash machine, the device compared with other drying equipment, production capacity, continuous operation; structure is simple, easy to operate; less failure, low maintenance costs; for a wide range of fluid resistance is small, you can use it dry granule-like material, for adhesion of the material that is also very beneficial to large; operating flexibility, allowing the production of greater fluctuations in the flow of product range, will not affect the quality of the product; cleaning easy. The equipment is now in Henan, Anhui and other enterprises put into use, and create considerable economic benefits. New Fly Ash dryer - energy efficient, environmentally friendly.China's cement industry in recent years, a major breakthrough in comprehensive utilization of resources, waste cement industry consumptive use of solid waste in the country total more than 80%. By using less clinker cement industry, more powder, the cement produced in low-capital technologies that can maximize the consumption of electric power, metallurgy, coal industry produced fly ash, slag, coal gangue and other industrial waste. Our process uses traditional cement clinker produced, mixed material mixing mill, mill production is low, high energy consumption, waste slag and other materials used only as a hybrid, mixing amount of not more than 30%. Use of clinker, slag grinding process, respectively, the use of slag fine powder in the high state of good activity can be used as the main component of cement characteristics, the preparation of "blending" of cement, admixture of 50% -60%, can substantially reduce the cement produced in the capital. Waste produced by the cement industry, based on a variety of waste powder admixture fair match to progress in concrete density, the formation of low density, high density, low defect structure, much progress in concrete life.China's annual industrial waste slag produced billion -16 billion tons of fly ash and gangue -6 reached 400 million tons, flooded areas in the department. Take advantage of cheap local coal ash, slag and other waste of resources produced in low-capital high performance green cement, cementmanufacturing is the transformation of the region an important way.Energy saving is a saving society, an important prerequisite for a harmonious society, but also cement the most effective way to profit growth. Energy efficiency is progress, but decided to advance the hub grinding efficiency is to reduce the moisture content of raw materials. Because fly ash, slag, etc. into the plant when the water is too large, is not conducive to ground, resulting in low yield milling system, full grinding and grinding, such as grinding paste deterioration in working conditions, must first dried before grinding into dehydration. Therefore, the fly ash produced dryer comprehensive utilization of fly ash with good development prospects. New Fly Ash dryer is produced in high energy-saving technology of fly ash, slag powder and other equipment necessary for supporting the hub, in the promotion of energy efficiency of cement, representing centrifugal dewatering equipment, the old vertical dryer, in the design, energy efficiency and practical applications have great breakthrough.Old vertical dryer. Equipment from external burner, vertical dryer composed of host and environmental protection equipment, vertical assemble a brick inside the dryer, how abdominal group and the sliding hopper feed bowl set. Its working principle is: material handling equipment into the upper vertical dryer, set by its own gravity through the hopper, slide pots expected drop in sink. Burner to create heat, heat exchange through the vertical dryer, after discharge of environmental protection equipment. Course materials collection hopper and slip angle of the basin slowed down the speed of the material to extend the time for heat exchange materials, but materials, materials in the collection hopper and slip sliding is the central basin discharge, the formation of the wind tunnel is in use a lot of heat Air filter materials, coupled with the continued cooling tube burner, thermal efficiency is only about 50%. The device's strengths are: small size, less investment; disadvantage is that: ① the high consumption of coal, about 50% utilization of geothermal energy; ② high power consumption, power consumption 4kWh tons of dry material around; ③ adaptability, and tend to occur the material, sealing; ④ more stringent requirements oncoal-fired heating; ⑤ drying quality can not control.Previous centrifugal dewatering machinery, equipment expensive, low capacity, dehydration rate of small, usually only one precipitation 10% --- 20% of the remaining 15 water. The new full set of fly ash from the dryer three sectors: heating system, heat exchange system and to take the air dust removal system. Heating systems using hot stove technology sector, adequate heat, heat effect, structural simplicity; heat exchange system is the drying cylinder, the cylinder body lifting plate arranged in spiral staggered repeatedly Young Caesar materials, high efficiency heat exchange ;ventilate the system will be equipped with dust filter, because the fly ash particle size, density, light, dry conditions in the negative pressure, easily flow away, leading to changes in fluid medium, and large dust gas water to prevent Cited air system into the atmosphere sucked out of resources and environmental pollution extravagance, unified by the dust collecting.Fly ash drying machine will first be wet peeling machine conveyor were broken into horizontal, to prevent bulk material into the drying cylinder of the drying effect, has broken into the material and then drying drum, the cylinder body have much to copy board, arranged in spiral, driven by the rotating cylinder, keep the material copied toss board, Young Caesar, and the cylinder wall material again hitting crushing equipment, materials and the arguments raised air system full access to the incoming hot air, heat exchange, evaporation of water to complete the drying, from the discharge port, the dust emitted by the dust removal equipment uniform collecting moisture.Sawdust dryer is how and product advantages of working classSawdust dryer is how to work. Main works: wood chips into sawdust dryer drum rotary cylinder by the injection pipe and the joint action of boiling flow in the barrel of hot air full contact with the material to complete the drying,air-sawdust dryer, air drying is the so-called refers to the body like wet sawdust powder by screw conveyor to continuously add drying tube, the delivery of high-speed hot air and dispersed the.Galileo Heavy sawdust dryer is designed for sawdust, wood chips, small pieces of wood, veneer, wood drying wet materials and professional design and manufacturing, with a drying speed, yield, remarkable energy saving, low maintenance features . Wet sawdust dryer to evaporate the moisture in the material, powder or granular dry products by the process, mainly by the air heater, feeder, air drying tube, cyclone, fan and other components.Characteristicsof chicken manure dryer, we will introduce you to here. Galileo mechanical scientific research, production, marketing as a whole, market-oriented enterprises, rely on technological innovation and management innovation to promote the development, production sand dryer mainly based manufacturers.How to choose the rightdrum dryerThe so-called rotary drum dryer, also known as rotary drum dryer. Its wide range of applications, mainly used in building materials, metallurgy, chemical and cement industries, drying of the material mainly of limestone slag, coal ash, slag, clay and so on. It consists of rotary body, lifting plate, gear, support equipment and seals and other components. And has a reasonable structure, well-made, high output, low energy consumption and easy operation. Meanwhile, the rotary drum dryer can also be used in fertilizer production, grain drying and fertilizer certain humidity, the aircraft also has a high thermal efficiency, uniform drying, cleaning materials, the number of small, suitable and convenient maintenance. So the selection of drum drying machine Choose the right drum dryer which method Here's a brief look at how to choose the right drum dryer.We want to know, usually drum dryer direct heat transfer medium is dry flue gas, where we will be divided into a downstream or upstream drying drying for two: first, the first to know what is along countercurrent flow drying and drying. The so-called downstream drying is its combustion chamber and wet feed materials in the same side, the heat flow direction and the direction of movement of materials is the same, the wet material from the feed end to discharge end of the transfer talk, hot air is from feed-side induced draft fan in the blower and the discharge side to go down the role of outflows in the process flow of wet material with hot air heating and drying; the so-called counter-flow is drying wet material from the feed end into the dryer, combustion chamber in the discharge end, in the process, the material and the hot air is doing the reverse movement, the wet material in motion the process of being dried by heat. Second, in the purchase, the specific way we choose to be dry and the dry material from the final request. But we should know that the initial drying driving force downstream drying larger, later with the material temperature, the drying medium temperature will be decreased, this comparison applies to the final water content (ie dried) less demanding materials. Countercurrent drying in the drying process, due to more uniform drying driving force, it is appropriate to be dry and dry material is strictly demanded.Dryer operating processes and precautions when usingDryer understanding of people know that, proficiency in the operation of the dryer process and use precautions is important, because it is about whether the normal use of the dryer and the process can be used to avoid a lot of unnecessary trouble . Here's a brief look at the dryer operating procedures and precautions in use.First, the operationof the dryer process, we mainly of five ways. The first is in operation, before opening the door of the dryer feed, the dehydration of the fabric tube into the turn, and then feed the door closed and locked; second is at the right time, the regular rotation button to the desired location; the third is in front of the preparatory work to do, start button, dryer drying, drum and exhaust fan to begin the work of the normal drying; fourth in the drying process, should always pay attention to the fabric to be dried so that accidents can take immediate measures; fifth is in the baking process, machine failure, should be immediately stopped, in time to find out the reasons for failure, and in a timely manner excluded.Second, when the note on the use of mainly explained from three aspects: first, before starting to pay attention to the dryer, make sure to feed the door closed and locked, take the fabric to ensure that the machine stops running, to avoid accidents ; The second is to regularly clean the filter on the suction fan, keep it clean; the third is to use the device in accordance with relevant provisions, not to violate the relevant national standards.Vacuum drying how to improve profit marginsAlthough the resin dryer is usually referred to as "auxiliary" equipment, but the decision of its type selection there may be a plastics processing, play a leading role in business strategy. This is in Belgium (the whole family), it is such, is a global cross-industry manufacturers, business focus involving electronic and electrical (E & E) equipment, components for injection molding. By abandoning the traditional hot air dryers in favor of the principle based on a new type of vacuum drying equipment (Figure 1), completed its Hasselt in Belgium (Hasselt) plant simplifies the injection molding process to obtain a substantial savings and improve product quality.As with other electronic and electrical (E & E) equipment supplier, as the three strategic challenges facing:1) intense price competition caused by the supplier relentless pressure to cut costs, improve production efficiency;2) customers on product quality and balance the demanding requirements;3) the long-term energy costs will be high expectations.Vacuum Drying of the most obvious benefits related to the third challenge: with similarspecifications, hot air dryer (Figure 2) compared to completely dry resin in the vacuum dryer can save 80% of the energy. However, due to the completion of the original, while only one-sixth of the time, the use of vacuum dryer will have the opportunity to significantly improve production efficiency. The short term, this can be started on Monday morning ahead of manufacturers in the production of "cold start" time; in the long run, it can provide a more streamlined operational convenience to concentrate. Finally, Vacuum Dryer provide shorter residence time and higher efficiency to reduce drying defects and lower reject rate.Used in thefactory in Hasselt 40 molding machines, 26 table is used for injection molding polyamide material to be made into models of AA and AAA batteries small security cover. The use of 12 hot air dryer to dry 26 resin molding machine. By using the three US-Kui LPTM vacuum dryer replaced (fourth sets new LPD vacuum dryer for emergency standby), according to the Technical Manager, Mr. Rudi Vermeulen stated that achieved the following results:Energy cost savings. 92% reduction of energy consumption, saving 15,700 euros. The corresponding cost savings estimate does not include the power sector, Mr. Vermeulen the additional peak imposed a fine of 5,000 euros, not including the estimated Mr Vermeulen "great" to exclude from the factory for the production of heat hot air drying machine electricity consumed by air-conditioning energy savings.Production longer. Cold start by reducing the time Monday morning, received an additional 192 hours per year at full capacity production time. According to Mr. Vermeulen rough estimate, assuming that sales levels will be sufficient to maintain the plant at full capacity, this new production capacity can bring an extra 57,600 euros per year could be the amount of sales of products.Streamlining and automation. While hot air drying machine 12 in any one able to meet not more than 2 sets of injection molding machines for production capacity requirements, vacuum dryer drying cycle, shorter and this makes it possible to cover the 26 battery production lines converted to a PLC control central delivery system. Hot air dryers from 12 to 3 units (actual use) vacuum dryer conversion brought 2,970 euros, or 92% of the preventive maintenance savings. Bulk container bags package from the package to 11,800 euros per year cost savings.Defect rate / scrap rate. According to Mr. Vermeulen stated, as to avoid excessive drying, and the output of the resin contained in the residual moisture than hot air dryers are less resin processing, vacuum dryer significantly reduces the rejection rate.Mr. Vermeulen said, from waste reduction, air-conditioning costs and production efficiency savings arising from the specific data yet to be statistics, this is due to the recently installed a vacuum dryer and the central feeding system. Calculated over the current annual statistical data and other cost savings reached 35,470 euros. These savings, combined with the increase in annual output of 57,600 euros, for a total of 93,070 euros.Because thecentral feeding system, and 4 sets of vacuum dryer total investment cost of 100,000 euros, the overall total cost savings sufficient to manufacturers in the number of little more than a year to recover the investment cost. If you wait until the other end and then save the data to collate statistics, including the actual cost recovery will take less than one year.New injection molding machines to speed up drying operation startsThe vacuum dryer energy consumption and only a very short time a number of resins can be ready to prepare for processing, which is due to their design and operation of the standard hot air / desiccant dryer is different in two ways:Vacuum dryer using a vacuum to reduce the boiling point of water so quickly into wet vapor, the water vapor really is removed from the resin particles, and not covered with dry air and then slowly remove the resin particles in which the moisture.Vacuum Dryer mark in three separate locations simultaneously heating and vacuum drying, to small batch production, which will actually batch process into a continuous process, so that the output and processing machines to keep pace .Vacuum Drying small quantities of batch output and a short drying cycle allows only 40 minutes to prepare adequately for the drying of the resin molding machine feeding, rather than the traditional use of the dryer they needed 4 hours. This is why the start time on Monday to reduce their reasons.Hasselt casting plant in order to secure the battery cover, the use of 20 5 50 tons and 10 tons of plastic injection molding machine. These machines 236 days a year three shifts a day job, which requires two operators each shift care. It started Monday morning both need to start each machine. 50 tons of the molding machine starts 30 minutes and 10 tons of molding machine 15 minutes to complete the activation steps, takes 12 hours to allow all 26 machines to full production status - this does not include fully dry resin required time.If you use a traditional hot air drying machine, drying time is also the need for additional 4 hours, which also takes 16 hours to reach full capacity all of the state. As can be ready in time after full drying of the resin molding machines to meet the first start, Vacuum Dryer save this extra time.Furthermore, Mr. Rudi Vermeulen, 12 hot air drying machines start operating complex, and must first start one; in contrast to vacuum dryer start simple, and only one of the 3 sets to 26 sets of molding machine production line with . "We set a timer, on Monday morning, the old vacuum drier than before, 1 hour ahead of starting the dryer," Vermeulen said Mr., "When the operator for duty on time, due to the dry resin can provide, they can immediately start The first injection molding machines. "The principle of common mixer analysisMixing machines is the use of mechanical force and gravity, two or more materials will be uniformly mixed together machinery. Mixing machines are widely used in various industrial and everyday life.Machinery can be mixed with a variety of materials into a homogeneous mixture, such as the cement, sand, gravel and water mixture into the wet concrete and other materials; also can increase the material contact surface area to facilitate chemical reactions; also be able to speed up the physical changes, such as granular solute adding solvent, by mixing the role of mechanical mixing can accelerate the dissolution.Commonly used mechanical mixture of gases and low viscosity liquids into mixer, medium and high viscosity liquids and pastes mixed machinery, thermoplastic material mixer, powder mixing machine with the granular solid material four categories.Mixed gases and low viscosity liquids characterized by simple machinery, and no moving parts, maintenance and overhaul a small amount of low energy consumption. Such machines are divided into mixed-flow mixing, pipe mixing, jet mixing and blending four types of forced circulation.The high viscosity of the mixture of liquid and paste machinery, generally have strong shear; thermoplastic material mixer is mainly used for thermoplastic materials (such as rubber and plastics) and the additives mixed; powder, granular solid material mixing machines and more intermittent operation, including the role of both mechanical mixing and grinding, such as the wheel rollingmachines.Require all mixed evenly in a mixture of materials. The degree of mixture into an ideal mix, random mixing and completely mixed three states. Machinery of various materials mixed in the mixing degree, depending on the ratio of the material to be mixed, physical state and properties, as well as the type of machinery used for mixing and blending operations duration and other factors.Mainly by mechanical mixing of liquid mixers, air and liquid jet to be mixed, so that the material was stirred to be mixed to achieve uniform mixing. Caused some stirring of liquid flow, flow of liquid and push the liquid around it, resulting in the formation of circulation flow inside the solution, the resulting liquid is called the spread between the main convective diffusion.When the agitation caused by liquid flow rate is very high, high-speed flow and low-speed flow around the interface between the shear stress appears to produce large amounts of localized vortex. Quickly to the edges of these eddies, again more fluid volume into the whirlpool, the formation of small scale convective diffusion disorder called eddy diffusion.Mechanicalstirrer moving parts in the rotation will produce shearing on the liquid, the liquid flows through the wall and installed in the container when the various fixed components, but also by shearing, the shear will lead to many local eddy diffusivity.The main convective mixing caused by diffusion and eddy diffusion, an increase of molecular diffusion between the different liquid surface area to reduce the diffusion distance, which shortens the diffusion time. If the viscosity of the liquid to be mixed is not high, without stirring a long time to reach the state of random mixing; if high viscosity, it would take a longer mixing time.For the density, composition is different, immiscible liquid, agitation generated by strong shear and turbulence to the liquid density, and tear into small droplets dispersed evenly to the main liquid. Produced by mixing the liquid flow rate must be greater than the droplet settling velocity.A small amount of insoluble solids and liquid powder mixing mechanism, and the density of different components, a mixture of liquid immiscible same mechanism, but mixing solid powder particle size can not be changed. If the mixture prior to settling velocity of solid particles can not be less than the liquid flow rate, no matter what kind of agitation do not form a homogeneoussuspension of all.Mixture of different pastes mainly to be split and mixed materials to be pressed repeatedly, rolling, extrusion and other actions arising from the strong shear, followed by repeated mergers, kneading, and finally achieve the desired degree of mixing. This hybrid is difficult to achieve the desired mix, only to random mixing. Powdery solid with a small amount of liquid paste after mixing, the mixing mechanism and the mechanism of the same mixture of paste materials.Different thermoplastic materials and thermoplastic materials mixed with a small amount of powdered solid, need to rely on strong shearing, repeatedly rubbing and kneading to reach the random mixing.Granular solid with good liquidity depends mainly on the rotary container itself, or by moving parts in a container in the role, repeatedly turning, blending and can be mixed, such materials are also available airflow to achieve the mixed convection or turbulence . Solid particles is not easy vortex convection or turbulence, mixing speeds well below the liquid mixture, mixing only to the general level of random mixing.Poor liquidity, each occurrence of the adhesion of solid particles or powder is often required with mechanical turning and pressing, rolling and other movements of the hybrid machinery.。
与煤相关英文单词
与煤相关英文单词1. Coal：煤，是最常见的煤炭统称，指的是一种主要由碳元素组成的燃料。
2. Coalmine：煤矿，指开采煤炭资源的场所。
3. Coal Seam：煤层，指地壳中储存煤炭的层状结构。
4. Coal Mining：煤矿开采，指从地下提取煤炭的过程。
5. Coal Tar：煤焦油，是从煤炭中提炼出来的一种粘稠液体，具有多种用途。
6. Coalfired Power Plant：燃煤电厂，以煤炭为燃料的发电设施。
7. Coal Dust：煤尘，煤炭在开采、运输过程中产生的粉尘。
8. Coke：焦炭，煤炭经过高温干馏后得到的固体燃料。
9. Anthracite：无烟煤，一种高碳含量、低挥发分的优质煤炭。
10. Bituminous Coal：烟煤，一种中等碳含量、中等挥发分的煤炭。
11. Lignite：褐煤，一种低碳含量、高挥发分的煤炭。
12. Coal Gasification：煤气化，将煤炭转化为气体燃料的过程。
13. Coal liquefaction：煤液化，将煤炭转化为液态燃料的过程。
14. Coal Washing：煤炭洗选，去除煤炭中的杂质，提高煤炭质量的过程。
15. Coal Stockpile：煤炭堆场，储存煤炭的场所。
16. Coal Shaft：煤矿竖井，指垂直通往煤矿井下巷道的通道，用于人员、物料和煤炭的提升。
17. Coal Exploration：煤炭勘查，指对潜在的煤炭资源进行地质调查和评估的过程。
18. Coal Export：煤炭出口，指将煤炭从生产国运输到消费国的商业活动。
19. Coal Import：煤炭进口，指一个国家从其他国家购买煤炭的行为。
20. Coal Ash：煤灰，燃煤后产生的固体废物，含有一定量的有害物质。
21. Coal Slag：煤渣，煤炭燃烧后残留下来的坚硬物质。
22. Coal Bed Methane：煤层气，储存在煤层中的天然气，可作为能源利用。
关于“粉煤灰”的英译
关于“粉煤灰”的英译作者：来源：《中国科技术语》2009年第02期《中国科技术语》编辑部：您好！我是华中科技大学的一名硕士研究生，专业是结构工程，研究方向是建筑材料。
近日，我在贵刊2008年第4期上看到了《有关二次资源术语的翻译》（作者：王保士）一文，受益良多，但是，该文中有一处值得商榷。
在第53页的表1中，作者将“粉煤灰”译为coal ash，此举与标准规定和学术习惯相悖。
文献[1]中，粉煤灰是用燃煤炉发电的电厂排放出的烟道灰，文献[2]中的定义是，电厂煤粉炉烟道气体中收集的粉末称为粉煤灰。
干燥的粉煤灰经粉磨达到规定细度后的产品称为磨细粉煤灰[1,3]。
磨细粉煤灰是混凝土中常用的矿物外加剂，一般简称为粉煤灰。
在文献[2]中，“粉煤灰”的英译是fly ash；在文献[3]中，“磨细粉煤灰”的英文表达是grounded fly ash，由此可以看出，“粉煤灰”应译为fly ash。
在学术文献中，一般都将粉煤灰译为fly ash，尚未见到coal ash这一译法。
由于学识有限，上述建议可能失之偏颇，还望编辑指教！参考文献[1]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB/T 18736—2002高强高性能混凝土用矿物外加剂. 北京：中国标准出版社，2002.[2]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局，中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 1596—2005用于水泥和混凝土中的粉煤灰. 北京：中国标准出版社，2005.[3]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局，中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 8075—2005混凝土外加剂定义、分类、命名与术语. 北京：中国标准出版社，2005.读者廖宜顺华中科技大学2009年1月13日。
彦波-水泥英语词汇词汇
水泥词汇英汉对照硅酸盐水泥portland cement主导产品leading product年产量annual output基准reference体系system完全燃烧complete combustion不完全燃烧incomplete combustion机械不完全燃烧mechanical incomplete combustion化学不完全燃烧chemical incomplete combustion雾化atomization雾化介质atomizing medium物料平衡material balance实际空气量amount of actual air for combustion理论空气量amount of theoretical air for combustion理论烟气量amount of theoretical burned gas；amount of theoretical flue gas 形成热heat of formation单位热耗unit heat consumption标准煤Standard coal标准煤耗standard coal consumption实物煤耗raw coal consumption窑炉的余热利用waste heat utilization of kiln干燥周期drying cycle焙烧周期firing cycle热损失thermal loss；heat loss燃烧热heat of combustion有效热effective heat热效率heal efficiency燃烧效率combustion efficiency一次空气primary air二次空气secondary air系统漏入空气量false air空气系数air coefficient废气含尘浓度dust content in stack gas热平衡表heat balance table热流图heat balance diagram回转窑rotary kiln窑胭体内容积inside volume of kiln shell窑胴体有效内表面积effective inside surface of kiln shell窑或预热器排出飞灰量dust emit out from the Kiln or preheater system入窑回灰量dust fed back into kiln system飞损飞灰量amount of flying loss of dust生料中可燃物质combustible components in raw meal生料带入空气量air volume carrying by raw meal冷却机烟囱排灰量dust content emitting from stack of cooler煤磨从窑系统抽出的热气体量hot gas volume from Kiln system for coal mill入窑回灰脱水及碳酸盐分解耗热heat consumption for dehydration and decarbonation for dust f ed back into kiln system回转窑用煤应用基coal used in rotary kiln system立窑shaft Kiln漏风系数false air coefficient普通立窑cement shaft Kilt / ordinary shaft Kiln机械化立窑mechanized cement shaft kiln立窑喇叭口inversed cone inlet of shaft kiln立窑单位截面积产量production of shaft kiln for unit cross section立窑单位容积产量production of shaft Kiln for unit volume白生料common meal干白生料耗consumption of drying raw meal立窑断面平均风速average velocity in cross section of shaft kiln卸料管漏出风量amount of leaked out air for discharging tube窑面废气成分composition of combustion gas at the upper in surface of shaft Kiln黑生料black meal入磨煤量internal fuel amount of raw meal半黑生料semi－black meal入窑煤量external fuel amount of raw meal隧道窑tunnel Kiln倒焰窑down draft kiln检查坑道inspection pit预热带preheating zone烧成带firing zone；burning zone冷却带cooling zone窑车kiln car匣钵sagger棚板deck气幕air curtain直接冷却direct cooling间接冷却indirect cooling窑尾冷风cooling gas in the kiln outlet窑内断面温差difference of temperature in cross section of kiln进车间隔时间kiln car time schedule坯体内结构水含量structural water content in body坯体的入窑温度inletting body temperature零压面neutral margin轮窑annular Kilt / ring Kilt circular kiln窑门wicket隧追式干燥室tunnel dryer湿坯wet green干坯dried green绝干坯absolute dried green普通砖common brick窑的部火数number of fire travels in annular kiln内掺燃料（简称内燃料）carbonaceous materials added to raw materials外投燃料（简称外燃料）external fuel added into firing－hole of a kiln焙烧反应热heat of burning reaction操作放热损失heat losses in the opening and closing of kiln wicket and firing holes隧道式干燥室－轮窑（隧道窑）体系热效率（简称体系热效率）（ηtx）the fmal efficiency of tunnel dryer－annular kiln （tunnel kiln）system隧道式干燥室－轮窑（隧道窑）体系单位热耗（简称体系单位热耗）unit heat consumption of tunn el dryer－annular Kiln（tunnel kiln）system隧道式干燥室，轮窑（隧道窑）体系单位煤耗（简称体系单位煤耗）（mtxm）unit coal consumption of tunnel dryer－annular Kiln（tunnel kiln）systemclay 粘土limestone 石灰石gypsum 石膏bauxite 铝矾土ironstone 铁矿石slag 矿渣fly ash 粉煤灰pozzolana 火山灰（中国很少用）mortar 胶砂marl 泥灰岩coal ash 煤灰sand shale 砂页岩dolomite 白云石laterite 红土红泥magnesite 菱镁矿水泥标号—strength grade of cement；：膨胀—bulge；自应力—magnitude of self-stress；水硬性—hydraulicity；火山灰性—pozzolanicity；快硬—rapid hardening；特快硬—super rapid hardening；中热—moderate heat of hydration；低热—low heat of hydration；散装—bulk；物理检验—physical test；标准值—standard value；实测值—actual value；试验筛—test sieve；化学成分—chemical composition；硅酸盐水泥—Portland Cement；普通硅酸盐水泥—Ordinary Portland Cement；矿渣硅酸盐水泥—Portland blast furnace-slag cement；火山灰质水泥—Portland pozzolana cement；粉煤灰水泥—Portland fly ash cement；复合水泥—Composite Portland cement；中热水泥—Moderate Portland cement；低热矿渣水泥—Low heat Portland cement；快硬水泥—Rapid hardening Portland cement；抗硫酸盐水泥—Sulphate resisting Portland cement；白水泥—White Portland cement；道路水泥—Portland cement for load；砌筑水泥—Masonry cement；油井水泥—Oil well cement；石膏矿渣水泥—Supersulphated cement；cardan shaft万向联轴节companion flange成对法兰结合法兰配对法兰screw 螺丝钉packing list 装箱单hydraulic 液压的roller press液压机bearing 活动轴承bore钻孔thread穿线hexagon nut六角螺母spring lock washer螺丝弹簧垫片hand pump 手动泵grease润滑油file 锉screw clamp 螺丝钳sliding caliper游标卡尺vice抬物架hose胶皮管tube fitting 管接头cyl.roller bearing 轴承thrust roll. bear. spherical 轴承spheric. pl. bearing 球面轴承sliding plate 滑板tyre 轮带flat packing 密封shaft lip seal 密封v-seal v-密封o-ring o形圈compression spring 弹簧垫片pumping element 泵件progr. distributor分配器gasket set密封圈装置rubber plate 橡胶板bellows 橡胶防尘罩(风箱)transm. pressure 压力表,压力传动器filter element 过滤芯geared pump齿轮泵prop.contr.valve阀gasket密封pressure gauge压力表sight glass量位计einbaruventil 阀hose管子lift check valve阀diff.pressure gaue压力表diaph. accumulator气串瓶speicherblase气串temperature sensor传感器gas-valve insert阀芯ventileinheit阀芯clutch/coupling连轴带srppressor plug插座level switch 开关sandwich plate夹层板direct.contr.valve直控阀ventilating filter滤芯flow control valveby-pass valve旁通阀, 辅助阀, 回流阀tubular cored ele.焊丝cored-wire焊丝plug-in connector 插座接头pulse generator脉冲发生器proximity switch inductive非接触式电感开关sensor传感器pick-up传感器monitoring transd.变送器hexagon bolt六角螺栓spring lock washer弹簧锁架垫片resist.thermometer oil leak-proof油封式变阻温度计resist.thermometer变阻温度计screw flat countersunk nib bolt螺旋平头垫头螺栓heating cable耐热电缆connection set连接装置controller electronic电子调节器,电控装置alum.adjesove tape 胶带threaded joint螺纹接合hose assembly软组件twin nipple双喷嘴measuring instrument计量工具bracket支座support支座hydr.cyl.flat type液压缸(板型),水平水压气缸rotary seal回转密封threaded rod螺纹杆hexagon nut六角螺母pression hose压力软管hose clip软管卡l-section组装列表control block hydraulic unit with control液压控制部件pump set泵机组level control水平控制,水准控制press.relief valve安全阀tube fitting 管接头progr.distributor程序寄存器crane龙头retaining plate固定板,支撑板directional sign 定向信号screwing armature螺纹电枢variab.displ.motor可旋转电机shim薄垫片sprocket wheel for roller chain链轮simpl.roller chain单缸棍子链slide rail滑轨reraining washer固定垫片stick electrode covered焊条rating plate标牌notched nail凹槽钉thread cutt. screw旋转螺纹distance piece隔板screw hexagon socket head cap screw六角螺钉locating washer定位垫片lining ring衬垫clip压板o-seal o形密封圈flat iron扁铁floor plate地板elbow弯头hydraulic hose水力管screw nipple螺纹连接管setting tool安装工具socket wrench square drive套筒扳手extension bar加长杆handle.spin type male square销式手柄lineal线pin销子adapter转接器clevis pin u形夹销nitrogen load.dev.负载氮气wrench扳手shackle钩环chain track guard护链槽lateral wall单侧墙round steel圆钢intermed. piece中圆片disc spring盘簧stud screw柱螺栓螺钉thrust washer止推拴片rotational lock旋转锁定clamping box夹紧盒clamping socket夹紧插座control box操纵台, 控制箱, 操作箱dowels销子square key方键lubricating equipment owge润滑用具sets of suction 抽水机,抽水泵shrink disc 缩紧盘窑头kiln end kiln hood section窑头罩firing hood窑尾back-end of kiln烟室fed end chamber窑口kiln mouth窑口护铁outlet guard iron液压挡轮hydraulic thruster筒体shell窑口冷却风机nose ring fan挡砖圈inlet end ring托轮瓦lining tile衬瓦轮带tyre风温air temperature二次风温primary air temperature入口温度entering temperature三次风管recoup duct入口压力entering pressure破碎机：crusher磨机：grinding mill球磨机：ball grinder减速机：reducer除尘器：deduster除铁器：de-ironing separator抗硫酸盐硅酸盐水泥Sulfate resistance portland cement水泥抗硫酸盐侵蚀试验方法Sulphate resistance test for cement水泥压蒸安定性试验方法Autoclave method for soundness of portland cement矿渣硅酸盐水泥、火山灰质硅酸盐水泥及粉煤灰硅酸盐水泥Portlandblastfurnace-slag cement, portland pozzolana cement and portland fly-ash cement水泥细度检验方法(μm筛筛析法) Test method for fineness of cement--The μm sieve水泥标准稠度用水量、凝结时间、安定性检验方法Standard test method for water requirement of nor mal consistency setting time and soundness of the portland cement水泥水化热试验方法(直接法) Test method for heat of hydration of cement--Adiabatic method白色硅酸盐水泥White portland cement白色硅酸盐水泥白度试验方法Test method for whiteness of white portland cement水泥水化热试验方法(直接法) Test method for heat of hydration of cement--Adiabatic method水泥胶砂流动度测定方法Test method for fluidity of cement mortar水泥抗硫酸盐侵蚀快速试验方法Rapid test for sulphate resistance of cement生料磨raw mill原料raw materials选粉机separator窑kiln熟料冷却机clinker cooler悬浮预热器suspension preheater滑瓦支座slide shoe bearing托轮支座supporting wheel bearing辊压机roller press筒辊磨tube rouer mill立式辊磨机vertical roller mill袋收尘filter料位计sonding device提升机lift(生料,熟料，水泥）库silo拉链机drag三次风tertiary air二次风second wind一次风primary wind转子秤rotary weigher火嘴burner高铝水泥High alumina cement快硬硅酸盐水泥Rapid harding portland cement硅酸盐水泥、普通硅酸盐水泥Portland cement and ordinary portland cement钢渣矿渣水泥Steel and iron slag cement道路硅酸盐水泥Portland cement for road建筑用砂Sand for building低热微膨胀水泥Low heat expansive cement水泥化学分析方法Method for chemical analysis of cement硅酸盐复合绝热涂料Silcate compound plaster for thermal insulation油井水泥Oil well cement年产量annual output完全燃烧complete combustion 不完全燃烧incomplete combustion窑炉的余热利用waste heat utilization of kiln物料平衡material balance实际空气量amount of actual air for combustion理论空气量amount of theoretical air for combustion理论烟气量amount of theoretical burned gas；amount of theoretical flue gas 形成热heat of formation单位热耗unit heat consumption标准煤Standard coal标准煤耗standard coal consumption实物煤耗raw coal consumption热效率heal efficiency燃烧效率combustion efficiency系统漏入空气量false air空气系数air coefficient废气含尘浓度dust content in stack gas入窑回灰量dust fed back into kiln system飞损飞灰量amount of flying loss of dust生料中可燃物质combustible components in raw meal生料带入空气量air volume carrying by raw meal热平衡表heat balance table热流图heat balance diagram回转窑rotary kiln窑胭体内容积inside volume of kiln shell窑胴体有效内表面积effective inside surface of kiln shell窑或预热器排出飞灰量dust emit out from the Kiln or preheater system冷却机烟囱排灰量dust content emitting from stack of cooler煤磨从窑系统抽出的热气体量hot gas volume from Kiln system for coal mill窑回灰脱水及碳酸盐分解耗热heat consumption for dehydration and decarbonation for dust fed bac k into kiln system回转窑用煤应用基coal used in rotary kiln system入磨煤量internal fuel amount of raw meal预热带preheating zone烧成带firing zone；burning zone冷却带cooling zone窑车kiln car匣钵sagger棚板deck气幕air curtain直接冷却direct cooling窑尾冷风cooling gas in the kiln outlet窑内断面温差difference of temperature in cross section of kilnportland cement 波特兰水泥rod mill 棒磨dry process 干法rotary kiln 回转窑calcium silicate 硅酸钙窑门wicket灰水比(水泥和水的比例) cement water ratio实际空气量amount of actual air for combustion理论空气量amount of theoretical air for combustion理论烟气量amount of theoretical burned gas；amount of theoretical flue gas形成热heat of formation单位热耗unit heat consumption标准煤Standard coal标准煤耗standard coal consumption实物煤耗raw coal consumption窑炉的余热利用waste heat utilization of kiln保水性: water retentivity泌水性: gushing ability干缩性: drying contractibility耐磨性: abrasive resistance早期强度: early strength定量给料阀,配料阀dosing valvebelt/tray/suspension/rotary/vibrating conveyer 皮带/抖式/悬浮/旋转/震动传送机centrifugal device 离心机excavator 挖掘机extractor 分离机cutter 切割机air blaster 空气炮cyclone 旋风除尘器mixer 搅拌器feeder 送料器welder 焊接elevator 提升机Homogenization 匀化gearing moto 减速电机coal washer 洗煤机spare part 备件来几个缩写EP 电收尘ID fan 高温风机SSB 比表面积VSK 立窑（vertical shaft kiln）全厂各子项原料粉磨及废气处理Raw Material Grinding and Exhaust Gas Treatmen 烧成窑头Cooler水泥储存及汽车水泥散装站Cement Storing and Bulk Loading Station For Truck烧成窑尾Cyclone Preheater熟料储存及次熟料库Clinker Storing and Under-Burned Clinker Silo熟料输送Clinker transportation原料预均化堆场及储存Raw Material Prehomogenizing and Storing石灰石破碎Limestone Crushing铁矿石耐火粘+堆棚及输送Iron Ore、Fire Clay Yard and Transportation空压机站Compressed Air Station烧成窑中及三次风管Kiln and Tertiary Air Duct中央控制室Central Control Room生料粉磨电气室Raw Material Grinding Electrical Room中央化验室Central Laboratory烧成窑尾电气室Cyclone Preheater Electrical Room水泥磨喂料Cement Laboratory水泥粉磨电气室Cement Grinding Electrical Room生料入窑系统Kiln Feeding System生料均化库Raw Meal Homogenizing Silo石灰石输送Limestone transportation原料配料站Raw Proportioning Station燃油系统Fuel Oil System石膏破碎及输送Gypsum Crushing and Transportation烧成窑头电气室Cooler Electrical Room水泥粉磨及输送Cement Grinding and Transportation原料处理变电所Raw Treatment Substation水泥包装及纸袋库Cement Packing and Bag House水泥包装变电所Cement Packing Substation粘土破碎及输送Clay Crushing and Transportation供油泵站Oil Supply Pump Station循环泵房Circulating Pump Room生产过程（Process）石灰石、粘土破碎及输送Limestone & Clay crushing and Transportation中心实验室Central Laboratory原料预均化及储存Raw Material Prehomogenizing and Storing 燃油系统Fuel Oil System原料粉磨及生料输送Raw Material Grinding and Transportation水泥粉磨Cement Mill生料预均化及窑喂料系统Raw Meal Homogenizing and Kiln feeding System 篦冷机Grate Cooler熟料储存、石膏破碎及输送Clinker Storing Gypsum Crushing and Transportation 废气处理Waster Gas Treatment水泥包装及袋装水泥发运Cement Packing and Bagged Cement Dispatching 压缩空气站Compressed Air Station水泥储存及散装水泥Cement Storage and Bulk Cement烧成系统Clinker Burning System水泥磨机英语Coal Mill 煤磨机Mill capacity 磨机能力Type of mill 磨机型号Cylinder 汽缸Speed 转速Chamber 仓Grinding Media 粉磨介质Power 功率Specific Motor Power装机功率系数Fan 风机Pressure 气压Temp. 温度Inlet/outlet dust loading 入口/出口灰尘浓度Static Grit Separator 静态煤灰分离器Cage 笼Separator Area 粉料机面积Liner 垫料Dedusting Volume 除尘量Bag House 袋滤除尘器Performance Guarantee 性能保证Specific Power Consumption 能量消耗系数Shell 筒体Head 端盖Girth Gear 矢轮Raw mill 原料磨机Feed Size 进料粒度Clinker Grinding Mill 熟料粉磨机Cyclone System 旋风除尘器系统Motor 电机Separator 分料机Venting 通风孔Inclination 倾角Roller 辊子Supporting Roller 支撑轴Performance Indicator 效益指标Grate Cooler 炉篦冷风机Active Grate Area 活动炉篦面积Make 型号Clinker Breaker 熟料破碎机Tipping Valve 自动阀门Tyre 轮带Gear 齿圈Pinion 小齿轮Table 磨盘House 壳体Preheater 预热器Transmission Performance Rating 额定传输性能Voltage Rating 额定电压Hammer Crusher 锤式破碎机Hammer Beam 托梁臂Hammer Forging 锤煅Hammer Mill 锤式粉碎机离心破碎机锤磨机锻工场Air Hammer 空气锤Limestone 石灰石Clay 粘土Additive Material 辅料Raw Material 生料Clinker 熟料Precalcinder 预煅烧器Silo 筒仓Rotary Kiln 旋转窑Exhaust Gas 废气Cooler 冷却机Tertiary Air Duct 三向通气管Gypsum 石膏Cement 水泥Bulking 散装CCR（Central Control Room）中央控制室Belt Conveyor 皮带运输机Elevator 提升机Air Slide 气动传送机Screw Conveyor Feeder 螺旋传送进料机Chain Conveyor 链式运输机Apron Conveyor 板式运输机Vibration Feeder 振动进料机Rotary feeder 旋转进料机Dust Collector 收尘器Damper and Valve 减震器和阀门Metal Detector 金属探测器Safety :Project and Finance(项目投资类）原料的粉磨这些原料，与几种添加物（砂，黄铁矿渣，氧化钙含量高的石灰石等）同时烘干和破碎直到成为很细粉未，一批批的储存起来。
煤炭专业英语词汇介绍
煤炭专业英语词汇介绍煤炭专业英语词汇是指与煤炭开采、加工、利用、管理等相关的专业术语。
煤炭专业英语词汇的掌握和运用，对于提高煤炭行业的国际交流和合作，促进煤炭科技的发展和创新，具有重要的意义。
本文旨在介绍一些常用的煤炭专业英语词汇，以及它们的中英文对照和释义，希望能够为煤炭专业人员和学习者提供一些参考和帮助。
1. 煤炭资源与地质中文英文释义煤coal由植物遗体经过地质作用形成的含碳的固体有机化合物煤层coal seam, coal bed在地层中连续分布的一层或多层煤煤田coal field在一定区域内含有一个或多个可开采的煤层的地区矿区mining area, mining district在一定区域内含有一个或多个已开发或正在开发的矿井的地区矿井mine, colliery为开采地下矿产而建立的井筒、巷道、工作面等设施的总称井田minefield, colliery field由一个或多个相邻或相近的矿井所拥有或开采的地下范围煤储量coal reserves按一定条件计算出的可供开采的煤量煤资源coal resources按一定条件估算出的尚未探明或不可供开采的煤量煤种coal type, coal rank根据煤化程度、成分和性质的不同而划分的煤的类别褐煤lignite, brown coal低阶煤，含水量高，发热量低，颜色为褐色或黑褐色无烟煤anthracite, hard coal 高阶煤，含碳量高，发热量高，颜色为黑色或钢灰色，有金属光泽长焰煤long flame coal, bituminous coal A中阶煤，含挥发分高，着火容易，焚烧时有明亮长焰1/3焦煤1/3 coking coal, bituminous coal B中阶煤，含挥发分中等，可用于制焦或混合焦弱粘结煤weakly caking coal, bituminous coalC中阶煤，含挥发分较低，可用于制气或发电非粘结煤non-caking coal, bituminous coal D中阶煤，含挥发分最低，不适于制焦，可用于发电或工业锅炉2. 矿山开采中文英文释义开采方法mining method, mining system开采地下资源所采用的技术方案和组织形式露天开采法open-pit mining method, surface miningmethod, opencast mining method在地表或靠近地表的矿体，采用剥离覆盖层，直接开采的方法地下开采法underground mining method, subterraneanmining method在较深的地下矿体，采用井筒、巷道、工作面等设施，通过人工或机械的方式开采的方法房柱式开采法room and pillar mining method, bord andpillar mining method在煤层中留下一定规格和形状的煤柱，以支撑顶板，同时开采出一定形状的空间的方法长壁式开采法longwall mining method 沿煤层走向或倾斜方向，开掘出一定长度的工作面，利用机械化设备连续采煤，同时让顶板垮落在采空区的方法顶板管理roof control, roof management 为保证安全和高效地开采煤层，在开采过程中对顶板进行观测、分析、评价和控制的技术和措施中文英文释义顶板垮落roof fall, roof collapse由于地压或人为因素造成的顶板断裂和下沉的现象顶板冒落roof caving, roof breaking 在开采过程中，由于地压作用或支护失效，造成顶板局部或整体下落的现象瓦斯gas, firedamp, methane 主要成分为甲烷的可燃性气体，通常伴随煤层赋存，易与空气形成爆炸性混合物瓦斯抽采gas drainage, gas extraction 为了降低瓦斯含量和危险性，在开采前或开采中，利用钻孔或管道等设施，将瓦斯从煤层或巷道中抽出的技术和方法瓦斯爆炸gas explosion, firedamp explosion 当瓦斯与空气混合达到一定浓度范围，并遇到明火或电火花等引燃源时，发生的剧烈燃烧和爆炸现象煤尘coal dust煤在开采、加工、运输、使用等过程中产生的细小颗粒煤尘爆炸coal dust explosion 当空气中含有足够量的可燃性煤尘，并遇到引燃源时，发生的剧烈燃烧和爆炸现象防尘dust prevention, dust control 为了减少或消除煤尘对人体和设备的危害，在生产过程中采取的各种技术和措施灭尘dust suppression, dust elimination 为了防止或减轻煤尘爆炸的危险，在生产过程中采取的各种技术和措施3. 矿山机械中文英文释义采煤机械coal winning machinery, coal cutting machinery, coalmining machinery用于从工作面切割或剥离煤体的机械设备截割机cutter, coal cutter, cutting machine 用于在工作面上切割出一定深度和形状的煤槽的机械设备剪刀机shearer, shearing machine, coal shearer 用于在长壁工作面上沿煤层走向或倾斜方向切割煤体的机械设备综合掘进机roadheader, continuous miner, heading machine 用于在巷道或工作面上同时掘进、装载和运输煤岩的机械设备掘进机tunneling machine, boring machine用于在巷道或工作面上掘进岩体的机械设备装载机械loading machinery, coal loading machinery 用于将采出的煤岩从工作面装入运输设备的机械设备铲运机scraper, scraper loader, scraper conveyor 用于将采出的煤岩从工作面铲起并输送到指定位置的机械设备装载机loader, loading machine, coal loader 用于将采出的煤岩从工作面装入皮带输送机或其他运输设备的机械设备运输机械transport machinery, coal transport machinery 用于将采出的煤岩从工作面或巷道运输到地面或指定位置的机械设备矿车mine car, mine wagon, mine cart用于在轨道上运输煤岩或其他物料的车辆输送机conveyor, belt conveyor, chain conveyor用于在皮带或链条上运输煤岩或其他物料的设备升降机械hoisting machinery, winding machinery, liftingmachinery用于将人员或物料在井筒内上下运输的机械设备提升机hoist, winder, winding engine 用于驱动升降笼或提升容器在井筒内上下运行的动力设备中文英文释义升降笼cage, skip, elevator用于在井筒内运输人员或物料的容器提升容器skip, kibble, bucket用于在井筒内运输物料的容器支护机械support machinery, roof support machinery 用于支撑顶板，保证开采空间安全和稳定的机械设备单体支柱single prop, individual prop, timber prop 由木材、钢材或混凝土制成的单根支撑杆，用于支撑顶板组合支柱set prop, compound prop, composite prop 由两根或多根单体支柱组合而成的支撑杆，用于支撑顶板液压支柱hydraulic prop, hydraulic jack, hydraulic leg 利用液压原理进行伸缩调节的支撑杆，用于支撑顶板综采支架powered support, mechanized support, longwallsupport配合综合采煤机械使用的自动化、液压化、可移动的支护设备4. 矿山安全中文英文释义矿山安全mine safety, mining safety, colliery safety 保障矿山生产过程中人员、设备、环境等不受伤害或损失的技术和管理矿山事故mine accident, mining accident, collieryaccident在矿山生产过程中发生的造成人员伤亡或设备损坏的突发事件矿难mine disaster, mining disaster, colliery disaster 在矿山生产过程中发生的造成大量人员伤亡或重大经济损失的严重事故矿山救援mine rescue, mining rescue, colliery rescue 在矿山事故发生后，为了挽救人员生命和财产，采取的紧急救助措施救援队rescue team, rescue squad, rescue crew 由经过专业训练和装备的人员组成的执行矿山救援任务的团队救援器材rescue equipment, rescue apparatus,rescue gear用于矿山救援过程中的各种工具和设备，如呼吸器、检测仪、通讯器等安全监测safety monitoring, safety detection, safetymeasurement为了及时发现和预防矿山安全隐患，对矿山环境和设备进行的定期或实时的检测和分析安全评价safety evaluation, safety assessment,safety appraisal为了评估和改进矿山安全水平，对矿山安全状况进行的定量或定性的分析和判断安全管理safety management, safety administration,safety control为了保障矿山安全生产，对矿山安全活动进行的规划、组织、指导、协调、监督和检查安全培训safety training, safety education, safetyinstruction为了提高矿山工人和管理者的安全意识和技能，对他们进行的系统或定期的教育和训练5. 煤炭加工与利用中文英文释义煤炭加工coal processing, coal preparation, coalbeneficiation为了提高煤炭质量和降低运输成本，对原煤进行的物理或化学的处理过程煤炭洗选coal washing, coal cleaning, coal dressing 利用原煤与水或其他介质在密度、粒度等方面的差异，将原煤中的杂质分离出来的物理处理过程中文英文释义洗选厂washery, coal washery, coal preparationplant (CPP)用于进行煤炭洗选的工厂或设施洗精煤clean coal, washed coal, prepared coal经过洗选后得到的具有一定质量标准的煤洗中煤middlings, middling coal, washery middlings 在洗选过程中得到的介于洗精煤和洗混煤之间的中间产品，可再次洗选或直接利用洗混煤reject, washery reject, washery waste 在洗选过程中得到的含有大量杂质的废弃物，可作为低质量的能源或填埋处理煤制气coal gasification, gasification of coal, coal to gas (CTG)利用水蒸气、空气或氧气等氧化剂，将固体煤转化为可燃性气体的化学处理过程煤制油coal liquefaction, liquefaction of coal, coal to liquid (CTL)利用氢气或其他还原剂，将固体煤转化为液体燃料或化工原料的化学处理过程煤制烯烃coal to olefin (CTO), methanol to olefin(MTO)利用煤制甲醇或其他中间体，通过催化裂解或其他反应，制得乙烯、丙烯等低碳烯烃的化学处理过程煤制乙二醇coal to ethylene glycol (CTEG), syngas toethylene glycol (STEG)利用煤制合成气或其他中间体，通过催化水合或其他反应，制得乙二醇等多元醇的化学处理过程。
粉煤灰
过渡页
TRANSITION PAGE
Chapter.6
缺陷问题
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Chp7 & EHP Chp6 PCA 缺陷问题
粉煤灰利用率低的原因 Reasons of low using rate of fly ash
①由于国内的多数热力电厂排放 的粉煤灰质量不稳定，烧失量较 高，活性较低，因而限制了粉煤
煤炭行业
1
粉煤灰
利用途径 我国的粉煤灰处理方法包括综合利用和填 埋，由于粉煤灰用途广泛，加工成本较低， 利润可观，被广泛应用于混凝土搅拌站， 水泥行业，农业改良剂，粉煤灰加气砖， 粉煤灰免烧砖，粉煤灰水泥砌块砖等建筑 建材行业。
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Chp5 Chp5 导入程序 使用情况 China 2013
American 19962013
产量与 利用量
5.32亿吨
2
粉煤灰
5.20亿吨
敲定最终方案
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Chp5 Chp5 导入程序 使用情况
2
粉煤灰
利用困难
美国1996-2013年粉煤灰产量与使用量统计图，从图 中我们也可以看出即使在美国，粉煤灰的利用率最高 也只有50%左右。 不论从我国还是美国粉煤灰的利用情况都可以看出， 如此高的产量却只有不到50%的使用率，这说明粉煤 灰的使用还是存在一些缺陷。
减少泌水和离析
由于密实性增加，水、 酸以及各种腐蚀物质 更难以进入，而且有 助于保留表面活性化 合物从而以减少破坏。
粉煤灰细度小且有空 隙，吸附性强，从而 使混凝土具有良好的 保水性和粘聚性
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Chp1 Chp3 知识概述 反应机理
粉煤灰水泥性质提高机理
滚珠效应
粉煤灰颗粒呈球形 （滚珠效应），在混 凝土中起到润滑作用
混凝土材料英文名称
AAbramsAbrams cone—Abrams圆筒(坍落度筒)Abrams law—Abrams定则Admixture—外加剂→化学外加剂Aggregate—骨料Absorption of water—吸水率Alkali-carbonate reaction—碱-碳酸盐反应Chloride—氯化物Clay—黏土combination of—结合criteria of acceptance—接受准则frost resistance—抗冻性grading—级配Los Angeles test—洛杉矶实验Maximum size and water requirement—最大粒径和需水量Mechanical properties—力学性能Moisture—含水率organic substance—有机杂质porosity—孔隙率sieve analysis—筛分分析S.S.D.—饱和面干sulphate—硫酸盐water requirement—需水量Aggressive CO2—侵蚀介质CO2Alite—xx特Ammonium salts—铵盐Amorphous silica—无定形二氧化硅ASR Alkali-silica-reaction in aggregate—骨料中的碱-硅反应: BBelite—贝利特Blast furnace cement—矿渣水泥Bleeding—泌水concrete in floor—地板混凝土grout—水泥浆influence of steel bond—钢筋粘结的影响influence of transition zone—过渡区的影响mortar—砂浆BolomeyCCapillary porosity—毛细管孔隙率Capillary pressure—毛细管压力Carbonation—碳化Characteristic strength—特征强度Chemical admixtures一化学外加剂Air entraining agents(AEA)—引气剂use in shotcrete—在喷射混凝土中的应用ASR inhibitor—碱-硅反应抑制剂Corrosion inhibitors—防腐剂Classification—分类Hardening accelerators—促硬剂Hydrophobic admixtures—防水剂High-range water reducers superplasticizers—高效减水剂(超塑化剂) Retarders—缓凝剂Setting accelerators—促凝剂Use in shotcrete—用于喷射混凝土中Silanes—硅烷Shrinkage-reducing admixtures—减缩剂SRA→Shrinkage-reducing admixturesSuperplasticizers—高效减水剂（超塑化剂）Mechanism of action of—作用机理Slump loss/retention—坍落度损失/保持Multifunctional—多功能的Use in shotcrete—用于喷射混凝土中Use to increase strength/durability—用于提高强度/耐久性Use to reduce cement—用于减少水泥Use to increase workability—用于提高工作性Viscosity modifying agents—黏度调节剂VMA→Viscosity modifying agentsWater-reducers—减水剂Cement—水泥Norms—标准Set regulator—调凝剂Setting—凝结Strength—强度Chloride—氯化物Diffusion—扩散Compactability—密实性Compacting factor—密实系数Composite cement—复合水泥Composite Portland cement—复合硅酸盐水泥Concrete—混凝土DDamage→deterioration—损伤→劣化DEF—延迟钙矾石形成Degree of compaction—密实度In shotcrete—喷射混凝土Degree of consolidation—密实度Degree of hydration—水化程度Depassivation—去钝化Deterioration—劣化Drying shrinkage→shrinkage—干缩→收缩DSP一致密小颗粒混凝土Durability—耐久性Capillary porosity—毛细管孔隙率Concrete cover—混凝土保护层Exposure classes—暴露等级Long term durability—长期耐久性Deterioration—劣化Manufacture—生产Placing—浇筑Prestressed—预应力Reinforced—增强Corrosion of reinforcement—钢筋的腐蚀Promoted by carbonation—碳化引起Promoted by chloride—氯化物引起Cracking—开裂Creep—徐变Basic—基本Drying—干燥Influence of creep on drying shrinkage—徐变对干缩的影响Prediction of creep in concrete structures—混凝土结构的徐变预测Cored concrete—混凝土芯样Curing—养护Influence of curing on durability—养护对耐久性的影响Influence of curing on concrete strength—养护对混凝土强度的影响Membrane—薄膜Wet curing—湿养C3A—铝酸三钙C4AF—铁铝酸四钙C3S—硅酸三钙C2S—硅酸二钙C-S-H—水化硅酸钙EEntrained air一引气Influence on freezing—对抗冻性的影响Influence on strength—对强度的影响Entrapped air—夹杂气体Ettringite—钙矾石Primary—一次Secondary—二次Expansive agents→Shrinkage compensating concrete—膨胀剂→收缩补偿混凝土FFibre-inforced concrete ( FRC )—纤维增强混凝土Application of FRC一纤维增强混凝土的应用Crack-free concrete一无裂缝混凝土Toughness of concrete—混凝土的韧性Impact strength—冲击强度In shotcrete—喷射混凝土Metallic fibre—金属纤维Polymer mini-fibre—聚合物微纤维Polymer macro-fibre—聚合物大纤维Polymer structure PVA fibres—聚合物结构聚乙烯醇纤维Fictitious thickness一虚拟厚度Fire endurance of concrete一混凝土的耐火性Behavior of concrete during fire一混凝土在火中的行为Behavior of high-strength concrete during fire—高强混凝土在火中的行为Influence of the aggregate—骨料的影响Influence of the concrete cover—混凝土保护层的影响Influence of the metallic fibres一金属纤维的影响Influence of the loading in service一服役荷载的影响Influence of the polymeric fibres—聚合物纤维的影响Fly ash—粉煤灰Beneficiation—选矿Freezing and thawing一冻融FüllerFüller&Thompson→FüllerGGGBFS→slag—磨细粒化高炉矿渣→矿渣Gluconate—葡萄糖酸盐Glucose—葡萄糖Grout—浆体Gypsum—石膏HHeat—热Cracking due to thermal gradients—温度梯度诱发开裂Of hydration—水化热Hydration—水化Of aluminates—铝酸盐的水化Of silicates—硅酸盐的水化High-Performance Concrete—高性能混凝土High Strength Concrete—高强混凝土Hooke law—Hooke定律KKiln一烧窑LLeaching—析浆Lightweight concrete—轻混凝土Glassification—分类Expanded clay—陶粒Lightweight aggregate—轻骨料In the Rome Pantheon—罗马万神殿Natural lightweight aggregate(pumice)—天然轻骨料(浮石) Shrinkage—收缩Structural—结构的Precast L. C—预制轻混凝土SCC L. C—自密实轻混凝土Structural L. C for ready-mixed concrete—预拌结构轻混凝土Lignosulphonate—木素磺酸盐Lime—石灰Limestone—石灰石Blended cement一混合水泥Lyse rule—Lyse准则MMagnesium salts—镁盐Mass concrete—大体积混凝土Mix design—配合比设计Modulus—模数Of elasticity—弹性模量Of fineness一细度模数Mill一磨机Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator一市政固体废物焚烧炉PPassivation—钝化Permeability—渗透性Pop-out一凸起Porosity—孔隙率Capillary—毛细管孔隙Capillary porosity and strength—毛细管孔隙率与强度Capillary porosity and elastic modulus—毛细管孔隙率与弹性模量Capillary porosity and permeability—毛细管孔隙率与渗透性Capillary porosity and durability—毛细管孔隙率与耐久性Gel—凝胶Macroporosity—大孔孔隙率Portland cement—硅酸盐水泥Blended cements一混合水泥European norm—欧洲标准Ferric一铁相Manufacture—生产White—白色Powers—能源Pozzolan一火山灰Activity—活性Industrial—工业的Pozzolanic cement一火山灰水泥Precast concrete—预制混凝土Steam curing—蒸养Prescriptions on concrete structures—混凝土结构的质量要求Concrete composition prescriptions—混凝土组成的质量要求Concrete performance prescriptions—混凝土性能的质量要求Contractor prescriptions一对承包商的要求RReactive Powder Concrete一活性粉末混凝土Recycled concrete一再生混凝土Process of manufacturing recycled aggregate (RA)一再生骨料的加工工艺Properties of RA一再生骨料的性能Contaminant products—污染物Density of RA一再生骨料的密度Water absorption—吸水率Properties of concrete with RA—含有再生骨料混凝土的性能Relaxation—松弛Retempering—重拌合SSegregation—离析SCC→Self-Compacting Concrete—自密实混凝土Self-Compacting Concrete—自密实混凝土Architectural一装饰High strength—高强Mass concrete—大体积混凝土Lightweight concrete—轻混凝土Shrinkage-compensating—收缩补偿Setting—凝结Shrinkage—收缩Drying shrinkage—干缩Influence of aggregate on drying shrinkage一骨料对干缩的影响Influence of high range water reducers on drying shrinkage—高效减水剂对干缩的影响Influence of workability on drying shrinkage一工作性对干缩的影响Prediction of drying shrinkage in concrete structures—混凝土结构干缩的预测Plastic shrinkage—塑性收缩Standard shrinkage—标准收缩Shrinkage-compensating concrete—收缩补偿混凝土Expansive agents—膨胀剂Combined use of SRA and expansive agents—减缩剂和膨胀剂的结合应用Lime-based expansive agents—石灰基膨胀剂Sulphoaluminate-based expansive agents—硫铝酸盐基膨胀剂Application of shrinkage compensating concrete—补偿收缩混凝土的应用Joint-free architectural buildings—无缝装饰建筑Joint-free industrial floor一无缝工业地板Repair of damaged concrete structures—损坏混凝土结构的修补Expansion of specimen vs. that of structure—试件的膨胀与结构的膨胀Restrained expansion—约束膨胀SCC shrinkage-compensating concrete—自密实收缩补偿混凝土Shotcrete—喷射混凝土ACI recommendations—ACI建议Bond of shotcrete. to substrate—喷射混凝土与基层的粘结Chemical admixtures in—喷射混凝土的化学外加剂Alkali-free accelerators—无碱促进剂Sodium silicate accelerators—硅酸钠促进剂Composition of一喷射混凝土组成Fibres in—喷射混凝土的纤维High performance—高性能喷射混凝土TTemperature—温度Influence of temperature on concrete strength—温度对强度的影响Influence of temperature on site organization—温度对现场浇筑的影响Influence of steel bars on—配筋的影响Mineral additions in—矿物掺合料Nozzelman喷枪操作工Rebound—回弹Sieve analysis—筛分Silica fume—硅灰Silica fume in high strength concrete—高强混凝土中的硅灰Slag—矿渣Cement—矿渣水泥Slump—坍落度Slump loss—坍落度损失SRA→Shrinkage Reducing Admixture in Chemical Admixtures-一化学外加剂中的减缩剂Standard deviation一标准差Steam curing—蒸养Steel-concrete bond—钢筋-混凝土的粘结Strength—强度Characteristic一特征强度Class of cement—水泥的强度等级Class of concrete一混凝土的强度等级Compressive—抗压强度DSP concrete—细颗粒密实混凝土Flexural—抗折强度High-strength concrete—高强混凝土Influence of compaction on一密实性对强度的影响Influence of cement on concrete一水泥对混凝土强度的影响Influence of temperature on concrete—温度对混凝土强度的影响Influence of transition zone on—过渡区对强度的影响Of cement paste—水泥浆的强度Of cored samples一芯样的强度Of specimens—试件的强度Standard deviation—标准差Tensile—抗拉强度Stress—应力Compressive—压应力Flexural—弯曲应力Tensile一拉应力Sulphate attack—硫酸盐侵蚀Sup erplsticizer→Chemical. admixtures—超塑化剂(高效减水剂)→化学外加剂Placing in summer time一夏季浇筑Placing in winter time一冬季浇筑Thaumasite—硅灰石膏Thermal gradients—温度梯度Transition zone—过渡区VVebe—维勃Vibration—振动WWater—水And workability—水与工作性And strength.一水与强度Addition on job site一水的现场添加Water-cement ratio—水灰比Workability—工作性And consolidation—工作性与密实性《A Novel Cable-Enhanced,Wire-MeshReinforcement for Structural Concrete to Improve Its Properties》。
水泥专业词汇英语翻译
水泥专业词汇英语翻译矿渣硅酸盐水泥（矿渣水泥）slag cement硅酸盐水泥portland cement粉煤灰硅酸盐水泥（粉煤灰水泥）fly-ash portland cement火山灰质硅酸盐水泥（火山灰水泥）portland-pozzolana cement普通硅酸盐水泥（普通水泥）ordinary portland cement复合硅酸盐水泥(复合水泥)composite Portland cement主导产品leading product年产量annual output基准reference体系system完全燃烧complete combustion不完全燃烧incomplete combustion机械不完全燃烧mechanical incomplete combustion化学不完全燃烧chemical incomplete combustion雾化atomization雾化介质atomizing medium物料平衡material balance实际空气量amount of actual air for combustion理论空气量amount of theoretical air for combustion理论烟气量amount of theoretical burned gas；amount of theoretical flue gas 形成热heat of formation information 信息formation 形成单位热耗unit heat consumption标准煤Standard coal标准煤耗standard coal consumption实物煤耗raw coal consumption窑炉的余热利用waste heat utilization of kiln干燥周期drying cycle焙烧周期firing cycle热损失thermal loss；heat loss燃烧热heat of combustion有效热effective heat热效率heal efficiency燃烧效率combustion efficiency一次空气primary air二次空气secondary air系统漏入空气量false air空气系数air coefficient废气含尘浓度dust content in stack gas热平衡表heat balance table热流图heat balance diagram回转窑rotary kiln窑胭体内容积inside volume of kiln shell窑胴体有效内表面积effective inside surface of kiln shell窑或预热器排出飞灰量dust emit out from the Kiln or preheater system 入窑回灰量dust fed back into kiln system飞损飞灰量amount of flying loss of dust生料中可燃物质combustible components in raw meal生料带入空气量air volume carrying by raw meal冷却机烟囱排灰量dust content emitting from stack of cooler煤磨从窑系统抽出的热气体量hot gas volume from Kiln system for coal mill入窑回灰脱水及碳酸盐分解耗热heat consumption for dehydration and decarbonation for dust fed back into kiln system回转窑用煤应用基coal used in rotary kiln system立窑shaft Kiln漏风系数false air coefficient普通立窑cement shaft Kilt / ordinary shaft Kiln机械化立窑mechanized cement shaft kiln立窑喇叭口inversed cone inlet of shaft kiln立窑单位截面积产量production of shaft kiln for unit cross section立窑单位容积产量production of shaft Kiln for unit volume白生料common meal干白生料耗consumption of drying raw meal立窑断面平均风速average velocity in cross section of shaft kiln卸料管漏出风量amount of leaked out air for discharging tube窑面废气成分composition of combustion gas at the upper in surface of shaft Kiln黑生料black meal入磨煤量internal fuel amount of raw meal半黑生料semi－black meal入窑煤量external fuel amount of raw meal隧道窑tunnel Kiln倒焰窑down draft kiln检查坑道inspection pit预热带preheating zone烧成带firing zone；burning zone冷却带cooling zone窑车kiln car匣钵sagger棚板deck气幕air curtain直接冷却direct cooling间接冷却indirect cooling窑尾冷风cooling gas in the kiln outlet窑内断面温差difference of temperature in cross section of kiln 进车间隔时间kiln car time schedule坯体内结构水含量structural water content in body坯体的入窑温度inletting body temperature零压面neutral margin轮窑annular Kilt / ring Kilt circular kiln窑门wicket隧追式干燥室tunnel dryer湿坯wet green干坯dried green绝干坯absolute dried green普通砖common brick窑的部火数number of fire travels in annular kiln内掺燃料（简称内燃料）carbonaceous materials added to raw materials外投燃料（简称外燃料）external fuel added into firing－hole of a kiln焙烧反应热heat of burning reaction操作放热损失heat losses in the opening and closing of kiln wicket and firing holes 隧道式干燥室－轮窑（隧道窑）体系热效率（简称体系热效率）（ηtx）the fmal efficiency of tunnel dryer－annular kiln （tunnel kiln）system隧道式干燥室－轮窑（隧道窑）体系单位热耗（简称体系单位热耗）unit heat consumption of tunnel dryer－annular Kiln（tunnel kiln）system隧道式干燥室，轮窑（隧道窑）体系单位煤耗（简称体系单位煤耗）（mtxm）unit coal consumption of tunnel dryer－annular Kiln（tunnel kiln）system cardanshaft万向联轴节companionflange成对法兰结合法兰配对法兰screw螺丝钉packinglist装箱单hydraulic液压的rollerpress液压机bearing活动轴承bore钻孔thread穿线hexagonnut六角螺母springlockwasher螺丝弹簧垫片handpump手动泵grease润滑油file锉screwclamp螺丝钳slidingcaliper游标卡尺vice抬物架hose胶皮管tubefitting管接头cyl.rollerbearing轴承thrustroll.bear.spherical轴承spheric.pl.bearing球面轴承slidingplate滑板tyre轮带flatpacking密封shaftlipseal密封v-sealv-密封o-ringo形圈compressionspring弹簧垫片pumpingelement泵件progr.distributor分配器gasketset密封圈装置rubberplate橡胶板bellows橡胶防尘罩风箱transm.pressure压力表,压力传动器filterelement过滤芯gearedpump齿轮泵prop.contr.valve阀gasket密封pressuregauge压力表sightglass量位计einbaruventil阀hose管子liftcheckvalve阀diff.pressuregaue压力表diaph.accumulator气串瓶speicherblase气串temperaturesensor传感器gas-valveinsert阀芯ventileinheit阀芯clutch/coupling连轴带srppressorplug插座levelswitch开关sandwichplate夹层板direct.contr.valve直控阀ventilatingfilter滤芯flowcontrolvalveby-passvalve旁通阀,辅助阀,回流阀tubularcoredele.焊丝cored-wire焊丝plug-inconnector插座接头pulsegenerator脉冲发生器proximityswitchinductive非接触式电感开关sensor传感器pick-up传感器monitoringtransd.变送器hexagonbolt六角螺栓springlockwasher弹簧锁架垫片resist.thermometeroilleak-proof油封式变阻温度计resist.thermometer变阻温度计screwflatcountersunknibbolt螺旋平头垫头螺栓heatingcable耐热电缆connectionset连接装置controllerelectronic电子调节器,电控装置alum.adjesovetape胶带threadedjoint螺纹接合hoseassembly软组件twinnipple双喷嘴measuringinstrument计量工具bracket支座support支座hydr.cyl.flattype液压缸板型,水平水压气缸rotaryseal回转密封threadedrod螺纹杆hexagonnut六角螺母pressionhose压力软管hoseclip软管卡l-section组装列表controlblockhydraulicunitwithcontrol液压控制部件pumpset泵机组levelcontrol水平控制,水准控制press.reliefvalve安全阀tubefitting管接头progr.distributor程序寄存器crane龙头retainingplate固定板,支撑板directionalsign定向信号screwingarmature螺纹电枢variab.displ.motor可旋转电机shim薄垫片sprocketwheelforrollerchain链轮simpl.rollerchain单缸棍子链sliderail滑轨rerainingwasher固定垫片stickelectrodecovered焊条ratingplate标牌notchednail凹槽钉threadcutt.screw旋转螺纹distancepiece隔板screwhexagonsocketheadcapscrew六角螺钉locatingwasher定位垫片liningring衬垫clip压板o-sealo形密封圈flatiron扁铁floorplate地板elbow弯头hydraulichose水力管screwnipple螺纹连接管settingtool安装工具socketwrenchsquaredrive套筒扳手extensionbar加长杆handle.spintypemalesquare销式手柄lineal线pin销子adapter转接器clevispinu形夹销nitrogenload.dev.负载氮气wrench扳手shackle钩环chaintrackguard护链槽lateralwall单侧墙roundsteel圆钢intermed.piece中圆片discspring盘簧studscrew柱螺栓螺钉thrustwasher止推拴片rotationallock旋转锁定air exhaust 排气air exhaust opening 排气口clampingbox夹紧盒clampingsocket夹紧插座controlbox操纵台,控制箱,操作箱dowels销子squarekey方键lubricatingequipmentowge润滑用具setsofsuction抽水机,抽水泵shrinkdisc缩紧盘allowance补贴air cooled condenser空冷式冷凝器水泥行业常用英语会话水泥英语1 How do you do? Mr. Jensen . Welcome to Guangdong.你好，Jensen先生，欢迎到广东来。
循环流化床锅炉专业词汇英汉对照
循环流化床锅炉专业词汇：CFB boiler (circulating fluidized bed boiler)循环流化床锅炉fuel燃料bottom ash底渣circulating ash循环灰limestone石灰石fluidized air流化风separator分离器circulating combustion循环燃烧heat transfer传热consistence(density) of particles颗粒浓度medium transfer传质desulphurizer脱硫剂combustion chamber燃烧室coal feeder给煤机material feeder给料机air distributor布风板cyclone separator旋风分离器heat exchanger换热器back pass尾部烟道convection heating surface对流受热面bag filter布袋除尘器electrostatic precipitator(ESP)静电除尘器stack, chimney烟囱bed material床料upright pipes（vertical pipe）立管material-returning system回料系统Tapping (bulk packing)density堆积密度Dense region密相区secondary air二次风spout喷口gap rate空隙率Dilute region稀相区airflow气流conical section锥段elutriation扬析Transition region过渡区carryingover phenomena夹带现象Fluidized speed流化速度empty tower velocity空塔速度apparent speed表观速度heat carrying载热formula(equation)公式、方程式flue gas烟气cross-sectionof furnace炉膛截面积dynamic control combustion动力控制燃烧flux通量adaptability适应性peak adjustment调峰heat transfercoefficient传热系数slagging结渣flameout灭火explosion爆炸contamination污染物flue gas and air烟风auxiliary power厂用电abrasion-resistant refractory material耐磨耐火浇筑料expansion膨胀sealing密封boiler proper system锅炉本体系统boilerauxiliary system锅炉辅助系统combustion system燃烧系统steam & water system汽水系统ash handling system灰处理系统ignition system点火系统Furnace炉膛material-returning vessel返料器External heat exchanger外置式热交换器slag cooler冷渣器limestone silo石灰石仓Fluidized air chamber流化风室steam Drum汽包convectionsuperheater对流过热器economizer省煤器Primary air一次风Air preheater空气预热器I.D.fan (induced draft )引风机F.D.fan (forced draft ) 送风机lowersecondary air下二次风Upper secondary air上二次风Limestone fan石灰石风机boiler wall炉墙water wall水冷壁straight section直段denitrogened脱氮denitration脱硝air nozzles风帽orifice小孔air-distributor布风板inner pipe内管external cover外罩annular base plate环形底板bell glass air nozzle钟罩式风帽deformation变形below-bed ignition床下点火secondary air input二次风入口decomposition分解过程superheated wall过热屏reheated wall再热屏separating wall分隔墙parameter参数start-up启动shut down 停机HT insulated cyclone separator高温绝热旋风分离器steam(water)-cooled cyclone separator汽（水）冷旋风分离boilerrating锅炉出力heatradiation loss散热损maintenance维修inertial separator惯性分离器shutter(louver) separator百叶窗分离器air lock device锁气器(rated)nominal load额定负荷evaporative rating蒸发出力fluidized seal material returning device流化密封返料器Valve type material returning device阀型返料器platen heating surface屏式受热面evaporator蒸发器screening 筛分coarse screening宽筛crushing characteristics破碎特性granularity粒度screen cloth筛网screening mesh筛孔mesh diameter筛分孔径screening residue筛余量volatile挥发specific surface area比表面积particle sphericity颗粒球形度spherical degree球形度median diameter中位径gas density气体密度Critical bubbling velocity临界鼓泡速度gas backmixing气体返混fine powder细粉freely falling body motion自由落体运动gravity重力floatage/ bouyance浮力air flow dragging force气流曳力accelerating velocity加速equilibrium relationship平衡关系maximum sedimentation velocity终端沉降速度relative motion相对运动static particle静止颗粒gas-solid sliding velocity气固滑移速度critical value临界值heat transmission factor传热系数near-wall region近壁区gas phase气相gas film气膜bed layer床层particle mass 颗粒团dispersion phase弥散相heat transfer wall surface传热壁面gas phase convection heat transfer coefficient气相对流换热系数particle convection heat transfer coefficient颗粒对流换热系数radiant heat-transfer coefficient辐射换热系数heat emissioncoefficient放热系数volume flow体积流量high intensity高强度emulsification phase乳化项fixed bed固定床material feeding bunker加料仓separation and returning system分离回送系统pneumatic conveying气力输送vortex flow漩涡流动moving bed移动床ash Balance灰平衡circulating circuit循环回路heat transfer mechanism传热机理air duct风道bed density床层密度thermal-conductivity导热系数(导热率)volatile matter挥发物ash sludge灰浆steam blowing out吹管scrapiron铁屑core-annulus flow环核流动radial distribution径向分布overall pressure drop总压降high-speed fluidized bed快速流化床strip floc条状絮状物burning out燃尽dry-out 烘炉safety valve setting安全门整定steam and water quality汽水品质anthracite coal无烟煤lean coal 贫煤momentum 动量banking characteristic 压火特性oil stone 油石fly ash resistivity 飞灰比电阻coil pipe蛇行管flue gasduct烟道air chamber风室carbon content 含碳量gypsum 石膏industrial data acquisition system 工业用采数系统mineral asbestos矿石棉combustion efficiency燃烧效率combustible content可燃物含量excess air coefficient 过量空气系数typical working condition 典型工况active carbon filter活性碳过滤器包墙过热器 enclosed wall superheater下降管 downcomer屏式过热器 platen/screen-type superheater 工质 working medium蒸发设备 evaporating device膜式水冷壁 membrane water wall排渣口 slag discharging outlet水冷蒸发屏 water-cooled evaporating screen喷水减温器water- spraying desuperheater 喷燃器burner反冲洗阀 back wash valve管组 pipe bank进口集箱 inlet header转向室guiding chamber给料皮带material feeding belt加药管 chemical-dosing tube三通T-joint挡板 damper出渣discharge slag进口导叶 inlet guide vane联杆 linkage动平衡 dynamic balance压头 pressure head喘振 surge水冷套 water cooling jacket炉膛负压 furnace vacuum主燃料切除 main fuel trip (MFT)放气阀 vent/exhaust valve疏水阀 drain valve截止阀 stop valve止回阀 check valve弹簧安全装置 spring safety device给料增压风机material feeding booster fan气固两相流风箱gas-solid two-phase flow air box 密封用风sealing air出口烟道outlet flue gas duct排污管blow-down pipe波形板corrugated plate防漩装置a device against rotation水冷蒸发屏water-cooling evaporating screen耐火、绝热材料层refractory and insulatedmaterial layer 气力输送pneumatic conveying闸板gate board点火器igniter减温器desuperheater/attemperator对空排汽阀steam bleeding valve定容式风机constant volume blower逆流（反向电流）countercurrent干燥箱Drying cabinet给水分配管Feed water distrubited pipe放气阀Vent valve副柱sub-post发光二极管light-emitted diode (LED)点动操作stepping operation超载overload变频电机Frequency-converting motor负压vacuum铣床milling machine增压风机Booster fan (Coal Distribution Air Fan)多孔管perforated pipe涡流eddy current闸板gate aboard上升管riser左右对称 bilateral symmetry热冲击thermal shock水平烟道horizontal flue gas duct水冷风室water-cooled air chamber灰斗ash bunker吹灰器soot blower后墙back wall侧墙side wall下水连接管sewage connecting pipes清扫链clean-out chain原理图(示意图)Schematic Diagram落煤管coal spout进口导叶调节门IGV control valve进气箱air input box调节杆dolly bar驱动机构drive mechanism联动试车interlock test running弹簧储能spring energy集汽室steam trap永久负载permanent load油封oil seal热电阻thermal resistance原煤仓（斗）raw coal bunker联箱header管束（排）tube bundle饱和蒸汽saturated steam减速器speed reducer/decelerator耐用的、持久的durable防磨盖板anti-wear cover plate热传导Thermal conduction卧式汽水分离器Horizontal steam-water separator 热偏差 heat deviation(bias)叶轮blade wheel/impeller传动机构actuator联杆link消声器silence/muffler进渣管Slag inlet tube播煤风coal-spreading air水冷套water jacket烟煤soft coal密封垫圈sealing washer起座压力start pressure回座压力reseating/return pressure变送器transmitter标高Elevation苏单项目专业术语缩写1.1缩写表单位或组织CMECChina National Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Corporation China National Mechanical & Equipment Import & Export Company中国机械设备进出口总公司NEC National Electricity Corporation苏丹国家电力公司IEC International Electrical Commission国际电工协会ISO International Standard Organisation国际标准组织LI Lahmeyer International GmbH, Bad Vilbel雷美尔咨询公司VGBTechnische Vereinigung der G roßkraftwerks Betreiber(Technical Association of large Power Plant Operators) 大型电厂协会其它AC Alternating Current 交流电AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator自动电压调整器CFB Circulating Fluid Bed循环流化床CFBB Circulating Fluid Bed Boiler循环流化床锅炉CCR Central Control Room中央控制室CCW Closed Cooling Water System闭式循环冷却水系统CT Current Transformer电流变压器CW Circulating Water System (Cooling Water System) 循环冷却水系统DC Direct Current直流电DCS Distributed Control System分散控制系统DIN German Industrial Standard德国工业标准FAC Final Acceptance Certificate最终验收证FG Function Group功能组GIS Gas (SF6) Insulated Switch-gear气体(SF6)绝缘开关HB Heat Balance热平衡HP High Pressure高压（力）HV High Voltage ( > 36 kV ) 高电压KKS Kraftwerk-Kennzeichen-System = Power Plant Identification System电厂标识系统I&C Instrumentation and Control仪表和控制LDC Load Dispatch Center负荷分配中心LP Low Pressure低压（力）LV Low Voltage ( < 1 kV ) 低电压( < 1 kV )MCR Maximum Continuous Rating最大连续蒸发量MMI Man/Machine Interface人/机界面MR Meeting Report会议纪要MV Medium Voltage ( > 1 kV < 36 kV ) 中电压MVR Manual Voltage Control手动电压控制PAC Provisional Acceptance Certificate初步验收证书PDAProgramming/ Diagnostic/ Alarms Station工程师站POS Process Operation Station过程操作站PT Potential Transformer电压互感器P&ID Process and Instrumentation Diagram工艺流程和仪表图RTU Remote Terminal Unit远程终端SCADA Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition电气微机监控系统SLD Single Line Diagram电气主接线ST Steam Turbine 汽轮机SWG Switchgear开关UCB Unit Control Board 机组控制盘VDU Video Display Unit显示器、氧化铁ferric oxide 氧化铝alumina 铝aluminum二氧化硅silicon dioxide 氧化钙(生石灰) calcium oxide熟石灰(氢氧化钙) white lime 石灰石limestone氧化镁magnesia 镁magnesium 碳carbon二氧化碳Carbon dioxide 一氧化碳carbon monoxide烟囱chimney, stack 浇注料refractory总图、总平面图General Layout 工艺流程Process Flow安装图Installation Drawing 装配图erection drawing附件、附属物Appurtenance 除去矿物质（除盐）Demineralize灰厍气化设备Gasifying Device of Fly Ash Silo Gasify 使气化接地与防雷Earthing and Lightning Protection变电站、分站、分所Substation 配置、结构、构成configuration综合水泵房Composite water pump house 精炼厂、炼油厂Refinery燃烧、消耗V Combust 燃烧器Combuster 燃烧N combustion废热锅炉、余热锅炉Heat Recovery Steam Generators循环流化床锅炉Circulating Fluid Bed (CFB) boiler蒸汽轮机SteamTurbine Generator (STG) 燃气轮机Gas turbine也就是说（副词）i.e. 从此以后，今后hereafter技术规范（说明）Technical Specification 引风机Induced Draught FanAVR 自动电压调节器automatic voltage regulator 消音器silencers碟片式过滤器debris filter 氯化\用氯气处理Chlorination次氯酸Hypochlorite水除盐装置Water Demineralisation Plant离子交换技术ion exchange technology 阳床（阳离子交换器）cation exchanger 脱二氧化碳器decarbonator 阴床anion exchanger 混床mixed-bedexchanger未净化的水（原水）raw water 澄清水池clarified water basin再生设备Regeneration equipment 凝结剂、絮凝剂Coagulan生活废水Sanitary Waste Water 化粪池septictank饮用水系统Potable Service Water System 水龙头water tap 氨、氨水ammonia 肼、联氨hydrazine 磷酸钠sodiumphosphate 苛性钠、烧碱Caustic soda稀硫酸dilute Sulphuric acid 溴化物Bromide消防栓和消火栓箱Hydrants and hose cabinets推车式灭火器和手提式灭火器Wheeled and portable fire extinguishers备用零件和专用工具Spare parts and special tools往复式无油空气压缩机装置Reciprocating oil free running air compressor unit辅助设备\外部设备ancillary equipment. 过滤设备filtration equipment土建工程和建筑设施Civil Works and Building Facilities沥清防水层asphalt water barriers 钢筋混凝土结构reinforced concrete structure 根据详细规范设计的带有沥青防水层钢筋混凝土屋顶RC concrete roof withasphalt water barriers according detail specification.钢筋混凝土(围)挡墙RC retaining walls 装卸和运输Handling and Transport地磅Weight Bridge 砌筑墙masonrywall 考虑到under consideration混凝土骨架结构concrete skeleton structure 摆放空间lay down areas龙门起重机\龙门吊\行车Gantrycrane 安装和维修erection and maintenance卫生设备,卫生设施sanitary facilities 祈祷prayer(n) pray(V)消防队Fire Brigade 调度室Control Building 管道支架pipe rack测试和校准testing and calibration投标文件Tender Documents试运行和性能试验commissioning and performance testing后翻斗式自卸卡车rear dump truck 磷酸三钠Trisodiumphosphate排水系统和下水道系统Drainage and Sewerage System聚合(高分子)电解质Polyelectrolyte 局域网LAN 母线bus bar电缆沟cable trench 地形勘测topographical survey更改、再布置和重建Modification, relocation and reconstruction。
外文翻译外文文献英文文献新型粉煤灰烘干机技术性能介绍英文
Technical performance of the new dryer introduction of fly ash Drying technology is the production of fly ash, slag powder and other key technologies must be matched, I wet fly water for large proportion of small, fine grain size, and other notable features, the development of new and efficient drying of fly ash machine, the device compared with other drying equipment, production capacity, continuous operation; structure is simple, easy to operate; less failure, low maintenance costs; for a wide range of fluid resistance is small, you can use it dry granule-like material, for adhesion of the material that is also very beneficial to large; operating flexibility, allowing the production of greater fluctuations in the flow of product range, will not affect the quality of the product; cleaning easy. The equipment is now in Henan, Anhui and other enterprises put into use, and create considerable economic benefits. New Fly Ash dryer - energy efficient, environmentally friendly.China's cement industry in recent years, a major breakthrough in comprehensive utilization of resources, waste cement industry consumptive use of solid waste in the country total more than 80%. By using less clinker cement industry, more powder, the cement produced in low-capital technologies that can maximize the consumption of electric power, metallurgy, coal industry produced fly ash, slag, coal gangue and other industrial waste. Our process uses traditional cement clinker produced, mixed material mixing mill, mill production is low, high energy consumption, waste slag and other materials used only as a hybrid, mixing amount of not more than 30%. Use of clinker, slag grinding process, respectively, the use of slag fine powder in the high state of good activity can be used as the main component of cement characteristics, the preparation of "blending" of cement, admixture of 50% -60%, can substantially reduce the cement produced in the capital. Waste produced by the cement industry, based on a variety of waste powder admixture fair match to progress in concrete density, the formation of low density, high density, low defect structure, much progress in concrete life.China's annual industrial waste slag produced 1.5 billion -16 billion tons of fly ash and gangue -6 reached 400 million tons, flooded areas in the department. Take advantage of cheap local coal ash, slag and other waste of resources produced in low-capital high performance green cement, cement manufacturing is the transformation of the region an important way.Energy saving is a saving society, an important prerequisite for a harmonious society, but also cement the most effective way to profit growth. Energy efficiency is progress, but decided to advance the hub grinding efficiency is to reduce the moisture content of raw materials. Because fly ash, slag, etc. into the plant when thewater is too large, is not conducive to ground, resulting in low yield milling system, full grinding and grinding, such as grinding paste deterioration in working conditions, must first dried before grinding into dehydration. Therefore, the fly ash produced dryer comprehensive utilization of fly ash with good development prospects. New Fly Ash dryer is produced in high energy-saving technology of fly ash, slag powder and other equipment necessary for supporting the hub, in the promotion of energy efficiency of cement, representing centrifugal dewatering equipment, the old vertical dryer, in the design, energy efficiency and practical applications have great breakthrough.Old vertical dryer. Equipment from external burner, vertical dryer composed of host and environmental protection equipment, vertical assemble a brick inside the dryer, how abdominal group and the sliding hopper feed bowl set. Its working principle is: material handling equipment into the upper vertical dryer, set by its own gravity through the hopper, slide pots expected drop in sink. Burner to create heat, heat exchange through the vertical dryer, after discharge of environmental protection equipment. Course materials collection hopper and slip angle of the basin slowed down the speed of the material to extend the time for heat exchange materials, but materials, materials in the collection hopper and slip sliding is the central basin discharge, the formation of the wind tunnel is in use a lot of heat Air filter materials, coupled with the continued cooling tube burner, thermal efficiency is only about 50%. The device's strengths are: small size, less investment; disadvantage is that: ① the high consumption of coal, about 50% utilization of geothermal energy;② high power consumption, power consumption 4kWh tons of dry material around;③adaptability, and tend to occur the material, sealing; ④more stringent requirements on coal-fired heating; ⑤ drying quality can not control.Previous centrifugal dewatering machinery, equipment expensive, low capacity, dehydration rate of small, usually only one precipitation 10% --- 20% of the remaining 15 water. The new full set of fly ash from the dryer three sectors: heating system, heat exchange system and to take the air dust removal system. Heating systems using hot stove technology sector, adequate heat, heat effect, structural simplicity; heat exchange system is the drying cylinder, the cylinder body lifting plate arranged in spiral staggered repeatedly Young Caesar materials, high efficiency heat exchange ; ventilate the system will be equipped with dust filter, because the fly ash particle size, density, light, dry conditions in the negative pressure, easily flow away, leading to changes in fluid medium, and large dust gas water to prevent Cited air system into the atmosphere sucked out of resources and environmental pollution extravagance, unified by the dust collecting.Fly ash drying machine will first be wet peeling machine conveyor were broken into horizontal, to prevent bulk material into the drying cylinder of the drying effect, has broken into the material and then drying drum, the cylinder body have much to copy board, arranged in spiral, driven by the rotating cylinder, keep the material copied toss board, Young Caesar, and the cylinder wall material again hitting crushing equipment, materials and the arguments raised air system full access to the incoming hot air, heat exchange, evaporation of water to complete the drying, fromthe discharge port, the dust emitted by the dust removal equipment uniform collecting moisture.Sawdust dryer is how and product advantages of working classSawdust dryer is how to work. Main works: wood chips into sawdust dryer drum rotary cylinder by the injection pipe and the joint action of boiling flow in the barrel of hot air full contact with the material to complete the drying, air-sawdust dryer, air drying is the so-called refers to the body like wet sawdust powder by screw conveyor to continuously add drying tube, the delivery of high-speed hot air and dispersed the.Galileo Heavy sawdust dryer is designed for sawdust, wood chips, small pieces of wood, veneer, wood drying wet materials and professional design and manufacturing, with a drying speed, yield, remarkable energy saving, low maintenance features . Wet sawdust dryer to evaporate the moisture in the material, powder or granular dry products by the process, mainly by the air heater, feeder, air drying tube, cyclone, fan and other components.Characteristics of chicken manure dryer, we will introduce you to here. Galileo mechanical scientific research, production, marketing as a whole, market-oriented enterprises, rely on technological innovation and management innovation to promote the development, production sand dryer mainly based manufacturers. How to choose the right drum dryerThe so-called rotary drum dryer, also known as rotary drum dryer. Its wide range of applications, mainly used in building materials, metallurgy, chemical and cement industries, drying of the material mainly of limestone slag, coal ash, slag, clay and so on. It consists of rotary body, lifting plate, gear, support equipment and seals and other components. And has a reasonable structure, well-made, high output, low energy consumption and easy operation. Meanwhile, the rotary drum dryer can also be used in fertilizer production, grain drying and fertilizer certain humidity, the aircraft also has a high thermal efficiency, uniform drying, cleaning materials, the number of small, suitable and convenient maintenance. So the selection of drum drying machine? Choose the right drum dryer which method? Here's a brief look at how to choose the right drum dryer.We want to know, usually drum dryer direct heat transfer medium is dry flue gas, where we will be divided into a downstream or upstream drying drying for two: first, the first to know what is along countercurrent flow drying and drying. The so-called downstream drying is its combustion chamber and wet feed materials in the same side, the heat flow direction and the direction of movement of materials is the same, the wet material from the feed end to discharge end of the transfer talk, hot air is from feed-side induced draft fan in the blower and the discharge side to go down the role of outflows in the process flow of wet material with hot air heating and drying; the so-called counter-flow is drying wet material from the feed end intothe dryer, combustion chamber in the discharge end, in the process, the material and the hot air is doing the reverse movement, the wet material in motion the process of being dried by heat. Second, in the purchase, the specific way we choose to be dry and the dry material from the final request. But we should know that the initial drying driving force downstream drying larger, later with the material temperature, the drying medium temperature will be decreased, this comparison applies to the final water content (ie dried) less demanding materials. Countercurrent drying in the drying process, due to more uniform drying driving force, it is appropriate to be dry and dry material is strictly demanded.Dryer operating processes and precautions when usingDryer understanding of people know that, proficiency in the operation of the dryer process and use precautions is important, because it is about whether the normal use of the dryer and the process can be used to avoid a lot of unnecessary trouble . Here's a brief look at the dryer operating procedures and precautions in use. First, the operation of the dryer process, we mainly of five ways. The first is in operation, before opening the door of the dryer feed, the dehydration of the fabric tube into the turn, and then feed the door closed and locked; second is at the right time, the regular rotation button to the desired location; the third is in front of the preparatory work to do, start button, dryer drying, drum and exhaust fan to begin the work of the normal drying; fourth in the drying process, should always pay attention to the fabric to be dried so that accidents can take immediate measures; fifth is in the baking process, machine failure, should be immediately stopped, in time to find out the reasons for failure, and in a timely manner excluded.Second, when the note on the use of mainly explained from three aspects: first, before starting to pay attention to the dryer, make sure to feed the door closed and locked, take the fabric to ensure that the machine stops running, to avoid accidents ; The second is to regularly clean the filter on the suction fan, keep it clean; the third is to use the device in accordance with relevant provisions, not to violate the relevant national standards.Vacuum drying how to improve profit margins?Although the resin dryer is usually referred to as "auxiliary" equipment, but the decision of its type selection there may be a plastics processing, play a leading role in business strategy. This is in Belgium (the whole family), it is such, is a global cross-industry manufacturers, business focus involving electronic and electrical (E & E) equipment, components for injection molding. By abandoning the traditional hot air dryers in favor of the principle based on a new type of vacuum drying equipment (Figure 1), completed its Hasselt in Belgium (Hasselt) plant simplifies the injection molding process to obtain a substantial savings and improve product quality.As with other electronic and electrical (E & E) equipment supplier, as the three strategic challenges facing:1) intense price competition caused by the supplier relentless pressure to cut costs, improve production efficiency;2) customers on product quality and balance the demanding requirements;3) the long-term energy costs will be high expectations.Vacuum Drying of the most obvious benefits related to the third challenge: with similar specifications, hot air dryer (Figure 2) compared to completely dry resin in the vacuum dryer can save 80% of the energy. However, due to the completion of the original, while only one-sixth of the time, the use of vacuum dryer will have the opportunity to significantly improve production efficiency. The short term, this can be started on Monday morning ahead of manufacturers in the production of "cold start" time; in the long run, it can provide a more streamlined operational convenience to concentrate. Finally, Vacuum Dryer provide shorter residence time and higher efficiency to reduce drying defects and lower reject rate.Used in the factory in Hasselt 40 molding machines, 26 table is used for injection molding polyamide 6.6 material to be made into models of AA and AAA batteries small security cover. The use of 12 hot air dryer to dry 26 resin molding machine. By using the three US-Kui? LPTM vacuum dryer replaced (fourth sets new LPD vacuum dryer for emergency standby), according to the Technical Manager, Mr. Rudi Vermeulen stated that achieved the following results:Energy cost savings. 92% reduction of energy consumption, saving 15,700 euros. The corresponding cost savings estimate does not include the power sector, Mr. Vermeulen the additional peak imposed a fine of 5,000 euros, not including the estimated Mr Vermeulen "great" to exclude from the factory for the production of heat hot air drying machine electricity consumed by air-conditioning energy savings.Production longer. Cold start by reducing the time Monday morning, received an additional 192 hours per year at full capacity production time. According to Mr. Vermeulen rough estimate, assuming that sales levels will be sufficient to maintain the plant at full capacity, this new production capacity can bring an extra 57,600 euros per year could be the amount of sales of products.Streamlining and automation. While hot air drying machine 12 in any one able to meet not more than 2 sets of injection molding machines for production capacity requirements, vacuum dryer drying cycle, shorter and this makes it possible to cover the 26 battery production lines converted to a PLC control central delivery system. Hot air dryers from 12 to 3 units (actual use) vacuum dryer conversion brought 2,970 euros, or 92% of the preventive maintenance savings. Bulk container bags package from the package to 11,800 euros per year cost savings.Defect rate / scrap rate. According to Mr. Vermeulen stated, as to avoid excessive drying, and the output of the resin contained in the residual moisture than hot air dryers are less resin processing, vacuum dryer significantly reduces the rejection rate.Mr. Vermeulen said, from waste reduction, air-conditioning costs and production efficiency savings arising from the specific data yet to be statistics, this is due to the recently installed a vacuum dryer and the central feeding system. Calculated over the current annual statistical data and other cost savings reached 35,470 euros. These savings, combined with the increase in annual output of 57,600 euros, for a total of 93,070 euros.Because the central feeding system, and 4 sets of vacuum dryer total investment cost of 100,000 euros, the overall total cost savings sufficient to manufacturers in the number of little more than a year to recover the investment cost. If you wait until the other end and then save the data to collate statistics, including the actual cost recovery will take less than one year.New injection molding machines to speed up drying operation startsThe vacuum dryer energy consumption and only a very short time a number of resins can be ready to prepare for processing, which is due to their design and operation of the standard hot air / desiccant dryer is different in two ways: Vacuum dryer using a vacuum to reduce the boiling point of water so quickly into wet vapor, the water vapor really is removed from the resin particles, and not covered with dry air and then slowly remove the resin particles in which the moisture.Vacuum Dryer mark in three separate locations simultaneously heating and vacuum drying, to small batch production, which will actually batch process into a continuous process, so that the output and processing machines to keep pace .Vacuum Drying small quantities of batch output and a short drying cycle allows only 40 minutes to prepare adequately for the drying of the resin molding machine feeding, rather than the traditional use of the dryer they needed 4 hours. This is why the start time on Monday to reduce their reasons.Hasselt casting plant in order to secure the battery cover, the use of 20 5 50 tons and 10 tons of plastic injection molding machine. These machines 236 days a year three shifts a day job, which requires two operators each shift care. It started Monday morning both need to start each machine. 50 tons of the molding machine starts 30 minutes and 10 tons of molding machine 15 minutes to complete the activation steps, takes 12 hours to allow all 26 machines to full production status - this does not include fully dry resin required time.If you use a traditional hot air drying machine, drying time is also the need for additional 4 hours, which also takes 16 hours to reach full capacity all of the state. As can be ready in time after full drying of the resin molding machines to meet the first start, Vacuum Dryer save this extra time.Furthermore, Mr. Rudi Vermeulen, 12 hot air drying machines start operating complex, and must first start one; in contrast to vacuum dryer start simple, and only one of the 3 sets to 26 sets of molding machine production line with . "We set a timer, on Monday morning, the old vacuum drier than before, 1 hour ahead of starting the dryer," Vermeulen said Mr., "When the operator for duty on time, due to the dry resin can provide, they can immediately start The first injection molding machines. "The principle of common mixer analysisMixing machines is the use of mechanical force and gravity, two or more materials will be uniformly mixed together machinery. Mixing machines are widely used in various industrial and everyday life.Machinery can be mixed with a variety of materials into a homogeneous mixture, such as the cement, sand, gravel and water mixture into the wet concrete and other materials; also can increase the material contact surface area to facilitate chemical reactions; also be able to speed up the physical changes, such as granular solute adding solvent, by mixing the role of mechanical mixing can accelerate the dissolution.Commonly used mechanical mixture of gases and low viscosity liquids into mixer, medium and high viscosity liquids and pastes mixed machinery, thermoplastic material mixer, powder mixing machine with the granular solid material four categories.Mixed gases and low viscosity liquids characterized by simple machinery, and no moving parts, maintenance and overhaul a small amount of low energy consumption. Such machines are divided into mixed-flow mixing, pipe mixing, jet mixing and blending four types of forced circulation.The high viscosity of the mixture of liquid and paste machinery, generally have strong shear; thermoplastic material mixer is mainly used for thermoplastic materials (such as rubber and plastics) and the additives mixed; powder, granular solid material mixing machines and more intermittent operation, including the role of both mechanical mixing and grinding, such as the wheel rolling machines.Require all mixed evenly in a mixture of materials. The degree of mixture into an ideal mix, random mixing and completely mixed three states. Machinery of various materials mixed in the mixing degree, depending on the ratio of the material to be mixed, physical state and properties, as well as the type of machinery used for mixing and blending operations duration and other factors.Mainly by mechanical mixing of liquid mixers, air and liquid jet to be mixed, so that the material was stirred to be mixed to achieve uniform mixing. Caused some stirring of liquid flow, flow of liquid and push the liquid around it, resulting in the formation of circulation flow inside the solution, the resulting liquid is called the spread between the main convective diffusion.When the agitation caused by liquid flow rate is very high, high-speed flow and low-speed flow around the interface between the shear stress appears to produce large amounts of localized vortex. Quickly to the edges of these eddies, again more fluid volume into the whirlpool, the formation of small scale convective diffusion disorder called eddy diffusion.Mechanical stirrer moving parts in the rotation will produce shearing on the liquid, the liquid flows through the wall and installed in the container when the various fixed components, but also by shearing, the shear will lead to many local eddy diffusivity.The main convective mixing caused by diffusion and eddy diffusion, an increase of molecular diffusion between the different liquid surface area to reduce the diffusion distance, which shortens the diffusion time. If the viscosity of the liquid to be mixed is not high, without stirring a long time to reach the state of random mixing; if high viscosity, it would take a longer mixing time.For the density, composition is different, immiscible liquid, agitation generated bystrong shear and turbulence to the liquid density, and tear into small droplets dispersed evenly to the main liquid. Produced by mixing the liquid flow rate must be greater than the droplet settling velocity.A small amount of insoluble solids and liquid powder mixing mechanism, and the density of different components, a mixture of liquid immiscible same mechanism, but mixing solid powder particle size can not be changed. If the mixture prior to settling velocity of solid particles can not be less than the liquid flow rate, no matter what kind of agitation do not form a homogeneous suspension of all. Mixture of different pastes mainly to be split and mixed materials to be pressed repeatedly, rolling, extrusion and other actions arising from the strong shear, followed by repeated mergers, kneading, and finally achieve the desired degree of mixing. This hybrid is difficult to achieve the desired mix, only to random mixing. Powdery solid with a small amount of liquid paste after mixing, the mixing mechanism and the mechanism of the same mixture of paste materials. Different thermoplastic materials and thermoplastic materials mixed with a small amount of powdered solid, need to rely on strong shearing, repeatedly rubbing and kneading to reach the random mixing.Granular solid with good liquidity depends mainly on the rotary container itself, or by moving parts in a container in the role, repeatedly turning, blending and can be mixed, such materials are also available airflow to achieve the mixed convection or turbulence . Solid particles is not easy vortex convection or turbulence, mixing speeds well below the liquid mixture, mixing only to the general level of random mixing. Poor liquidity, each occurrence of the adhesion of solid particles or powder is often required with mechanical turning and pressing, rolling and other movements of the hybrid machinery.。
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攀枝花学院本科毕业设计（论文）外文译文院（系）：生物与化学工程学院专业：环境工程姓名：王硕学号：200810903031指导教师评语：签名：年月日译文：粉煤灰陶粒给人工湿地的废水除磷试验研究Shiwei Cao1,2, Wei Chen1,*and Zhaoqian Jing21.College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hohai University, 210098 Nanjing,China.2.College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forest University, 210037 Nanjing, China. 1.文章信息：历史条：2011年12月2日录用2012年2月23日在网上能用2.关键词：粉煤灰陶粒人工湿地陶瓷基质除磷3.摘要：这篇论文研究了用粉煤灰陶粒辅助去除废水里的磷这一课题。
首先, 概述这两种粉煤灰陶粒的基本的物理和化学性能。
在那时，废水里磷的吸附容量是在静力区间实验里检测的,在这个实验里也检测了温度和接触时间长短对此造成的影响。
粉煤灰陶粒对磷的最大吸附容量是0.892 mg·g-1,它们的吸附过程被描述成一个相关系数大于0.85的单一的水平变量的动力学模型。
此外,对磷有高吸附能力的粉煤灰陶粒作为基质被连续不断地应用于处理人工湿地里的废水上面。
值得注意的是,在这钟环境下采用粉煤灰陶粒很明显地去除了废水里的磷，而且处理过后，废水里的磷和溶解的正磷酸盐总量分别小于0.4 0 mg·L-1和0.20mg·L-1,而且对磷的去除率达到90%。
结果表明,粉煤灰陶粒可以作为人工湿地里的高效基质来提高除磷能力,并且能够减少对人工湿地的地区需要。
4.引言：人工湿地是一个复杂的生态系统,它把物理(如过滤和吸附)、化学(如离子交换和沉淀物)、生物(如微生物分解和植物同化)治疗机制结合在了一起,并据此提供了一个去除废水中有机物、氮和磷(P) 的理想的平台（Hametal, 2010)。
人工湿地对生化需氧量和悬浮固体的去除率相当高,但对磷的去除率却很低(在常规过程中仅占30%)(宋和赵,2006)。
因此,提高人工湿地中磷的去除率已成为当前研究的焦点。
对于人工湿地而言，除磷主要由基质来完成的，因此,选择一个恰当的对磷有良好吸附能力的基质是很重要的。
（Brixetal.2001;元和景,2005)。
粉煤灰陶粒是由发电厂的固体废物——粉煤灰制作而成，它有望成为理想的基质。
它的表面粗糙、结构多孔、价格低廉。
更重要的是,它不仅具有像铝和二氧化硅那样对废水中的污染物有良好吸附能力的活性部位,而且也包含一些能够对污染物起化学作用的钙(Ca)、铁(铁)和其他成份。
因此,它已作为基质被广泛的应用于处理城市生活污水和工业废水上面(向和李,2006)。
在目前的研究中应用的是两种由不同的粉煤灰所制成的粉煤灰陶粒。
我们对它们的物理结构和化学成分以及对磷的吸附能力进行了系统的检测。
此外,对磷具有高吸附能力的粉煤灰陶粒作为基质被连续不断地应用在处理含有磷的人工湿地的废水中。
这种粉煤灰陶粒的除磷的特点在之后被进行了详细的研究，结果是用粉煤灰陶粒作为基质有助于对人工湿地的维护和管理。
5.材料和方法:5.1材料的来源和理化特性:粉煤灰陶粒的原材料是从两个不同的发电厂(图1)精选出来的,编号I及编号II 的球形粉煤灰陶粒从外观上看是有轻微的颜色差别的。
为确保基质拥有尽可能大的表面积和足够的孔隙度来避免同一时间段内的拥挤，低温共烧陶瓷的颗粒大小是3至5毫米(朱和朱,2000)。
用光谱测定法对这两种粉煤灰陶粒的化学元素进行了测试(表1)。
这两种类型的粉煤灰陶粒中的化学元素主要是氧、硅、铝、铁和钙，但是质量和原子组成成份有很大的不同。
编号I 中的粉煤灰陶粒中钙的质量占23.16%,原子的组成成份占12.13%，也就是说,它是一个高钙的粉煤灰。
由于在烧制过程中碳没有被完全氧化，编号II 的粉煤灰陶粒中碳的含量占8.67%。
编号I 和编号II 中的粉煤灰陶粒的表面结构和内部孔隙结构都是由电子显微镜(图2)测定的,这个测定表明编号I 和编号II 的粉煤灰陶粒的表面和内部孔隙都比传统的人工湿地基质更为成熟。
然而, 编号I 的粉煤灰陶粒有一个内部晶体结构,这有利于物理和化学吸附作用以及生物膜的形成。
编号I 和编号II 中粉煤灰陶粒的内部孔隙度是由一个压汞仪测定的。
这两种粉煤灰陶粒的平均孔隙大小稍微有所不同，分别是20.4纳米和22.0纳米。
然而，编号II 的粉煤灰陶粒的孔隙度是54.69%，还有79.605m 2g -1的孔隙面积，这比编号I 的47.83%的孔隙度和23.325 m 2g -1的孔隙面积要大。
物理吸附的基本理论表明编号II 的粉煤灰陶粒吸附能力应该比编号I 的强。
5.2关于粉煤灰陶粒对可溶性盐活性磷(PO 43- )在水中的吸附作用的静态实验固体吸附剂溶质在溶液中的吸附可被描述成单层动态模型[7] 。
微分式是：c kd d tc 1-= 常用的表达式是：)1(1t k t e A q --=在这个表达式中: q t 是粉煤灰陶粒对磷酸盐的吸附能力(mg·kg -1)：t 是接触时间（h ），k 1是单层动力学速率常数(h -1)，A 是初始浓度的相关系数；为确定最佳的吸附容量负荷，这两种不同质量的粉煤灰陶粒被分别放入每升5毫克的100毫升的PO 43-溶液中,并在特定的温度下完全振荡(速度是每分钟160个转数)。
初步试验表明,20克的粉煤灰陶粒有最大的吸附容量,因此用这个量来研究吸附能力。
每小时有5毫升的上层清液被去除和被滤纸过滤掉,就这样试验下去直到磷的浓度不再改变。
粉煤灰陶粒对磷的吸附容量和吸附率取决于PO 43-的浓度的改变。
除尘温度分别设定在15±1.20±1°C 或25±1°C 来确定温度对PO 43-的吸附能力。
这个PO 43-的浓度是由Anti-Mo-Sb 分光光度法(8)测定的。
(检测水和废水的标准方法。
编辑部,北京,2002)。
5.3关于粉煤灰陶粒辅助去除人工湿地中的磷的连续试验由于编号II中具有高吸附能力的粉煤灰陶粒是从基本的物理和化学特性以及磷的吸附实验中确定的,4个能够每天处理5m3d-1的污水的宽度为1.5米和长度为6.4米的框架也被加到了常规基体设计[9]的人工湿地中。
（李和曾2009)(图3) 被河水污染的污水可以被生物滤池预先处理。
一条500毫米宽的分开处理渠道被置在前面和一个1×1.5米的清理池被置在人工湿地的末端。
沙砾(30厘米高)被置在人工湿地的底部，粉煤灰陶粒作为中间层用以提高除磷能力，然后再把一个25厘米厚的沙层置在顶部来供养植物根系。
夏天，连续的户外试验能够使水生植物享有充足的光照。
长有巨大的根系的旱伞草(莎草莎草科)被种植在前三帧和美人蕉(美人蕉家庭、美人蕉属)被种植在第四帧。
环境的温度为25 — 30°C。
连续的试验存在着两个阶段。
在第一个阶段,有系统的运行直到废水的除磷率稳定。
研究粉煤灰陶粒的除磷特性曲线在此阶段进行。
第二阶段始于去除率稳定后,三个抽样的港口分别位于三个沿湿地的框架中，然后被用于研究沿湿地的除磷变化。
因为已经处理的水实际上是被污染的河水,磷在水中就表现出了不同的形态。
为综合研究粉煤灰陶粒的除磷能力,磷的总数(TP)和可溶性盐活性磷(PO43-)都被进行了测试。
这个PO43-的浓度是用Anti-Mo-Sb分光光度法测定的，水样品的消化与每一硫酸盐[8](检查水和废水的标准方法，编辑部，北京,2002)中磷的总浓度量也是用相同的方法来确定的。
磷的总范围和污水中PO43-分别是1-1.8 mg·L-1和0.8-1.4 mg·L-1。
6.结果和讨论6.1粉煤灰陶粒对PO43-的吸附能力的静态实验编号I和编号II中的粉煤灰陶粒的PO43-吸附法的动力学特性是由不同的温度决定的(图4)。
磷酸盐吸附法和朗缪尔波等温方程式是一致的——随着温度的增加,吸附容量也随之而增大。
温度是影响吸附的主要因素。
随着温度的升高, PO43-的能量克服了粉煤灰陶粒表层薄膜的阻力，允许粉煤灰陶粒的内部孔隙中的磷的扩散,所以表面吸附的有效性增加[10](赵和周,2007)。
编号I中的粉煤灰陶粒是由高钙的粉煤灰制成,因此它比编号II中的能够吸收更多的磷。
编号I中的粉煤灰陶粒的钙含量是编号II中的十倍,所以,从理论上来讲,前者对磷的吸附能力应该是后者的10倍。
然而,实际结果是只有1.5倍。
这表明粉煤灰陶粒对磷的吸附能力不但和钙的含量相关,而且和在吸附过程中粉煤灰陶粒的表层吸附能量所发挥的重要作用相关。
这两种类型的粉煤灰陶粒对磷的吸附能力随着接触时间的增加而增强(图5)。
当接触的时间为3小时时, 编号I中的粉煤灰陶粒的吸附能力是1.28、1.06和1.03倍，与之相对应的是，当接触的时间为1小时时分别是15°C、20°C、25°C。
对编号II中的粉煤灰陶粒而言，各自的比率为1.03、1.05和1.04倍。
接触时间的长短影响了对磷的吸附能力,尤其是对编号I中的粉煤灰陶粒而言。
当接触的时间增加，物理吸附和化学沉积也随之增加，对磷的吸附能力也跟着均匀地增强。
对于15、20、25°C 而言,吸附平衡在3个小时内就能实现，这意味着吸附平衡的温度受时间的影响是很小的。
磷的吸附过程可以被准确地描述为一个相关系数约为0.90 q max的单层级动态模型(表2)，这是粉煤灰陶粒对磷的最大吸附能力的相关系数。
对物理和化学性质的试验结果以及对磷的吸附能力的试验结果表明，编号I中的粉煤灰陶粒是适合作为基质来进行连续试验以提高人工湿地的除磷能力。
6.2粉煤灰陶粒在人工湿地里辅助除磷的连续试验编号I中的粉煤灰陶粒作为基质被应用于人工湿地除磷和污水中磷的总数的实验如下。
PO43-的浓度和渗流稳定的磷总量在0.10–0.40 mg·L-1和0.01–0.22 mg·L-1。
在前三天的连续试验中, 这个装置的除磷率有增加的趋势,磷总量的去除率达94.03%和磷酸盐的去除率达94.95%,然后除磷率开始逐渐减小,但保持大于70%的比率。
随着试验的进一步进行,除磷率逐渐增加,直到最终达到90%。
人工湿地中用基质除磷涉及到物理吸附法、化学反应和微生物降解。
PO43-能够很容易和金属离子发生反应(如: Fe3+, Al3+和Ca2+),或者被水生植物同化，或是从水中分离出来。
有机磷通过物理作用能够被吸附到基片上，然后被磷细菌降解,因此也就与水分离。