英语原文及翻译
全大学英语综合教程课文原文及翻译
u n i t6T h e L a s t L e a f When Johnsy fell seriously ill; she seemed to lose the will to hang on to life. The doctor held out little hope for her. Her friends seemed helpless. Was there nothing to be done约翰西病情严重;她似乎失去了活下去的意志..医生对她不抱什么希望..朋友们看来也爱莫能助..难道真的就无可奈何了吗1 At the top of a three-story brick building; Sue and Johnsy had their studio. "Johnsy" was familiar for Joanna. One was from Maine; the other from California. They had met at a cafe on Eighth Street and found their tastes in art; chicory salad and bishop sleeves so much in tune that the joint studio resulted.在一幢三层砖楼的顶层;苏和约翰西辟了个画室..“约翰西”是乔安娜的昵称..她们一位来自缅因州;一位来自加利福尼亚..两人相遇在第八大街的一个咖啡馆;发现各自在艺术品味、菊苣色拉;以及灯笼袖等方面趣味相投;于是就有了这个两人画室..2 That was in May. In November a cold; unseen stranger; whom the doctors called Pneumonia; stalked about the district; touching one here and there with his icy fingers. Johnsy was among his victims. She lay; scarcely moving on her bed; looking through the small window at the blank side of the next brick house.那是5月里的事..到了11月;一个医生称之为肺炎的阴森的隐形客闯入了这一地区;用它冰冷的手指东碰西触..约翰西也为其所害..她病倒了;躺在床上几乎一动不动;只能隔着小窗望着隔壁砖房那单调沉闷的侧墙..3 One morning the busy doctor invited Sue into the hallway with a bushy; gray eyebrow.一天上午;忙碌的医生扬了扬灰白的浓眉;示意苏来到过道..4 "She has one chance in ten;" he said. "And that chance is for her to want tolive. Your little lady has made up her mind that she's not going to get well. Hasshe anything on her mind“她只有一成希望;”他说..“那还得看她自己是不是想活下去..你这位女朋友已经下决心不想好了..她有什么心事吗”5 "She -- she wanted to paint the Bay of Naples some day;" said Sue. “她――她想有一天能去画那不勒斯湾;”苏说..6 "Paint -- bosh Has she anything on her mind worth thinking about twice --a man; for instance "“画画――得了..她有没有别的事值得她留恋的――比如说;一个男人”7 "A man " said Sue. "Is a man worth -- but; no; doctor; there is nothing ofthe kind."“男人”苏说..“难道一个男人就值得――可是;她没有啊;大夫;没有这码子事..”8 "Well;" said the doctor. "I will do all that science can accomplish. But whenever my patient begins to count the carriages in her funeral procession I subtract 50 per cent from the curative power of medicines." After the doctor hadgone Sue went into the workroom and cried. Then she marched into Johnsy's room withher drawing board; whistling a merry tune.“好吧;”大夫说..“我会尽一切努力;只要是科学能做到的..可是;但凡病人开始计算她出殡的行列里有几辆马车的时候;我就要把医药的疗效减去一半..”大夫走后;苏去工作室哭了一场..随后她携着画板大步走进约翰西的房间;口里吹着轻快的口哨..9 Johnsy lay; scarcely making a movement under the bedclothes; with her face toward the window. She was looking out and counting -- counting backward.约翰西躺在被子下几乎一动不动;脸朝着窗..她望着窗外;数着数――倒数着数10 "Twelve;" she said; and a little later "eleven"; and then "ten;" and "nine"; and then "eight" and "seven;" almost together.“12;”她数道;过了一会儿“11”;接着数“10”和“9”；再数“8”和“7”;几乎一口同时数下来..11 Sue looked out of the window. What was there to count There was only a bare; dreary yard to be seen; and the blank side of the brick house twenty feet away. An old; old ivy vine climbed half way up the brick wall. The cold breath of autumn had blown away its leaves; leaving it almost bare.苏朝窗外望去..外面有什么好数的呢外面只看到一个空荡荡的沉闷的院子;还有20英尺开外那砖房的侧墙;上面什么也没有..一棵古老的常青藤爬到半墙高..萧瑟秋风吹落了枝叶;藤上几乎光秃秃的..12 "Six;" said Johnsy; in almost a whisper. "They're falling faster now. Three days ago there were almost a hundred. It made my head ache to count them. But now it's easy. There goes another one. There are only five left now."“6”;约翰西数着;声音几乎听不出来..“现在叶子掉落得快多了..三天前差不多还有100片..数得我头都疼..可现在容易了..又掉了一片..这下子只剩5片了..”13 "Five what; dear "“5片什么;亲爱的”14 "Leaves. On the ivy vine. When the last one falls I must go; too. I've known that for three days. Didn't the doctor tell you "“叶子..常青藤上的叶子..等最后一片叶子掉了;我也就得走了..三天前我就知道会这样..大夫没跟你说吗”15 "Oh; I never heard of such nonsense. What have old ivy leaves to do with your getting well Don't be so silly. Why; the doctor told me this morning that your chances for getting well real soon were ten to one Try to take some soup now; and let Sudie go and buy port wine for her sick child."“噢;我从没听说过这种胡说八道..常青藤叶子跟你病好不好有什么关系别这么傻..对了;大夫上午跟我说;你的病十有八九就快好了..快喝些汤;让苏迪给她生病的孩子去买些波尔图葡萄酒来..”16 "You needn't get any more wine;" said Johnsy; keeping her eyes fixed out the window. "There goes another. No; I don't want any soup. That leaves just four. I want to see the last one fall before it gets dark. Then I'll go; too. I'm tired of waiting. I'm tired of thinking. I want to turn loose my hold on everything; and go sailing down; down; just like one of those poor; tired leaves."“你不用再去买酒了;”约翰西说道;两眼一直盯着窗外..“又掉了一片..不;我不想喝汤..这一下只剩下4片了..我要在天黑前看到最后一片叶子掉落..那时我也就跟着走了..我都等腻了..也想腻了..我只想撇开一切; 飘然而去;就像那边一片可怜的疲倦的叶子..”17 "Try to sleep;" said Sue. "I must call Behrman up to be my model for the old miner. I'll not be gone a minute."“快睡吧;”苏说..“我得叫贝尔曼上楼来给我当老矿工模特儿..我去去就来..”18 Old Behrman was a painter who lived on the ground floor beneath them. He was past sixty and had a long white beard curling down over his chest. Despite looking the part; Behrman was a failure in art. For forty years he had been always about to paint a masterpiece; but had never yet begun it. He earned a little by servingas a model to those young artists who could not pay the price of a professional. He drank gin to excess; and still talked of his coming masterpiece. For the rest he was a fierce little old man; who mocked terribly at softness in any one; and who regarded himself as guard dog to the two young artists in the studio above.老贝尔曼是住在两人楼下底层的一个画家..他已年过六旬;银白色蜷曲的长髯披挂胸前..贝尔曼看上去挺像艺术家;但在艺术上却没有什么成就..40年来他一直想创作一幅传世之作;却始终没能动手..他给那些请不起职业模特的青年画家当模特挣点小钱..他没节制地喝酒;谈论着他那即将问世的不朽之作..要说其他方面;他是个好斗的小老头;要是谁表现出一点软弱;他便大肆嘲笑;并把自己看成是楼上画室里两位年轻艺术家的看护人..19 Sue found Behrman smelling strongly of gin in his dimly lighted studio below. In one corner was a blank canvas on an easel that had been waiting there for twenty-five years to receive the first line of the masterpiece. She told him of Johnsy's fancy; and how she feared she would; indeed; light and fragile as a leaf herself; float away; when her slight hold upon the world grew weaker. Old Behrman; with his red eyes plainly streaming; shouted his contempt for such foolish imaginings.苏在楼下光线暗淡的画室里找到了贝尔曼;他满身酒味刺鼻..屋子一角的画架上支着一张从未落过笔的画布;在那儿搁了25年;等着一幅杰作的起笔..苏把约翰西的怪念头跟他说了;并说约翰西本身就像一片叶子又瘦又弱;她害怕要是她那本已脆弱的生存意志再软下去的话;真的会凋零飘落..老贝尔曼双眼通红;显然是泪涟涟的;他大声叫嚷着说他蔑视这种傻念头..20 "What" he cried. "Are there people in the world foolish enough to die because leafs drop off from a vine I have never heard of such a thing. Why do you allowsuch silly ideas to come into that head of hers God This is not a place in which one so good as Miss Johnsy should lie sick. Some day I will paint a masterpiece; and we shall all go away. Yes."“什么”他嚷道..“世界上竟然有这么愚蠢的人;因为树叶从藤上掉落就要去死我听都没听说过这等事..你怎么让这种傻念头钻到她那个怪脑袋里天哪这不是一个像约翰西小姐这样的好姑娘躺倒生病的地方..有朝一日我要画一幅巨作;那时候我们就离开这里..真的..”21 Johnsy was sleeping when they went upstairs. Sue pulled the shade down; and motioned Behrman into the other room. In there they peered out the window fearfully at the ivy vine. Then they looked at each other for a moment without speaking. A persistent; cold rain was falling; mingled with snow. Behrman; in his old blue shirt; took his seat as the miner on an upturned kettle for a rock.两人上了楼;约翰西已经睡着了..苏放下窗帘;示意贝尔曼去另一个房间..在那儿两人惶惶不安地凝视着窗外的常青藤..接着两人面面相觑;哑然无语..外面冷雨夹雪;淅淅沥沥..贝尔曼穿着破旧的蓝色衬衣; 坐在充当矿石的倒置的水壶上;摆出矿工的架势..22 When Sue awoke from an hour's sleep the next morning she found Johnsy with dull; wide-open eyes staring at the drawn green shade.第二天早上;只睡了一个小时的苏醒来看到约翰西睁大着无神的双眼;凝望着拉下的绿色窗帘..23 "Pull it up; I want to see;" she ordered; in a whisper.“把窗帘拉起来；我要看;”她低声命令道..24 Wearily Sue obeyed.苏带着疲倦;遵命拉起窗帘..25 But; Lo after the beating rain and fierce wind that had endured through the night; there yet stood out against the brick wall one ivy leaf. It was the last on the vine. Still dark green near its stem; but with its edges colored yellow; it hung bravely from a branch some twenty feet above the ground.可是;瞧经过一整夜的急风骤雨;竟然还存留一片常青藤叶;背靠砖墙;格外显目..这是常青藤上的最后一片叶子..近梗部位仍呈暗绿色;但边缘已经泛黄了;它无所畏惧地挂在离地20多英尺高的枝干上..26 "It is the last one;" said Johnsy. "I thought it would surely fall during the night. I heard the wind. It will fall today; and I shall die at the same time."“这是最后一片叶子;”约翰西说..“我以为夜里它肯定会掉落的..我晚上听到大风呼啸..今天它会掉落的;叶子掉的时候;也是我死的时候..”27 The day wore away; and even through the twilight they could see the lone ivy leaf clinging to its stem against the wall. And then; with the coming of the night the north wind was again loosed.白天慢慢过去了;即便在暮色黄昏之中;他们仍能看到那片孤零零的常青藤叶子;背靠砖墙;紧紧抱住梗茎..尔后;随着夜幕的降临;又是北风大作..28 When it was light enough Johnsy; the merciless; commanded that the shade be raised.等天色亮起;冷酷无情的约翰西命令将窗帘拉起..29 The ivy leaf was still there.常青藤叶依然挺在..30 Johnsy lay for a long time looking at it. And then she called to Sue; who was stirring her chicken soup over the gas stove.约翰西躺在那儿;望着它许久许久..接着她大声呼唤正在煤气灶上搅鸡汤的苏..31 "I've been a bad girl; Sudie;" said Johnsy. "Something has made that last leaf stay there to show me how wicked I was. It is a sin to want to die. You may bring me a little soup now; and some milk with a little port in it and -- no; bring me a hand-mirror first; and then pack some pillows about me; and I will sit up and watch you cook."“我一直像个不乖的孩子;苏迪;”约翰西说..“有一种力量让那最后一片叶子不掉;好让我看到自己有多坏..想死是一种罪过..你给我喝点汤吧;再来点牛奶;稍放一点波尔图葡萄酒――不;先给我拿面小镜子来;弄几个枕头垫在我身边;我要坐起来看你做菜..”32 An hour later she said:一个小时之后;她说：33 "Sudie; some day I hope to paint the Bay of Naples."“苏迪;我真想有一天去画那不勒斯海湾..”34 The doctor came in the afternoon; and Sue had an excuse to go into the hallway as he left.下午大夫来了;他走时苏找了个借口跟进了过道..35 "Even chances;" said the doctor; taking Sue's thin; shaking hand in his.“现在是势均力敌;”大夫说着;握了握苏纤细颤抖的手..36 "With good nursing you'll win. And now I must see another case I have downstairs. Behrman; his name is -- some kind of an artist; I believe. Pneumonia; too. He is an old; weak man; and the attack is acute. There is no hope for him; but he goes to the hospital today to be made more comfortable."“只要精心照料;你就赢了..现在我得去楼下看另外一个病人了..贝尔曼;是他的名字――记得是个什么画家..也是肺炎..他年老体弱;病来势又猛..他是没救了..不过今天他去了医院;照料得会好一点..”37 The next day the doctor said to Sue: "She's out of danger. You've won. The right food and care now -- that's all."第二天;大夫对苏说：“她脱离危险了..你赢了..注意饮食;好好照顾;就行了..”38 And that afternoon Sue came to the bed where Johnsy lay and put one arm around her.当日下午;苏来到约翰西的床头;用一只手臂搂住她..39 "I have something to tell you; white mouse;" she said. "Mr. Behrman died of pneumonia today in the hospital. He was ill only two days. He was found on the morning of the first day in his room downstairs helpless with pain. His shoes and clothing were wet through and icy cold. They couldn't imagine where he had been on such a terrible night. And then they found a lantern; still lighted; and a ladder that had been dragged from its place; and some scattered brushes; and a palette with green and yellow colors mixed on it; and -- look out the window; dear; at the last ivy leaf on the wall. Didn't you wonder why it never fluttered or moved when the wind blew Ah; darling; it's Behrman's masterpiece -- he painted it there the night that the last leaf fell."“我跟你说件事;小白鼠;”她说..“贝尔曼先生今天在医院里得肺炎去世了..他得病才两天..发病那天上午人家在楼下他的房间里发现他疼得利害..他的鞋子衣服都湿透了;冰冷冰冷的..他们想不出那么糟糕的天气他夜里会去哪儿..后来他们发现了一个灯笼;还亮着;还有一个梯子被拖了出来;另外还有些散落的画笔;一个调色板;和着黄绿两种颜色;――看看窗外;宝贝儿;看看墙上那最后一片常青藤叶子..它在刮风的时候一动也不动;你没有觉得奇怪吗啊;亲爱的;那是贝尔曼的杰作――最后一片叶子掉落的那天夜里他画上了这片叶子..”He did not trust the woman to trust him. And he did not trust the woman not to trust him. And he did not want to be mistrusted now.他不敢相信这个女人居然会信任自己..他也不认为这个女人就不信任自己..不过;现在他不想失去别人对自己的信任..unit 7 Life of a SalesmanMaking a living as a door-to-door salesman demands a thick skin; both to protect against the weather and against constantly having the door shut in your face. Bill Porter puts up with all this and much; much more.干挨家挨户上门推销这一营生得脸皮厚;这是因为干这一行不仅要经受风吹日晒;还要承受一次又一次的闭门羹..比尔·波特忍受着这一切;以及别的种种折磨..Life of a SalesmanTom Hallman Jr.1 The alarm rings. It's 5:45. He could linger under the covers; listening to the radio and a weatherman who predicts rain. People would understand. He knows that.一个推销员的生活小汤姆·霍尔曼闹钟响了..是清晨5：45..他可以在被子里再躺一会儿;听听无线电广播..天气预报员预报有雨..人们会理解的..这点他清楚..2 A surgeon's scar cuts across his lower back. The fingers on his right hand are so twisted that he can't tie his shoes. Some days; he feels like surrendering.But his dead mother's challenge echoes in his soul. So; too; do the voices of those who believed him stupid; incapable of living independently. All his life he's struggled to prove them wrong. He will not quit.3 And so Bill Porter rises.他的下背有一道手术疤痕..他右手的手指严重扭曲;连鞋带都没法系..有时;他真想放弃不干了..可在他内心深处;一直回响着已故老母的激励; 还有那些说他蠢;说他不能独立生活的人的声音..他一生都在拚命去证明他们错了..他决不能放弃不干..于是比尔·波特起身了..4 He takes the first unsteady steps on a journey to Portland's streets; the battlefield where he fights alone for his independence and dignity. He's a door-to-door salesman. Sixty-three years old. And his enemies -- a crippled body that betrays him and a changing world that no longer needs him -- are gaining on him.他摇摇晃晃迈出了去波特兰大街的头几步;波特兰大街是他为独立与尊严而孤身搏杀的战场..他是个挨家挨户上门推销的推销员;今年63岁..他的敌人――辜负他的残疾的身体和一个不再需要他的变化着的世界――正一步一步把他逼向绝境..5 With trembling hands he assembles his weapons: dark slacks; blue shirt and matching jacket; brown tie; tan raincoat and hat. Image; he believes; is everything.他用颤抖的双手收拾行装：深色宽松裤;蓝衬衣和与之相配的茄克衫;褐色领带;土褐色雨衣和帽子..在他看来;形象就是一切..6 He stops in the entryway; picks up his briefcase and steps outside. A fall wind has kicked up. The weatherman was right. He pulls his raincoat tighter.7 He tilts his hat just so. 他在门口停了一下;提起公文包;走了出去..秋风骤起;冷飕飕的..天气预报员说得没错..他将雨衣裹裹紧..他把帽子往一侧微微一斜..8 On the 7:45 bus that stops across the street; he leaves his briefcase next to the driver and finds a seat in the middle of a pack of bored teenagers.在街对面停靠的7：45那班公共汽车上;他把公文包放在司机身旁;在一群没精打采的十几岁的孩子当中找了个位子坐下..9 He leans forward; stares toward the driver; sits back; then repeats the process. His nervousness makes him laugh uncontrollably. The teenagers stare at him. They don't realize Porter's afraid someone will steal his briefcase; with the glasses; brochures; order forms and clip-on tie that he needs to survive.他身子往前一倾;盯着司机那儿望;然后靠着椅背坐下;接着他又反复这个过程..他心情紧张;控制不住自己而笑出声来..那些孩子望着他..他们不明白;波特是担心有人偷他的包;包里有他生存不可缺少的眼镜;宣传小册子;定单;以及可用别针别上的领带..10 Porter senses the stares. He looks at the floor.波特意识到了小孩子在盯着他看..他把目光转向车厢地板..11 His face reveals nothing. In his heart; though; he knows he should have been like these kids; like everyone on this bus. He's not angry. But he knows. His mother explained how the delivery had been difficult; how the doctor had used an instrument that crushed a section of his brain and caused cerebral palsy; a disorder of the nervous system that affects his speech; hands and walk.他脸上没有流露出任何神情..但在他心里;他知道自己本该和这些孩子一样;和车上其他所有人一样..他并不生气..但他心里明白..他母亲解释说生他时难产;医生使用了某种器械;损坏了他大脑的一部分;导致了大脑性麻痹;一种影响他说话;手部活动以及行走的神经系统的紊乱..12 Porter came to Portland when he was 13 after his father; a salesman; was transferred here. He attended a school for the disabled and then Lincoln High School; where he was placed in a class for slow kids.波特13岁那年随着当推销员的父亲工作调动来到波特兰..他上了一个残疾人学校;后来就读林肯高级中学;在那儿他被编入慢班..13 But he wasn't slow.但他并不笨..14 His mind was trapped in a body that didn't work. Speaking was difficult and took time. People were impatient and didn't listen. He felt different -- was different -- from the kids who rushed about in the halls and planned dances he would never attend.他由于身体不能正常运行而使脑子不能充分发挥其功能..他说话困难;而且慢..别人不耐烦;不听他说..他觉得自己不同于――事实上也确实不同于――那些在过道里东奔西跑的孩子;那些孩子安排的舞会他永远也不可能参加..15 What could his future be Porter wanted to do something and his mother was certain that he could rise above his limitations. With her encouragement; he applied for a job with the Fuller Brush Co. only to be turned down. He couldn't carry a product briefcase or walk a route; they said.他将来会是个什么样子呢波特想做些事;母亲也相信他能冲破身体的局限..在她的鼓励之下;他向福勒牙刷公司申请一份工作;结果却遭到拒绝..他不能提样品包;也不能跑一条推销线路;他们说..16 Porter knew he wanted to be a salesman. He began reading help wanted ads inthe newspaper. When he saw one for Watkins; a company that sold household products door-to-door; his mother set up a meeting with a representative. The man said no; but Porter wouldn't listen. He just wanted a chance. The man gave in and offered Porter a section of the city that no salesman wanted.波特知道自己想当推销员..他开始阅读报纸上的招聘广告..他看到沃特金斯;一家上门推销家用物品的公司要人;他母亲就跟其代理人安排会面..那人说不行;可波特不予理会..他就是需要一个机会..那人让步了;把城里一个其他推销员都不要的区域派给了他..17 It took Porter four false starts before he found the courage to ring the first doorbell. The man who answered told him to go away; a pattern repeated throughout the day.波特一开始四次都没敢敲门;第五次才鼓起勇气按了第一户人家的门铃..开门的那人让他走开;这种情形持续了一整天..18 That night Porter read through company literature and discovered the products were guaranteed. He would sell that pledge. He just needed people to listen.当晚;波特仔细阅读了公司的宣传资料;发现产品都是保用的..他要把保用作为卖点..只要别人肯听他说话就成..19 If a customer turned him down; Porter kept coming back until they heard him. And he sold.要是客户回绝波特;拒绝倾听他的介绍;他就一再上门..就这样他将产品卖了出去..20 For several years he was Watkins' top retail salesman. Now he is the only one of the company's 44;000 salespeople who sells door-to-door.他连着几年都是沃特金斯公司的最佳零售推销员..如今他是该公司44000名推销员中惟一一个上门推销的人..21 The bus stops in the Transit Mall; and Porter gets off.公共汽车在公交中转购物中心站停下;波特下了车..22 His body is not made for walking. Each step strains his joints. Headaches are constant visitors. His right arm is nearly useless. He can't fully control the limb. His body tilts at the waist; he seems to be heading into a strong; steady wind that keeps him off balance. At times; he looks like a toddler taking his first steps.他的身体不适合行走..每走一步关节都疼..头疼也是习以为常的事..他的右臂几乎没用..他不能完全控制这只手臂..他的身体从腰部开始前倾;看上去就像是顶着一股强劲的吹个不停的风迈步向前;风似乎要把他刮倒..有时他看上去就像是个刚刚学步的孩童..23 He walks 10 miles a day.他每天要走10英里的路程..24 His first stop today; like every day; is a shoeshine stand where employees tie his laces. Twice a week he pays for a shine. At a nearby hotel one of the doormen buttons Porter's top shirt button and slips on his clip-on tie. He then walks to another bus that drops him off a mile from his territory.像平日一样;他今天的第一站是个擦鞋摊;这里的雇员替他系好鞋带..他每周请他们擦两次鞋..附近一家旅馆的门卫替他扣上衬衣最上面一粒纽扣;戴上用别针别上的领带..随后他步行去搭乘另一部巴士;在距离他的推销区域一英里处下车..25 He left home nearly three hours ago.他是差不多3个小时前从家里动身的..26 The wind is cold and raindrops fall. Porter stops at the first house. This is the moment he's been preparing for since 5:45 a.m. He rings the bell.风冷雨淋..波特在第一户人家门前停了下来..这是他从5：45分开始就为之准备的时刻..他按了门铃..27 A woman comes to the door.一位妇人开了门..28 "Hello."29 "No; thank you; I'm just preparing to leave."30 Porter nods.31 "May I come back later " he asks.32 "No;" says the woman.33 She shuts the door.34 Porter's eyes reveal nothing.35 He moves to the next house.36 The door opens.37 Then closes.“你好..”“不;多谢了..我这就要出门..”波特点点头..“那我过会儿来;可以吗”他问..“不用了;”那妇人回答道..她关上了门..波特眼里没有流露丝毫神情..他转向下一个人家..门开了..随即又关上..38 He doesn't get a chance to speak. Porter's expression never changes. He stops at every home in his territory. People might not buy now. Next time. Maybe. No doesn't mean never. Some of his best customers are people who repeatedly turned him down before buying.他连开口说话的机会都没有..波特的表情从不改变..他敲开自己推销区内的每一个家门..人们现在可能不买什么..也许下一次会买..现在不买不等于永远不买..他的一些老客户都是那些多次把他拒之门外而后来才买的人..39 He makes his way down the street.40 "I don't want to try it."41 "Maybe next time."42 "I'm sorry. I'm on the phone right now."43 "No."他沿着街道往前走..“我不想试用这个产品..”“也许下次试一试..”“对不起..我在打..”“不要..”44 Ninety minutes later; Porter still has not made a sale. But there is always another home.45 He walks on.46 He knocks on a door. A woman appears from the backyard where she's gardening. She often buys; but not today; she says; as she walks away.47 "Are you sure " Porter asks.48 She pauses.49 "Well..."90分钟之后;波特仍没能卖出一件物品..不过;下面有的是人家..他继续向前走..他敲响一扇门..一位正在拾掇花园的妇女从后院走了出来..她常常买他的东西;不过今天不买;她说着走开了..“你真的不买什么”波特问..她迟疑了一下..“那么……”50 That's all Porter needs. He walks as fast as he can; tailing her as she heads to the backyard. He sets his briefcase down and opens it. He puts on his glasses; removes his brochures and begins his sales talk; showing the woman pictures and describing each product.波特要的就是这一迟疑..他尽可能快步上前;跟着她朝后院走去..他放下公文包;打了开来..他戴上眼镜;拿出产品介绍小册子;开始推销;给那位妇人看图片;详细介绍每一个产品..51 Spices52 "No."53 Jams54 "No. Maybe nothing today; Bill."55 Porter's hearing is the one perfect thing his body does. Except when he getsa live one. Then the word "no" does not register.调料“不要..”果酱“不要..恐怕今天不要什么;比尔..”波特的听觉是他身上惟一没有一点毛病的功能..只有当他察觉对方有可能买他东西的时候才会发生例外..这个时候;他是听不见“不”字的..56 Pepper57 "No."58 Laundry soap59 "Hmm."60 Porter stops. He smells blood. He quickly remembers her last order.61 "Say; aren't you about out of soap That's what you bought last time. You ought to be out right about now."62 "You're right; Bill. I'll take one."胡椒粉“不要..”洗衣皂“嗯..”波特停了下来..他嗅到了猎物..他很快记起了她上次的订单..“对了;你肥皂差不多用完了吧你上次买的就是这个..现在该差不多用完了..”“没错;比尔..我买一块..”63 He arrives home; in a rainstorm; after 7 p.m. Today was not profitable. He tells himself not to worry. Four days left in the week.。
新标准大学英语原文翻译
新标准大学英语原文翻译新标准大学英语（New Standard College English）是一套为中国大学生编写的英语教材，旨在提高学生的英语综合能力，包括听、说、读、写等方面。
该教材分为4个级别，分别为第一册至第四册，适用于不同英语水平的学生。
下面将为大家介绍第一册的部分原文翻译，希望对大家学习英语有所帮助。
Unit 1 Friendship。
Part I Pre-reading Task。
Before reading the passage, let's talk about friendship. What is friendship? What do friends mean to you? How do you make friends? What should you do to keep a friendship? Please share your ideas with your partner.在阅读文章之前，让我们先谈谈友谊。
友谊是什么？朋友对你意味着什么？你是如何交朋友的？为了保持友谊，你应该做些什么？请和你的伙伴分享你的想法。
Part II Text A。
A Friend in Need。
1. A friend in need is a friend indeed. This is a well-known saying. What do you think it means? Have you ever helped a friend in need, or has a friend ever helped you when you were in trouble? If so, please share your experience with the class.2. The passage tells us a story about two friends, Bill and John. Please read the passage and find out what happened between them.3. After reading the passage, discuss the following questions with your partner. What do you think of Bill and John? What kind of person is a true friend? How do you understand the saying "A friend in need is a friend indeed"?Part III Language Points。
(完整版)人教版高中英语课文原文和翻译
必修1 第一单元Reading 阅读ANNE’S BEST FRIENDDo you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts? Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you, or would not understand what you are going through? Anne Frank wanted the first kind, so she made her diary her best friend.安妮最好的朋友你想不想有一位无话不谈能推心置腹的朋友？或者你会不会担心你的朋友会嘲笑你，会不理解你目前的困境呢？安妮?弗兰克想要的是第一种类型的朋友，所以她把的日记视为自己最好的朋友。
Anne lived in Amsterdam in the Netherlands during World War II. Her family was Jewish so the had to hide or they would be caught by the German Nazis. She and her family hide away for two years before they were discovered. During that time the only true friend was her diary. She said, “I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary as most pe ople do, but I want this diary itself to be my friend, and I shall call my friend Kitty.” Now read how she felt after being in the hiding place since July 1942.在第二次世界大战期间，安妮住在荷兰的阿姆斯特丹。
Unit+7课文原文及翻译 人教版七年级英语下册+
人教版（新标准）初中英语课文原文及翻译七年级下册Unit 7Section A 会话Role-play the conversation.分角色表演对话。
Hello, Rick speaking.喂，我是里克。
Hi, Rick. It's Steve. How's it going?里克你好。
我是史蒂夫。
最近怎么样？Not bad, thanks. The weather's great. What are you doing?不太坏，谢谢。
天气很不错。
你在干什么呢？I'm playing basketball with some friends at the park.我在公园和一些朋友打篮球。
Sounds like you're having a good time.听起来你玩得好开心。
Yeah. Is your brother at home?是啊。
你哥哥在家吗？Oh, he's not here. He's studying at his friend's home. Can I take a message for him?哦，他不在这里。
他在他的朋友家学习。
我能给他带口信吗？Yes. Could you just tell him to call me back?好的。
你可以让他给我打过来吗？Sure, no problem.当然可以，没问题。
Section B 短文Match each postcard below with the correct picture in 2a.把下面的每张明信片和2a中的正确图片匹配起来。
Dear Jane,亲爱的琼，How's it going? I'm having a great time visiting my aunt in Canada.最近怎么样？我在加拿大拜访我的姑姑，我过的很愉快。
人教版英语课本原文及部分翻译
【人教版】英语课本原文(必修1~选修9)及部分翻译必修1 第一单元Reading 阅读ANNE’S BEST FRIENDDo you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts? Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you, or would not understand what you are going through? Anne Frank wanted the first kind, so she made her diary her best friend.Anne lived in Amsterdam in the Netherlands during World War II. Her family was Jewish so the had to hide or they would be caught by the German Nazis. She and her family hide away for two years before they were discovered. During that time the only true friend was her diary. She said, “I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do, but I want this diary itself to be my friend, and I shall c all my friend Kitty.” Now read how she felt after being in the hiding place since July 1942.Thursday 15, June, 1944Dear kitty,I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound. That’s changed since I was here.…For example, when it was so warm, I stayed awake on purpose un til half past eleven one evening in order to have a good look at the moon for once by myself. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didn’t dare open a window. Another time some months ago, I happened to be upstairs one evening when the window was open. I didn’t go downstairs until the window had to be shut. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power; it was the first time in a year and a half that I’d seen the night face to face……Sadly…I am only able to look at nature through dirty curtains hanging before very dusty windows. It’s no pleasure looking through these any longer because nature is one thing that really must be experienced.Yours,AnneUsing Language? 语言运用Reading and listening?? 读与听1? Read the letter that Lisa wrote to Miss Wang of Radio for Teenagers and predict what Miss Wang will say. After listening, check and discuss her advice.Dear Miss Wang,I am having some trouble with my classmates at the moment. I’m getting along wel l with a boy in my class. We often do homework together and we enjoy helping each other. We have become really good friends. But other students have started gossiping. They say that this boy and I have fallen in love. This has made me angry. I don’t want t o end the friendship, but I hate others gossiping. What should I do?Yours,LisaReading and writing?? 读与写Miss Wang has received a letter from Xiaodong. He is also asking for some advice. Read the letter on the right carefully and help Miss Wang answer it.Dear Miss Wang,I’m a student from Huzhou Senior High School. I have a problem. I’m not very good at communicating with people. Although I try to talk to my classmates, I still find it hard to make good friends with them. So I feel quite lonely sometimes. I do want to change this situation, but I don’t know how. I would be grateful if you could give me some advice.Yours,Xiaodong2? Decide which are the best ideas and put them into an order. Then write down your advice and explain how it will help. Each idea can make one paragraph. The following sample and the expressions may help youDear Xiaodong,I’m sorry you are having trouble in making friends. However, the situation is easy to change if you follow my advice. Here are some tips to help you.First, why not…?If you do this,…Secondly, you could / can …Then / That way, …Thirdly, it would be a good idea if …By doing this, …I hope you will find these ideas useful.YoursMiss Wang2? 决定哪些是最好并把它们按顺序组织起来。
人教版九年级英语全册 Unit 1课文原文及翻译
人教版（新标准）初中英语课文原文及翻译九年级全册Unit 1 会话部分Section A 会话(1)Listen. How do these students study for a test?听录音，这些学生是如何学习，来准备考试的？Write letters from la above.填写上面1a 中的字母。
Hey, everybody.嘿，大家好。
There's a big test on Tuesday.在周四有一场大型的考试。
I really need some help.我真的需要一些帮助。
Can you tell me how you study for a big test?你们能告诉我你们是如何学习，来准备大型考试的吗？Sure! Yes. Sure we will.当然！好的，我们当然可以告诉你。
You did really well on the last English test, didn't you, Meiping?上次英语考试，你成绩非常好，是吧，梅萍？Yeah, I did OK.是的，我成绩不错。
Well, how did you study for it?恩，你是如何学习，来准备考试的？By making word cards.通过制作单词卡片。
Maybe I'll try that.或许我可以试试。
So, how do you study for a test, Peter?那么，彼得，你是如何学习，来准备考试的？By asking the teacher for help.通过向老师寻求帮助。
She's always happy to answer my questions.她总是很乐意回答我的问题。
That's interesting.那很有趣。
How do you study, Tony?托尼，你是如何学习的呢？I like to study by listening to tapes.我喜欢通过听录音带来学习。
(完整版)人教版高中英语课文原文和翻译
必修1 第一单元Reading 阅读ANNE' S BEST FRIENDDo you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts?Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you, or would not understand what you are going through? Anne Frank wanted the first kind, so she made her diary her best friend. 安妮最好的朋友你想不想有一位无话不谈能推心置腹的朋友？或者你会不会担心你的朋友会嘲笑你，会不理解你目前的困境呢？安妮?弗兰克想要的是第一种类型的朋友，所以她把的日记视为自己最好的朋友。
Anne lived in Amsterdam in the Netherlands during World War II. Her family was Jewish so the had to hide or they would be caught by the German Nazis. She and her family hide away for two years before they were discovered. During that time the only true friend was her diary. She said, “I don 't want to set down a series of facts in a diary as most oppele do, but I want this diary itself to be my friend, and I shall call my friend Kitty. ” Now read how she felt after being in the hiding place since July 1942.在第二次世界大战期间，安妮住在荷兰的阿姆斯特丹。
全新版大学英语综合教程课文原文及翻译
全新版大学英语综合教程课文原文及翻译《全新版大学英语综合教程课文原文及翻译》Unit 1: The World of WorkPart 1: The Changing Nature of WorkThe world of work is constantly evolving, and it is important for individuals to adapt to these changes. In today's fast-paced society, the traditional notions of work are being challenged, and new opportunities are emerging. This unit explores the changing nature of work and its implications for individuals and society.1.1 The Traditional 9-to-5 JobTraditionally, work was often characterized by a 9-to-5 job in a fixed location. Employees would commute to an office or a factory, and their work would be structured around set hours. This model provided stability and a sense of routine for many individuals. However, with advancements in technology and globalization, this traditional model is no longer the only option.1.2 Flexible Work ArrangementsToday, flexible work arrangements are becoming more common. People have the opportunity to work remotely, choose their own hours, and even become self-employed. This flexibility allows individuals to better balance their work and personal lives. However, it also presents new challenges, such as the need for self-discipline and the blurring of boundaries between work and leisure.1.3 The Gig EconomyThe rise of the gig economy is another significant change in the world of work. In this model, individuals take on short-term or freelance jobs, often facilitated by online platforms. This provides them with more autonomy and the ability to pursue multiple income streams. However, it also means less job security and benefits compared to traditional employment.1.4 The Importance of Lifelong LearningWith the changing nature of work, the importance of lifelong learning cannot be overstated. Individuals need to continually update their skills and knowledge in order to remain competitive in the job market. This includes developing new technological competencies and adaptability to navigate future changes in the workplace.Part 2: The Impact of Work on Identity and Well-beingWork plays a significant role in shaping individual identity and overall well-being. How individuals perceive their work and the meaning they derive from it can greatly impact their satisfaction and happiness.2.1 Work as a Source of IdentityFor many people, work is not just a way to earn a living but also a source of identity and purpose. The type of work one engages in can be closely tied to personal values and ambitions. However, it is important to recognize that work should not be the sole determinant of a person's self-worth. Finding a balance between work and other aspects of life is crucial for overall well-being.2.2 Work-Life BalanceAchieving work-life balance is a constant challenge in today's connected world. The boundaries between work and personal life can easily blur, leading to increased stress and burnout. Employers and individuals need to actively promote strategies and policies that enable employees to have a healthy integration of work and personal life.2.3 The Pursuit of Meaningful WorkMany individuals strive to find work that is not only financially rewarding but also personally fulfilling. Meaningful work gives individuals a sense of purpose and satisfaction. This can be achieved by aligning personal values and passions with one's chosen career path.2.4 Work and Mental HealthThe relationship between work and mental health is complex. While work can provide a sense of structure and purpose, it can also contribute to stress and anxiety. Employers and society as a whole need to prioritize mental health support in the workplace and foster a culture that promotes work-life balance and overall well-being.ConclusionThe world of work is undergoing significant changes, requiring individuals to adapt and embrace new opportunities. The impact of work on identity and well-being cannot be underestimated. It is crucial for individuals, employers, and society to work together to create a more balanced and fulfilling work environment. By recognizing the evolving nature of work andaddressing its challenges, we can create a future where individuals find meaning and satisfaction in their careers.。
高中英语第二册课文原文及翻译John snow
高中英语第二册课文原文及翻译John snow Reading and ThinkingJOHN SNOW DEFEATS“K卫NG CHOLERA圩约输·斯诺战胜“霍乱王”Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world. until a British doctor. John Srun\r. showedhow it could be overcome.This illness causes severe diarrhoea. dehydration. and even death—In ffie early 19fficentury.、、rhen an outbreak of cholera hit Europe,millions of people died from the disease.As a yaung doctor.John SnoW became fiustrated because no one knew how to prevent Of treat cholera.In tune,he rose to became afamous doctor. and even attended to Queen Victoria、、rhen she gave birth.Ho、、rever. he neverl墨：墨}协destroy cholera once and for all.在英国医生约翰-斯诺同人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。
它可导致严重腹泻、脱水甚至死亡。
十九世纪初，崔乱暴发，肆虐欧洲，数百万人丧命．由于当时无人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱，年轻的约输-斯诺医生很沮丧。
后来，他成了一位名医．甚至照料分娩的维多利亚女王。
然而，他始终没有放弃彻底根除霍乱的愿望。
英语必修一原文及其翻译
英语（外研版）必修一原文及其翻译我上高中的第一天 \ Module 1My First Day at Senior HighMy name is Li Kang. I live in Shijiazhuang, a city not far from Beijing. It is the capital city of Hebei Province. 我叫李康。
居住在石家庄，一座离北京不远的城市。
这座城市是河北省省会。
Today is my first day at Senior High sc hool and I’m writing down my thoughts about it. 今天是我上高中的第一天，我将我对这一天的看法写下来。
My new school is very good and I can see why. The teachers are very enthusiastic and friendly and the classrooms are amazing. 我的新学校很好，并且我能够明白其原因。
老师非常热情、友好，课堂令人感到惊奇。
Every room has a computer with a special screen, almost as big as a cinema screen. 每个教室都有一台计算机，并配有特别的显示屏，其大小几乎同电影院的银幕一样。
The teachers write on the computer, and their words appear on the screen behind them. 老师写在电脑上，单词就出现在后面的屏幕上。
The screens also show photographs, text and information from websites. They’re brilliant! 屏幕还可展示图片、课文、和网站上的信息。
大学英语课文原文及翻译
大学英语课文原文及翻译大学英语课文原文一 Section A:Choose to Be Alone on PurposeHere we are, all by ourselves, all 22 million of us by recent count, alone in our rooms, some of us liking it that way and some of us not. Some of us divorced, some widowed, some never yet committed. Loneliness may be a sort of national disease here, and it s more embarrassing for us to admit than any other sin. On the other hand, to be alone on purpose, having rejected company rather than been cast out by it, is one characteristic of an American hero. The solitary hunter or explorer needs no one as they venture out among the deer and wolves to tame the great wild areas. Thoreau, alone in his cabin on the pond, his back deliberately turned to the town. Now, that s character for you.Inspiration in solitude is a major commodity for poets and philosophers. They re all for it. They all speak highly of themselves for seeking it out, at least for an hour or even two before they hurry home for tea.Consider Dorothy Wordsworth, for instance, helping her brother William put on his coat, finding his notebook and pencil for him, and waving as he sets forth into the early spring sunlight to look at flowers all by himself. “How graceful, how benign, is solitude,” he wrote.No doubt about it, solitude is improved by being voluntary.Look at Milton s daughters arranging his cushions and blankets before they silently creep away, so he can create poetry. Then,rather than trouble to put it in his own handwriting, he calls thegirls to come back and write it down while he dictates.You may have noticed that most of these artistic types went outdoors to be alone. The indoors was full of loved ones keeping the kettle warm till they came home.The American high priest of solitude was Thoreau. We admire him, not for his self-reliance, but because he was all by himself out there at Walden Pond, and he wanted to be. All alone in the woods. Actually, he lived a mile, or 20 minutes walk, from his nearest neighbor; half a mile from the railroad; three hundred yards from a busy road. He had company in and out of the hut all day, asking him how he could possibly be so noble. Apparently the main point of his nobility was that he had neither wife nor servants, used his own axe to chop his own wood, and washed his own cups and saucers. I don t know who did his laundry; he doesn t say, but he certainly doesn t mention doing his own, either. Listen to him: “I never found the companion that was so companionable as solitude.”Thoreau had his own self-importance for company. Perhaps there s a message here. The larger the ego, the less the need for other egos around. The more modest and humble we feel, the more we suffer from solitude, feeling ourselves inadequate company.If you live with other people, their temporary absence can be refreshing. Solitude will end on Thursday. If today I use a singular personal pronoun to refer to myself, next week I will use the plural form. While the others are absent you can stretch out your soul until it fills up the whole room, and use your freedom, coming and going as you please without apology, staying up late to read, soaking in the bath, eating a whole pint of ice cream at one sitting, moving at your own pace. Those absent will be back. Their waterproof winter coatsare in the closet and the dog keeps watching for them at the window. But when you live alone, the temporary absence of your friends and acquaintances leaves a vacuum; they may never come back.The condition of loneliness rises and falls, but the need to talk goes on forever. It s more basic than needing to listen. Oh, we all have friends we can tell important things to, people we can call to say we lost our job or fell on a slippery floor and broke our arm. It s the daily succession of small complaints and observations and opinions that backs up and chokes us. We can t really call a friend to say we got a parcel from our sister, or it s getting dark earlier now, or we don t trust that new Supreme Court justice.Scientific surveys show that we who live alone talk at length to ourselves and our pets and the television. We ask the cat whether we should wear the blue suit or the yellow dress. We ask the parrot if we should prepare steak, or noodles for dinner. We argue with ourselves over who is the greater sportsman: that figure skater or this skier. There s nothing wrong with this. It s good for us, and a lot less embarrassing than the woman in front of us in line at the market who s telling the cashier that her niece Melissa may be coming to visit on Saturday, and Melissa is very fond of hot chocolate, which is why she bought the powdered hot chocolate mix, though she never drinks it herself.It s important to stay rational.It s important to stop waiting and settle down and make ourselves comfortable, at least temporarily, and find some grace and pleasure in our condition, not like a self-centered British poet but like a patient princess sealed up in a tower, waiting for the happy ending to our fairy tale.After all, here we are. It may not be where we expected to be, but for the time being we might as well call it home. Anyway, there is no place like home.大学英语课文原文二 Section A：Does Mickey Mouse have a beardNo.Does this mean that French men seeking work with the Disney organization must shave off their moustaches tooIt depends.A labor inspector took the Disney organization to court this week, contending that the company s dress and appearance code — which bans moustaches, beards, excess weight, short skirts and fancy stockings — offends individual liberty and violates French labor law.The case is an illustration of some of the delicate cultural issues the company faces as it gets ready to open its theme park 20 miles (32 kilometers) east of Paris in five months time.The Disney management, which is assembling what it calls a cast of 12,000 to run the theme park, argues that all employees, from bottle washers to the president, are similar to actors who have to obey rules about appearance. Anyway, a company spokesman says, no one has yet put his moustache before a job. As one new cast member put it: You must believe in what you are doing, or you would have a terrible time here.But what do people think of Euro Disney People everywhere are wondering whether Europeans would like the American recreation.For all its concern about foreign cultural invasion and its defense against the pollution of the French language by English words, France s Socialist government has been untroubled aboutputting such a huge American symbol on the doorstep of the capital and has been more concerned about its social effect. It made an extraordinary series of tax and financial concessions to attract the theme park here rather than let it go to sunny Spain.The theme park itself will be only part of a giant complex of housing, office, and resort developments stretching far into the next century, including movie and television production facilities. As part of its deal with the Disney organization, the government is laying on and paying for new highways, an extension of Paris s regional express railway and even a direct connection for the high speed TGV railway to the Channel Tunnel. The TGV station is being built in front of the main entrance of Euro Disneyland, and is scheduled to come into service in 1994.If Euro Disneyland succeeds — where theme parks already in France have so far failed — a second and even a third park is likely to be built by the end of the century. Financial experts say that Euro Disneyland, the first phase of which is costing an estimated $3.6 billion, is essential to Disney s overall fortunes, which have been hit by competition and declining attendance in the United States.French intellectuals have not found many kind things to say about the project. The kids, however, will probably never notice. Sleeping Beauty, Snow White, Peter Pan, and Pinocchio all come from European fairy tales or stories and are as familiar to children here as they are in the United States. To a French child Mickey is French. To an Italian kid he is Italian.The Disney management is stressing this tradition in an apparent response to suggestions that it is culturally insensitive. Although the concept of the theme park is closely based on the original MagicKingdom in California and Walt Disney World in Florida, Euro Disneyland will be unique in a manner appropriate to its European home, the company says. The legends and fairy tales which come from Europe figure prominently in the creative development of the theme park. Officials point out, for example, that Sleeping Beauty s castle, the central feature of the theme park, is based not on Hollywood, as some might think, but on the illustrations in a medieval European book. Also, a 360-degree movie, based on the adventures of Jules Verne, features well-known European actors.Asked to describe other aspects of the effort to make the park more European, a spokesman mentioned that direction signs in the theme park will be in French as well as English, and that some performers will chat in French, Spanish and English. The challenge is telling things people already know — and at the same time making it different, the spokesman said.On the other hand, this effort is not being taken too far. Another Disney spokesman said earlier that the aim of the theme park is to provide a basically American experience for those who seek it. Inthis way, he said, people who might otherwise have contemplated a vacation in the United States will be happy to stay on this side of the Atlantic.The Disney organization does seem to focus a bit too much on hair. Main Street, USA , the heart of Euro Disneyland, it promises, will feature an old time Harmony Barber Shop to deal with messy hair and hairy chins — and perhaps even offending mustaches. One difference from California or Florida: Parts of Main Street and waiting areas to get into the attractions will be covered over as a concession to Paris s rainy weather.Euro Disneyland s short distance to Paris is a definite attraction. Anyone tiring of American or fake European culture can reach the Louvre art museum by express railway in less than an hour — from Minnie Mouse to Mona Lisa in a flash.Communications figured largely in the Disney organization s decision to site its fourth theme park near Paris. The site is within a two-hour flight of 320 million Europeans. The opening of Eastern Europe is another prize for the company, which thinks that millions of people will put Disneyland at the top of a list of places to visit on their first trip to Western Europe.PREVIOUS HOME NEXT大学英语课文原文三 Section A：Slavery Gave Me Nothing to LoseI remember the very day that I became black. Up to my thirteenth year I lived in the little Negro town of Eatonville, Florida. It is exclusively a black town. The only white people I knew passed through the town going to or coming from Orlando, Florida. The native whites rode dusty horses, and the northern tourists traveled down the sandy village road in automobiles. The town knew the Southerners and never stopped chewing sugar cane when they passed. But the Northerners were something else again. They were peered at cautiously from behind curtains by the timid. The bold would come outside to watch them go past and got just as much pleasure out of the tourists as thetourists got out of the village.The front deck might seem a frightening place for the rest of the town, but it was a front row seat for me. My favorite place was on top of the gatepost. Not only did I enjoy the show, but I didn t mind the actors knowing that I liked it. I usually spoke to them inpassing. I d wave at them and when they returned my wave, I would say a few words of greeting. Usually the automobile or the horse paused at this, and after a strange exchange of greetings, I would probably go a piece of the way with them, as we say in farthest Florida, and follow them down the road a bit. If one of my family happened to come to the front of the house in time to see me, of course the conversation would be rudely broken off.During this period, white people differed from black to me only in that they rode through town and never lived there. They liked to hear me speak pieces and sing and wanted to see me dance, and gave me generously of their small silver for doing these things, which seemed strange to me for I wanted to do them so much that I needed bribing to stop. Only they didn t know it. The colored people gave no coins. They disapproved of any joyful tendencies in me, but I was their Zora nevertheless. I belonged to them, to the nearby hotels, to the country — everybody s Zora.But changes came to the family when I was thirteen, and I was sent to school in Jacksonville. I left Eatonville as Zora. When I got off the riverboat at Jacksonville, she was no more. It seemed that I had suffered a huge change. I was not Zora of Eatonville any more; I was now a little black girl. I found it out in certain ways. In my heart as well as in the mirror, I became a permanent brown — like the best shoe polish, guaranteed not to rub nor run.Someone is always at my elbow reminding me that I am the granddaughter of slaves. It fails to register depression with me. Slavery is something sixty years in the past. The operation was successful and the patient is doing well, thank you. The terrible war that made me an American instead of a slave said On the line! Theperiod following the Civil War said Get set! and the generation before me said Go! Like a foot race, I am off to a flying start and I must not halt in the middle to look behind and weep. Slavery is the price I paid for civilization, and the choice was not with me. No one on earth ever had a greater chance for glory. The world to be won and nothing to be lost. It is thrilling to think, to know, that for any act of mine, I shall get twice as much praise or twice as much blame. It is quite exciting to hold the center of the national stage, with the audience not knowing whether to laugh or to weep.I do not always feel colored. Even now I often achieve the unconscious Zora of that small village, Eatonville. For instance, I can sit in a restaurant with a white person. We enter chatting about any little things that we have in common and the white man would sit calmly in his seat, listening to me with interest.At certain times I have no race, I am me. But in the main, I feel like a brown bag of mixed items propped up against a wall. Against a wall in company with other bags, white, red and yellow. Pour out the contents, and there is discovered a pile of small things both valuable and worthless. Bits of broken glass, lengths of string, a key to a door long since decayed away, a rusty knife-blade, old shoes saved for a road that never was and never will be, a nail bent under the weight of things too heavy for any nail, a dried flower or two still with a little smell. In your hand is the brown bag. On the ground before you is the pile it held — so much like the piles in the other bags, could they be emptied, that all might be combined and mixed in a single heap and the bags refilled without altering the content of any greatly. A bit of colored glass more or less would not matter. Perhaps that is how the Great Stuffer of Bags filled them inthe first place — who knows。
高级英语原文及翻译
第一课 1 John Koshak, Jr.,knew that Hurricane Camille would be bad. Radio and television warnings had sounded throughout that Sunday, last August 17, as Camille lashed northwestward across the Gulf of Mexico. It was certain to pummel Gulfport, Miss., where the Koshers lived. Along the coasts of Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama, nearly 150,000 people fled inland to safer 8round. But, like thousands of others in the coastal communities, john was reluctant to abandon his home unless the family -- his wife, Janis, and their seven children, abed 3 to 11 -- was clearly endangered.2 Trying to reason out the best course of action, he talked with his father and mother, who had moved into the ten-room house with the Koshaks a month earlier from California. He also consulted Charles Hill, a long time friend, who had driven from Las Vegas for a visit.3 John, 37 -- whose business was right there in his home ( he designed and developed educational toys and supplies, and all of Magna Products' correspondence, engineering drawings and art work were there on the first floor) -- was familiar with the power of a hurricane. Four years earlier, Hurricane Betsy had demolished undefined his former home a few miles west of Gulfport (Koshak had moved his family to a motel for the night). But that house had stood only a few feet above sea level. "We' re elevated 2a feet," he told his father, "and we' re a good 250 yards from the sea. The place has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever bothered it. We' II probably be as safe here as anyplace else."4 The elder Koshak, a gruff, warmhearted expert machinist of 67, agreed. "We can batten down and ride it out," he said. "If we see signs of danger, we can get out before dark."5 The men methodically prepared for the hurricane. Since water mains might be damaged, they filled bathtubs and pails. A power failure was likely, so they checked out batteries for the portable radio and flashlights, and fuel for the lantern. John's father moved a small generator into the downstairs hallway, wired several light bulbs to it and prepared a connection to the refrigerator.6 Rain fell steadily that afternoon; gray clouds scudded in from the Gulf on the rising wind. The family had an early supper. A neighbor, whose husband was in Vietnam, asked if she and her two children could sit out the storm with the Koshaks. Another neighbor came by on his way in-land — would the Koshaks mind taking care of his dog?7 It grew dark before seven o' clock. Wind and rain now whipped the house. John sent his oldest son and daughter upstairs to bring down mattresses and pillows for the younger children. He wanted to keep the group together on one floor. "Stay away from the windows," he warned, concerned about glass flying from storm-shattered panes. As the wind mounted to a roar, the house began leaking- the rain seemingly driven right through the walls. With mops, towels, pots and buckets the Koshaks began a struggle against the rapidly spreading water. At 8:30, power failed, and Pop Koshak turned on the generator.8 The roar of the hurricane now was overwhelming. The house shook, and the ceiling in the living room was falling piece by piece. The French doors in an upstairsroom blew in with an explosive sound, and the group heard gun- like reports as other upstairs windows disintegrated. Water rose above their ankles.9 Then the front door started to break away from its frame. John and Charlie put their shoulders against it, but a blast of water hit the house, flinging open the door and shoving them down the hall. The generator was doused, and the lights went out. Charlie licked his lips and shouted to John. "I think we' re in real trouble. That water tasted salty." The sea had reached the house, and the water was rising by the minute!10 "Everybody out the back door to the oars!" John yelled. "We' II pass the children along between us. Count them! Nine!"11 The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade. But the cars wouldn't start; the electrical systems had been killed by water. The wind was too Strong and the water too deep to flee on foot. "Back to the house!" john yelled. "Count the children! Count nine!"12 As they scrambled back, john ordered, "Every-body on the stairs!" Frightened, breathless and wet, the group settled on the stairs, which were protected by two interior walls. The children put the oat, Spooky, and a box with her four kittens on the landing. She peered nervously at her litter. The neighbor's dog curled up and went to sleep.13 The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away. The house shuddered and shifted on its foundations. Water inched its way up the steps as first- floor outside walls collapsed. No one spoke. Everyone knew there was no escape; they would live or die in the house.14 Charlie Hill had more or less taken responsibility for the neighbor and her two children. The mother was on the verge of panic. She clutched his arm and kept repeating, "I can't swim, I can't swim."15 "You won't have to," he told her, with outward calm. "It's bound to end soon."16 Grandmother Koshak reached an arm around her husband's shoulder and put her mouth close to his ear. "Pop," she said, "I love you." He turned his head and answered, "I love you" -- and his voice lacked its usual gruffness.17 John watched the water lap at the steps, and felt a crushing guilt. He had underestimated the ferocity of Camille. He had assumed that what had never happened could not happen. He held his head between his hands, and silently prayed: "Get us through this mess, will You?"18 A moment later, the hurricane, in one mighty swipe, lifted the entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet through the air. The bottom steps of the staircase broke apart. One wall began crumbling on the marooned group.19 Dr. Robert H. Simpson, director of the National Hurricane Center in Miami, Fla., graded Hurricane Camille as "the greatest recorded storm ever to hit a populated area in the Western Hemisphere." in its concentrated breadth of some 70 miles it shot out winds of nearly 200 m.p.h. and raised tides as high as 30 feet. Along the Gulf Coast it devastated everything in its swath: 19,467 homes and 709 small businesses were demolished or severely damaged. it seized a 600, 000-gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it 3 ~ miles away. It tore three large cargo ships from their moorings and beached them. Telephone poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as thewinds snapped them.20 To the west of Gulfport, the town of Pass Christian was virtually wiped out. Several vacationers at the luxurious Richelieu Apartments there held a hurricane party to watch the storm from their spectacular vantage point. Richelieu Apartments were smashed apart as if by a gigantic fist, and 26 people perished.21 Seconds after the roof blew off the Koshak house, john yelled, "Up the stairs -- into our bedroom! Count the kids." The children huddled in the slashing rain within the circle of adults. Grandmother Koshak implored, "Children, let's sing!" The children were too frightened to respond. She carried on alone for a few bars; then her voice trailed away.22 Debris flew as the living-room fireplace and its chimney collapsed. With two walls in their bedroom sanctuary beginning to disintegrate, John ordered, "Into the television room!" This was the room farthest from the direction of the storm.23 For an instant, John put his arm around his wife. Janis understood. Shivering from the wind and rain and fear, clutching two children to her, she thought, Dear Lord, give me the strength to endure what I have to. She felt anger against the hurricane. We won't let it win.24 Pop Koshak raged silently, frustrated at not being able to do anything to fight Camille. Without reason, he dragged a cedar chest and a double mattress from a bed-room into the TV room. At that moment, the wind tore out one wall and extinguished the lantern. A second wall moved, wavered, Charlie Hill tried to support it, but it toppled on him, injuring his back. The house, shuddering and rocking, had moved 25 feet from its foundations. The world seemed to be breaking apart.25 "Let's get that mattress up!" John shouted to his father. "Make it a lean-to against the wind. Get the kids under it. We can prop it up with our heads and shoulders!"26 The larger children sprawled on the floor, with the smaller ones in a layer on top of them, and the adults bent over all nine. The floor tilted. The box containing the litter of kittens slid off a shelf and vanished in the wind. Spooky flew off the top of a sliding bookcase and also disappeared. The dog cowered with eyes closed. A third wall gave way. Water lapped across the slanting floor. John grabbed a door which was still hinged to one closet wall. "If the floor goes," he yelled at his father, "let's get the kids on this."27 In that moment, the wind slightly diminished, and the water stopped rising. Then the water began receding. The main thrust of Camille had passed. The Koshaks and their friends had survived.28 With the dawn, Gulfport people started coming back to their homes. They saw human bodies -- more than 130 men, women and children died along the Mississippi coast- and parts of the beach and highway were strewn with dead dogs, cats, cattle. Strips of clothing festooned the standing trees, and blown down power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the roads.29 None of the returnees moved quickly or spoke loudly; they stood shocked, trying to absorb the shattering scenes before their eyes. "What do we dot" they asked. "Where do we go?"30 By this time, organizations within the area and, in effect, the entire population of the United States had come to the aid of the devastated coast. Before dawn, the Mississippi National Guard and civil-defense units were moving in to handle traffic, guard property, set up communications centers, help clear the debris and take the homeless by truck and bus to refugee centers. By 10 a.m., the Salvation Army's canteen trucks and Red Cross volunteers and staffers were going wherever possible to distribute hot drinks, food, clothing and bedding.31 From hundreds of towns and cities across the country came several million dollars in donations; household and medical supplies streamed in by plane, train, truck and car. The federal government shipped 4,400,000 pounds of food, moved in mobile homes, set up portable classrooms, opened offices to provide low-interest, long-term business loans.32 Camille, meanwhile, had raked its way northward across Mississippi, dropping more than 28 inches of rain into West Virginia and southern Virginia, causing rampaging floods, huge mountain slides and 111 additional deaths before breaking up over the Atlantic Ocean.33 Like many other Gulfport families, the Koshaks quickly began reorganizing their lives, John divided his family in the homes of two friends. The neighbor with her two children went to a refugee center. Charlie Hill found a room for rent. By Tuesday, Charlie's back had improved, and he pitched in with Seabees in the worst volunteer work of all--searching for bodies. Three days after the storm, he decided not to return to Las Vegas, but to "remain in Gulfport and help rebuild the community."34 Near the end of the first week, a friend offered the Koshaks his apartment, and the family was reunited. The children appeared to suffer no psychological damage from their experience; they were still awed by the incomprehensible power of the hurricane, but enjoyed describing what they had seen and heard on that frightful night, Janis had just one delayed reaction. A few nights after the hurricane, she awoke suddenly at 2 a.m. She quietly got up and went outside. Looking up at the sky and, without knowing she was going to do it, she began to cry softly.35 Meanwhile, John, Pop and Charlie were picking through the wreckage of the home. It could have been depressing, but it wasn't: each salvaged item represented a little victory over the wrath of the storm. The dog and cat suddenly appeared at the scene, alive and hungry.36 But the blues did occasionally afflict all the adults. Once, in a low mood, John said to his parents, "I wanted you here so that we would all be together, so you could enjoy the children, and look what happened."37 His father, who had made up his mind to start a welding shop when living was normal again, said, "Let's not cry about what's gone. We' II just start all over."38 "You're great," John said. "And this town has a lot of great people in it. It' s going to be better here than it ever was before."39 Later, Grandmother Koshak reflected: "We lost practically all our possessions, but the family came through it. When I think of that, I realize we lost nothing important."第二课1 As the corpse went past the flies left the restaurant table in a cloud and rushed after it, but they came back a few minutes later.2 The little crowd of mourners -- all men and boys, no women--threaded their way across the market place between the piles of pomegranates and the taxis and the camels, walling a short chant over and over again. What really appeals to the flies is that the corpses here are never put into coffins, they are merely wrapped in a piece of rag and carried on a rough wooden bier on the shoulders of four friends. When the friends get to the burying-ground they hack an oblong hole a foot or two deep, dump the body in it and fling over it a little of the dried-up, lumpy earth, which is like broken brick. No gravestone, no name, no identifying mark of any kind. The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelict building-lot. After a month or two no one can even be certain where his own relatives are buried.3 When you walk through a town like this -- two hundred thousand inhabitants of whom at least twenty thousand own literally nothing except the rags they stand up in-- when you see how the people live, and still more how easily they die, it is always difficult to believe that you are walking among human beings. All colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact. The people have brown faces--besides, there are so many of them! Are they really the same flesh as your self? Do they even have names? Or are they merely a kind of undifferentiated brown stuff, about as individual as bees or coral insects? They rise out of the earth，they sweat and starve for a few years, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard and nobody notices that they are gone. And even the graves themselves soon fade back into the soil. Sometimes, out for a walk as you break your way through the prickly pear, you notice that it is rather bumpy underfoot, and only a certain regularity in the bumps tells you that you are walking over skeletons.4 I was feeding one of the gazelles in the public gardens.5 Gazelles are almost the only animals that look good to eat when they are still alive, in fact, one can hardly look at their hindquarters without thinking of a mint sauce. The gazelle I was feeding seemed to know that this thought was in my mind, for though it took the piece of bread I was holding out it obviously did not like me. It nibbled nibbled rapidly at the bread, then lowered its head and tried to butt me, then took another nibble and then butted again. Probably its idea was that if it could drive me away the bread would somehow remain hanging in mid-air.6 An Arab navvy working on the path nearby lowered his heavy hoe and sidled slowly towards us. He looked from the gazelle to the bread and from the bread to the gazelle, with a sort of quiet amazement, as though he had never seen anything quite like this before. Finally he said shyly in French: "1 could eat some of that bread."7 I tore off a piece and he stowed it gratefully in some secret place under his rags. This man is an employee of the municipality.8 When you go through the Jewish Quarters you gather some idea of what the medieval ghettoes were probably like. Under their Moorish Moorishrulers the Jewswere only allowed to own land in certain restricted areas, and after centuries of this kind of treatment they have ceased to bother about overcrowding. Many of the streets are a good deal less than six feet wide, the houses are completely windowless, and sore-eyed children cluster everywhere in unbelievable numbers, like clouds of flies. Down the centre of the street there is generally running a little river of urine.9 In the bazaar huge families of Jews, all dressed in the long black robe and little black skull-cap, are working in dark fly-infested booths that look like caves. A carpenter sits crosslegged at a prehistoric lathe, turning chairlegs at lightning speed. He works the lathe with a bow in his right hand and guides the chisel with his left foot, and thanks to a lifetime of sitting in this position his left leg is warped out of shape. At his side his grandson, aged six, is already starting on the simpler parts of the job.10 I was just passing the coppersmiths' booths when somebody noticed that I was lighting a cigarette. Instantly, from the dark holes all round, there was a frenzied rush of Jews, many of them old grandfathers with flowing grey beards, all clamouring for a cigarette. Even a blind man somewhere at the back of one of the booths heard a rumour of cigarettes and came crawling out, groping in the air with his hand. In about a minute I had used up the whole packet. None of these people, I suppose, works less than twelve hours a day, and every one of them looks on a cigarette as a more or less impossible luxury.11 As the Jews live in self-contained communities they follow the same trades as the Arabs, except for agriculture. Fruitsellers, potters, silversmiths, blacksmiths, butchers, leather-workers, tailors, water-carriers, beggars, porters -- whichever way you look you see nothing but Jews. As a matter of fact there are thirteen thousand of them, all living in the space of a few acres. A good job Hitlet wasn't here. Perhaps he was on his way, however. You hear the usual dark rumours about Jews, not only from the Arabs but from the poorer Europeans.12 "Yes vieux mon vieux, they took my job away from me and gave it to a Jew. The Jews! They' re the real rulers of this country, you know. They’ve got all the money. They control the banks, finance -- everything."13 "But", I said, "isn't it a fact that the average Jew is a labourer working for about a penny an hour?"14 "Ah, that's only for show! They' re all money lenders really. They' re cunning, the Jews."15 In just the same way, a couple of hundred years ago, poor old women used to be burned for witchcraft when they could not even work enough magic to get themselves a square meal. square meal16 All people who work with their hands are partly invisible, and the more important the work they do, the less visible they are. Still, a white skin is always fairly conspicuous. In northern Europe, when you see a labourer ploughing a field, you probably give him a second glance. In a hot country, anywhere south of Gibraltar or east of Suez, the chances are that you don't even see him. I have noticed this again and again. In a tropical landscape one's eye takes in everything except the human beings. It takes in the dried-up soil, the prickly pear, the palm tree and the distant mountain, but it always misses the peasant hoeing at his patch. He is the same colour as the earth,and a great deal less interesting to look at.17 It is only because of this that the starved countries of Asia and Africa are accepted as tourist resorts. No one would think of running cheap trips to the Distressed Areas. But where the human beings have brown skins their poverty is simply not noticed. What does Morocco mean to a Frenchman? An orange grove or a job in Government service. Or to an Englishman? Camels, castles, palm trees, Foreign Legionnaires, brass trays, and bandits. One could probably live there for years without noticing that for nine-tenths of the people the reality of life is an endless back-breaking struggle to wring a little food out of an eroded soil.18 Most of Morocco is so desolate that no wild animal bigger than a hare can live on it. Huge areas which were once covered with forest have turned into a treeless waste where the soil is exactly like broken-up brick. Nevertheless a good deal of it is cultivated, with frightful labour. Everything is done by hand. Long lines of women, bent double like inverted capital Ls, work their way slowly across the fields, tearing up the prickly weeds with their hands, and the peasant gathering lucerne for fodder pulls it up stalk by stalk instead of reaping it, thus saving an inch or two on each stalk. The plough is a wretched wooden thing, so frail that one can easily carry it on one's shoulder, and fitted underneath with a rough iron spike which stirs the soil to a depth of about four inches. This is as much as the strength of the animals is equal to. It is usual to plough with a cow and a donkey yoked together. Two donkeys would not be quite strong enough, but on the other hand two cows would cost a little more to feed. The peasants possess no narrows, they merely plough the soil several times over in different directions, finally leaving it in rough furrows, after which the whole field has to be shaped with hoes into small oblong patches to conserve water. Except for a day or two after the rare rainstorms there is never enough water. A long the edges of the fields channels are hacked out to a depth of thirty or forty feet to get at the tiny trickles which run through the subsoil.19 Every afternoon a file of very old women passes down the road outside my house, each carrying a load of firewood. All of them are mummified with age and the sun, and all of them are tiny. It seems to be generally the case in primitive communities that the women, when they get beyond a certain age, shrink to the size of children. One day poor creature who could not have been more than four feet tall crept past me under a vast load of wood. I stopped her and put a five-sou sou piece ( a little more than a farthing into her hand. She answered with a shrill wail, almost a scream, which was partly gratitude but mainly surprise. I suppose that from her point of view, by taking any notice of her, I seemed almost to be violating a law of nature. She accept- ed her status as an old woman, that is to say as a beast of burden. When a family is travelling it is quite usual to see a father and a grown-up son riding ahead on donkeys, and an old woman following on foot, carrying the baggage.20 But what is strange about these people is their invisibility. For several weeks, always at about the same time of day, the file of old women had hobbled past the house with their firewood, and though they had registered themselves on my eyeballs I cannot truly say that I had seen them. Firewood was passing -- that was how I saw it. It was only that one day I happened to be walking behind them, and the curiousup-and-down motion of a load of wood drew my attention to the human being beneath it. Then for the first time I noticed the poor old earth-coloured bodies, bodies reduced to bones and leathery skin, bent double under the crushing weight. Yet I suppose I had not been five minutes on Moroccan soil before I noticed the overloading of the donkeys and was infuriated by it. There is no question that the donkeys are damnably treated. The Moroccan donkey is hardly bigger than a St. Bernard dog, it carries a load which in the British Army would be considered too much for a fifteen-hands mule, and very often its packsaddle is not taken off its back for weeks together. But what is peculiarly pitiful is that it is the most willing creature on earth, it follows its master like a dog and does not need either bridle or halter . After a dozen years of devoted work it suddenly drops dead, whereupon its master tips it into the ditch and the village dogs have torn its guts out before it is cold.21 This kind of thing makes one's blood boil, whereas-- on the whole -- the plight of the human beings does not. I am not commenting, merely pointing to a fact. People with brown skins are next door to invisible. Anyone can be sorry for the donkey with its galled back, but it is generally owing to some kind of accident if one even notices the old woman under her load of sticks.22 As the storks flew northward the Negroes were marching southward -- a long, dusty column, infantry , screw-gun batteries, and then more infantry, four or five thousand men in all, winding up the road with a clumping of boots and a clatter of iron wheels.23 They were Senegalese, the blackest Negroes in Africa, so black that sometimes it is difficult to see whereabouts on their necks the hair begins. Their splendid bodies were hidden in reach-me-down khaki uniforms, their feet squashed into boots that looked like blocks of wood, and every tin hat seemed to be a couple of sizes too small. It was very hot and the men had marched a long way. They slumped under the weight of their packs and the curiously sensitive black faces were glistening with sweat.24 As they went past, a tall, very young Negro turned and caught my eye. But the look he gave me was not in the least the kind of look you might expect. Not hostile, not contemptuous, not sullen, not even inquisitive. It was the shy, wide-eyed Negro look, which actually is a look of profound respect. I saw how it was. This wretched boy, who is a French citizen and has therefore been dragged from the forest to scrub floors and catch syphilis in garrison towns, actually has feelings of reverence before a white skin. He has been taught that the white race are his masters, and he still believes it.25 But there is one thought which every white man (and in this connection it doesn't matter twopence if he calls himself a socialist) thinks when he sees a black army marching past. "How much longer can we go on kidding these people? How long before they turn their guns in the other direction?"26 It was curious really. Every white man there had this thought stowed somewhere or other in his mind. I had it, so had the other onlookers, so had the officers on their sweating chargers and the white N. C. Os marching in the ranks. It was a kind of secret which we all knew and were too clever to tell; only the Negroesdidn't know it. And really it was like watching a flock of cattle to see the long column, a mile or two miles of armed men, flowing peacefully up the road, while the great white birds drifted over them in the opposite direction, glittering like scraps of Paper.第三课1 Conversation is the most sociable of all human activities. And it is an activity only of humans. However intricate the ways in which animals communicate with each other, they do not indulge in anything that deserves the name of conversation.2 The charm of conversation is that it does not really start from anywhere, and no one has any idea where it will go as it meanders or leaps and sparkles or just glows. The enemy of good conversation is the person who has "something to say." Conversation is not for making a point. Argument may often be a part of it, but the purpose of the argument is not to convince. There is no winning in conversation. In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose. Suddenly they see the moment for one of their best anecdotes, but in a flash the conversation has moved on and the opportunity is lost. They are ready to let it go.3 Perhaps it is because of my up-bringing in English pubs that I think bar conversation has a charm of its own. Bar friends are not deeply involved in each other's lives. They are companions, not intimates. The fact that their marriages may be on the rooks, or that their love affairs have been broken or even that they got out of bed on the wrong side is simply not a concern. They are like the musketeers of Dumas who, although they lived side by side with each other, did not delve into,each other's lives or the recesses of their thoughts and feelings.4 It was on such an occasion the other evening, as the conversation moved desultorily here and there, from the most commonplace to thoughts of Jupiter, without any focus and with no need for one, that suddenly the alchemy of conversation took place, and all at once there was a focus. I do not remember what made one of our companions say it--she clearly had not come into the bar to say it, it was not something that was pressing on her mind--but her remark fell quite naturally into the talk.5 "Someone told me the Other day that the phrase, 'the King's English' was a term of criticism, that it means language which one should not properly use."6 The glow of the conversation burst into flames. There were affirmations and protests and denials, and of course the promise, made in all such conversation, that we would look it up on the morning. That would settle it; but conversation does not need to be settled; it could still go ignorantly on.7 It was an Australian who had given her such a definition of "the King's English," which produced some rather tart remarks about what one could expect from the descendants of convicts. We had traveled in five minutes to Australia. Of course, there would be resistance to the King's English in such a society. There is always resistance in the lower classes to any attempt by an upper class to lay down rules for "English as it should be spoken."8 Look at the language barrier between the Saxon churls and their Norman conquerors. The conversation had swung from Australian convicts of the 19th century。
（全新版）英语综合教程第四册课文英语原文及全文翻译
（全新版）英语综合教程第四册课⽂英语原⽂及全⽂翻译They say that pride comes before a fall. In the case of both Napoleon and Hitler, the many victories they enjoyed led them to believe that anything was possible, that nothing could stand in their way. Russia's icy defender was to prove them wrong. ⼈道是骄兵必败。
就拿拿破仑和希特勒两⼈来说吧，他们所向披靡，便以为⾃⼰战⽆不胜，不可阻挡。
但俄罗斯的冰雪卫⼠证明他们错了。
The Icy DefenderNila B. Smith1 In 1812, Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of the French, led his Grand Army into Russia. He was prepared for the fierce resistance of the Russian people defending their homeland. He was prepared for the long march across Russian soil to Moscow, the capital city. But he was not prepared for the devastating enemy that met him in Moscow -- the raw, bitter, bleak Russian winter.冰雪卫⼠奈拉·B·史密斯1812年，法国皇帝拿破仑·波拿巴率⼤军⼊侵俄罗斯。
他准备好俄罗斯⼈民会为保卫祖国⽽奋勇抵抗。
高中英语必修一课文原文及翻译
高中英语必修一课文原文及翻译Unit 1 Teenage lifeReading and ThinkingTHE FRESHMAN CHALLENGE新生的挑战Hi! My name is Adam and I’m a freshman at senior high school. Going from junior high school to senior high school is a really big challenge. The first week was a little confusing.嗨！我叫亚当，是高中一年级的新生。
从初中过渡到高中真是一项巨大的挑战。
第一周有点让人迷茫。
First, I had to think very carefully about which courses I wanted to take. The school adviser helped me choose the suitable ones: maths, English, chemistry, world history, and Chinese. I know that Chinese is a very difficult language, but I hope to be fluent when I graduate. My adviser recommended that I should sign up for advanced literature because I like English and I’m good at it.首先，我必须非常认真地考虑我想选哪些课程。
学校的指导老师帮我选择了适合我的课程：数学、英语、化学、世界史和中文。
我知道中文是一门非常难学的语言，但我希望毕业时能说得很流利。
因为我喜欢英语而且成绩不错，我的指导老师建议我选修高级文学。
I had to choose extra-curricular activities, too. I tried to join the school football team, but the coach told me that I didn’t play well enough. Obviously, I was unhappy, but I won’t quit. I’ll find a way to improve on my own so that I can make the team next year.I joined a volunteer club instead. Every Wednesday, we work at a soup kitchen and hand out food to homeless people in the community. 我还得选一些课外活动。
大学英语教材原文翻译及注释
大学英语教材原文翻译及注释Introduction:这篇文章旨在提供大学英语教材原文的翻译及注释，以帮助学习者更好地理解和掌握英语语言及相关知识。
以下是一些典型的教材原文，每个原文都附带有翻译和注释。
Text 1:"There is no friend like an old friend who has shared our morning days,no greeting like his welcome, no homage like his praise."Translation:没有一个朋友能像与我们共度早晨时光的老朋友那样亲密，没有一个问候能像他的欢迎那样热情，没有一个致敬能像他的赞扬那样崇高。
Explanation:这段文字表达了朋友之间的珍贵和重要性。
通过与我们共度一起的时光，老朋友具有独特的亲密感和深厚的友谊。
他们的欢迎和赞扬是独一无二的，不可替代的。
Text 2:"Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to changethe world."Translation:教育是你可以用来改变世界的最强大武器。
Explanation:这段文字强调了教育的力量。
教育不仅可以给个人带来改变，更可以影响整个世界。
通过教育，人们可以获得知识和技能，改善自己的生活，进而为社会的进步与发展做出贡献。
Text 3:"A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step."Translation:千里之行始于足下。
Explanation:这句话意味着任何庞大的目标或旅程都需要从一个小小的起点开始。
不论目标有多遥远，都需要付诸行动并逐步迈进。
Text 4:"The best way to predict the future is to create it."Translation:预测未来的最好方式就是创造未来。
必修人教版高中英语课文原文和翻译
必修人教版高中英语课文原文和翻译公司内部编号：（GOOD-TMMT-MMUT-UUPTY-UUYY-DTTI-Book2 Unit1 Cultural relicsIN SEARCH OF THE AMBER ROOM寻找琥珀屋Frederick William I, the King of Prussia, could never have imagined that his greatest gift to the Russian people would have such an amazing history. This gift was the Amber Room, which was given this name because several tons of amber were used to make it. The amber which was selected had a beautiful yellow-brown colour like honey. The design of the room was in the fancy style popular in those days. It was also a treasure decorated with gold and jewels, which took the country's best artists about ten years to make.普鲁士国王腓特烈·威廉一世绝不可能想到他送给俄罗斯人民的厚礼会有一段令人惊讶的历史。
这件礼物就是琥珀屋,它之所以有这个名字,是因为造这间房子用了近几吨琥珀,被选择的琥珀色彩艳丽,呈黄褐色,像蜜一样。
屋子的设计当时流行的极富艺术表现力的建筑风格。
琥珀屋这件珍品还镶嵌着黄金和珠宝,全国最优秀的艺术家用了是年的时间才完成它。
In fact, the room was not made to be a gift. It was designed for the palace of Frederick I. However, the next King of Prussia, Frederick William I, to whom the amber room belonged, decided not to keep it. In 1716 he gave it to Peter the Great. In return, the Czar sent him a troop of his best soldiers. So the Amber Room became part of theCzar's winter palace in St Petersburg. About four metres long, the room served as a small reception hall for important visitors.事实上,琥珀屋并不是作为礼物而建造的。
人教版高中英语课文原文和翻译_必修3
必修3 unit 1 Festivals and celebrationsFestivals and celebrations of all kinds have been held everywhere since ancient times.Most ancient festivals would celebrate the end of cold weather,planting in spring and harvest in autumn.Sometimes celebrate would be held after hunters had caught animals.At that time people would starve if food was difficult to find,especially during the cold winter months.Today’s festivals have many origins ,some religious,some seasonal, and some for special people or events. Festivals of the DeadSome festivals are held to honour the dead or to satisfy the ancestors,who might return either to help or to do harm.For the Japanese festival Obon,people should go to clean graves and light incense in memory of their ancestors.They also light lamps and play music because they think that this will lead the ancestors back to earth.In Mexico,people celebrate the Day of the Dead in early November.On this important feast day,people eat food in the shape of skulls and cakes with”bones”on the m.They offer food,flowers and gifts to the dead.The Western holiday Halloween also had its origin in old beliefs about the return of the spirits of dead people. It is now a children’s festival,when they can dress up and to to their neighbours’homes to ask for sweets.If the neighbours do not give any sweets,the children might play a trick on them.Festivals to Honour PeopleFestivals can also be held to honour famous people .The Dragon Boat Festival in China honours the famous ancient poet,Qu Yuan.In the USA Columbus Day is in memory of the arrival of Christopher Columbus in New World.India has a national festival on October 2 to honour Mohandas Gandhi,the leader who helped gain India’s independence from Britain.Harvest FestivalsHarvest and Thanksgiving festivals can be very happy events.People are grateful because their food is gathered for the winter and the agricultural work is over.In European countries,people will usually decorate churches and town halls with flowers and fruit,and will get together to have meals.Some people might win awards for their farm produce,like the biggest watermelon or the most handsome rooster.China and Japan have mid-autumn festivals,when people admire the moon and in China,enjoy mooncakes.Spring FestivalsThe most energetic and important festivals are the ones that look forward to the end of winter and to the coming of spring.At the Spring Festival in China,people eat dumplings,fish and meat and may give children lucky money in red paper.There are dragon dances and carnivals,and families celebrate the Lunar New Year together.Some Western countries have very exciting carnivals,which take place forty days before Easter,usually in February.These carnivals might include parades,dancing in the streets day and night,loud music and colourful clothing of all kinds.Easter is an important religious and social festival for Christians around the world.It celebrates the return of Jesus from the dead and the coming of spring and new life.Japan’s Cherry Blossom Festival happens a little later.The country, covered with cherry tree flowers, looks as thought it is covered with pink snow.People love to get together to eat , drink and have fun with each other.Festivals let us enjoy life,be proud of our customs and forget our work for a little while.必修3 UNIT2COME AND EAT HERE (1)Wang Peng sat in his empty restaurant feeling very frustrated. It had been a very strangemorning. Usually he got up early and prepared his menu of barbecued mutton kebabs,roast pork, stir-flied vegetables and fried rice. Then by lunchtime they would all be sold. By now his restaurant ought to be full of people. But not today! Why was that? What couldhave happened? He thought of his mutton, beef and bacon cooked in the hottest, finest oil. His cola was sugary and cold, and his ice cream was made of milk, cream and delicious fruit. "Nothing could be better," he thought. Suddenly he saw his friend Li Chang hurrying by. "Hello, Lao Li," he called. "Your usual?" But Li Chang seemed not to hear. What was the matter? Something terrible must have happened if Li Chang was not coming to eat in his restaurant as he always did.Wang Peng followed Li Chang into a new small restaurant. He saw a sign in the window.Tired of all that fat? Want to lose weight?Com e inside Yong Hui’s slimming restaurant.Only slimming foods served here.Make yourself thin again!Curiosity drove Wang Peng inside. It was full of people. The hostess, a very thin lady, came forward. "Welcome," she said. "My name is Yong Hui. I'll help you lose weight and be fit in two weeks if you eat here every day." Then she gave a menu to Wang Peng. There were few choices of food and drink on it: just rice, raw vegetables served in vinegar, fruit and water. Wang Peng was amazed at this and especially at the prices. It cost more than a good meal in his restaurant! He could not believe his eyes. He threw down the menu and hurried outside. On his way home he thought about his own menu. Did it make people fat? Perhaps he should go to the library and find out. He could not have Yong Hui getting away with telling people lies! He had better do some research!At the library Wang Peng was surprised to find that his restaurant served far too much fat and Yong Hui’s far too little. Even though her customers might get thin after eating Yong Hui’s food, they were not eating enough energy-giving food to keep them fit. They would become tired very quickly. Wang Peng felt more hopeful as he drove back home. Perhapswith a discount and a new sign he could win his customers back. So he wrote:Want to feel fit and energetic?Come and eat here! Discounts today!Our food gives you energy all day!The competition between the two restaurants was on!COME AND EAT HERE(2)A week later, Wang Peng' s restaurant was nearly full and he felt happier. Perhaps he would be able to earn his living after all and not have to close his restaurant. He did not look forward to being in debt because his restaurant was no longer popular. He smiled as he welcomed some customers warmly at the door but the smile left his face when he saw Yong Hui walking in. She did not look happy but glared at him. " May I ask what you were doing in my restaurant the other day? I thought you were a new customer and now I know that you only came to spy on me and my menu," she shouted. " Please excuse me," he calmly explained," I wanted to know where all my customers had gone last week. I followed one of them and found them in your restaurant. I don' t want to upset you, but I found your menu so limited that I stopped worrying and started advertising the benefits of my food. Why don' t you sit down and try a meal?"Yong Hui agreed to stay and soon they were both enjoying dumplings and breast of chicken cooked with garlic. When they were served the ice cream,Yong Hui began to look ill. "I feel sick with all this fat and heavy food,"she said,"I miss my vegetables and fruit. "Wang Peng was enjoying a second plate of dumplings so he sighed. " Yes," he added," and I would miss my dumplings and fatty pork. Don't you get tired quickly?""Well,I do have to rest a lot,"admitted Yong Hui. "But don't you think it would be better if you were a bit thinner? I’m sure you ' d feel much healthier. "They began to talk about menus and balanced diets. " According to my research, neither your restaurant nor mine offers a balanced diet," explained Wang Peng. " I don' t offer enough fibre and you don' t offer enough body-building and energy-giving food. Perhaps we ought to combine our ideas and provide a balanced menu with food full of energy and fibre. " So that is what they did. They served raw vegetables with the hamburgers and boiled the potatoes rather than frying them. They served fresh fruit with the ice cream. In this way they cut down the fat and increased the fibre in the meal. Their balanced diets became- such a success that before long Wang Peng became slimmer and Yong Hui put on more weight. After some time the two found that their business cooperation had turned into a personal one. Finally they got married and lived happily ever after!必修3 Unit 4HOW LIFE BEGAN ON THE EARTHNo one knows exactly how the earth began, as it happened so long ago. However, according to a widely accepted theory, the universe began with a "Big Bang" that threw matter in all directions.After that, atoms began to form and combine to create stars and other bodies.For several billion years after the "Big Bang", the earth was still just a cloud of dust. What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago whenthe dust settled into a solid globe. The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not. It exploded loudly with fire and rock. They were intime to produce carbon, nitrogen, water vapour and other gases, which were to make the earth's atmosphere. What is even more important is that as the earth cooled down, waterbegan to appear on its surface.Water had also appeared on other planets like Mars but, unlike the earth, it had disappeared later. It was not immediately obvious that water was to be fundamental to the development of life. What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas. This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop.Many millions of years later, the first extremely small plants began to appear on the surface of the water. They multiplied and filled the oceans and seas with oxygen, which encouraged the later development of early shellfish and all sorts of fish. Next, green plants began to grow on land. They were followed in time by land animals. Some were insects. Others, called amphibians, were able to live on land as well as in the water. Later when the plants grew into forests, reptiles appeared for the first time. They produced young generally by laying eggs. After that, some huge animals, called dinosaurs, developed. They laid eggs too and existed on the earth for more than 140 million years. However,65 million years ago the age of the dinosaurs ended. Why they suddenly disappeared still remainsa mystery. This disappearance made possible the rise of mammals on the earth. These animalswere different from all life forms in the past, because they gave birth to young baby animals and produced milk to feed them.Finally about 2.6 million years ago some small clever animals, now with hands and feet, appeared and spread all over the earth. Thus they have, in their turn, become the most important animals on the planet. But they are not looking after the earth very well. They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space. As a result of this, many scientists believe the earth may become too hot to live on. So whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.A VISIT TO THE MOONLast month I was lucky enough to have a chance to make a trip into space with my friend Li Yanping, an astronomer. We visited the moon in our spaceship!Before we left, Li Yanping explained to me that the force of gravity would change three times on our journey and that the first change would be the most powerful. Then we were off. As the rocket rose into the air, we were pushed back into our seats because we were trying to escape the pull of the earth's gravity. It was so hard that we could not say anything to each other. Gradually the weight lessened and I was able to talk to him. "Why is the spaceship not falling back to the earth? On the earth if I fall from a tree I will fall to the ground." I asked. "We are too far from the earth now to feel its pull," he explained, "so we feel as if there is no gravity at all. When we get closer to the moon, we shall feel its gravity pulling us, but it will not be as strong a pull as the earth's." I cheered up immediately and floated weightlessly around in our spaceship cabin watching the earth become smaller and the moon larger.When we got there, I wanted to explore immediately. "Come on," I said. "If you are right, my mass will be less than on the earth because the moon is smaller and I will be able to move more freely. I might even grow taller if I stay here long enough. I shall certainly weigh less!" I laughed and climbed down the steps from the spaceship. But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over. "Oh dear," I cried, "walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed." After a while I got the hang of it and we began to enjoy ourselves.Leaving the moon's gravity was not as painful as leaving the earth's. But returning to the earth was very frightening. We watched, amazed as fire broke out on the outside of the spaceship as the earth's gravity increased. Again we were pushed hard into our seats as we came back to land. "That was very exhausting but very exciting too," I said. "Now I know much more about gravity! Do you think we could visit some stars next time?" "Of course," he smiled, "which star would you like to go to?"必修3 Unit 5A TRIP ON "THE TRUE NORTH"Li Daiyu and her cousin Liu Qian were on a trip to Canada to visit their cousins in Montreal on the Atlantic coast. Rather than take the aeroplane all the way, they decided to fly to V ancouver and then take the train west to east across Canada. The thought that they could cross the whole continent was exciting.Their friend, Danny Lin, was waiting at the airport. He was going to take them and theirbaggage to catch "The True North", the cross-Canada train. On the way to the station, he chatted about their trip. "You're going to see some great scenery. Going eastward, you'll pass mountains and thousands of lakes and forests, as well as wide rivers and large cities. Some people have the idea that you can cross Canada in less than five days, but they forget the fact that Canada is 5,500 kilometres from coast to coast. Here in Vancouver, you're in Canada's warmest part. People say it is Canada's most beautiful city, surrounded by mountains and the Pacific Ocean. Skiing in the Rocky Mountains and sailing in the harbour make Vancouver one of Canada's most popular cities to live in. Its population is increasing rapidly. The coast north of Vancouver has some of the oldest and most beautiful forests in the world. It is so wet there that the trees are extremely tall, some measuring over 90 metres."That afternoon aboard the train, the cousins settled down in their seats. Earlier that day, when they crossed the Rocky Mountains, they managed to catch sight of some mountain goats and even a grizzly bear and an eagle. Their next stop was Calgary, which is famous for the Calgary Stampede. Cowboys from all over the world come to compete in the Stampede. Many of them have a gift for riding wild horses and can win thousands of dollars in prizes.After two days' travel, the girls began to realize that Canada is quite empty. At school, they had learned that most Canadians live within a few hundred kilometres of the USA border, and Canada's population is only slightly over thirty million, but now they were amazed to see such an empty country. They went through a wheat-growing province and saw farms that covered thousands of acres. After dinner, they were back in an urban area, the busy port city of Thunder Bay at the top of the Great Lakes. The girls were surprised at the fact that ocean ships can sail up the Great Lakes. Because of the Great Lakes, they learned, Canada has more fresh water than any other country in the world. In fact, it has one-third of the world's total fresh water, and much of it is in the Great Lakes.That night as they slept, the train rushed across the top of Lake Superior, through the great forests and southward towards Toronto.“THE TURE NORTH”FROM TORONTO TO MONTREALThe next morning the bushes and maple trees outside their windows were red, gold and orange, and there was frost on the ground, confirming that fall had arrived in Canada.Around noon they arrived in Toronto, the biggest and most wealthy city in Canada. They were not leaving for Montreal until later, so they went on a tour of the city. They went up the tall CN Tower and looked across the lake. In the distance, they could see the misty cloud that rose from the great Niagara Falls, which is on the south side of the lake. The water flows into the Niagara River and over the falls on its way to the sea.They saw the covered stadium, home of several famous basketball teams. As they walked north from the harbour area, Li Daiyu said, "Lin Fei, one of my mother's old schoolmates, lives here. I should phone her from a telephone booth."They met Lin Fei around dusk in downtown Chinatown, one of the three in Toronto. Over dinner at a restaurant called The Pink Pearl, the cousins chatted with Lin Fei, who had moved to Canada many years earlier. "We can get good Cantonese food here," Lin Fei told them, "because most of the Chinese people here come from South China, especially Hong Kong. It's too bad you can't go as far as Ottawa, Canada's capital. It's approximately four hundred kilometres northeast of Toronto, so it would take too long."The train left late that night and arrived in Montreal at dawn the next morning. At the station, people everywhere were speaking French. There were signs and ads in French, but some of them had English words in smaller letters. "We don't leave until this evening," said Liu Qian. "Let's go downtown. Old Montreal is close to the water." They spent the afternoon in lovely shops and visiting artists in their workplaces beside the water. As they sat in a buffet restaurant looking over the broad St Lawrence River, a young man sat down with them."Hello, my name is Henri. I'm a student at the university nearby," he said, "and I was wondering where you are from." The girls told him they were on a train trip across Canada and that they had only one day in Montreal. "That's too bad," he said. "Montreal is a city with wonderful restaurants and clubs. Most of us speak both English and French, but the city has French culture and traditions. We love good coffee, good bread and good music."That night as the train was speeding along the St Lawrence River toward the Gulf of St Lawrence and down to the distant east coast, the cousins dreamed of French restaurants and red maple leaves.。
英语必修7课文原文及翻译
英语必修7课文原文及翻译So this is it - senior high school at last! I’m not outgoing so I am a little anxious right now.I want to make a good first impression. Will I make any friends? What if no one talks to me?就是这样-终于到了高中学校了!我性格并不外向，所以现在有点焦虑。
我想给别人留下好的第一印象。
我会交到朋友吗?要是没人跟我说话怎么办?I just had my first maths class at senior high school! The class was difficult, but the teacher was kind and friendly.H e even told us a funny story, and everyone laughed so much!I found most of my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful.我刚上完高中的第一节数学课!这堂课课很难，但老师却很和蔼可亲。
他还给我们讲了一个有趣的故事，每个人都笑得很开心!我发现我的大多数同学和老师都很友好，而且乐于助人。
This afternoon, we had our chemistry class in the science lab. The lab is new and the lesson was great, but the guy next to me tried to talk to m e the whole time. I couldn 't concentrate on the experiment. I really wanted to tell him to please be quiet and leave me alone!今天下午，我们在科学实验室上了化学课。
经典英语故事的原文及翻译
经典英语故事的原文及翻译经典英语故事的原文及翻译The story is end. but i have an English version from the internet . it looks so strange.i thought there're some problems with it , but i can't tell . please help me thanks a bunch The dramatis personae of this story was a boy in a gutter of San Francisco .Becuase of cacotrophia,he got sick with his leg.He couldn't stand with his leg straight.And his calf was even worse shrink.but in his little soul, he got a dream only be belived by himself-he would become an all-powerful player ofAmerican Football.he was a fan of Jim brown ,a good football player.when jim's team ,Browns was in match with 49's of San-Francisco ,he always went to the court to cheer his god.but because he was too pool to buy a ticket for the match ,so he had to wait to the almost end of the match .At this time , he could get in through the gate the missionary had open.at his age of 13,he got a face-to-face chance to meet his god in an ice-cream shop.that is after a match between 49's and Browns.he has been hoping for this time for a long long time .he went to his god in good taste ,then said loudly:"Mr.Brown, I'm your loyalest fan !"jim brown saidthank you with pleased .then this boy said :"mr.brown , did you know a thing?"jim turned round and said :"boy, what thing?"the boy said coolly:"i remember all the recorded that you created,all the embattle that you did. "jim brown laugh and said:"that's not easy."at this moment , the boy throwed a chest,there're some raysof light in his eyes.then he said with full confidence:"mr.brown ,i will break every recorded you've created someday."the good football player listened all his words and said with a smile:"what a manner of speaking! what's your name,kid?"the boy said great:"mr brown , i'm o j."since this talking ,o j really did as what he said-he broke every recorded jim brown had created,and created even more recorded.故事的主人公是一个生长在旧金山贫民区的小男孩，从小因营养不良而患有软骨症，在六岁时双腿变成“弓”字型，小腿更是严重的萎缩。
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高速视频处理系统中的信号完整性分析摘要：结合高速DSP图像处理系统讨论了高速数字电路中的信号完整性问题，分析了系统中信号反射、串扰、地弹等现象破坏信号完整性的原因，通过先进IS工具的辅助设计，找出了确保系统信号完整性的具体方法。
关键词：高速电路设计信号完整性 DSP系统深亚微米工艺在IC设计中的使用使得芯片的集成规模更大、体积越来越小、引脚数越来越多；由于近年来IC工艺的发展，使得其速度越来越高。
从而，使得信号完整性问题引起电子设计者广泛关注。
在视频处理系统中，多维并行输入输出信号的频率一般都在百兆赫兹以上，而且对时序的要求也非常严格。
本文以DSP图像处理系统为背景，对信号完整性进行准确的理论分析，对信号完整性涉及的典型问题[1]——不确定状态、传输线效应、反射、串扰、地弹等进行深入研究，并且从实际系统入手，利用IS仿真软件寻找有效的途径，解决系统的信号完整性问题。
1 系统简介为了提高算法效率，实时处理图像信息，本图像处理系统是基于DSP+FPGA结构设计的。
系统由SAA7111A视频解码器、TI公司的TMS320C6701 DSP、Altera公司的EPlK50QC208 FPGA、PCI9054 PCI接口控制器以及SBRAM、SDRAM、FIFO、FLASH等构成。
FPGA是整个系统的时序控制中心和数据交换的桥梁，而且能够对图像数据实现快速底层处理。
DSP是整个系统实时处理高级算法的核心器件。
系统结构框图如图1所示。
在整个系统中，PCB电路板的面积仅为15cm×l5cm，系统时钟频率高达167MHz，时钟沿时间为0．6ns。
由于系统具有快斜率瞬变和极高的工作频率以及很大的电路密度，使得如何处理高速信号问题成为一个制约设计成功的关键因素。
2 系统中信号完整性问题及解决方案2．1 信号完整性问题产生机理信号的完整性是指信号通过物理电路传输后，信号接收端看到的波形与信号发送端发送的波形在容许的误差范围内保持一致，并且空间邻近的传输信号间的相互影响也在容许的范围之内。
因此，信号完整性分析的主要目标是保证高速数字信号可靠的传输。
实际信号总是存在电压的波动，如图2所示。
在A、B两点由于过冲和振铃[2]的存在使信号振幅落入阴影部分的不确定区，可能会导致错误的逻辑电平发生。
总线信号传输的情况更加复杂，任何一个信号发生相位上的超前或滞后都可能使总线上数据出错，如图3所示。
图中，CLK为时钟信号，D0、D1、D2、D3是数据总线上的信号，系统允许信号最大的建立时间[1]为△t。
在正常情况下，D0、D1、D2、D3信号建立时间△t1<△t，在△t时刻之后数据总线的数据已稳定，系统可以从总线上采样到正确的数据，如图3(a)所示。
相反，当信号D1、D2、D3受过冲和振铃等信号完整问题干扰时，总线信号就发生了相位偏移和失真现象，使D0、D1、D2、D3信号建立时间△t2>△t，系统在△t时刻将从总线上得到错误数据信息，产生错误的控制信号，扰乱了正常工作，使信号完整性问题更加复杂，如图3(b)所示。
2．2 信号的反射信号的反射就是指在传输线端点上有回波。
当传输线上的阻抗不连续时，就会导致信号反射的发生。
在这里，以图4所示的理想传输线模型来分析与信号反射有关的重要参数。
图中，理想传输线L被内阻为Ro的数字信号驱动源Vs驱动，传输线的特性阻抗为Zo，负载阻抗为RL。
在临界阻抗情况下，Ro＝Zo=RL，传输线的阻抗是连续的，不会发生任何反射。
在实际系统中由于临界阻尼情况很难满足，所以最可靠的适用方式是轻微的过阻尼，因为这种情况没有能量反射回源端。
负载端阻抗与传输线阻抗不匹配会在负载端(B点)反射一部分信号回源端(A点)，反射电压信号的幅值由负载反射系数几决定，可由下式求出：PL=(RL-Z0)/(RL+Z0) (1)式中，PL称为负载电压反射系数，它实际上是反射电压与入射电压之比。
由式(1)可知—1≤PL≤+1，当RL=Zo时，PL＝0，不会发生反射。
可见，只要根据传输线的特性阻抗进行终端匹配，就能消除反射。
从原理上说，反射波的幅度可以大到入射电压的幅度，极性可正可负。
当RL<Zo时，PL<0，处于过阻尼状态，反射波极性为负；当RL>Zo时，PL>0，处于欠阻尼状态，反射波极性为正。
当从负载端反射回的电压到达源端时，又将再次反射回负载端，形成二次反射波，此时反射电压的幅值由源反射系数PS决定，可由下式求出：Ps=(R0-Zo)/(R0+Z0) (2)在高速数字系统中，传输线的长度符合下式时应使用端接技术：L>tr/(2tpdl) (3)式中，L为传输线线长，tr为源端信号的上升时间，tpdL为传输线上每单位长度的带载传输延迟。
即当tr小于2TD(TD为传输延时)时，源端完整的电平转移将发生在从传输线的接收端反射回源端的反射波到达源端之前，这需要使用端接匹配技术，否则会在传输线上引起振铃。
结合图1设计本系统时，采用MentorGraphics公司的信号完整性分析工具InterconnectSynthesis(IS)，信号驱动器和接收器均使用TTL_S工艺器件的IBIS模型进行电路仿真，选择出正确的布线策略和端接方式。
DSP与SBSRAM接口的时钟高达167MHz，时钟传输和延时极小，很容易在信号线出现反射现象。
根据公式(2)，要消除源端的反射波必须在源端进行阻抗匹配，使反射系数PS为0。
用interconnectSynthsis仿真测试可得此时钟线的传输阻抗Zo=47Ω。
因此，在DSP的SDCLK时钟的输出端应采用串联匹配法[1][3]，串入47Ω的电阻进行源端匹配消除源端的信号反射现象。
对于负载端的反射，根据公式(1)，要使PL＝0，必须保证负载阻抗RL＝Zo。
因此，在SBSRAM的时钟输入端口应采用戴维南终端匹配法[1][3]，并联两个电阻R1和R2且R1＝R2=94Ω(R1//R2＝Zo)实现终端匹配，其端接前后InterconnectSynthesis仿真的波形如图5所示。
端接后信号线的反射噪声明显减小，满足了系统对时钟信号完整性的要求。
2．3 信号的串扰串扰是指当信号在传输线上传播时，因电磁耦合对相邻传输线产生不期望的电压或电流噪声干扰。
随着电子产品的小型化，PCB板线间距减小，串扰问题更加严重。
对于高速电路来说，一般都采用平板电源地层，两导体间的串扰取决于它们的耦合电感和耦合电容[3]。
在数字电路设计中，通常感性串扰要比容性串扰大，所以应重点考虑导线间的互感问题。
两导体间的感性串扰系数计算可以通过下式得出：式中，常数k取决于信号的建立时间和信号线的干扰长度(平行长度)；H为信号线到平板地层的距离；D为两干扰线的中心的距离。
由(4)式可知，串扰大小与线间距(D)成反比，与线平行长度(K)成正比，与信号线距地层的距离(H)成正比。
针对这些串扰的特性，结合图1设计本系统时，主要用以下几种方法减少串扰：(1)加大线的间距，尽可能减少DSP与SBSRAM、SDRAM以及FPGA 之间高速信号线的平行长度，必要时采用jog方式走线；(2)高速信号线在满足条件的情况下，加入端接匹配减少或消除反射，从而减小串扰；(3)将信号层的走线高度限制在高于地平面10mil左右，可以显著减少串扰；(4)用InterconnectSynthsis进行仿真时，在串扰严重的两条线之间插入一条地线，可以起到隔离作用，从而减少串扰。
2．4 地弹噪声随着数字设备的速度变快，它们的输出开关时间越来越少。
当大量的开关电路同时由逻辑高变为逻辑低时，由于地线通过电流的能力不够，电流涌动就会引起地参考电压发生波动，称之为地弹。
在地弹现象的分析中，对驱动设备来说，外部设备都被看作容性负载即(Cl～Cn)。
这些容性负载储存的电荷量Q可由下式决定：Q＝V×C上式中，V是电容器两端上的电压，C是容性负载的电容。
一个设备外界和地线通路都有内在的电感L[2]。
在大量数字逻辑输出由高电压变为低电压的过程中，储存在负载电容的电荷会涌向设备地，这个电流浪涌会通过电感L产生电压V GND，其大小可用下式得出：VGND=L×(di/dt)由于系统地和设备地之间的电压VGND的存在，对于各逻辑器件来说，其有效输入电压值为：VACTIVE＝VIN—VGND。
如果地弹产生的电压值VGND过大，就会导致各器件对输入电压判断的错误，扰乱整个系统的正常工作。
结合图1设计本系统时，由于FPGA控制逻辑部分存在大量快速开关输出电路，当这些开关电路同时发生逻辑变化时，产生的开关电流会涌入地平面回路，破坏地平面的参考电压，引入地弹噪声。
对于地弹噪声的干扰，通过下面几种方法可减小地弹对电路的影响：(1)增加VCC／GND间的去耦电容个数，并尽可能使其与Vcc／GND对数相等；(2)降低器件的输出容性负载，减少负载器件个数；用SN74LVTH62245驱动器实现FPGA同步输出引脚与DSP数据线的隔离；用SN74LBI6244构成地址隔离，降低同步噪声对DSP高速电路的干扰；(3)在电源输入端跨接10～100μF的电解电容，在每个集成电路芯片都布置一个O．1μF的瓷片电容，滤掉电源和地的噪声信号；(4)对于抗噪能力弱、关断时电源变化大的SBSRAM、SDRAM存储器件，在芯片的电源线和地线之间接入0．1μF的退耦电容。
在采取地弹噪声处理后利用频谱分析仪测得系统的骚扰频谱，可以发现频谱已经变得很平坦，骚扰电平已降到系统容许的范围以内，达到了系统对地参考电压的要求。
在高速电路设计中，信号完整性问题是一个复杂的问题，往往有许多难以预料的因素影响整个系统的性能。
因此信号完整性分析在高速电路设计中的作用举足轻重，只有解决好高速设计中的信号完整性问题，高速系统才能准确、稳定地工作。
High-speed video processing system of signal integrity analysisAbstract: combining the high-speed DSP image processing system, discusses the high-speed digital circuit, signal integrity, analyzes the problems in the system of signal reflections, ground, such phenomena as the signal integrity, destroyed by advanced design, the auxiliary tool IS found to ensure the integrity of the specific method of signal system.Commercial advertisementsThe latest TL082CDT: AT45DB041 sells chip MC74HC04AD SII141BCT80 HD6417707RF60 RC - AD9280ARS CXA1081M CXA1635M PI5C16861A STLC5412FNKeywords: high-speed circuit design signal integrity DSP systemDeep submicron process in IC design makes the use of chip integrated larger, more and more small volume, pin number more, Due to the recent development of IC technology, make its speed is getting higher and higher. Thus, makes the signal integrity problems caused extensive concern of electronic designers.In video processing system, input and output signal of multidimensional parallel commonlyin frequency over 100 MHZ of timing requirements, but also very strictly. Based on DSP image processing system for signal integrity as the background, theoretical analysis, the accurate signal integrity of typical problems involved in [1], uncertainty, transmission and reflection, the effect of ground, etc, and in-depth study from actual system by simulation software, IS looking for effective ways to solve the system, signal integrity problem.1 systemIn order to improve the efficiency of the algorithm, the real-time image information, the image processing system is based on DSP + FPGA design. Video codecs, SAA7111A system consists of TI company TMS320C6701 DSP, Altera company EPlK50QC208 FPGA, PCI9054 PCI interface controller and SBRAM, SDRAM, FIFO, FLASH, etc. The whole system is the FPGA sequential control center and data exchange, and able to bridge of image data quickly. DSP is the system of the core real-time senior algorithm. System structure diagram is shown in figure 1.In the system, PCB for 15cm l5cm x only, the system clock frequency clock time, as 167MHz along 0.6 ns. Due to the system has the high slope fast transient and the working frequency and great circuit, how to deal with high density restriction design problem becomes a signal is the key factor to success.2 system signal integrity problems and solutions2.1 signal integrity problem generating mechanismSignal integrity refers to the signal transmission through physical circuit, signal waveform and the receiver to see the sender sends signal waveform in error range, and spatial adjacent signals interactions are permitted scope. Therefore, the signal integrity analysis of the main target is the reliable guarantee high speed digital signal transmission. Actual signal voltage fluctuation, there is always shown in figure 2. In A and B two due to overshoot and ringing [2] to signal amplitude into the shaded part of uncertainty, may cause errors logic level. Bus signal transmission of the situation is more complex, any signal on the phase lag could advance or data error on the bus, as shown in figure 3 below. In the diagram, as the clock signal, D0 CLK, D1, D2, D3 is the data bus signals, systems allow the maximum signal established time [1] for the train. In normal circumstances, D0, D1, D2, build time signal D3 t1 < train and train in the train t moments after the data stability data bus, the system can from the bus to the correct data sampling, as shown in figure 3 (a). Conversely, when the signal D1, D2, educated and ringing D3 signal integrity, bus signal interference problems occurred in phase offset and distortion, make D0, D1, D2, build time train t2 D3 signal system in > train t t will train from the bus get error data, the control signal, disturbed the normal work, make the signal integrity problem is more complex, as shown in figure 3 (b).The reflected signals 2.2The reflected signals in line with echo endpoint. When the transmission line impedance discontinuity, will cause the signal reflections. Here, in the ideal 4 transmission model to analysis and reflection signals about the important parameters. In the figure, the ideal transmission by resistance for the Ro L digital signal source driver drive, the transmission Vs the characteristic impedance Zo, load impedance for for RL. In critical impedance Zo circumstance, Ro = = RL, transmission impedance is continuous, won't produceany reflection. In the actual system can not meet the conditions due to critical damping, so the most reliable applicable way is slightly over damping, because this is not the source of energy reflected back.The load impedance and transmission impedance mismatch in the load (B) of the source signal reflected back (points), reflected voltage signal amplitude of reflection coefficient of load, under A decision by A type:PL = (RL - Z0) / (RL + Z0) (1)Type, PL called load voltage reflection coefficient, it is actually reflected voltage and the incidence of voltage. By type (1) known - 1 + 1, than PL acuities when RL = Zo, PL = 0, won't happen. Visible, according to the characteristics of transmission impedance terminal matching, we can eliminate reflected. From the theory of reflection wave amplitude, said to the incident voltage can be, which negative polarities. When RL < < 0 Zo, PL, in the state of damping, had reflected wave polarity is negative, When RL > > 0 Zo, PL, in the state of reflection wave damping, for polarity. When the load reflected back from the client to the source voltage, and will again reflected back to load, formed secondary reflected wave, reflected voltage amplitude of the source of reflection coefficient decided by the next, PS of a type:Ps = (R0 - Zo) / (R0 + Z0) (2)In high speed digital systems, the length of the transmission line should be used when the next type with technology:L > tr / (2tpdl) (3)Type, L for transmission/long tr is the source, the rise time of signal transmission line, tpdL per unit length for carrying the belt transmission delay. When 2TD < tr (TD for transmission delay), the complete source of multilevel transfer will occur in the transmission from the source end receiver reflected back to the reflection wave source, the need to use before termination matching technology, otherwise it will cause ringing in the transmission line.Combined with the system design of figure 1, MentorGraphics using the signal integrity analysis tools Co., InterconnectSynthesis (IS), signal receiver using drivers and TTL_S craft device IBIS model simulation, choose the correct wiring strategy and termination methods. DSP and SBSRAM interface as the clock 167MHz, clock and delay in tiny, easily reflected signal. According to the formula (2), to eliminate the reflected wave source in the source end must be on impedance matching, make the reflection coefficients for 0. PS. With interconnectSynthsis simulation test can the clock line transmission impedance Zo = 47 Ω. Therefore, in SDCLK DSP clock output should adopt series matching method [1], [3], string into Ω 47 on the resistance of the signal source to eliminatereflected. According to the reflection, load formula (1), to make PL = 0, must guarantee load impedance Zo RL =. Therefore, in SBSRAM clock input should adopt the terminal matching method [1], [3], parallel two resistance R1 and R2 and R1 = R2 = 94 Ω (R1 / / R2 = Zo), JiDuan before termination matches up InterconnectSynthesis simulation of the waveform as shown in figure 5. After the termination of the reflected signal noise, to meet the system clock signal integrity.The signal of 2.3Crosstalk refers to spread in line when signal by electromagnetic coupling, adjacent to produce unexpected transmission line voltage or current noise interference. As the miniaturization of electronic products, PCB line spacing, crosstalk problem is more serious.For high-speed circuits, usually by power between the two conductors formation, depending on their cross coupling capacitance and inductance coupling [3]. In the digital circuit design, usually perceptual link to hematocrit of sex, so shall consider the mutual inductance between the wires. Between two conductors of calculating coefficients of sensibility next type that can be through:Type, constant k depends on the establishment of the signal and the disturbance signal length (parallel length), H for signal to the distance; flat strata, D for two interference lines of center distance. By (4) type, size and cross line spacing (D), and inversely proportional to parallel length (K) is proportional to the distance from the strata signal proportional to the (H). According to these characteristics, the combination of the system design of figure 1, mainly in the following methods of reducing (1) increasing line spacing, minimize DSP and SBSRAM, SDRAM between signal and FPGA, high-speed parallel length by jog means necessary wiring, (2) high signal on the circumstances, join termination matches to reduce or eliminate reflected, thus reduce crosstalk, (3) will signal lines layer above ground height in 10mil around, can significantly reduce crosstalk, (4) InterconnectSynthsis using simulation, the serious in crosstalk between two lines, can rise to insert wire isolation effects, thereby reducing the crosstalk.2.4 ground noiseAlong with the digital equipment faster, their output switch with less and less time. When a switch circuit by logic high into a logical low, because of the ground through the current capacity, the current surge will not happen to a reference voltage fluctuation caused, call to play.In the analysis, the phenomenon of elastic to drive equipment, external devices are regarded as capacitive loads namely (Cl ~ Cn). The capacitive loads can be stored chargequantity Q: by next typeQ = V x CThe type of capacitor, V is in the voltage, C are capacitive loads of capacitance.A device outside and ground pathways are inherent inductance L [2]. In large Numbers of high voltage output logic to low voltage, the process of load capacitance stored in charge will be flocking to the electric equipment, stray inductance L produced by surge voltage GND V, its size, type used underVGND = L x (di/dt)Due to the system and equipment to the voltage between VGND, for each logical device, the effective input voltage values for VACTIVE = VIN - VGND:. If the voltage produced to play VGND too, can cause various components of the input voltage error of judgment and disrupt the normal work of the whole system.Combined with the system design of figure 1, because the FPGA control logic part a quick switch output circuit, when the switch logic circuit occur at the same time, the switch currents generated into the ground plane loop, will destroy the ground plane, introduction to play a reference voltage noise. To play for the noise, through the following method can reduce the influence of the circuit to play: (1) the increase of the VCC/GND decoupling capacitor, and as far as possible the number with the VCC/GND logarithmic equal, (2) reduce the output devices, reduce the capacitive loads load device number, SN74LVTH62245 drive with FPGA realizing synchronization output pin data with DSP isolation, With SN74LBI6244 constitute the address, lower noise high-speed circuits of DSP synchronization of interference, (3) in the power input jumper 10 ~ 100 mu F the electrolytic capacitor, in every integrated circuit chips are decorated a o. 1 F ceramic capacitors, close to filter out the noise signal and power, (4) for antinoise ability weak, shut off the power supply when the big change, SDRAM storage devices, SBSRAM in chip power and ground between 0.1 muon F of access decoupling capacitors. In the ground to handle by spectrum analyzer after noise measurement system of harassment can be found, frequency spectrum has become very smooth, harassing level has dropped for system within the reach of voltage reference system.In high-speed circuit design, the signal integrity problem is a complex problem, often have many uncertain factors affect the performance of the system. Therefore signal integrity analysis in high-speed circuit design, the only solution plays an important role in the design of high-speed signal integrity, high-speed system can accurately, steady job.。