Similarity theory for the physical simulation of natural gas hydrate reservoir development
第8章 相似理论
8.2 因次分析法（Dimensional Analysis） 因次分析法（ Analysis） —— Buckingham Pi Theorem
相似准数导出方法： 相似准数导出方法：（1）物理方程（关系）式无因次化； ）物理方程（关系）式无因次化； （2）Pi 定理。 ） 定理。 8.2.1 物理量的单位 时间t的单位： 时间t的单位：秒、分、小时等。 小时等。 基本单位：时间 、长度L、质量m 和温度T 的单位。 基本单位：时间t、长度 、质量 和温度 的单位。 导出单位： 导出单位： 基本单位系统（ 基本单位系统（制）：IS 单位制 单位制—m， sec， kg，K。 。
ρU 0 L U0 p0 L Re = , Fr = , St = , Eu = U 0t ρU 02 gL
对应相等——相似准数。 相似准数。 对应相等 相似准数
5. 相似准数的物理意义
Re数 惯性力与粘性力量级之比，反映粘性影响的相似准数。 Re数：惯性力与粘性力量级之比，反映粘性影响的相似准数。
Re=104 Re<2000
Fr数 惯性力与重力量级之比，反映重力影响的相似准数。 Fr数：惯性力与重力量级之比，反映重力影响的相似准数。
u 惯性力 = x g 重力 u
U 02 L = Fr 2 g
兴波与兴波阻力。 Fr—无因次航速 无因次航速。 Fr 无因次航速。 St数 局部力与对流惯性力量级之比，反映非定常性的准数。 St数：局部力与对流惯性力量级之比，反映非定常性的准数。
ε /d
选一个圆管、一种流体， 选一个圆管、 一种流体，在不同流速和不同糙度下测出 压降， 压降，绘制一组曲线 λ = f Re, ε —— Moody图。 图
d
这组曲线可应用到任意管流(一劳永逸 一劳永逸） 这组曲线可应用到任意管流 一劳永逸）。
艺术专业中文词汇及其英文翻译
设计的分类（英语）1 设计Design2 现代设计Modern Design3 工艺美术设计Craft Design4 工业设计Industrial Design5 广义工业设计Genealized Industrial Design6 狭义工业设计Narrow Industrial Design7 产品设计Product Design8 传播设计Communication Design8 环境设计Environmental Design9 商业设计Comercial Design10 建筑设计Architectural11 一维设计One-dimension Design12 二维设计Tow-dimension Design13 三维设计Three-dimension Design14 四维设计Four-dimension Design15 装饰、装潢Decoration16 家具设计Furniture Design17 玩具设计Toy Design18 室内设计Interior Design19 服装设计Costume Design20 包装设计Packaging Design21 展示设计Display Design22 城市规划Urban Desgin23 生活环境Living Environment24 都市景观Townscape25 田园都市Gardon City26 办公室风致Office Landscape27 设计方法论Design Methodology28 设计语言Design Language29 设计条件Design Condition30 结构设计Structure Design31 形式设计Form Design32 设计过程Design Process33 构思设计Concept Design34 量产设计，工艺设计Technological Design35 改型设计Model Change36 设计调查Design Survey37 事前调查Prior Survey38 动态调查Dynamic Survey39 超小型设计Compact type40 袖珍型设计Pocktable Type41 便携型设计Protable type42 收纳型设计Selfcontainning Design43 装配式设计Knock Down Type44 集约化设计Stacking Type45 成套化设计Set (Design)46 家族化设计Family (Design)47 系列化设计Series (Design)48 组合式设计Unit Design49 仿生设计Bionics Design50 功能Function51 独创性Originality52 创造力Creative Power53 外装Facing54 创造性思维Creating Thinking55 等价变换思维Equivalent Transformationn Thought56 KJ法Method of K.J57 戈顿法Synectice58 集体创造性思维法Brain Storming59 设计决策(Design) Decision Making60 T-W-M体系T-W-M system61 O-R-M体系O-R-M system62 印象战略Image Stralegy63 AIDMA原则Law of AIDMA64 功能分化Functional Differentiation65 功能分析Functional Analysis66 生命周期Life Cycle67 照明设计Illumination Design设计色彩方法（英）1 色Color2 光谱Spectrum3 物体色Object Color4 固有色Propor Color5 色料Coloring Material6 色觉三色学说Three-Component Theary7 心理纯色Unique Color8 拮抗色学说Opponent Color Theory9 色觉的阶段模型Stage Model of the Color Perception10 色彩混合Color Mixing11 基本感觉曲线Trisimulus Valus Curves12 牛顿色环Newton's Color Cycle13 色矢量Color Vector14 三原色Three Primary Colors15 色空间Color Space16 色三角形Color Triangle17 测色Colourimetry18 色度Chromaticity19 XYZ表色系XYZ Color System20 实色与虚色Real Color and Imaginary Color21 色等式Color Equation22 等色实验Color Matching Experiment23 色温Color Temperature24 色问轨迹Color Temperature Locus25 色彩三属性Three Attribtes and Color26 色相Hue27 色相环Color Cycle28 明度Valve29 彩度Chroma30 环境色Environmetal Color31 有彩色Chromatic Color32 无彩色Achromatic Colors33 明色Light Color34 暗色Dark Color35 中明色Middle Light Color36 清色Clear Color37 浊色Dull Color38 补色Complementary Color39 类似色Analogous Color40 一次色Primary Color41 二次色Secondary Color42 色立体Color Solid43 色票Color Sample44 孟塞尔表色系Munsell's Color System45 奥斯特瓦德表色系Ostwald's Color System46 日本色研色体系Practical Color Co-ordinate System47 色彩工程Color Engineering48 色彩管理Color Control49 色彩再现Color Reproduction50 等色操作Color Matching51 色彩的可视度Visibility Color52 色彩恒常性Color Constancy53 色彩的对比Color Contrast54 色彩的同化Color Assimilation55 色彩的共感性Color Synesthesia56 暖色与冷色Warm Color and Cold Color57 前进色与后退色Advancing Color Receding Color58 膨胀色与收缩色Expansive Color and Contractile Color59 重色与轻色Heavy Color and Light Color60 色价Valeur61 色调Color Tone62 暗调Shade63 明调Tint64 中间调Halftone65 表面色Surface Color66 平面色Film Color67 色彩调和Color Harmony68 配色Color Combination69 孟塞尔色彩调和Munsell's Color Harmony70 奥斯特瓦德色彩调和Ostwald's Color Harmony71 孟.斯本瑟色彩调和Moon.Spencer's Color Harmony72 色彩的感情Feeling of Color73 色彩的象征性Color Symbolism74 色彩的嗜好Color Preference75 流行色Fashion Color76 色彩的功能性Color Functionalism77 色彩规划Color Planning78 色彩调节Color Conditioning79 色彩调整Color Coordinetion80 色彩设计Color Design材料与加工成型技术（英）1 材料Material2 材料规划Material Planning3 材料评价Material Appraisal4 金属材料Metal Materials5 无机材料Inorganic Materials6 有机材料Organic Materials7 复合材料Composite Materials8 天然材料Natural Materials9 加工材料Processing Materials10 人造材料Artificial Materials11 黑色金属Ferrous Metal12 有色金属Nonferrous Metal13 轻金属材料Light Metal Materials14 辅助非铁金属材料Byplayer Nonferrous Metal Materials15 高熔点金属材料High Melting Point Metal Materials16 贵金属材料Precions Metal Materials17 辅助非铁金属材料Byplayer Nonferrous Metal Materials18 高熔点金属材料High Melting Point Metal Materials19 贵金属材料Precions Metal Materials20 陶瓷Ceramics21 水泥Cement22 搪瓷、珐琅Enamel23 玻璃Glass24 微晶玻璃Glass Ceramics25 钢化玻璃Tuflite Glass26 感光玻璃Photosensitive Glass27 纤维玻璃Glass Fiber28 耐热玻璃Hear Resisting Glass29 塑料Plastics30 通用塑料Wide Plastics31 工程塑料Engineering Plastics32 热塑性树脂Thermoplastic Resin33 热固性树脂Thermosetting Resin34 橡胶Rubber35 粘接剂Adhesives36 涂料Paints37 树脂Resin38 聚合物Polymer39 聚丙烯树脂Polypropylene40 聚乙烯树脂Polyethylene Resin41 聚苯乙烯树脂Polystyrene Resin42 聚氯乙烯树脂Polyvinyl Chloride Resin43 丙烯酸树脂Methyl Methacrylate Resin44 聚烯胺树脂，尼龙Polyamide Resin45 氟化乙烯树脂Polyfurol Resin46 聚缩醛树脂Polyacetal Resin47 聚碳酸脂树脂Polycarbonate Resin48 聚偏二氯乙烯树脂Polyvinylidene Resin49 聚醋酸乙烯脂树脂Polyvinyl Acetate Resin50 聚烯亚胺树脂Polyimide Resin51 酚醛树脂Phenolic Formaldehyde Resin52 尿素树脂Urea Formaldehyde Resin53 聚酯树脂Polyester Resin54 环痒树脂Epoxy Resin55 烯丙基树脂Allyl Resin56 硅树脂Silicone Resin57 聚氨酯树脂Polyurethane Resin58 密胺Melamine Formaldehyde Resin59 ABS树脂Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Redin60 感光树脂Photosensition Plastics61 纤维强化树脂Fiber Reinforced Plastic62 印刷油墨Printing Ink63 印刷用纸Printing Paper64 铜板纸Art Paper65 木材Wood66 竹材Bamboo67 树脂装饰板Decorative Sheet68 蜂窝机制板Honey Comb Core Panel69 胶合板Veneer70 曲木Bent Wood71 浸蜡纸Waxed Paper72 青铜Bronge73 薄壳结构Shell Construction74 技术Technic75 工具Tool76 金工Metal Work77 铸造Casting78 切削加工Cutting79 压力加工Plastic Working80 压力加工Plastic Working81 焊接Welding82 板金工Sheetmetal Woek83 马赛克Mosaic84 塑性成型Plastic Working85 灌浆成型Slip Casting86 挤出成型Sqeezing87 注压成型Injection Molding88 加压成型Pressing89 水压成型Cold Isostatic Pressing90 加压烧结法Hot Pressing91 HIP成型Hot Isostatic Pressing92 压缩成型Compression Molding Pressing93 气压成型Blow Molding94 压延成型Calendering95 转送成型Transfer Molding96 雌雄成型Slash Molding97 铸塑成型Casting98 喷涂成型Spray Up99 层积成型Laminating100 FW法Fillament Winding101 粘接与剥离Adhesion and Excoriation 102 木材工艺Woodcraft103 竹材工艺Bamboo Work104 表面技术Surface Technology105 镀饰Plating106 涂饰Coating107 电化铝Alumite108 烫金Hot Stamping109 预制作Prefabrication110 预制住宅Prefabricated House111 悬臂梁Cantilever112 金属模具Mold113 型板造型Modeling of Teplate114 染料Dyestuff115 颜料Artist Color传播与传媒设计（英）1 传播Communication2 大众传播Mass Communication3 媒体Media4 大众传播媒体Mass Media5 视觉传播Visual Communication6 听觉传播Hearing Communication7 信息Information8 符号Sign9 视觉符号Visual Sign10 图形符号Graphic Symbol11 符号论Semiotic12 象征Symbol13 象征标志Symbol Mark14 音响设计Acoustic Design15 听觉设计Auditory Design16 听觉传播设计Auditory Communication Design17 图象设计Visual Communication Design18 视觉设计Visual Design19 视觉传播设计Visual Communication Design20 图形设计Graphic Design21 编辑设计Editorial Design22 版面设计Layout23 字体设计Lettering24 CI设计Corporate Identity Design25 宣传Propaganda26 广告Advertising27 广告委托人Advertiser28 广告代理业Advertising Agency29 广告媒体Advertising Media30 广告目的Avertising Objectives31 广告伦理Morality of Advertising32 广告法规Law of Advertising33 广告计划Advertising Planing34 广告效果Advertising Effect35 广告文案Advertising Copy36 广告摄影Advertising Photography37 说明广告Informative Advertising38 招贴画海报Poster39 招牌Sign-board40 小型宣传册Pamphlet41 大型宣传册Portfolio42 商品目录Catalogue43 企业商报House Organ44 户外广告Outdoor Advertising45 POP广告Point of Purchase Advertising46 展示Display47 橱窗展示Window Display48 展示柜Cabinet49 博览会Exposition50 万国博览会World Exposition51 包装Packaging52 工业包装Industrial Packing53 标签Label54 企业形象Corporate Image55 企业色Company Color56 动画Animation57 插图Illustration58 书法Calligraphy59 印刷Initial60 设计费design fee61 标准standard62 注册商标registered trade mark设计美学与设计实验(英语)1 美Beauty2 现实美Acture Beauty3 自然美Natural Beauty4 社会美Social Beauty5 艺术美Artisitc Beauty6 内容与形式Content and Form7 形式美Formal Beauty8 形式原理Principles and Form9 技术美Beauty of Technology10 机械美Beauty of Machine11 功能美Functional Beauty12 材料美Beauty of Material13 美学Aesthetics14 技术美学Technology Aesthetics15 设计美学Design Aesthetics16 生产美学PAroduction Aesthetics17 商品美学Commodity Aedthetics18 艺术Art19 造型艺术Plastic Arts20 表演艺术Performance Art21 语言艺术Linguistic Art22 综合艺术Synthetic Arts23 实用艺术Practical Art24 时间艺术Time Art25 空间艺术Spatial Art26 时空艺术Time and Spatial Art27 一维艺术One Dimantional28 二维艺术two Dimantional29 三维艺术Three Dimantional30 四维艺术Four Dimantional31 舞台艺术Stagecraft32 影视艺术Arts of Mmovie and Television33 环境艺术Environmental Art34 美术Fine Arts35 戏剧Drama36 文学Literature37 意匠Idea38 图案Pattern39 构思Conception40 构图Composition41 造型Formation42 再现Representation43 表现Expression44 构成Composition45 平面构成Tow Dimentional Composition46 立体构成Three Dimentional Composition47 色彩构成Color Composition48 空间构成Composition of Space49 音响构成Composition and Sound50 多样与统一Unity of Multiplicity51 平衡Balance52 对称Symmetry53 调和、和声Harmony54 对比Contrast55 类似Similarity56 比例Proportion57 黄金分割Golden Section58 节奏Rhythm59 旋律Melody60 调子Tone61 变奏Variation62 纹样Pattern63 形态Form64 有机形态Organic Form65 抽象形态Abstract Form66 简化形态Simptified Form67 变形Deformation68 图学Graphics69 透视画法Perspective70 线透视Linear Perspective71 视点Eye on Picture Plane72 灭点Vanishing Point73 平行透视Parallel Persective74 成角透视Angular Perspective75 斜透视Obligue Perspective76 单点透视Single Paint Perdpective77 两点透视Tow-Point Perdpective78 三点透视Three-Point Perdpective79 鸟瞰图Bird's Eye View80 平面视图Ground Plain81 轴侧投影Axonometric Projection82 设计素描Design Sketch83 预想图Rendering84 模型Model85 粘土模型Clay Model86 石膏模型Plaster Model87 木制模型Wooden Model88 缩尺模型Scale Model89 原大模型Mock Up90 仿真模型Finished Model91 制造原形Prototype92 计算机图形学Computer Graphics93 框架模型Frame Model94 实体模型Solid Model95 计算机辅助设计COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN96 计算机辅助制造Computer Aided Manufacture97 计算机三维动画Computer Three Dimentional Animation98 计算机艺术Computer Arts99 计算机书法Computer Calligraphy100 计算机图象处理Computer Image Processing101 计算机音响构成Computer Sound Composition设计思潮与流派（英）1 学院派Academicism2 理性主义Rationalism3 非理性主义Irrationalism4 古典主义Classicism5 浪漫主义Romanticism6 现实主义Realism7 印象主义Impressionism8 后印象主义Postimpressionism9 新印象主义Neo-Impressionisme(法）10 那比派The Nabject11 表现主义Expressionism12 象征主义Symbolism13 野兽主义Fauvism14 立体主义Cubism15 未来主义Futurism16 奥弗斯主义Orphism17 达达主义Dadaisme(法)18 超现实主义Surrealism19 纯粹主义Purism20 抽象艺术Abstract Art21 绝对主义，至上主义Suprematism22 新造型主义Neo-plasticisme(法)23 风格派De Stiji24 青骑士Der Blaus Reiter25 抒情抽象主义Lyric Abstractionism26 抽象表现主义Abstract Expressionism27 行动绘画Action Painting28 塔希主义Tachisme(法)29 视幻艺术Op Art30 活动艺术、机动艺术Kinetic Art31 极少主义Minimalism32 概念主义Conceptualism33 波普艺术Pop Art34 芬克艺术、恐怖艺术Funk Art35 超级写实主义Super Realism36 人体艺术Body Art37 芝加哥学派Chicago School38 艺术与手工艺运动The Arts & Crafts Movement39 新艺术运动Art Nouveau40 分离派Secession41 构成主义Constructivism42 现代主义Modernism43 包豪斯Bauhaus44 阿姆斯特丹学派Amsterdam School45 功能主义Functionalism46 装饰艺术风格Art Deco(法)47 国际风格International Style48 流线型风格Streamlined Forms49 雅典宪章Athens Charter50 马丘比丘宪章Charter of Machupicchu51 斯堪的纳维亚风格Scandinavia Style52 新巴洛克风格New Baroque53 后现代主义Postmodernism54 曼菲斯Memphis55 高技风格High Tech56 解构主义Deconstructivism57 手工艺复兴Crafts Revival58 准高技风格Trans High Tech59 建筑风格Architecture60 微建筑风格Micro-Architecture61 微电子风格Micro-Electronics62 晚期现代主义Late Moddernism（英文版）Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revisedhistory of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play animportant role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage theauthority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target,respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs DepartmentThe first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated thewisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the< code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in theparty at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronizationamendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 andsupervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to thestrictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstandingperformance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption。
翻译信不信由你,因为他提出了一项新的理论,所以他被认为是目前在讲英语国家中最聪明的青少年。Believe it
说服某人不做某事
persuade sb. of sth.使某人相信某事
persuade sb.that...使某人相信……
try to persuade
sb.to do sth.
试图说服某人做某事
advise sb.to do sth.
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
persuade，advise
易混辨析
(1)persuade sb.to do sth.强调劝的结果，即劝说成功。
句式分析 insist在此句中意为“坚决要求”。这时宾语从 句应用“should＋动词原形”的虚拟语气，其中should可 以省略。
句式仿写 我们都坚决要求他来参加这个聚会。
We all insist that he (should) come to
the party.
3．When I told her that our journey would begin at an altitude of more than 5,000 metres，she seemed to be excited about it.当我告诉她我们的旅行将从五千多米的高地出发时，她 看起来很兴奋。 句式分析 本句中的seem后面跟了不定式结构，意为 “……看起来好像……”。 句式仿写 他看上去好像已经知道真相了。
5．It becomes rapids as it passes through deep valleys， travelling across western Yunnan Province.穿过深谷时它就 变成了急流，流经云南省西部。 句式分析 travelling across western Yunnan Province为现 在分词短语作状语。 句式仿写 他们有说有笑地出去了。 They went out， laughing and talking .
中文词语语义相似度计算_基于_知网_2000
《知网》的 基本形式是对中 文词语的释义 和描 述。与一般的语义词典如 Wordnet 不同的地 方有 两点:
第一, 词语( 概念) 的意义不是通过一些其他的 常用词语来解释、说明, 而是通过 / 义原0来描述、定 义。比如/ 打0 ( 打篮球, 打太极) , 这个词有一 项描 述是:
DEF = exer cise| 锻炼, spo rt| 体 育
DEF = human | 人, # occu-
医生 pation| 职位, * cure | 医治, *
medica l| 医
患者
DEF= human| 人, * SufferFr om| 罹患, $ cur e| 医治
$
obtain | 得 到, po ssession = 得利 pros| 益( 注: 等号左边为/ 动 =
%
颜色
DEF= attr ibute| 属性, color | 颜色, & physical| 物质
&
布
DEF= mater ial| 材料, ? clo thing | 衣物
?
DEF= Inst itutePlace | 场所,
医院 @ cure | 医 治, # disease| 疾 @
病, medical| 医
见表1从表1的例子中可以看出知网义原加标识符来定义词语的方式不但给出了词语的语义信息比如医院0是医疗场所也显式地给出了概念之间的联系比如医治0的实施者是医生0受事者是患者0而地点是医院0
一类模糊偏好关系满足相似性程度的性质
—
称 RC 为 C 生成的模糊关系 ,简称生成关系 ; 记 :
～
பைடு நூலகம்
PC ( x, y)
= ∨ (C (S) (x) 3 S ( y) 3 S ∈B
┐C ( S ) ( y) )
～
～
RC ( x, y) = ┐P C ( y, x)
～
～
～
I c ( x, y) = Rc ( x, y) 3 Rc ( y, x)
第 12期 吴 瑕 : 一类模糊偏好关系满足相似性程度的性质
17
定义 1[ 5] 设 Q1 , Q2 是 X上的 模糊 关系 , 定义 Q1 与
Q2 的相似性程度为 :
E (Q1 , Q2 )
∧ρ = ( Q x, y∈X
1
( x,
y) , Q2 ( x, y) )
IC ( x, y) = RC ( x, y) 3 RC ( y, x)
RC 称为 C 的模糊显示偏好关系 ; 记 :
—
R ( x, y) = C ( [ x, y ] ) ( x)
—
—
—
P ( x, y) = RC ( x, y) 3 ┐RC ( y, x)
—
—
—
I ( x, y) = RC ( x, y) 3 ┐RC ( y, x)
设 X是一个有限子集 ,B 是 X上的非空模糊子集构 成 的非空集合 , F ( X) 是 X上的 所有非空 模糊 子集的 集合 , C 为模糊选择空 间 ( X, B ) 上 的一 个 模糊 选 择函 数 [ 5] , 对 于
Π S ∈B , C ( S) 是 X的正规模糊子集 , 3 为连续 t - 模 ,“→”
择函数的定义 ,显示 偏好关 系随 之也被 模糊 化. 为 了更 广 泛的研究模糊选择函数的合理性问题 , Georgescu[6 ]于 2007 年提出了模糊选择函数的相似性程度 ,本文 在此基础上 研 究了模糊选择函数的相似程度与其生成的偏好关系的相 似程度之间的关系 ,并得出了由模糊选择函 数生成的各 种 偏好关系的相似性程度的性质. 1 基本定义
必修2英语单词
高中英语必修2英语单词Unit 1cultural/'kʌltʃərəl/adj.文化的relic/'relik/n.遗物；遗迹；纪念物rare/rεə/adj.稀罕的；稀有的；珍贵的valuable/'væljuəbl/adj.贵重的；有价值的survive/sə'vaiv/vi.幸免；幸存；生还vase/vɑ:z/n.花瓶；瓶dynasty/'dinəsti,'dai-/n.朝代；王朝Taj Mahal/ta:dʒmə'ha:l/泰姬陵ivory/'aivəri/n.象牙dragon/'dræɡən/n.龙amber/'æmbə/n.琥珀；琥珀色in search of寻找Frederick William I/'fredrik'wiljəmðə'fə:st/ 腓特烈·威廉一世(普鲁士国王) Prussia/'prʌʃə/n．(史)普鲁士(位于北欧)amaze/ə'meiz/vt.使吃惊；惊讶amazing/ə'meiziŋ/adj.令人吃惊的select/si'lekt/vt.挑选；选择honey/'hʌni/n.蜜；蜂蜜design/di'zain/n.设计；图案；构思vt.设计；计划；构思fancy/'fænsi/adj.奇特的；异样的vt.想象；设想；爱好style/stail/n.风格；风度；类型decorate/'dekəreit/v.装饰；装修jewel/'dʒu:əl/n.珠宝；宝石artist/'ɑ:tist/n.艺术家belong/bi'lɔŋ/vi.属于；为……的一员belong to属于PetertheGreat 彼得大帝(俄国皇帝)In return 作为报答；回报Czar/'za:/n.沙皇troop/tru:p/n.群；组；军队StPetersburg/sənt'pi:təzbə:g/n．圣彼得堡(俄罗斯城市)reception/ri'sepʃn/n.接待；招待会；接收CatherineⅡ/'kæθərinðə'sekənd/叶卡捷琳娜二世(俄国女皇)Atwar 处于交战状态remove/ri'mu:v/vt.移动；搬开less than 少于wooden/'wudn/adj.木制的doubt/daut/n.怀疑；疑惑vt.怀疑；不信Königsberg/'kə:nisbə:g/n．哥尼斯堡(俄罗斯港市Kaliningrad的旧称) The Baltic Sea/'bɔ:ltik'si:/波罗的海mystery/'mistriUS'mistəri/n.神秘；神秘的事物former/'fɔ:mə/adj.以前的；从前的worth/wə:θ/prep.值得的；相当于……的价值n.价值；作用adj.值钱的rebuild/ri:'bild/vt.重建local/'ləukl/adj.本地的；当地的apart/ə'pɑ:t/adv.分离地；分别地take apart 拆开Leningrad/'leningræd/n．列宁格勒(苏联城市)painting/'peintiŋ/n.绘画；画castle/'kɑ:sl/n.城堡Windsor/'winzə/Castle 温莎城堡(英国著名城堡)trial/'traiəl/n.审判；审讯；试验eyewitness/ai'witnis/n.目击者；证人evidence/'evidəns/n.根据；证据JanHasek/'jæn'hæzək/ 简·哈兹克(男名)Czech Republic/'tʃekri'pʌblik/ 捷克共和国(东欧国家)explode/ik'spləud/vi.爆炸entrance/'entrəns/n.入口Hans Braun/'hænz'brɔ:n/ 汉斯·布朗(男名)sailor/'seilə/n.水手；海员；船员sink/siŋk/(sank,sunk;sunk,sunken)vi.下沉；沉下Anna Petrov/'ænə'petrɔv/ 安娜·帕特罗夫(女名)maid/meid/n.少女；女仆Berlin/bə:'lin/n.柏林(德国首都)thinkhighly of 看重；器重Johann Webber/jəu'hæn'veibə/ 约翰·韦伯(男名)informal/in'fɔ:ml/adj.非正式的debate/di'beit/n.争论；辩论vi.争论；辩论Unit 2ancient/'einʃənt/adj.古代的；古老的compete/kəm'pi:t/vi.比赛；竞争competitor/kəm'petitə/n.竞争者take part in参加；参与medal/'medl/n.奖章；勋章；纪念章stand for代表；象征；表示mascot/'mæskət;'mæskɔt/n.吉祥物Pausanias/pɔ:'seiniəs/ 帕萨尼亚斯(男名；古希腊人名)Greece/gri:s/n.希腊Greek/gri:k/adj.希腊(人)的；希腊语的n．希腊人；希腊语magical/'mædʒikl/adj.巫术的；魔术的；有魔力的volunteer/vɔlən'tiə/n.志愿者；志愿兵adj.志愿的；义务的vt.&vi.自愿homeland/'həumlænd/n.祖国；本国regular/'reɡjulə/adj.规则的；定期的；常规的basis/'beisis/n.(plbases)基础；根据athlete/'æθli:t/n.运动员；运动选手admit/əd'mit/vt.&vi.容许；承认；接纳slave/sleiv/n.奴隶nowadays/'nauədeiz/adv.现今；现在gymnastics/dʒim'næstiks/n.(pl)体操；体能训练athletics/æθ'letiks/n.(pl)体育运动；竞技stadium/'steidiəm/n.（露天大型）体育场gymnasium(gym)/dʒim'neiziəm/(/dʒim/)n.体育馆；健身房as well 也；又；还host/həust/vt.做东；主办；招待n.主人responsibility/rispɔnsə'biləti/n.责任；职责olive/'ɔliv/n.橄榄树；橄榄叶；橄榄枝；橄榄色wreath/ri:θ/n.花圈；花冠；圈状物replace/ri'pleis/vt.取代；替换；代替motto/'mɔtəu/n.座右铭；格言；警句swift/swift/adj.快的；迅速的similarity/simə'lærəti/n.相像性；相似点Athens/'æθənz/雅典(希腊首都)charge/tʃɑ:dʒ/vt.&vi.收费；控诉n.费用；主管in charge 主管；看管physical/'fizikl/adj.物理的；身体的fine/fain/vt.罚款poster/'pəustə/n.海报；招贴advertise/'ædvətaiz/vt.&vi.做广告；登广告Atlanta/ət'læntə/n.亚特兰大(女名；城市名)princess/prin'ses/n.公主glory/'ɡlɔ:ri/n.光荣；荣誉bargain/'bɑ:ɡin/vi.讨价还价；讲条件n.便宜货prince/prins/n.王子hopeless/'həuplis/adj.没有希望的；绝望的Hippomenes/hi'pɔməni:z/n.希波墨涅斯(男名；古希腊人名) foolish/'fu:liʃ/adj.愚蠢的；傻的goddess/'ɡɔdis/n.女神pain/pein/n.疼痛；痛苦one after another陆续地；一个接一个地deserve/di'zə:v/vi.&vt.应受（报答或惩罚）；值得striker/'straikə/n.敲击者；（足球的）前锋Unit 3abacus/'æbəkəs/n.算盘calculator/'kælkjuleitə/n.计算器PC(=personal computer)个人电脑；个人计算机laptop/'læptɔp/n.手提电脑PDA(personal digital assistant)掌上电脑；个人数码助理analytical/ænə'litikl/adj.分析的calculate/'kælkjuleit/vt.计算universal/ju:ni'və:sl/adj.普遍的；通用的；宇宙的simplify/'simplifai/vt.简化sum/sʌm/n.总数；算术题；金额Charles Babbage/'tʃa:lz'bæbidʒ/查尔斯·巴比奇(英国数学教授) operator/'ɔpəreitə/n.（电脑）操作员；接线员logical/'lɔdʒikl/adj.合逻辑的；合情理的logically/'lɔdʒikli/adv.逻辑上；合逻辑地；有条理地technology/tek'nɔlədʒi/n.工艺；科技；技术technological/teknə'lɔdʒikl/adj.科技的revolution/revə'lu:ʃn/n.革命artificial/ɑ:ti'fiʃl/adj.人造的；假的intelligence/in'telidʒəns/n.智力；聪明；智能intelligent/in'telidʒent/adj.智能的；聪明的Alan Turing/'ælən'tjuəriŋ/ 艾伦·图灵(英国数学家)solve/sɔlv/vt.解决；解答mathematical/mæθə'mætikl/adj.数学的from…on从……时起reality/ri'æləti/n.真实；事实；现实designer/di'zainə/n.设计师personal/'pə:sənl/adj.私人的；个人的；亲自的personally/'pə:sənəli/adv.就个人而言；亲自tube/tju:b/n.管；管子；电子管transistor/træn'zistə/n.晶体管chip/tʃip/n.碎片；芯片as result 结果total/'təutl/adj.总的；整个的n.总数；合计totally/'təutli/adv.完全地；整个地so…that…如此……以致于……network/'netwə:k/n.网络；网状物web/web/n.网application/æpli'keiʃn/n.应用；用途；申请finance/'fainæns/n.金融；财经mobile/'məubail/adj.可移动的；机动的rocket/'rɔkit/n.火箭explore/ik'splɔ:/vt.&vi.探索；探测；探究Mars/ma:z/n.火星anyhow/'enihau/adv.（也作anyway）无论如何；即使如此goal/ɡəul/n.目标；目的；球门；（进球）得分happiness/'hæpinis/n.幸福；快乐human rare 人类supporting/sə'pɔ:tiŋ/adj.支持的；支撑的download/daun'ləud/vt.下载programmer/'prəugræmə/n.程序员；程序师virus/'vaiərəs/n.病毒android/'ændrɔid/n.机器人signal/'siɡnəl/vi.&vt.发信号n.信号teammate/'ti:mmeit/n.同伴；伙伴Nagoya/na:'gɔ:ja:/n．名古屋(日本港市)Seattle/si'ætl/n.西雅图(美国城市)type/taip/n.类型vt.&vi.打字in away 在某种程度上coach/kəutʃ/n.教练arise/ə'raiz/vi.(arose,arisen)出现；发生witch-hazel of 在……的帮助下electronic/elek'trɔnik/adj.电子的appearance/ə'piərəns/n.外观；外貌；出现character/'kærəktə/n.性格；特点mop/mɔp/n.拖把vt.用拖把拖；擦deal with 处理；安排；对付watch over 看守；监视naughty/'nɔ:ti/adj.顽皮的；淘气的niece/ni:s/n.侄女；甥女spoil/spɔil/vt.损坏；宠坏Unit 4wildlife/'waildlaif/n.野生动植物protection/prə'tekʃn/n.保护wild/waild/adj.野生的；野的；未开发的；荒凉的habitat/'hæbitæt/n.栖息地（动植物的）自然环境threaten/'θretən/vt.&vi.恐吓；威胁decrease/di'kri:s/vi.&vt.减少；（使）变小；或变少endanger/in'deindʒə/vt.危害；使受到危险die out 灭亡；逐渐消失loss/lɔs/n.损失；遗失；丧失reserve/ri'zə:v/n.保护区hunt/hʌnt/vt.&vi.打猎；猎取；搜寻zone/zəun/n.地域；地带；地区in peace 和平地；和睦地；安详地in danger(of) 在危险中；垂危Daisy/'deizi/n．戴茜(女名)species/'spi:ʃi:z/n.种类；物种carpet/'kɑ:pit/n.地毯respond/ri'spɔnd/vi.回答；响应；做出反应distant/'distənt/adj.远的；远处的fur/fə:/n.毛皮；毛；软毛antelope/'æntiləup/n.羚羊Zimbabwe/zim'ba:bwei/n．津巴布韦(非洲东南部国家)relief/ri'li:f/n.（痛苦或忧虑的）减轻或解除；减轻痛苦的事物in relief如释重负；松了口气laughter/'lɑ:ftə/n.笑；笑声burst into laughter 突然笑起来；大声笑了出来mercy/'mə:si/n.仁慈；宽恕；怜悯certain/'sə:tn/adj.确定的；某一；一定importance/im'pɔ:təns/n.重要（性）WWF(World Wildlife Fund) 世界野生生物基金会rub/rʌb/vt.擦；摩擦protect…from保护……不受……（危害）mosquito/mə'ski:təu/n.蚊子millipede/'milipi:d/n．(=millepede)千足虫insect/'insekt/n.昆虫contain/kən'tein/vt.包含；容纳；容忍powerful/'pauəfl/adj.强大的；有力的affect/ə'fekt/vt.影响；感动；侵袭attention/ə'tenʃn/n.注意；关注；注意力pay attention to 注意appreciate/ə'pri:ʃieit/vt.鉴赏；感激；意识到succeed/sək'si:d/vi.成功vt.接替；继任Indonesia/indəu'ni:ʒə;-ziə/n．印度尼西亚(东南亚岛国)rhino/'rainəu/n.犀牛secure/si'kjuə/adj.安全的；可靠的income/'iŋkʌm;'inkʌm/n.收入employ/im'plɔi/vt.雇用；利用（时间、精力等）harm/hɑ:m/n.&vt.损害；危害Miludeer 麋鹿bite/bait/vt.&vi.(bit,bitten)咬；叮；刺痛extinction/ik'stiŋkʃn/n.灭绝；消亡dinosaur/'dainəsɔ:/n.恐龙come into being形成；产生county/'kaunti/n.县；郡inspect/in'spekt/vt.检查；视察unexpected/ʌnik'spektid/adj.没料到的；意外的incident/'insidənt/n.事件；事变dust/dʌst/n.灰尘；尘土；尘埃according to按照；根据……所说Mauritius/mə'riʃəs/n．毛里求斯(非洲东部岛国) disappearance/disə'piərəns/n.消失fierce/fiəs/adj.凶猛的；猛烈的sothat 以至于；结果ending/'endiŋ/n.结局；结尾faithfully/'feiθfəli/adv.忠诚地；忠实地Colobus/'kɔləbəs/monkey(非洲产)疣猴，髯猴Unit 5classical/'klæsikl/adj.古典的；古典文艺的roll/rəul/vt.&vi.滚动；（使）摇n.摇晃；卷；卷形物；面包圈rock’n’roll(rock-and-roll) 摇滚乐orchestra/'ɔ:kistrə/n.管弦乐队rap/ræp/n.说唱乐folk/fəuk/adj.民间的jazz/dʒæz/n.爵士音乐choral/'kɔ:rəl/adj.唱诗班的；合唱队的the Monkees/mɔŋki:z/ 门基乐队musician/mju:'ziʃn/n.音乐家dream of 梦见；梦想；设想karaoke/kæri'əuki/n.卡拉OK录音；自动伴奏录音pretend/pri'tend/vt.假装；假扮to be honest 说实在地；实话说attach/ə'tætʃ/vt.&vi.系上；缚上；附加；连接attach…to认为有（重要性、意义）；附上；连接form/fɔ:m/vt. （使）组成；形成；构成fame/feim/n.名声；名望passer-by/pa:sə'bai/n.过路人；行人earn/ə:n/vt.赚；挣得；获得extra/'ekstrə/adj.额外的；外加的instrument/'instrumənt/n.工具；器械；乐器perform/pə'fɔ:m/vt.&vi.表演；履行；执行performance/pə'fɔ:məns/n.表演；演奏pub/pʌb/n.酒馆；酒吧cash/kæʃ/n.现金in cash 用现金；有现钱studio/'stju:diəu/n.工作室；演播室millionaire/miljə'neə/n.百万富翁；富豪play jokeson戏弄actor/'æktə/n.男演员；行动者rely/ri'lai/vi.依赖；依靠rely on依赖；依靠broadcast/'brɔ:dkɑ:st/n.广播；播放vi．＆vt．(broadcast；broadcast)广播；播放humorous/'hju:mərəs/adj.幽默的；诙谐的familiar/fə'miliə/adj.熟悉的；常见的；亲近的be/getfamiliarwith 熟悉；与……熟悉起来or so大约breakup打碎；分裂；解体reunite/ri:ju:'nait/vt.再统一；再联合；重聚attractive/ə'træktiv/adj.吸引人的；有吸引力的addition/ə'diʃn/n.加；增加；加法in addition 另外；也so rtout 分类excitement/ik'saitmənt/n.兴奋；刺激ballad/'bæləd/n.歌谣；情歌；民谣overnight/əuvə'nait/adv.在晚上；在夜里；（口）很快；一夜之间dip/dip/vt.浸；蘸tadpole/'tædpəul/n.蝌蚪lily/'lili/n.百合花confident/'kɔnfidənt/adj.自信的；确信的Freddy/'fredi/n.弗雷迪(男名)brief/bri:f/adj.简短的；简要的n.摘要；大纲briefly/'bri:fli/adv.简要地；短暂地devotion/di'vəuʃn/n.投入；热爱afterwards/'ɑ:ftəwədz/adv.然后；后来invitation/invi'teiʃn/n.邀请；招待beard/biəd/n.胡须sensitive/'sensətiv/adj.敏感的；易受伤害的；灵敏的painful/'peinfl/adj.痛苦的；疼痛的above all 最重要；首先11/ 11。
量纲理论与量纲分析法的教学方案的探讨
每个物理量都有两个基本特征，那就是它的
大小和属性，物理学中的单位和量
与I
关的两个 。其中，物理量的单位是为
量
物理量的大小 为规定的
3)，而量纲
则是为 征物理量的基本属性以及辨识物理量
的种类而采用的术语。
何一个单位制中，都
会有一组物理量被选作基本量，每个基本量均具
立的量纲，导岀量的量
基本量的量纲
组成。
较长篇幅的详细介绍(1)，
的基础物理教
学，对量 析理论的重视程度还
够，赵凯
华先
1991年出版的《定性与半定量物理学》
一书中
：“在通常的物理教科书中，量纲理
论
和一 过&关于量纲的应
收稿日期：2018-07-25 基金项目：华北理工大学教育教学改革研究与实践重点资助项目(Z1715-15)。 作者简介：魏环，副教授，主要从事大学物理教学与研究工作，naihuan@163. com。 引文格式：魏环，许贺菊•量纲理论与量纲分析法的教学方案的探讨物理与工程201929(3):19-25 28.
少
的教师和学生，因此，许多从事物理教
学的教师本身就对量 析法及其应用缺乏了解
和研究，物理课堂上的量
终
“一带
过”了。
量纲分析理论具有重要的教育教学价值，这
是一个能够使学生长期受用的 和方法，在大
学物理课程中不应“一 过”，而要给予足够的
重视，这也是作者撰写此文的
。
1量纲分析法的理论基础
1.1量纲的意义
；n定理；物理相似 理
DISCUSSION ON THE TEACHING SCHEME OF
DIMENSIONAL THEORY AND DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS METHOD
相似理论王璐2013452059
一般系统 General System
（1）系统结构相似 （2）系统功能、性能相似 （3）系统人机界面相似 （4）系统存在和演化相似
Similarity Theory
（1）连续系统动力学 （2）离散系统动力学 （3）场 （4）概率、模糊集、粗糙集 （5）图的相似
Complex System （1）非线性相似 （2）涌现性相似 （3）自治性相似 （4）突变性相似
复杂系统
Methods
（1）模式相似方法（统计决策法和句法或结 构法） （2）模糊相似方法 （3）组合相似方法（个体满足未必系统整体 满足，综合补偿处 理） （4）坐标变换相似方法（运动：飞行器、视 景系统）
Steps
Step 4 Step 3 Step 2 Step 1
根据相似第二定理 建立相似准则
1)物理模型的建立 2)模型中过程及方法 模拟
Engineering Technology
工程技术学
1)进行相似设计工程, 相 似制造工程, 相似管理工 程的研究。 2)进行相似工程机械制 造、电子、电器产品的 研制, 以及人工智能、机 器人的制造。
Systems
实物模型 Physical prototype （1）几何相似 （2）运动学相似 （3）动力相似 数学模型 Mathematical model
相似理论 Similarity Theory
主讲人：王璐
Definition
相似理论是说明自然界和工程中各相似现象 相似原理的学说。是研究自然现象中个性与共性 ，或特殊与一般的关系以及内部矛盾与外部条件 之间的关系的理论。它是模型实验的理论基础。 主要内容是相似三定理。两大分支为量纲分析法 和方程分析法。一般有这样几种类型：几何相似、 模拟、数学相似、感觉信息相似、逻辑思维相似、 生理相似等。
物理学专业英语
华中师范大学物理学院物理学专业英语仅供内部学习参考！2014一、课程的任务和教学目的通过学习《物理学专业英语》，学生将掌握物理学领域使用频率较高的专业词汇和表达方法，进而具备基本的阅读理解物理学专业文献的能力。
通过分析《物理学专业英语》课程教材中的范文，学生还将从英语角度理解物理学中个学科的研究内容和主要思想，提高学生的专业英语能力和了解物理学研究前沿的能力。
培养专业英语阅读能力，了解科技英语的特点，提高专业外语的阅读质量和阅读速度；掌握一定量的本专业英文词汇，基本达到能够独立完成一般性本专业外文资料的阅读；达到一定的笔译水平。
要求译文通顺、准确和专业化。
要求译文通顺、准确和专业化。
二、课程内容课程内容包括以下章节：物理学、经典力学、热力学、电磁学、光学、原子物理、统计力学、量子力学和狭义相对论三、基本要求1.充分利用课内时间保证充足的阅读量（约1200~1500词/学时），要求正确理解原文。
2.泛读适量课外相关英文读物，要求基本理解原文主要内容。
3.掌握基本专业词汇（不少于200词）。
4.应具有流利阅读、翻译及赏析专业英语文献，并能简单地进行写作的能力。
四、参考书目录1 Physics 物理学 (1)Introduction to physics (1)Classical and modern physics (2)Research fields (4)V ocabulary (7)2 Classical mechanics 经典力学 (10)Introduction (10)Description of classical mechanics (10)Momentum and collisions (14)Angular momentum (15)V ocabulary (16)3 Thermodynamics 热力学 (18)Introduction (18)Laws of thermodynamics (21)System models (22)Thermodynamic processes (27)Scope of thermodynamics (29)V ocabulary (30)4 Electromagnetism 电磁学 (33)Introduction (33)Electrostatics (33)Magnetostatics (35)Electromagnetic induction (40)V ocabulary (43)5 Optics 光学 (45)Introduction (45)Geometrical optics (45)Physical optics (47)Polarization (50)V ocabulary (51)6 Atomic physics 原子物理 (52)Introduction (52)Electronic configuration (52)Excitation and ionization (56)V ocabulary (59)7 Statistical mechanics 统计力学 (60)Overview (60)Fundamentals (60)Statistical ensembles (63)V ocabulary (65)8 Quantum mechanics 量子力学 (67)Introduction (67)Mathematical formulations (68)Quantization (71)Wave-particle duality (72)Quantum entanglement (75)V ocabulary (77)9 Special relativity 狭义相对论 (79)Introduction (79)Relativity of simultaneity (80)Lorentz transformations (80)Time dilation and length contraction (81)Mass-energy equivalence (82)Relativistic energy-momentum relation (86)V ocabulary (89)正文标记说明：蓝色Arial字体（例如energy）：已知的专业词汇蓝色Arial字体加下划线（例如electromagnetism）：新学的专业词汇黑色Times New Roman字体加下划线（例如postulate）：新学的普通词汇1 Physics 物理学1 Physics 物理学Introduction to physicsPhysics is a part of natural philosophy and a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy. Over the last two millennia, physics was a part of natural philosophy along with chemistry, certain branches of mathematics, and biology, but during the Scientific Revolution in the 17th century, the natural sciences emerged as unique research programs in their own right. Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry,and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms of other sciences, while opening new avenues of research in areas such as mathematics and philosophy.Physics also makes significant contributions through advances in new technologies that arise from theoretical breakthroughs. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism or nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products which have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.Core theoriesThough physics deals with a wide variety of systems, certain theories are used by all physicists. Each of these theories were experimentally tested numerous times and found correct as an approximation of nature (within a certain domain of validity).For instance, the theory of classical mechanics accurately describes the motion of objects, provided they are much larger than atoms and moving at much less than the speed of light. These theories continue to be areas of active research, and a remarkable aspect of classical mechanics known as chaos was discovered in the 20th century, three centuries after the original formulation of classical mechanics by Isaac Newton (1642–1727) 【艾萨克·牛顿】.University PhysicsThese central theories are important tools for research into more specialized topics, and any physicist, regardless of his or her specialization, is expected to be literate in them. These include classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, electromagnetism, and special relativity.Classical and modern physicsClassical mechanicsClassical physics includes the traditional branches and topics that were recognized and well-developed before the beginning of the 20th century—classical mechanics, acoustics, optics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism.Classical mechanics is concerned with bodies acted on by forces and bodies in motion and may be divided into statics (study of the forces on a body or bodies at rest), kinematics (study of motion without regard to its causes), and dynamics (study of motion and the forces that affect it); mechanics may also be divided into solid mechanics and fluid mechanics (known together as continuum mechanics), the latter including such branches as hydrostatics, hydrodynamics, aerodynamics, and pneumatics.Acoustics is the study of how sound is produced, controlled, transmitted and received. Important modern branches of acoustics include ultrasonics, the study of sound waves of very high frequency beyond the range of human hearing; bioacoustics the physics of animal calls and hearing, and electroacoustics, the manipulation of audible sound waves using electronics.Optics, the study of light, is concerned not only with visible light but also with infrared and ultraviolet radiation, which exhibit all of the phenomena of visible light except visibility, e.g., reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction, dispersion, and polarization of light.Heat is a form of energy, the internal energy possessed by the particles of which a substance is composed; thermodynamics deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy.Electricity and magnetism have been studied as a single branch of physics since the intimate connection between them was discovered in the early 19th century; an electric current gives rise to a magnetic field and a changing magnetic field induces an electric current. Electrostatics deals with electric charges at rest, electrodynamics with moving charges, and magnetostatics with magnetic poles at rest.Modern PhysicsClassical physics is generally concerned with matter and energy on the normal scale of1 Physics 物理学observation, while much of modern physics is concerned with the behavior of matter and energy under extreme conditions or on the very large or very small scale.For example, atomic and nuclear physics studies matter on the smallest scale at which chemical elements can be identified.The physics of elementary particles is on an even smaller scale, as it is concerned with the most basic units of matter; this branch of physics is also known as high-energy physics because of the extremely high energies necessary to produce many types of particles in large particle accelerators. On this scale, ordinary, commonsense notions of space, time, matter, and energy are no longer valid.The two chief theories of modern physics present a different picture of the concepts of space, time, and matter from that presented by classical physics.Quantum theory is concerned with the discrete, rather than continuous, nature of many phenomena at the atomic and subatomic level, and with the complementary aspects of particles and waves in the description of such phenomena.The theory of relativity is concerned with the description of phenomena that take place in a frame of reference that is in motion with respect to an observer; the special theory of relativity is concerned with relative uniform motion in a straight line and the general theory of relativity with accelerated motion and its connection with gravitation.Both quantum theory and the theory of relativity find applications in all areas of modern physics.Difference between classical and modern physicsWhile physics aims to discover universal laws, its theories lie in explicit domains of applicability. Loosely speaking, the laws of classical physics accurately describe systems whose important length scales are greater than the atomic scale and whose motions are much slower than the speed of light. Outside of this domain, observations do not match their predictions.Albert Einstein【阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦】contributed the framework of special relativity, which replaced notions of absolute time and space with space-time and allowed an accurate description of systems whose components have speeds approaching the speed of light.Max Planck【普朗克】, Erwin Schrödinger【薛定谔】, and others introduced quantum mechanics, a probabilistic notion of particles and interactions that allowed an accurate description of atomic and subatomic scales.Later, quantum field theory unified quantum mechanics and special relativity.General relativity allowed for a dynamical, curved space-time, with which highly massiveUniversity Physicssystems and the large-scale structure of the universe can be well-described. General relativity has not yet been unified with the other fundamental descriptions; several candidate theories of quantum gravity are being developed.Research fieldsContemporary research in physics can be broadly divided into condensed matter physics; atomic, molecular, and optical physics; particle physics; astrophysics; geophysics and biophysics. Some physics departments also support research in Physics education.Since the 20th century, the individual fields of physics have become increasingly specialized, and today most physicists work in a single field for their entire careers. "Universalists" such as Albert Einstein (1879–1955) and Lev Landau (1908–1968)【列夫·朗道】, who worked in multiple fields of physics, are now very rare.Condensed matter physicsCondensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic physical properties of matter. In particular, it is concerned with the "condensed" phases that appear whenever the number of particles in a system is extremely large and the interactions between them are strong.The most familiar examples of condensed phases are solids and liquids, which arise from the bonding by way of the electromagnetic force between atoms. More exotic condensed phases include the super-fluid and the Bose–Einstein condensate found in certain atomic systems at very low temperature, the superconducting phase exhibited by conduction electrons in certain materials,and the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases of spins on atomic lattices.Condensed matter physics is by far the largest field of contemporary physics.Historically, condensed matter physics grew out of solid-state physics, which is now considered one of its main subfields. The term condensed matter physics was apparently coined by Philip Anderson when he renamed his research group—previously solid-state theory—in 1967. In 1978, the Division of Solid State Physics of the American Physical Society was renamed as the Division of Condensed Matter Physics.Condensed matter physics has a large overlap with chemistry, materials science, nanotechnology and engineering.Atomic, molecular and optical physicsAtomic, molecular, and optical physics (AMO) is the study of matter–matter and light–matter interactions on the scale of single atoms and molecules.1 Physics 物理学The three areas are grouped together because of their interrelationships, the similarity of methods used, and the commonality of the energy scales that are relevant. All three areas include both classical, semi-classical and quantum treatments; they can treat their subject from a microscopic view (in contrast to a macroscopic view).Atomic physics studies the electron shells of atoms. Current research focuses on activities in quantum control, cooling and trapping of atoms and ions, low-temperature collision dynamics and the effects of electron correlation on structure and dynamics. Atomic physics is influenced by the nucleus (see, e.g., hyperfine splitting), but intra-nuclear phenomena such as fission and fusion are considered part of high-energy physics.Molecular physics focuses on multi-atomic structures and their internal and external interactions with matter and light.Optical physics is distinct from optics in that it tends to focus not on the control of classical light fields by macroscopic objects, but on the fundamental properties of optical fields and their interactions with matter in the microscopic realm.High-energy physics (particle physics) and nuclear physicsParticle physics is the study of the elementary constituents of matter and energy, and the interactions between them.In addition, particle physicists design and develop the high energy accelerators,detectors, and computer programs necessary for this research. The field is also called "high-energy physics" because many elementary particles do not occur naturally, but are created only during high-energy collisions of other particles.Currently, the interactions of elementary particles and fields are described by the Standard Model.●The model accounts for the 12 known particles of matter (quarks and leptons) thatinteract via the strong, weak, and electromagnetic fundamental forces.●Dynamics are described in terms of matter particles exchanging gauge bosons (gluons,W and Z bosons, and photons, respectively).●The Standard Model also predicts a particle known as the Higgs boson. In July 2012CERN, the European laboratory for particle physics, announced the detection of a particle consistent with the Higgs boson.Nuclear Physics is the field of physics that studies the constituents and interactions of atomic nuclei. The most commonly known applications of nuclear physics are nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons technology, but the research has provided application in many fields, including those in nuclear medicine and magnetic resonance imaging, ion implantation in materials engineering, and radiocarbon dating in geology and archaeology.University PhysicsAstrophysics and Physical CosmologyAstrophysics and astronomy are the application of the theories and methods of physics to the study of stellar structure, stellar evolution, the origin of the solar system, and related problems of cosmology. Because astrophysics is a broad subject, astrophysicists typically apply many disciplines of physics, including mechanics, electromagnetism, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, relativity, nuclear and particle physics, and atomic and molecular physics.The discovery by Karl Jansky in 1931 that radio signals were emitted by celestial bodies initiated the science of radio astronomy. Most recently, the frontiers of astronomy have been expanded by space exploration. Perturbations and interference from the earth's atmosphere make space-based observations necessary for infrared, ultraviolet, gamma-ray, and X-ray astronomy.Physical cosmology is the study of the formation and evolution of the universe on its largest scales. Albert Einstein's theory of relativity plays a central role in all modern cosmological theories. In the early 20th century, Hubble's discovery that the universe was expanding, as shown by the Hubble diagram, prompted rival explanations known as the steady state universe and the Big Bang.The Big Bang was confirmed by the success of Big Bang nucleo-synthesis and the discovery of the cosmic microwave background in 1964. The Big Bang model rests on two theoretical pillars: Albert Einstein's general relativity and the cosmological principle (On a sufficiently large scale, the properties of the Universe are the same for all observers). Cosmologists have recently established the ΛCDM model (the standard model of Big Bang cosmology) of the evolution of the universe, which includes cosmic inflation, dark energy and dark matter.Current research frontiersIn condensed matter physics, an important unsolved theoretical problem is that of high-temperature superconductivity. Many condensed matter experiments are aiming to fabricate workable spintronics and quantum computers.In particle physics, the first pieces of experimental evidence for physics beyond the Standard Model have begun to appear. Foremost among these are indications that neutrinos have non-zero mass. These experimental results appear to have solved the long-standing solar neutrino problem, and the physics of massive neutrinos remains an area of active theoretical and experimental research. Particle accelerators have begun probing energy scales in the TeV range, in which experimentalists are hoping to find evidence for the super-symmetric particles, after discovery of the Higgs boson.Theoretical attempts to unify quantum mechanics and general relativity into a single theory1 Physics 物理学of quantum gravity, a program ongoing for over half a century, have not yet been decisively resolved. The current leading candidates are M-theory, superstring theory and loop quantum gravity.Many astronomical and cosmological phenomena have yet to be satisfactorily explained, including the existence of ultra-high energy cosmic rays, the baryon asymmetry, the acceleration of the universe and the anomalous rotation rates of galaxies.Although much progress has been made in high-energy, quantum, and astronomical physics, many everyday phenomena involving complexity, chaos, or turbulence are still poorly understood. Complex problems that seem like they could be solved by a clever application of dynamics and mechanics remain unsolved; examples include the formation of sand-piles, nodes in trickling water, the shape of water droplets, mechanisms of surface tension catastrophes, and self-sorting in shaken heterogeneous collections.These complex phenomena have received growing attention since the 1970s for several reasons, including the availability of modern mathematical methods and computers, which enabled complex systems to be modeled in new ways. Complex physics has become part of increasingly interdisciplinary research, as exemplified by the study of turbulence in aerodynamics and the observation of pattern formation in biological systems.Vocabulary★natural science 自然科学academic disciplines 学科astronomy 天文学in their own right 凭他们本身的实力intersects相交，交叉interdisciplinary交叉学科的，跨学科的★quantum 量子的theoretical breakthroughs 理论突破★electromagnetism 电磁学dramatically显著地★thermodynamics热力学★calculus微积分validity★classical mechanics 经典力学chaos 混沌literate 学者★quantum mechanics量子力学★thermodynamics and statistical mechanics热力学与统计物理★special relativity狭义相对论is concerned with 关注，讨论，考虑acoustics 声学★optics 光学statics静力学at rest 静息kinematics运动学★dynamics动力学ultrasonics超声学manipulation 操作，处理，使用University Physicsinfrared红外ultraviolet紫外radiation辐射reflection 反射refraction 折射★interference 干涉★diffraction 衍射dispersion散射★polarization 极化，偏振internal energy 内能Electricity电性Magnetism 磁性intimate 亲密的induces 诱导，感应scale尺度★elementary particles基本粒子★high-energy physics 高能物理particle accelerators 粒子加速器valid 有效的，正当的★discrete离散的continuous 连续的complementary 互补的★frame of reference 参照系★the special theory of relativity 狭义相对论★general theory of relativity 广义相对论gravitation 重力，万有引力explicit 详细的，清楚的★quantum field theory 量子场论★condensed matter physics凝聚态物理astrophysics天体物理geophysics地球物理Universalist博学多才者★Macroscopic宏观Exotic奇异的★Superconducting 超导Ferromagnetic铁磁质Antiferromagnetic 反铁磁质★Spin自旋Lattice 晶格，点阵，网格★Society社会，学会★microscopic微观的hyperfine splitting超精细分裂fission分裂，裂变fusion熔合，聚变constituents成分，组分accelerators加速器detectors 检测器★quarks夸克lepton 轻子gauge bosons规范玻色子gluons胶子★Higgs boson希格斯玻色子CERN欧洲核子研究中心★Magnetic Resonance Imaging磁共振成像，核磁共振ion implantation 离子注入radiocarbon dating放射性碳年代测定法geology地质学archaeology考古学stellar 恒星cosmology宇宙论celestial bodies 天体Hubble diagram 哈勃图Rival竞争的★Big Bang大爆炸nucleo-synthesis核聚合，核合成pillar支柱cosmological principle宇宙学原理ΛCDM modelΛ-冷暗物质模型cosmic inflation宇宙膨胀1 Physics 物理学fabricate制造，建造spintronics自旋电子元件，自旋电子学★neutrinos 中微子superstring 超弦baryon重子turbulence湍流，扰动，骚动catastrophes突变，灾变，灾难heterogeneous collections异质性集合pattern formation模式形成University Physics2 Classical mechanics 经典力学IntroductionIn physics, classical mechanics is one of the two major sub-fields of mechanics, which is concerned with the set of physical laws describing the motion of bodies under the action of a system of forces. The study of the motion of bodies is an ancient one, making classical mechanics one of the oldest and largest subjects in science, engineering and technology.Classical mechanics describes the motion of macroscopic objects, from projectiles to parts of machinery, as well as astronomical objects, such as spacecraft, planets, stars, and galaxies. Besides this, many specializations within the subject deal with gases, liquids, solids, and other specific sub-topics.Classical mechanics provides extremely accurate results as long as the domain of study is restricted to large objects and the speeds involved do not approach the speed of light. When the objects being dealt with become sufficiently small, it becomes necessary to introduce the other major sub-field of mechanics, quantum mechanics, which reconciles the macroscopic laws of physics with the atomic nature of matter and handles the wave–particle duality of atoms and molecules. In the case of high velocity objects approaching the speed of light, classical mechanics is enhanced by special relativity. General relativity unifies special relativity with Newton's law of universal gravitation, allowing physicists to handle gravitation at a deeper level.The initial stage in the development of classical mechanics is often referred to as Newtonian mechanics, and is associated with the physical concepts employed by and the mathematical methods invented by Newton himself, in parallel with Leibniz【莱布尼兹】, and others.Later, more abstract and general methods were developed, leading to reformulations of classical mechanics known as Lagrangian mechanics and Hamiltonian mechanics. These advances were largely made in the 18th and 19th centuries, and they extend substantially beyond Newton's work, particularly through their use of analytical mechanics. Ultimately, the mathematics developed for these were central to the creation of quantum mechanics.Description of classical mechanicsThe following introduces the basic concepts of classical mechanics. For simplicity, it often2 Classical mechanics 经典力学models real-world objects as point particles, objects with negligible size. The motion of a point particle is characterized by a small number of parameters: its position, mass, and the forces applied to it.In reality, the kind of objects that classical mechanics can describe always have a non-zero size. (The physics of very small particles, such as the electron, is more accurately described by quantum mechanics). Objects with non-zero size have more complicated behavior than hypothetical point particles, because of the additional degrees of freedom—for example, a baseball can spin while it is moving. However, the results for point particles can be used to study such objects by treating them as composite objects, made up of a large number of interacting point particles. The center of mass of a composite object behaves like a point particle.Classical mechanics uses common-sense notions of how matter and forces exist and interact. It assumes that matter and energy have definite, knowable attributes such as where an object is in space and its speed. It also assumes that objects may be directly influenced only by their immediate surroundings, known as the principle of locality.In quantum mechanics objects may have unknowable position or velocity, or instantaneously interact with other objects at a distance.Position and its derivativesThe position of a point particle is defined with respect to an arbitrary fixed reference point, O, in space, usually accompanied by a coordinate system, with the reference point located at the origin of the coordinate system. It is defined as the vector r from O to the particle.In general, the point particle need not be stationary relative to O, so r is a function of t, the time elapsed since an arbitrary initial time.In pre-Einstein relativity (known as Galilean relativity), time is considered an absolute, i.e., the time interval between any given pair of events is the same for all observers. In addition to relying on absolute time, classical mechanics assumes Euclidean geometry for the structure of space.Velocity and speedThe velocity, or the rate of change of position with time, is defined as the derivative of the position with respect to time. In classical mechanics, velocities are directly additive and subtractive as vector quantities; they must be dealt with using vector analysis.When both objects are moving in the same direction, the difference can be given in terms of speed only by ignoring direction.University PhysicsAccelerationThe acceleration , or rate of change of velocity, is the derivative of the velocity with respect to time (the second derivative of the position with respect to time).Acceleration can arise from a change with time of the magnitude of the velocity or of the direction of the velocity or both . If only the magnitude v of the velocity decreases, this is sometimes referred to as deceleration , but generally any change in the velocity with time, including deceleration, is simply referred to as acceleration.Inertial frames of referenceWhile the position and velocity and acceleration of a particle can be referred to any observer in any state of motion, classical mechanics assumes the existence of a special family of reference frames in terms of which the mechanical laws of nature take a comparatively simple form. These special reference frames are called inertial frames .An inertial frame is such that when an object without any force interactions (an idealized situation) is viewed from it, it appears either to be at rest or in a state of uniform motion in a straight line. This is the fundamental definition of an inertial frame. They are characterized by the requirement that all forces entering the observer's physical laws originate in identifiable sources (charges, gravitational bodies, and so forth).A non-inertial reference frame is one accelerating with respect to an inertial one, and in such a non-inertial frame a particle is subject to acceleration by fictitious forces that enter the equations of motion solely as a result of its accelerated motion, and do not originate in identifiable sources. These fictitious forces are in addition to the real forces recognized in an inertial frame.A key concept of inertial frames is the method for identifying them. For practical purposes, reference frames that are un-accelerated with respect to the distant stars are regarded as good approximations to inertial frames.Forces; Newton's second lawNewton was the first to mathematically express the relationship between force and momentum . Some physicists interpret Newton's second law of motion as a definition of force and mass, while others consider it a fundamental postulate, a law of nature. Either interpretation has the same mathematical consequences, historically known as "Newton's Second Law":a m t v m t p F ===d )(d d dThe quantity m v is called the (canonical ) momentum . The net force on a particle is thus equal to rate of change of momentum of the particle with time.So long as the force acting on a particle is known, Newton's second law is sufficient to。
石油英语词汇(S4)
石油英语词汇(S4)石油英语词汇(S4)石油英语词汇(S4)silic- 硅silica cement 二氧化硅胶结物；硅石水泥silica flour 硅粉silica gel adsorption 硅胶吸附silica gel drier 硅胶干燥器silica gel thin-layer chromatography 硅胶silica gel 硅胶silica glass 硅石玻璃silica sand 石英砂silica sinter 硅华silica tetrahedral sheet 片状硅四面体silica wool 石英棉silica 二氧化硅silica-alumina catalyst 硅铝催化剂silica-lime cement 石英砂石灰水泥silica-magnesia catalyst 硅镁催化剂silica-replaced fossil 硅交代化石silica-sand cement 石英砂水泥silicagel column 硅胶柱silicalite 硅质岩silicalock system 硅胶结体系silicane =silanesilicarenite 石英砂屑岩silicasol 硅溶胶silicastone 硅质沉积岩silicate control acid 防硅酸盐垢的酸silicate scale 硅酸盐垢silicate 硅酸盐silication 硅化siliceous cement 硅质胶结物siliceous earth 硅藻土siliceous limestone 硅质灰岩siliceous ooze 硅藻软泥siliceous organism 硅质生物siliceous proppant 硅质支撑剂siliceous reservoir rocks 硅质储集岩层siliceous sandstone 硅质砂岩siliceous sinter 硅华siliceous 含硅的；硅质的silicic acid 硅酸silicic 富硅质的siliciclastic 硅质碎屑的silicide 硅化物silicification 硅化作用silicified fossil 硅化化石silicilith 沉积石英岩silicilutite 泥屑石英岩silicilyte 沉积石英岩silicirudite 砾屑石英岩silicispongiae 硅质海棉纲silicite 硅质岩silicium carbide 碳化硅silicium 硅silico- 硅silico-aluminate 硅铝酸盐silicobiolith 硅质生物岩silicofluoric acid 硅氟酸silicoformer 硅变压整流器silicomanganese 硅锰；锰硅铁silicon bronze 硅青铜silicon carbide 碳化硅silicon cast iron 硅铸铁silicon chip 硅片silicon diode 硅二极管silicon dioxide 二氧化硅silicon ethyl 四乙基硅silicon rectifier stack 硅整流堆silicon rectifier welder 硅整流焊机silicon resin 硅树酯silicon rubber 硅橡胶silicon steel 硅钢silicon tetrafluoride 四氟化硅silicon 硅silicon-calcium ratio log 硅-钙比测井silicon-controlled rectifier 可控硅整流器silicon-dioxide cement 二氧化硅水泥；二氧化硅胶结物silicon-oxygen sheet 硅-氧片silicone foam 硅酮泡沫体silicone oil 硅油silicone resin 硅氧烷树脂silicone rubber 硅酮橡胶silicone 硅氧烷silicone-base oil 以硅油为主要成分的油silicone-nylon ipn 有机硅-尼龙互穿网格siliconized plate 硅钢片siliconizing 渗硅silicospiegel 硅镜铁silicrete 硅质层silicrosteel 阀门用硅铬钢silistor 半导体可变电阻器silit 碳化硅silk yarn covered wire 丝包线silk 丝；丝状物；光泽；降落伞；丝的silkiness 丝状sill basin 海槛盆地sill 底座大梁；岩床sill-like 席状silliciophite 杂蛋白蛇纹石sillimanite 硅线石sillite 辉绿玢岩silmanal 银锰铝汞磁合金silo 井siloxane 硅氧烷siloxen 硅氧烯siloxicon 氧碳化硅silt bacteria 淤泥菌silt barrier ring 防淤环silt content 含泥量silt contourite 粉砂质等深积岩silt index 粉砂指数silt remover 除泥器silt seam 淤泥层silt separator 除泥分离器silt suspending agent 淤泥悬浮剂silt test 含泥量测定silt 粉砂；淤泥silt-algae 粉砂藻类silt-sized particle 粉砂级颗粒siltage 粉砂体siltation 淤积silted-river lake 河淤塞湖silting deposit 冲击层silting 淤泥沉积silting-up 淤积siltite 粉砂岩siltpelite 粉砂泥岩siltrock 粉砂岩siltstone reservoir 粉砂岩储集层siltstone 粉砂岩silty breccia 粉砂质角砾岩silty clay 粉砂质粘土silty lutite 粉砂质泥屑岩silty sand 粉砂silty shale 粉砂质页岩silty 淤泥的silumin 硅铝明合金silurian 志留纪silvanite 木质堵漏剂silver bromide 溴化银silver catalyst 银催化剂silver chloride 氯化银silver halide 卤化银silver infiltrated bushing 渗银衬套silver iodide 碘化银silver nitrate 硝酸银silver nitrite 亚硝酸银silver sand 银白色细砂silver soldering 银焊silver 银silver-clad copper 包银铜silver-zinc battery 银锌电池silveriness 银白silvering 镀银；银色光泽silverware 银器silvestrene 枞萜；1-甲-3异丙烯基-1-环己烯silvinate 松香酸盐sima sphere 硅镁带sima 硅镁圈simanal 硅锰铝脱氧合金simandoux equation 西门图方程simatic crust 硅镁壳simatic 硅镁质的simblosite 蜂窝状结核similar coefficient 相似系数similar fault 相似断层similar fold 相似褶皱similar folding 相似褶皱作用similar fossil valley 相似古山谷similar triangles 相似三角形similar 相似的similar-type structure 相似形构造similarity coefficient 相似系数similarity theory 相似理论similarity transformation 相似变换similarity 相似性similicoronilithus 似花冠石similitude 相似；外表simmer 徐沸simonellite 西蒙内利烯simozonotriletes 凹环孢属simphor 一种水平井测井系统simplan 模拟平面波地震剖面simple arithmetic mean 简单算术平均数simple building unit 简单构造单元simple community 单一群落simple crosscorrelation 互相关simple entry book keeping 单式记帐simple harmonic motion 简谐运动simple harmonic oscillation 简谐振动simple harmonic wave 简谐波simple helix 单螺旋simple interest rate 单利simple license 普通许可证simple lineament 简单线性构造simple linear regression 简单线性回归simple majority vote 简单多数表决simple model reformulated gasoline 简化方案的新配方汽油simple multiples 全程多次波simple number 基数simple pendulum 单摆simple rate of return 简单收益率simple reproduction 简单再生产simple sample 单一样品simple scale constant 单一格值常数simple scan 单点扫描simple shear 单剪simple sugar 单糖simplex algorithm 单纯型算法simplex cementing collar 单级注水泥接箍simplex method 单纯形法simplex pump 单缸泵simplex tableau 单纯形表simplex 简单的simplicial method 单纯形法simpliciplicate 简单褶皱simplicity 简单simplification 简化；单一化simplified calculation 简化计算simplified facies-model 简化相模式simplified network model 简化网络模型simplified signal generator 简易信号发生器simplified solution 简化解simplified 简化的simpson's rule 辛普森法则simulacrum 像simulate contact-type flowmeter 模拟接触式流量计simulate thermal equilibrium 仿真热平衡simulate 模拟simulated condition 相似条件simulated data 模拟数据simulated dive 模拟潜水simulated domain 模拟区域simulated field condition 模拟现场条件simulated formation 模拟地层simulated leakage 模拟泄漏simulated line 仿真线simulated moving bed separator 模拟移动床分离器simulated program 仿真程序simulated section 模拟剖面simulated seismogram 模拟地震记录simulated service test 模拟使用试验simulated sonic log 模拟声波测井simulating signal 模拟信号simulating test 模拟试验simulation equation 模拟方程simulation job 模拟作业simulation layer 模拟层simulation package 模拟程序包simulation test 模拟试验simulation 模拟simulative 模拟的simulator program 模拟程序simulator 模拟程序；模拟系统；模拟模型；模拟电路；模拟器simulcast 同时联播simultaneity 同时发生simultaneous adjustment 联合平差simultaneous backprojection 联立反向投影simultaneous bullet gun perforator 联动子弹射孔器simultaneous carry 同时进位simultaneous computer 同时操作计算机simultaneous cross-folding 同时交叉褶皱作用simultaneous development 同时开发simultaneous differential equations 联立微分方程组simultaneous draw texturing machine 同时拉伸变形机simultaneous drilling 双筒钻井simultaneous equations 联立方程simultaneous event 同时事件simultaneous faulting 同期断裂作用simultaneous ignition 同步点火simultaneous injection well 多层注入井simultaneous injection 同时注入simultaneous logging 同时测井simultaneous lost circulation and blowout 边喷边漏simultaneous processing 同时处理simultaneous pumping 同时泵送simultaneous reception 同时接收simultaneous setting 同步坐封simultaneous shots 同步激发simultaneous 同时的simultaneous-operation computer 同时操作计算机sin 正弦sinaite 正长岩sine curve 正弦曲线sine function 正弦函数sine galvanometer 正弦电流计sine integral 正弦积分sine weighting 正弦加权sine 正弦sine-random generator 正弦-随机信号发生器sine-wave generator 正弦波发生器sine-wave oscillation 正弦振荡sine-wave oscillator 正弦波振荡器sinemurian 辛涅缪尔阶singapore 新加坡singing phenomenon 鸣振现象singing propeller 谐音推进器；蜂鸣推进器singing sand 鸣砂singing 鸣震single acting 单作用的single admission 单向入口single anchor leg mooring 单锚腿系泊single anchor leg storage 单锚腿储存single anticline 单背斜single arc system 单岛弧系single assembly 单个装置single beam laser recorder 单光束激光记录仪single beam microwave holography 单波束微波全息术single beam 单波束single bell joint 单铃状接头single bevel butt 单面斜口焊接single bevel groove 单斜面坡口single bottom construction 单底结构single buoy mooring system 单点系泊系统single buoy mooring 单浮筒系泊single buoy storage 单浮筒储存single cabin 单人舱single card microcomputer 单板机single cell 单细胞single chambered sphere 单室球形舱single channel 单通道single column run 单管试验single completion 单层完井single component 单组分single conductor cable 单芯电缆single conductor line 单芯电缆single construction 单项工程single core barrel 单管岩心筒single core cable 单芯电缆single core dynamic method 单岩心动力法single crystal 单晶single cycle 单循环；单冲程；单旋回single cylinder engine 单缸发动机single cylinder plunger pump 单缸柱塞泵single cylinder two stage air compressor 单缸双级空压机single deck floating roof tank 单盘浮顶油罐single diffracting point 单绕射点single dipping layer 单倾斜层single drive 单独传动single drum tilt rig 单滚筒倾斜钻机single drum 单滚筒single ender 单边排列single fault 单断层single fillet lap 单面圆角搭接single fillet welded 单面焊接的single flash 一次闪蒸single flighted screw 单导程螺杆single fold continuous profile 单次连续剖面single fold 单次覆盖single grip retrievable casing packer 单卡瓦可收回式套管封隔器single groove 单槽single hill 孤丘single hologram 单全息图single hull 单壳船体single instruction multiple data 单指令多数据single instruction stream 单指令流single j groove j形坡口single job 一次操作single joint 单根single knuckle joint 单试铰链节single layer coil 单层线圈single layer 单层single level address 一级。
物理学中的相似论相同与变异的统一
物理学中的相似论 相同与变异的统一崔景华,张 蕾(洛阳师范学院物理系,河南洛阳471022)摘 要:本文列举了物理学中的典型例证,说明客观事物的多种相似性,借此阐述相似论在物理学中普适性,同时也可以做为人们认识过程中可借鉴的一种科学思维方法.关键词:物理中的相似性;相似统一;科学思维方法中图分类号:G658.3文献标识码:A文章编号:1009-4970(2006)02-0113-03收稿日期:2005-09-22作者简介:崔景华(1948-),男,辽宁营口人,副教授. 相似是事物的通性,不论在社会历史上还是在自然科学中,各种事物都存在着惊人的相似.人们正是从千变万化的事物中找出那些相对不变的本质特征,通过归纳与抽象达到对事物运动规律的认识,并通过相似诱导,利用逻辑思维的方式探求未知的事物和规律.相似,表达了客观事物的对称与和谐.相似本身是对立统一的,但是相似又是有条件的,它自身包含了不相同因素,相似表达的就是这种相同与变异的统一.1 性质相似电与磁是很早就被人发现的自然现象,人们注意到电荷同性相斥异性相吸,磁极具有同样的性质,电荷周围存在电场,磁极周围存在磁场,两者何等相似.但直到奧斯特(丹麦1777-1851)发现了电流的磁效应,才打开寻找电磁现象内在联系的大的门.1831年法拉第(英国1791-1867)经过十年研究,终于发现了电磁感应现象,利用一组方程将二者有机地联系在一起,于是这方面的知识也被统称为电磁学,磁路与电路各参量的对照如表1所示.由于电荷有正负之分并且可以各自独立存在,狄拉克(英国1902-1984)早在1931年就预言了磁单极子的存在.受此启发人们便投入到寻求磁单极子的研究中,虽然理论推导预言磁单极子存在的可能性,可至今未能找到直接实验的依据.表1 电路磁路比较磁路电路磁通势F电动势E磁通<电流I磁感应强度B电流密度J磁阻Rm=IμS电阻R=IγS<=FRm=N IIμSI=ER=EIγS2 类比相似光与声是人们最早接触到的物理现象,在研究光与声的物理特性时,人们将二者进行了对比,如表2所示.表2 声音与光线特性比照声 音光 线直线传播直线传播反 射反 射折 射折 射干 涉干 涉波动特性波粒二象性光具有粒子性,表现为在不同介质界面上发生的反射与折射现象,但光线的干涉与衍射现象又说明光的波动性,于是不同派别进行了激烈的争辩.最终以光具有波粒二象性结束了这场旷日持久的争论.声学中的“多普勒效应”是大家所熟知的,此效应同样适合光学.宇宙大爆炸理论三大支柱之一的“红移现象”,就是光波显示出的“多普勒效应”.3 形式相似现代物理学研究表明:自然界中由强作用力、弱作用力、万有引力、电磁力四种力支配与约束着自然界的各种运动.虽然卫星绕地运动与原子核外电子绕核运动所受的力性质不同,经对比两者也具有惊人的相似,原子结构中的原子核及核外电子,不论从质量分布比例、运动方式还是力学表达式都与太阳系中太阳与行星的结构及运动相似,如表3所示.据此卢瑟夫(英国1871-1937)提出了原子结构的“太阳系模型”.表3 卫员电子运动方式比照物理量人造卫星绕核电子向心力G Mmr2kq1q2r2动 能G Mm2r k q1q2 2r势 能-G Mmr -kq1q2r机械能-G Mm2r -kq1q22r物理学中的相似现象还很多,可谓俯拾即是.如前所述光具有波动与粒子双重表征-波粒二象性,德布罗意(法国1892-1987)将这种性质用于微观粒子的运动,提出物质波的概念.并用公式E=hν,P=h/ν将微观粒子的粒子性与波动性联系在一起.4 相似统一依照辩证唯物主义的观点来看,整个自然界是各种物质相互作用与联系的有机整体,从宇观的星系到微观的粒子,它们的性质相近、结构相似、运动方式相似,正是这种相似的性质、相似的作用构成了物质世界的各种运动.统一与和谐始终是人们追求的目标,从毕达哥拉斯的“万物皆数”,德谟克利特的原子论,到中国古代的阴阳五行和元气说,都在试图揭示各种现象背后的统一性.世界统一性本是一个哲学命题,然而这个哲学思想却深深地植根于物理学中,鼓舞着一代又一代的物理学家.根据相似统一的原理,物理学经历了几次大的综合,每次综合都标志着物理学的进步,起着里程碑的作用.首先是牛顿(英国1643-1727)完成了物理学史上的第一次大综合,将天上力学与地上力学加以综合,建立了经典力学体系.经典力学是从开普勒(德国1571-1630)开始、伽利略(意大利1564 -1642)继续、最后由牛顿完成,其核心理论当推力学三定律.随着能量守恒与转换定律的提出及热力学三定律的建立,标志着经典热力学的成熟.而热力学所研究的对象,应为大量不停地做无规则热运动的分子(原子或离子),面对如此巨大数目的个体,牛顿运动定律显然是力不从心.经过科学家们不断地探索和努力,最终找到了合适的方法———概率论与数理统计.随着经典热力学和统计物理学的建立,经典物理学完成了第二次大综合.电、磁、光三种运动形式的统一应属物理学中的第三次大综合.电磁学大厦的奠基人是实验物理学大师法拉第,在他工作的基础上,麦克斯韦(英国1831-1879)发展了电磁学理论,用一组偏微分方程定量地描述了电磁运动的基本规律,揭示电场与磁场间相互依存与统一,更重要的是预见了电磁波的存在并被证实.而光这个表面与电磁毫不相干的物理现象,竞然是电磁波频谱中可见的部分.经过以上三个方面的大综合,经典物理学的大厦己近落成.但随着各种“反常”现象的出现,使故有理论受到了前所未有的冲击,特别各种新理论新概念的提出,更是从根本上动摇了经典物理学的基石.人们认识到物质低速运动与高速运动应遵循不同的规律,牛顿力学的适用范围是有限的.爱因斯坦(美籍德裔1879-1955)则利用了洛伦兹(荷兰1853-1928)那个著名的变换中的因子1-v/c2,统一了高速与低速运动的变换规律,指明伽利略变换只是洛伦兹变换的特例,换言之当物体运动速度V远小于光速c时,物体依然遵循伽利略变换法则,相对论的提出则完成了低速运动与高速运动的综合统一.5 统一场论爱因斯坦晚年的全部时光都花费在对统一场论的追求与探索上,即要寻找一个关于所有物理学科的统一的理论基础.他试图建立一个包括引力场和电磁场在内的统一场理论,其理由是:物理学最终应能够从一个统一的高度抽象化的场方程出发,推导出一切相关的定律与公式,以此来解释物质的各种结构与运动.鉴于主客观的各种条件所限,他虽然未取得实质性成果,但却激发出了许多深邃的思想.统一场论的思想源于广义相对论,而寻找统一场论正是当前物理学发展的前沿,目前工作的进展己取得了可喜的成果,如表4所示.表4 基本作用力性质比照名 称强相互作用电磁相互作用弱相互作用万有引力作用相对强度11/13710-610-39作用力程(m)≤10-15∞≤10-15∞特征时间(s)<10-2310-16～10-2010-8～10-10———被作用粒子强 子强子e、μ、γ强子、轻子一切物体被交换粒子胶子光子中间玻色子W+、W-、Z0引力子?理 论量子色动力学(Q、C、D)量子电动力学(Q、E、D)量子味动力学(Q、F、D)量子引力动力学(Q、G、D)举 例核 力原子结合β衰变天体之间 爱因斯坦的统一场论是源于广义相对论,而现代的统一场论则是以量子场论为基础的理论框架.科学家们正在努力探索四种基本作用力是否归结于一种更基本的作用力,从而实现新的统一.同一切新理论发展成熟的过程一样,统一场论的理论本身存在种种难题,实验的验证困难更大.学术界至今看法不一、争论很大,但一些基本的原则还是取得了共识,如物理学所追求的统一是具体的、实在的、可信的,同时要遵从相对性、条件性和层次性.物理学的统一进程,己经打破了以往的界限,极大地扩展了物理学的研究领域.6 结 语综上所述,相似类比的方法是人们经常采用的思维方式,是一种富有创造性的逻辑思维.然而,相似类比毕竟是众多思维方式的一种,由于是从特殊到一般的归纳,其结果难免带有局限性.因此我们在类比借鉴的时候,不要让自己陷入到经验主义的泥潭中,这才是辩证唯物主义的认识论.正是事物的这些共性与个性,组成了这个大千世界,也正是对这种相同与变异认识的统一,使我们能够更深刻地了解这个世界.参考文献[1]张光鉴.科学教育与相似论[M].南京:江苏科学技术出版社,2000.[2]秦曾煌.电工学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2001.[3]孙桂英.类比法在中学物理性教学中的应用[J].中学物理,2003,(11):14-15.[4]颜振珏.物理学史新偏[M].贵阳:贵卅科技出版社,2002.[5]马里奥・邦格(阿根廷).物理学哲学[M].石家庄:河北科学技术出版杜,2003.1.[6]孙小礼.现代科学的哲学争论[M]北京:北京大学出版杜,2003.8.The Theo ry o f R e sem b l a nce i n P hys i c s:the U n ity S i m il a rity a nd Va ri a ti o nCU I J ing2hua,Z HANG Lei(Physics Depart m ent,Luoyang Teachers College,Luoyang471022,China)Abstract:This paper lists the typ ical exa mp les t o exp lain the si m ilarities of the reality,and on this basis,ex2 pounding the general app licati on of the theory of rese mblance in physics.A t the sa me ti m e,such method can be taken as a scientific way of thinking in the cognitive p r ocess.Key words:rese mblance;dialectical unity;physics。
文本相似度计算研究进展综述
中图分类号： TP 391. 1
文献标志码： A
A survey on research progress of text similarity calculation
WANG Hanru，ZHANG Yangsen
（ Computer School，Beijing Information Science ＆ Technology University，Beijing 100101，China）
( T1，T2，…，Tn) 构成了一个文档向量空间，采用空 间向量间的余弦相似度计算文本相似度。
VSM 的缺陷在于： ①对于大规模语料，VSM 会 产生高维稀疏矩阵，导致计算复杂度增加； ② VSM 假设文本中的各个特征词独立存在，割裂了词与词 之间的关系以及段落间的层次关系。因而用向量空 间进行文本相似度计算时，通常改进 TF-IDF 的计算 方法以提高精确度。例如，张奇等［4］将文本用 3 个 向量（ V1，V2，V3） 表示，V1 中的每一维代表特征词 的 TF-IDF 值，V2 根据一个 bi-gram 是否出现取值 0 或 1，V3 使用 tri-gram 信息，取值同 V2，用回归模型 将 3 对向量相似度综合得到句子的相似度； 华秀 丽［5］等利用 TF-IDF 选择特征项，利用知网计算文本 的语义相似度。 2. 2 基于主题模型：
1） 语言的多义同义问题。同一个词在不同的 语境下，可以 表 达 不 同 的 语 义，例 如“苹 果 ”既 可 以 表示水果，也可以表示科技公司； 同理，相同的语义 也可以由不同的词表达，例如“的士”、“计程车”都 可以表示出租车。
以检测出两段文本的抄袭程度； 在文本聚类方面，相 似度阈值可以作为聚类标准； 在自动文摘中，相似度 可以反映局部信息拟合主题的程度。
汉语普通话的管辖音系学特征及提取方法_刘娇蛟
汉语普通话的管辖音系学特征及提取方法刘娇蛟,贺前华,韦 岗(华南理工大学电子与信息学院,广东广州510641)摘 要: 语音识别中多采用音素作为识别单元,因其数量较多,对神经网络训练复杂度的要求高,在多语言语音识别中需要针对不同语言分别建立识别模块.然而,管辖音系学提出了适用于多语言的语音学特征.本文根据英语和汉语发音的相似性,确定汉语普通话声韵母的GP 特征表示形式,并应用神经网络实现特征提取.实验表明,GP 特征同样可作为汉语语音的语音学特征.关键词: GP 特征;特征提取;普通话;多语种识别中图分类号: TN91213 文献标识码: A 文章编号: 0372-2112(2006)10-1917-03Mandarin GP Fea tu res and Extraction MethodLIU Jiao -jiao,HE Qian -hua,WEI Gang(School o f Electronic and In formation ,South China Universit y o f Tec hnology ,Guangzhou ,Guangdong 510640,China)Abstract: Phonemes are often used in speech recognitions.The amoun t of phonemes makes the RNN c s training complicated.Moreover,di fferent modules need to be built up for different languages i n mul t-i language speech ernment Phonology (GP)provides new primes,which can be used to describe the speech features of different languages.According to the similarity of the pronunciation of Engli sh and M andarin,we introduced GP expressions of M andarin phonemes and used RNN to extract mandarin GP features.As the experi ment results show,GP pri mes can also be used in describing Mandari n speech features.Key words: GP features;feature extraction;mandarin;mul t-i speech recogni tion1 引言音素可以看作构成语音的基本单位)))原子,因此常常作为自动语音识别的基本单元.但是,构成不同语言的音素差异很大,要实现多语言识别往往要针对不同语言建立多个语音识别模块.然而,正如原子不是构成物质的最小单位一样,在音系学领域中,人们大都认为音素还可以分成更小的元素(prime).这些元素的数量不多,相互独立,而且对于不同的语种来说都是不变的,它们通过不同的聚合或分裂方式可推导出不同的音素.管辖音系学(Government Phonology ,简称GP)就是这样的一种音系理论.2 管辖音系学基本理论管辖音系学是生成语法框架内的一种非线性音系学理论,其理论研究始于1982年,经过20多年的不断发展,已成为生成音系学的主要理论之一.该理论扬弃了经典生成音系学的规则部分,保留了生成音系学从底层到表层的推导过程,并指出音系表征是按照一组原则和参数从一个固定的元素集推导而来的,从而发展了以音节成分之间的管辖关系为核心的管辖音系学基本理论[1,2].在修正后的GP 理论中,这个固定的特征集只包含了六个元素,在众多跨语种的语言差异面前,如此少量的元素怎么能够满足所有人类语音的识别呢?事实上,在语音中含有各种信息,但只有一部分和语音学相关.比如,语音信号还传递了像性别,年龄、群体关系等信息.多语种语音识别要求能够滤除语音中不相关的部分并把精力集中在语音学特征上,即本文提出的管辖音系学特征.在自动语音识别中,应用源于音系学特征和元素的概念并不鲜见[3~8],管辖音系学利用六个特征元素来描述发音器官的形状,这种全局特性使其格外适合多语种识别模型.3 GP 元素及其音系表达311 GP 元素集合根据Kaye 的GP 理论,GP 特征集包含六个元素[8,9]:E ={A ,I ,U,H ,L,?}.具体含义如表1所示,其中/-0元素作为标记元素(identity elemen t )使用.表1 Kaye 元素集元素名称含义对应表达式英文举例词A 非高位性A father I 腭音化I me U 唇音性U too H 紧声门({H },-)horse L 松声门({L ,?},-)sing ?闭塞性({?},-)go -空({},-)kiss es312 GP 音系表达式及组成结构根据GP 理论,所有的语音均可以表示为GP 特征的音系表达式:(O,H ).其中,O 被称为操作数(Operator ),H 被称为头或主位(Head ),主位起允许制约其操作数的作用.收稿日期:2005-11-10;修回日期:2006-03-16基金项目:国家自然科学基金(No.60572141),广东省自然科学基金(No.36562)第10期2006年10月电 子 学 报ACTA ELECTRONICA SINICA Vol.34 No.10Oct. 2006表2 普通话核心内制约规则示例({},I)ni ({},U)mu ({},A)ma ({A },-)k7GP 理论中没有音节的概念,但是存在类似音节的成分,即音系组成结构[9],具体包括:首音(Onset )、核心(nucleus)和韵音(rhyme ).在骨架图1中可以看到,这些音系组成的投影是用骨架层x 来描述的,而骨架层直接与不同GP 音系表达式相对应.313 GP 音系表达式的制约规则Kaye 提出可以通过一组参数化的准许制约原则对元素的组构加以制约,从而生成特定语音的各种音素.到目前为止,语言学家们对首音的制约原则了解不多,但对于核心成分的制约原则却有比较充分的研究,汉语普通话核心成分内的允许制约规则[9]如表2.根据GP 理论,其他韵母(在GP 理论中由核心集描述,下同)的发音是通过各组成结构之间的管辖关系实现的.图1展示了中文音节wo 的GP 特征形成原理.通过组成成分间的管辖关系及其制约规则,可以推导出中文GP 表达式的所有核心集.但是,语言学家在这方面的研究还处于探索之中,完全罗列出所有韵母的GP 表达式在目前具有一定困难.314 汉语韵母的GP 表示Si mom King 和Paul T aylor 使用延时递归网络[10],给出了三种特征系统的英语音素和特征之间的一一映射,将其整合到Kaye 的六元素理论上,可以得到GP 特征和英语音素之间的对应关系.英语和汉语中的音素虽然有差异,但部分音素发音基本相同或相似.本文从主观听觉上对中英语音音素进行比较[11],根据相似性给出汉语中部分韵母的GP 特征表示,其中1表示含有特定元素,0则反之,如表3所示.表3 汉语部分韵母的GP 特征表示GP feature s ys tem 123456Head ID phone A I U ?H L a i u 1a 0000001002i 0000000103u 0000000014e 1000000005ai 1100001106ei 1100000107ao 1010001018ou1114 实验和结果411 实验原理利用GP 特征实现语音识别,首先必须进行特征提取,确定语音流中各音素包含的GP 特征,然后可以采用HMM 识别模块实现自动语音识别,具体识别流程如图2所示.鉴于Kaye 元素集中各元素的相互独立性,拟采用六维向量空间来描述首音或核心的GP 特征空间,每一个音系组成结构映射为向量空间中的一个向量T i ,六个正交的单位矢量作为训练时的教师信号,即单位特征向量E 1,E 2,,,E 6.如果P T i I R 6,并且T i =(w i 1,w i 2,,,w i 6),E j =(w c j 1,w c j 2,,,w c j 6),T i 与E j 的相似度[12]如式(1)所示:sim(T i ,E j )=cos (T i ,E j )=E 6k =1w ik #w c jk (E 6k=1w 2ik )(E 6k=1w c 2jk )=w ijE 6k =1w 2ik(1)可见,T i 在坐标轴上的归一化投影值就说明了它与该特征之间的相似度.如果该相似度超过一定门限(经验值),就认为含有这个坐标轴所代表的特征,具体判别过程如下:if sim(T i ,E j )\threshold,then j I T i ;else if sim(T i ,E j )<threshold,then j |T i(2)412 实验及结果本实验从汉语普通话的核心集和首音集中各选8个音素,包括:b 、c 、ch 、n 、q 、ch w6、sh w6、zh w6[9]和a 、i 、u 、e 、ao 、ou 、ai 、ei ,每个音素选取50个数据.其中,28个数据构成集内训练数据,另外22个数据作为集外测试数据.实验数据是从863中文语音库中通过手工标记获取的,并采用12阶LPC 倒谱系数表示.其中,帧长为30ms,帧移为10ms,汉明窗长为30ms .实验中采用Elman 递归神经网实现特征提取,它具有与MLP 网络相似的多层结构,采用BP 算法进行训练,并具有一个特别的隐层.该层从普通隐含层接收反馈信号,输出被前向至隐含层,形成一个局部反馈网络,因此该网络适合于语音等非线性动态系统的辩识[13].由于GP 特征个数少,与直接识别音素相比,神经网络训练的复杂度要求大大降低.在本次实验中,神经网络的隐层只采用了15个神经元.同时,为了描述GP 表达式中首位对操作数的控制作用,在实验中还引入了首位a,i,u 值的编码.因此,包括6个GP 元素在内,神经网共有9个输出.本实验在Matlab 615平台上实现,具体识别过程如图3的仿真所示.图3的横轴坐标是待识别的特征元素,纵坐标是该音素在正交坐标轴上的投影相似度.可见,(a)图中音素ou 的3个特征元素都可以正确识别,而(b )图中对音素ai 的特征提取过程中,特征元素a 出现漏判.类似于信息分类的评价指标,可以采用准确率P (prec-i sion )、召回率R(recall )作为特征提取的性能指标[14].为了减少漏判和错判的情况出现,对于一个好的特征提取模块,应该兼顾准确率和召回率.表4列出了对训练集内和集外的首音、核心GP 特征提取的测试结果.考虑到GP 特征生成音素的制约规则是非线性的,本实验采用了递归神经网来模拟音节成分间的这种非线性允许制约关系,提取测试音素中的GP 特征.相比Simon 等人在文献[10]对英文GP 特征的提取结果,1918电 子 学 报2006年本文在增加训练音素规模的基础上,针对汉语普通话的GP 特征提取也可以达到集外精确度为8917%的平均值.可见, GP特征同样也适用于描述汉语普通话的语音学特征,一定程度上验证了它具有跨语言的表征能力.表4普通话GP特征提取结果集内集外Precisi on(%)Recall(%)Precision(%)Recall(%)操作数A82.7495.8682.8384.54 I97.6294.2586.2791.67 U79.2994.8785.9296.83 H100.00100.00100.0097.18 L100.0096.55100.0092.31 ?95.9295.9297.0997.09主位a96.4385.9973.8690.28 i98.4797.9795.0096.94 u90.4880.8586.3678.08平均93.4493.5989.7091.665小结相比于直接识别音素而言,利用GP特征可以简化语音识别的复杂性,并为跨语言识别提供了可能,通过对识别算法的进一步改进可以有效提高特征提取的精确率和召回率.如果能确定不同语言的语音在形成时的内在允许制约规则,该特征在跨语言识别方面具有明显的优越性.参考文献:[1]Ma ernment p honology:i ts theoretical framework andrecent development[J].Contemporary Linguistics,2000,2(4): 218-226.(in Chi nese)[2]M a ernment phonology:a constrain-t based phonolog-ical theory[J].Journal of PLA Foreign Languages University, 2000,23(1):15-20.(in Chi nese)[3]L.Deng,K.Erler.Hidden markov model representation of quan-tised articulatory features for speech recognition[J].Computer, Speech and Language,1993,7(3):265-282.[4]K.H bener,J Carson-Berndsen.Phoneme recognition using a-coustic events[A].Proceedings of ICSLP c94[C].Yokohama, 1994.1919-1922.[5]M A Huckvale.T iered segmentation of speech:opportunities,methods,problems and challenges[J].Speech,Hearing and Language Work In Progress,Phonetics and Linguistics,Universi ty College London,1993,7:133-152.[6]K Kirchhoff.Phonetic features in speech recognition:a delayedsynchronisation approach[D].Masters c thesis,Universi ty of Bielefeld,1995.[7]A Kornai.Formal Phonology[D].PhD Thesis,StanfordUniversity,1992.[8]Williams G,G Martindale,AM T erry,JD Kaye.Mul t-i lingualspeech recognition using phonological primes[A].ASA-AJA conference[C].Honolulu,1996.[9]Kaye J D.A Users c Guide to Government Phonology(GP)[DB/OL],Ms.,Uni versity of U lster,http://www.unice.fr/dsl/tob-web/scan/Kaye00guideGP.pd f,2000.[10]Simon King,Paul T aylor.Detection of phonological features incontinuous speech using neural networks[J].Computer Speech and Language,2000,14(4):333-353.[11]LIU Rui.Speaker Conversion Technology based on HMM[D].Guangzhou:Masters c thesis,South China University of Technolo-gy,2004.(in Chinese)[12]Ap te C,Dunerau F,Weiss S.Automated learning of decisionrules for text categorization[J].AC M Transactions on Informa-tion System,1994,12(3):233-251.[13]CONG Shuang,GAO Xue-peng.Recurrent neural networks andtheir application in system identification[J].Systems Engineer-ing and Electronics,2003,25(2):194-197.(in Chinese) [14]HUANG Xuan jing,WU Li de,Ishizaki Hiroyuki et nguageindependent text categorization[J].Journal of Chinese Informa-tion Processing,2000,14(6):1-7.(in Chinese)作者简介:刘娇蛟女,1976年4月生于江西南昌,讲师,主要研究领域:语音信号处理、信息安全等.E-mail:jjliu@sc 1919第10期刘娇蛟:汉语普通话的管辖音系学特征及提取方法。
Similarity Theory
Usually
a a a π nd = a0π d πd Lπ d
1 2 1 1 2 m m
ln π nd1 = ln a0 + a1 ln π d1 + a2 ln π d 2 + L + am ln π dm
Thus a0, a1, a2,..., am can be obtained from linear regression of experimental data.
T1" T2" T" Temperature similarity: T ' = T ' = L = T ' = CT 1 2
Phenomenon
(process)
similarity:
all
the
physical properties are correspondingly similar to each other.
All the physical parameters involved in a class of can be divided into two types: ① Deciding(Decisive)parameters which decide the phenomena； ② Non-deciding (Non-Decisive) parameters
which describe a class of phenomena, can be grouped into k-l similarity criterion numbers (πi), and each number is grouped with l+1 parameters. The correlations between similarity numbers, i.e,(描述某类现象的 k 个物理量，若其中 含有 l 个基本量纲， 则必定有 k-l 个准数， 每个准数由 l+1 物理量组成，且各个物理量之间的关系克表示成 相似准数π1, π2, …, πk+1 之间的函数关系)
半监督学习中的拉普拉斯正则化算法
半监督学习中的拉普拉斯正则化算法随着人工智能和机器学习技术的不断发展，监督学习和无监督学习已经成为了研究的两大热点。
然而，在实际的应用中，我们并不总是能够有足够的标注数据，并且标注数据的获取成本也很高。
这时候，半监督学习便成为了一种非常有价值的学习方式。
半监督学习通过结合少量的标注数据和大量的未标注数据，从而达到提高预测准确率的效果。
而半监督学习中的拉普拉斯正则化算法，则是一种常见的用于降低半监督学习中过度拟合的算法。
下面我们将从算法思路、应用场景和实现过程三个方面对拉普拉斯正则化算法进行较为详细的探讨。
一、算法思路拉普拉斯正则化算法的核心思路是通过利用图论的方式将数据特征之间的关系表示为一张图，并利用图中的信息来对模型进行正则化。
具体来说，该算法的实现过程分为三个步骤，分别为构建图、计算权重矩阵和运用正则化。
首先，我们需要根据数据的特征情况来构建一张图，该图的节点对应于数据样本，而边则代表样本之间的联系。
这里的联系可以有多种不同的表示方式，比如样本之间的相似性、欧几里得距离等等。
构建好图之后，我们需要计算边的权重。
这里有两种常见的计算方式，分别为基于全局和局部的计算方式。
基于全局的计算方式需要对所有的样本进行遍历，效率较低，一般不推荐使用。
而基于局部的计算方式则只计算相邻的节点之间的关系，效率更高。
然后，我们根据计算出的权重矩阵来进行正则化，这里拉普拉斯正则化算法通常采用的是方式为Laplace-Beltrami算子。
具体来说，该算子需要对权重矩阵进行归一化处理之后再进行下一步的操作。
最终通过正则化来将模型的复杂度进行适当的调整，避免过度拟合。
二、应用场景拉普拉斯正则化算法在半监督学习中的应用非常广泛。
具体来说，该算法经常被用于对文本分类、图像分割、图像识别等任务进行优化。
此外，该算法还可以用于解决其他一些复杂度较高，数据之间关系比较复杂的问题。
不过需要注意的是，相比于无监督学习和监督学习来说，半监督学习的应用场景仍然较为有限。
人教版高中--学----习英语必修二至必修三单词带音标
精选文档必修二Unit1△cultural/'k?lt??r?l/ adj.文化的relic/'relik/n.物；迹；念物rare /rε?/adj.罕见的；罕有的；珍的valuable /'v?lju?bl/ adj.重的；有价的survive /s?'vaiv/ vi.幸免；幸存；生vase /vɑ:z/n.花瓶；瓶dynasty /'din?sti,'dai-/ n.朝代；王朝△TajMahal/ta:d?m?'ha:l/泰陵ivory/'aiv?ri/n.象牙△dragon /'dr?ɡ?n/n.△amber/'?mb?/ n.琥珀；琥珀色insearchof 找△FrederickWilliamI/'fredrik'wilj?me?'f?:st/腓特烈·威廉一世(普士国王)Prussia/'pr???/n．(史)普士(位于北欧)amaze/?'meiz/vt.使惊讶；惊amazing /?'meizi?/ adj.令人惊讶的select /si'lekt/ vt.挑；honey /'h?ni/ n.蜜；蜂蜜design /di'zain/ n.；案；构想vt.；划；构想f ancy/'f?nsi/adj.奇异的；异的vt.想象；想；好s tyle /stail/n.格；度；型decorate/'dek?reit/v.装；装饰j ewel/'d?u:?l/n.珠宝；宝石artist/'ɑ:tist/n.家belon g /bi'l??/vi.属于；⋯⋯的一belongto属于PetertheGreat彼得大帝(俄国皇帝)inreturn作答；回Czar/'za:/n.沙皇troop /tru:p/ n.群；；△StPetersburg /s?nt'pi:t?zb?:g/ n．圣彼得堡(俄斯城市)reception /ri'sep?n/ n.招待；款待会；接收CatherineⅡ/'k?θ?rine?'sek?nd/叶卡捷琳娜二世(俄国女皇)atwar于交状remove /ri'mu:v/ vt.移；搬开lessthan少于wooden /'wudn/ adj.木制的doubt /daut/ n.疑；迷惑vt.疑；不信△K?nigsberg /'k?:nisb?:g/ n．哥尼斯堡(俄斯港市Kaliningrad的旧称)△theBalticSea /'b?:ltik'si:/波的海△mystery /'mistri;US'mist?ri/n.神奇；神奇的事物former /'f?:m?/ adj.以前的；以前的worth /w?:θ/prep.得的；相当于⋯⋯的价n.价；作用adj./古/的△rebuild /ri:'bild/vt.重修.精选文档local /'l?ukl/ adj.当地的；当地的apart /?'pɑ:t/adv.分别地；分别地takeapart打开Leningrad/'leningr?d/n．列宁格勒(苏联城市)painting/'peinti?/n.绘画；画castle /'kɑ:sl/n.城堡△Windsor/'winz?/Castle温莎城堡(英国有名城堡)trial /'trai?l/ n.审问；审问；试验△eyewitness /ai'witnis/ n.目睹者；证人evidence /'evid?ns/ n.依据；凭证JanHasek/'j?n'h?z?k/简·哈兹克(男名)△CzechRepublic/'t?ekri'p?blik/捷克共和国(东欧国家) explode/ik'spl?ud/vi.爆炸entrance/'entr?ns/n.进口△HansBraun/'h?nz'br?:n/汉斯·布朗(男名)sailor/'seil?/n.水手；船员；船员sink/si?k/(sank,sunk;sunk,sunken)vi.下沉；沉下△AnnaPetrov/'?n?'petr?v/安娜·帕特罗夫(女名)maid/meid/n.少女；女仆△Berlin/b?:'lin/n.柏林(德国国都)thinkhighlyof看重；器重△JohannWebber/j?u'h?n'veib?/约翰·韦伯(男名)informal/in'f?:ml/adj.非正式的debate/di'beit/n.争辩；争辩vi.争辩；争辩Book2Unit2ancient/'ein??nt/adj.古代的；古老的compete/k?m'pi:t/vi.竞赛；竞争competitor/k?m'petit?/n.竞争者takepartin参加；参加medal/'medl/n.奖章；勋章；纪念章standfor代表；象征；表示△mascot/'m?sk?t;'m?sk?t/n.祥瑞物△Pausanias/p?:'seini?s/帕萨尼亚斯(男名；古希腊人名)Greece/gri:s/n.希腊Greek/gri:k/adj.希腊(人)的；希腊语的n．希腊人；希腊语magical/'m?d?ikl/adj.巫术的；魔术的；有魔力的volunteer/v?l?n'ti?/n.志愿者；志愿兵adj.志愿的；义务的vt.&vi.自发homeland/'h?uml?nd/n.祖国；本国regular/'reɡjul?/adj.规则的；按期的；惯例的basis/'beisis/n.(plbases)基础；依据athlete/'?θli:t/n.运动员；运动选手admit/?d'mit/vt.&vi.允许；认可；采取slave/sleiv/n.奴隶nowadays/'nau?deiz/adv.当今；此刻gymnastics/d?im'n?stiks/n.(pl)体操；体能训练△athletics/?θ'letiks/n.(pl)体育运动；竞技stadium/'steidi?m/n.（露天大型）体育场(plstadiumsorstadia)gymnasium(gym)/d?im'neizi?m/(/d?im/).精选文档体育馆；健身房aswell也；又；还host /h?ust/ vt.做东；主办；款待n.主人responsibility /risp?ns?'bil?ti/ n.责任；职责olive/'?liv/n.橄榄树；橄榄叶；橄榄枝；橄榄色wreath/ri:θ/n.花圈；花冠；圈状物replace /ri'pleis/ vt.取代；替代；取代motto /'m?t?u/ n.座右铭；格言；警语swift /swift/ adj.快的；快速的△similarity /sim?'l?r?ti/ n.相像性；相像点Athens/'?θ?nz/雅典(希腊国都)charge/t?ɑ:d?/vt.&vi.收费；控告n.花费；主管incharge主管；看守physical/'fizikl/adj.物理的；身体的fine/fain/vt.罚款poster/'p?ust?/n.海报；招贴advertise/'?dv?taiz/vt.&vi.做广告；登广告△Atlanta/?t'l?nt?/n.亚特兰大(女名；城市名) princess/prin'ses/n.公主glory /'ɡl?:ri/n.荣耀；荣誉bargain /'bɑ:ɡin/vi.讲价还价；讲条件n.廉价货prince/prins/n.王子hopeless /'h?uplis/ adj.没有希望的；无望的△Hippomenes /hi'p?m?ni:z/ n.希波墨涅斯(男名；古希腊人名)foolish /'fu:li?/ adj.愚笨的；傻的goddess/'ɡ?dis/n.女神pain /pein/ n.痛苦；难过oneafteranother陆续地；一个接一个地deserve /di'z?:v/vi.&vt.应受（报恩或处罚）；值得striker/'straik?/n.敲击者；（足球的）先锋Book2Unit3△abacus /'?b?k?s/ n.算盘calculator/'k?lkjuleit?/n.计算器PC(=personalcomputer)个人电脑；个人计算机laptop/'l?pt?p/n.手提电脑PDA(personaldigitalassistant)掌上电脑；个人数码助理△analytical/?n?'litikl/adj.剖析的calculate/'k?lkjuleit/vt.计算universal/ju:ni'v?:sl/adj.广泛的；通用的；宇宙的simplify/'simplifai/vt.简化sum/s?m/n.总数；算术题；金额△CharlesBabbage/'t?a:lz'b?bid?/查尔斯·巴比奇(英国数学教授)operator/'?p?reit?/n.（电脑）操作员；接线员logical/'l?d?ikl/adj.合逻辑的；合情理的logically/'l?d?ikli/adv.逻辑上；合逻辑地；有条理地technology/tek'n?l?d?i/n.工艺；科技；技术technological/tekn?'l?d?ikl/adj.科技的revolution/rev?'lu:?n/n.革命artificial/ɑ:ti'fi?l/adj.人造的；假的.精选文档intelligence /in'telid??ns/ n.智力；明；智能intelligent /in'telid?ent/ adj.智能的；明的△AlanTuring/'?l?n'tju?ri?/艾·灵 (英国数学家)solve /s?lv/ vt.解决；解答△mathematical /m?θ?'m?tikl/adj.数学的from⋯on从⋯⋯起reality /ri'?l?ti/ n.真；事；△designer /di'zain?/ n.personal /'p?:s?nl/ adj.个人的；个人的；自的personally /'p?:s?n?li/ adv.就个人而言；自tube /tju:b/ n.管；管子；子管transistor/tr?n'zist?/n.晶体管chip/t?ip/n.碎片；芯片asaresult果total/'t?utl/adj.的；整个的n.数；合totally/'t?utli/adv.完整地；整个地so⋯that⋯这样⋯⋯致使于⋯⋯network/'netw?:k/n.网；网状物web/web/n.网application/?pli'kei?n/n.用；用途；申finance/'fain?ns/n.金融；mobile/'m?ubail/adj.可移的；机的rocket/'r?kit/n.火箭explore/ik'spl?:/vt.&vi.研究；探；研究Mars/ma:z/n.火星anyhow /'enihau/ adv.（也作anyway）无怎样；即便这样goal /ɡ?ul/n.目；目的；球；（球）得分happiness /'h?pinis/ n.幸福；快humanrare人supporting/s?'p?:ti?/adj.支持的；支撑的download /daun'l?ud/ vt.下programmer/'pr?ugr?m?/n.程序；程序virus /'vai?r?s/ n.病毒△android /'?ndr?id/ n.机器人signal /'siɡn?l/vi.&vt.信号 n.信号teammate/'ti:mmeit/n.伙伴；伙伴Nagoya/na:'g?:ja:/n．名古屋(日本港市)Seattle/si'?tl/n.西雅(美国城市)type/taip/n.型vt.&vi.打字inaway在某种程度上coach/k?ut?/n.教arise/?'raiz/vi.(arose,arisen)出；生withthehelpof在⋯⋯的帮助下electronic/elek'tr?nik/adj.子的appearance/?'pi?r?ns/n.外；相貌；出character/'k?r?kt?/n.性格；特色mop/m?p/n.拖把vt.用拖把拖；擦dealwith理；安排；付watchover看守；naughty/'n?:ti/adj.皮的；调皮的niece /ni:s/ n.侄女；甥女△spoil /sp?il/ vt.坏；坏.精选文档Book2Unit4wildlife/'waildlaif/n.野生植物protection /pr?'tek?n/ n.保wild /waild/adj.野生的；野的；未开的；荒芜的habitat/'h?bit?t/n.栖息地（植物的）自然境△threaten /'θret?n/ vt.&vi.恫吓；威decrease/di'kri:s/vi.&vt.减少；（使）小；或少△endanger /in'deind??/ vt.危害；使遇到危dieout亡；逐消逝loss /l?s/ n.失；失；失reserve /ri'z?:v/ n.保区hunt /h?nt/ vt.&vi.打；取；搜zone /z?un/ n.地区；地；地区inpeace和平川；友善地；安地indanger(of)在危中；告急Daisy/'deizi/n．戴茜(女名)species/'spi:?i:z/n.种；物种carpet /'kɑ:pit/n.地毯respond /ri'sp?nd/ vi.回答；响；做出反distant /'dist?nt/ adj.的；的fur /f?:/ n.毛皮；毛；毛antelope/'?ntil?up/n.羚羊△Zimbabwe/zim'ba:bwei/n．津巴布(非洲南部国家)relief/ri'li:f/n.（难过或的）减或排除；减难过的事物inrelief如重；松了口气laughter/'lɑ:ft?/n.笑；笑声burstintolaughter忽然笑起来；高声笑了出来mercy/'m?:si/n.仁爱；恕；怜certain/'s?:tn/adj.确立的；某一；必定importance/im'p?:t?ns/n.重要（性）△WWF(WorldWildlifeFund)世界野生生物基金会rub/r?b/vt.擦；摩擦protect⋯from保⋯⋯不受⋯⋯（危害）mosquito/m?'ski:t?u/n.蚊子△millipede/'milipi:d/n．(=millepede)千足虫insect/'insekt/n.昆虫contain/k?n'tein/vt.包含；容；容忍powerful/'pau?fl/adj.大的；有力的affect/?'fekt/vt.影响；感；侵attention/?'ten?n/n.注意；关注；注意力payattentionto注意appreciate/?'pri:?ieit/vt.；感谢；意到succeed/s?k'si:d/vi.成功vt.接替；任△Indonesia/ind?u'ni:??;-zi?/n．印度尼西(南国)rhino/'rain?u/n.犀牛secure /si'kju?/ adj.安全的；靠谱的income /'i?k?m;'ink?m/ n.收入employ /im'pl?i/ vt.聘用；利用（、精力等）harm /hɑ:m/n.&vt.害；危害△Miludeer麋鹿.精选文档bite /bait/ vt.&vi.(bit,bitten)咬；叮；刺痛extinction/ik'sti?k?n/n.；消亡dinosaur /'dain?s?:/ n.恐comeintobeing形成；生county/'kaunti/n.；郡inspect /in'spekt/ vt.；察unexpected/?nik'spektid/adj.没想到的；不测的incident /'insid?nt/ n.事件；事dust /d?st/ n.灰；土；埃accordingto依据；依据⋯⋯所△Mauritius /m?'ri??s/n．毛里求斯(非洲部国) disappearance/dis?'pi?r?ns/n.消逝fierce /fi?s/ adj.凶狠的；剧烈的sothat致使于；果ending /'endi?/ n.局；尾△faithfully/'feiθli/f?adv.忠地；忠地△Colobus /'k?l?b?s/monkey (非洲)疣猴，髯猴Book2Unit5classical/'kl?sikl/adj.古典的；古典文的roll /r?ul/ vt.&vi.；（使）晃；卷；卷形物；面包圈△rock’n’roll(rock-and-roll)△orchestra /'?:kistr?/ n.管弦△rap /r?p/ n.唱folk /f?uk/ adj.民的jazz /d??z/ n.爵士音choral/'k?:r?l/adj.唱班的；合唱的theMonkees/m??ki:z/基musician /mju:'zi?n/ n.音家dreamof梦；梦想；想karaoke/k?ri'?uki/n.卡拉OK音；自伴奏音pretend /pri'tend/ vt.假装；假扮tobehonest在地；attach /?'t?t?/ vt.&vi.系上；上；附带；接attach ⋯to有（重要性、意）；附上；接form /f?:m/ vt.（使）成；形成；组成fame/feim/n.名誉；名誉passer-by /pa:s?'bai/ n.路人；行人earn/?:n/vt.；得；得extra/'ekstr?/adj.外的；外加的instrument/'instrum?nt/n.工具；器材；器perform/p?'f?:m/vt.&vi.表演；执行；行performance/p?'f?:m?ns/n.表演；演奏pub/p?b/n.酒；酒吧cash/k??/n.金incash用金；有studio/'stju:di?u/n.工作室；演播室millionaire/milj?'ne?/n.百万富豪；富豪playjokeson弄actor/'?kt?/n.男演；行者rely/ri'lai/vi.依；依赖relyon依；依赖broadcast /'br?:dkɑ:st/n.广播；播放.精选文档vi．＆vt．(broadcast；broadcast)广播；播放humorous/'hju:m?r?s/adj.风趣的；的familiar/f?'mili?/adj.熟习的；常的；近的be/getfamiliarwith熟习；与⋯⋯熟习起来orso大breakup打坏；分裂；解体△reunite/ri:ju:'nait/vt.再一；再合；重聚attractive/?'tr?ktiv/adj.吸引人的；有吸引力的addition/?'di?n/n.加；增添；加法inaddition此外；也sortout分△excitement/ik'saitm?nt/n.；刺激ballad/'b?l?d/n.歌；情歌；民overnight/?uv?'nait/adv.在夜晚；在夜里；（口）很快；一夜之dip /dip/ vt.浸；蘸△tadpole /'t?dp?ul/ n.蝌蚪lily/'lili/n.百合花confident /'k?nfid?nt/ adj.自信的；确信的Freddy/'fredi/n.弗雷迪(男名)brief /bri:f/ adj.短的；要的n.纲要；大briefly/'bri:fli/adv.要地；短地devotion/di'v?u?n/n.投入；afterwards/'ɑ:ft?w?dz/adv.而后；此后invitation/invi'tei?n/n.邀；款待beard/bi?d/n.胡sensitive/'sens?tiv/adj.敏感的；易受害的；敏捷的painful/'peinfl/adj.难过的；痛苦的aboveall最重要；第一必修三Book3Unit1takeplace生beauty/'bju:ti/n.美；佳人harvest/'hɑ:vist/n.&vt.&vi.收；收割celebration/seli'brei?n/n.祝；祝hunter/'h?nt?/n.狩者；人starve/stɑ:v/vi.&vt.（使）死；得要死origin/'?rid?in/n.发源；由来；因由religious/ri'lid??s/adj.宗教上的；信仰宗教的；虔的seasonal/'si:z?nl/adj.季的；季性的ancestor /'?nsest?/ n.先人；祖宗Obon/?'b?n/n.(日本)盂盆grave/ɡreiv/n.墓；墓地incense/'insens/n.熏香；熏香的烟inmemoryof念；追忆Mexico /'meksik?u/ n.墨西哥(拉丁美洲国家)feast /fi:st/ n.日；盛宴skull/sk?l/n.；骨bone /b?un/ n.骨；骨△Halloween /h?l?u'i:n/n.万圣前夜；圣日前夜belief /bi'li:f/n.相信；信心；崇奉dressup盛装；妆扮；装trick /trik/n.；作；vt.欺；.精选文档playatrickon搞恶作剧；诈骗；开玩笑poet /'p?uit/ n.诗人ColumbusDay哥伦布日arrival /?'raivl/ n.到来；抵达；抵达者△ChristopherColumbus /'krist?f?k?'1?mb?s/克利斯托弗·哥伦布(意大利航海家)gain /ɡein/vt.获取；获取independence /indi'pend?ns/ n.独立；自主independent /indi'pend?nt/ adj.独立的；自主的gather /'ɡ?e?/vt.&vi.&n.收集；会合；齐集agriculture /'?ɡrik?lt??/n.农业；农艺；农学agricultural /?ɡri'k?lt??r?l/adj.农业的；农艺的award /?'w?:d/ n.奖；奖品vt.授与；判断produce/'pr?dju:s/n.产品；（尤指）农产品rooster /'ru:st?/ n.雄禽；公鸡admire /?d'mai?/ vt.赞叹；敬佩；敬羡energetic/en?'d?etik/adj.充满活力的；精力充足的；踊跃的lookforwardto希望；期望；期望carnival/'ka:nivl/n.狂欢节；(四句斋前的)饮宴狂欢；嘉年光(会)lunar/'lu:n?/adj.月的；月亮的；农历的Easter /'i:st?/ n.(耶稣)复生节parade/p?'reid/n.游行；阅兵；检阅dayandnight日夜；日夜；成天clothing /'kl?uei?/n.衣服Christian /'krist??n/ n.基督徒；信徒adj.基督教的；信基督教的Jesus/'d?i:z?s/n.耶稣cherry/'t?eri/n.樱桃；樱桃树△blossom /'bl?s?m/ n.花vi.开花asthough仿佛havefunwith玩得高兴custom /'k?st?m/ n.习惯；民俗worldwide/w?:ld'waid/adj.遍布全世界的；世界性的rosebud/'r?uzb?d/n.玫瑰花蕾fool /fu:l/ n.愚人；痴人；被骗者adj.傻的vt.捉弄；欺诈vi.干傻事；开玩笑necessity/ni'ses?ti/n.必需性；需要permission /p?'mi?n/ n.同意；同意prediction/pri'dik?n/n.预知；预告；预告fashion/'f??n/n.样子；方式；时髦Trinidad/'trinid?d/n.特立尼达岛Carla/'ka:l?/n．卡拉(女名)Hari/'h?ri/n.哈利(男名)parking /'pɑ:ki?/ n.（汽车等）停放parkinglot泊车场△Valentine’sDay /'v?l?ntainz'dei/圣瓦伦廷节；情人节turnup出现；列席keepone’sword守信誉；执行誓言holdone’sbreath屏息；屏气apologize /?'p?l?d?aiz/ vi.致歉；辩解drown /draun/ vt.&vi.吞没；淹死；淹死.精选文档sadness/'s?dnis/ n.悲痛；悲obvious /'?bvi?s/ adj.明的；而易的wipe /waip/ vt.擦；揩；擦去△weave/wi:v/ vt.&vi.(wove/w?uv/,woven/'w?uvn/)；（使）迂回前herd/h?:d/n.牧群；群theMilkyWay河△magpie /'m?ɡpai/n.喜weep /wi:p/ vi.(wept,wept)呜咽；哭泣n.哭；呜咽announcer/?'nauns?/n.广播；见告者；幕setoff出；身；使爆炸remind /ri'maind/ vt.提示；使想起remind⋯of⋯使⋯⋯想起⋯⋯forgive/f?'ɡiv/vt.(forgave/f?'ɡeiv/,forgiven/f?'ɡivn/)原；恕Book3 Unit2diet /'dai?t/ n.平时食vi.食spaghetti/sp?'ɡeti/n.意大利式面条nut /n?t/ n.果；果仁muscle/'m?sl/n.肌肉；（食用）瘦肉protective/pr?u'tektiv/adj.予保的；保的bean/bi:n/n.豆；豆科植物pea/pi:/n.豌豆cucumber/'kju:k?mb?/n.黄瓜eggplant/'eɡplɑ:nt/n.茄子pepper/'pep?/n.辣椒；辣椒粉mushroom/'m??rum/n.蘑菇peach/pi:t?/n.桃子lemon/'lem?n/n.檬balance/'b?l?ns/vt.均衡；衡n.天平；均衡balanceddiet均衡饮食barbecue/'bɑ:bikju:/vt.&n.烤；烤肉mutton/'m?t?n/n.羊肉△kebab/k?'b?b/n.（=kabob/k?'b?b/）（印度）烤腌羊肉串；肉串上的肉roast/r?ust/adj.烤制的vt.&vi.烤；烘；烘烤stir/st?:/vt.；和fry /frai/ vt.&vi.油煎；油炸stir-fryvt.用旺火炒（或煎、）ought /?:t/ v.aux.当；oughtto当；bacon /'beik?n/ n.熏咸肉；腊肉cola/'k?ul?/n.可料sugary/'?uɡ?ri/adj.含糖的；甜的sign/sain/n.牌示；；符号loseweight体重减；减肥slim/slim/vi.；减肥adj.苗条的；的curiosity/kju?ri'?s?ti/n.好奇心hostess/'h?ustis/n.女主人；女主持人raw/r?:/adj.生的；未加工的vinegar/'viniɡ?/n.醋getawaywith被放；（做坏事）不受lie/lai/n.；言vi.tellalie.精选文档customer/'k?st?m?/n.客；消者discount/'diskaunt/n.折扣win⋯back回；从头得weakness/'wi:knis/n.弊端；衰弱；短处strength/stre?θn/.；；力量consult/k?n's?lt/vt.咨；教；商议fibre/'faib?/n.；制品digest/d(a)i'd?est/vi.&vt.消化/'daid?est/n.纲要；纲要poisonous/'p?iz?n?s/adj.有毒的carrot /'k?r?t/ n.胡卜scurvy/'sk?:vi/n.坏血病rickets/'rikits/n.佝病obesity/?u'bi:s?ti/n.度肥胖△vitamin /'v?t?m?n,'va?t?m?n/ n.生素protein/'pr?uti:n/n.蛋白earnone’sliving生debt/det/n.；indebt欠glare/ɡlεvi?/.怒目而；耀n.怒；眩目的光spy/spai/vi.&vt.探；奥密n.；探spyon暗中；limit/'limit/vt.限制；限制n.界线；限度limited/'limitid/adj.有限的benefit/'benifit/n.利益；好vt.&vi.有利于；有助于；得益breast/brest/n.胸部；乳房garlic/'ɡɑ:lik/n.大蒜sigh/sai/vi.息；气n.息；息声combine/k?m'bain/vt.&vi.（使）合；（使）合cutdown减少；beforelong不久此后putonweight增添体重△cooperation/k?u?p?'rei?n/n.合作；作ingredient/in'ɡri:di?nt/n.（烹用的）资料；原料；成分△flavour /'fleiv?/n.（食品的）滋味与气味；特征Book3 Unit3△MarkTwain/'ma:k'twein/克·吐温(美国作家)birthplace /'b?:θpleis/n.出生地；故△Florida /'fl?rid?/ n．佛里达(位于密里州)佛里达州(美国州名)bringup养；培育；教育；提出△Hannibal /'h?nibl/ n.尼拔(美国城市)Missouri/mi'zu?ri/n．密里州(美国州名)Mississippi/misi'sipi/n．密西西比河；密西西比州(美国州名)novel /'n?v?l/ n.小；篇故事adj.奇特的；异样的△boyhood/'b?ihud/n.少年月adventure/?d'vent??/n.奇遇；冒△TomSawyer/'s?:j?/姆·索(人名)△HuckleberryFinn /'h?klb?ri'fin/.精选文档哈克贝利·费恩(人名)phrase /freiz/ n.短语；词组；习用语△fathom /'f?e?m/ n.长度单位（六英尺）author /'?:θ?/n.著者；作家SamuelLanghorneClemens/'s?mju?l'l??h?:n'klem?nz/塞缪尔·兰霍恩·克莱门斯(人名)scene /si:n/ n.（戏剧）一场；现场；场面；风景△narrator /n?'reit?/ n.叙述者；表达者△Roderick /'r?drik/ n．罗德里克(男名)△Oliver /'?liv?/n．奥利弗(男名)△bet /bet/ n.赌；打赌vt.&vt.打赌；赌博makeabet打赌penniless/'penilis/adj.贫穷的；囊空如洗的wander/'w?nd?/vi.遨游；闲步；流浪pavement/'peivm?nt/n.人行道（=<美>sidewalk）businessman/'biznism?n/n.商人permit/p?'mit/vt.&vi.同意；同意；允许/'p?:mit/n.通行证；同意证；执照ahead/?'hed/adv.在前；向前；提早goahead行进；（用于祈使句）能够；往下说byaccident有时；无心中；不当心bay/bei/n.海湾stare/ste?/vi.凝望；盯着看stareat盯着看；凝望△nightfall/'naitf?:l/n.傍晚fault/f?:lt/n.过失；弊端；故障spot/sp?t/vt.发现；认出n.斑点；污点；地址passage/'p?s?d?/n.船费（包含食宿）；通道；（一）段unpaid/?n'peid/adj.未付款的；不受酬劳的account /?'kaunt/ vi.&vt.以为；说明；总计有说明；原因；计算；帐目accountfor致使；做出解说embassy /'emb?si/ n.大使馆；大使及其官员seek /si:k/ vt.&vi.(sought/s?:t/,sought)找寻；研究；追求patience /'pei??ns/ n.耐心；忍受contrary /'k?ntr?ri/ n.反面；对峙面adj.相反的；相违的onthecontrary与此相反；正相反charity/'t??riti/n.慈善（集体）；恩赐envelope/'env?l?up/n.信封unbelievable/?nbi'li:v?bl/adj.难以置信的steak/steik/n.（供煎；烤的）肉块；鱼排；牛排pineapple/'pain?pl/n.菠萝dessert/di'z?:t/n.餐后甜点amount/?'maunt/n.数目takeachance冒险rude/ru:d/adj.鲁莽的；无礼的manner/'m?n?/n.礼貌；举止；方式scream/skri:m/vi.尖声叫n.尖喊声；喊喊声genuine/'d?enjuin/adj.真的；真挚的.精选文档△issue/'isju:/ vt.&vi.刊行（钞票等）；公布（命令）；第一版（杂志等）fake/feik/n.赝品；欺诈adj.假的rag /r?ɡ/n.破布；碎布inrags衣不蔽体indeed/in'di:d/adv.真实地；的确；实在asfor对于；至于bow/b?u/vi.&n.鞠躬；哈腰barber/'bɑ:b?/n.剪发师Book3Unit4 astronomy/?'str?n?mi/n.天文学△astronomer/?'str?n?m?/n.天文学家△solar/'s?ul?/adj.太阳的；日光的system/'sist?m/n.系统；系统；制度solarsystem太阳系religion/ri'lid??n/n.宗教；宗教崇奉theory/'θri/i?n.学说；理论△BigBang宇宙大爆炸；创世大爆炸atom/'?t?m/n.原子billion/'bilj?n/pron.&n.&adj.<英>万亿；<美>十亿globe/ɡl?ub/n.球体；地球仪；地球global/'ɡl?ubl/adj.全世界性的；全世界的violent /'vai?l?nt/ adj.剧烈的；强烈的；强暴的intime实时；终于carbon /'kɑ:b?n/n.碳nitrogen/'naitr?d??n/n.氮△vapour/'veip?/n.（=vapor）蒸气；水蒸气atmosphere/'?tm?sfi?/n.大气层；氛围unlike/?n'laik/prep.不一样；不像fundamental/f?nd?'mentl/adj.基本的；基础的presence/'prez?ns/n.列席；列席；存在△dissolve /di'z?lv/ vt.&vi.溶解；解散harmful /'hɑ:mful/ adj.有害的acid /'?sid/ n.酸chain /t?ein/ n.链子；连锁；锁链reaction/ri'?k?n/n.反响；回应multiply/'m?ltiplai/vi.&vt.乘；增添oxygen/'?ksid??n/n.氧△shellfish/'?elfi?/n.水生有壳动物amphibian/?m'fibi?n/n.两栖动物reptile/'reptail/n.爬行动物；爬虫layeggs下蛋dinosaur/'dain?s?:/n.恐龙exist /iɡ'zist/vi.存在；生计mammal/'m?ml/n.哺乳动物givebirthto产生；临盆thus /e?s/ adv.所以；于是inone’sturn轮到某人；接着dioxide /dai'?ksaid/ n.二氧化物carbondioxide二氧化碳prevent...from阻挡；遏止puzzle /'p?zl/ n.谜；难题vt.&vi.（使）诱惑；（使）犯难biology /bai'?l?d?i/n.生物学.精选文档biologist /bai'?l?d?ist/ n.生物学家gravity /'ɡr?v?ti/ n.万有引力；重力satellite /'s?t?lait/ n.卫星；人造卫星gentle /'d?entl/ adj.平和的；高雅的△geologist /d?i'?l?d?ist/ n.地质学家physicist /'fizisist/ n.物理学家blockout挡住（光芒）extinct/ik'sti?kt/adj.灭绝的；绝种的climate /'klaimit/n.天气comet/'k?mit/n.慧星crash /kr??/ vi.&vt.碰撞；坠落△IsaacNewton/'aiz?k'nju:tn/艾萨克·牛顿(英国科学家)△AlbertEinstein/'?lb?t'ainstain/阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦(德裔美国科学家)△StephenHawking/'sti:vn'h?:ki?/斯蒂芬·霍金(英国科学家)spaceship/'speis?ip/n.宇宙飞船pull/pul/n.&vt.拉（力）；拖；牵引力△lessen/'les?n/vi.&vt.减少；减少cheerup感觉快乐；感觉振奋float /fl?ut/ vi.&vt.（使）浮动；（使）飘荡飘荡物△weightlessly /'weitlisli/adv.失重地cabin/m?s/n.小屋；船舱mass /'k?bin/n.质量；团；块；大批；<复>民众nowthat既然getthehangof熟习；掌握；理解breakout突发；迸发exhaust/iɡ'z?:st/vt.用尽；耗尽；使筋疲力尽watchout亲密凝视；当心；防备Book3 U nit5△multicultural/m?lti'k?lt??r?l/ adj.多种文化的quiz /kwiz/ n.测试；问答竞赛Canadian/k?'neidi?n/n.加拿大人adj.加拿大的；加拿大人的Vancouver/v?n'ku:v?/n.温哥华(加拿大城市)Toronto/t?'r?nt?u/n．多伦多(加拿大城市)△Calgary /'k?lɡ?ri/ n.卡尔加里(加拿大城市)Ottawa/'?t?w?/n.渥太华(加拿大国都)△beaver /'bi:v?/ n.海狸grizzly/'ɡrizli/n.（北美洲）灰熊adj.灰色的；有灰斑的polar/'p?ul?/adj.极地的；近极地的penguin/'pe?ɡwin/n.企鹅prime/praim/adj.首要的；主要的；基本的minister /'minist?/ n.大臣；部长primeminister首相；丞相governor/'ɡ?v?n?/n.州长；总督ratherthan与其；不肯continent /'k?ntin?nt/ n.洲；大陆baggage /'b?ɡid?/n.行李chat /t??t/ vi.&n.聊天；闲谈.精选文档scenery /'si:n?ri/ n.风景；景eastward /'i:stw?d/adv.向adj.向的；朝的westward/'westw?d/adv.向西adj.向西的；朝西的upward /'?pw?d/ adv.向上地；上涨的adj.上涨的；向上的surround /s?'raund/ vt.&vi.包；theRockyMountains落基山脉harbour /'hɑ:b?/n.（=harbor）海港measure /'me??/ vi.&vt.量；权衡；判断量制；量位；举措aboard /?'b?:d/ prep.&adv.在船、机、火或公共汽上settledown定居；沉静下来；心于managetodo法做catchsightof看；瞥eagle /'i:ɡl/n.stampede/st?m'pi:d/n.(美国西部或加拿大)大西部会cowboy/'kaub?i/n.牛仔；牧童haveagiftfor⋯⋯有天within/wi'ein/prep.在⋯⋯以内border/'b?:d?/n.界；国界；沿vt.&vi.与⋯⋯接壤；靠近slight/slait/adj.微的；细小的slightly/'slaitli/adv.稍稍；微地acre/'eik?/n.英urban/'?:b?n/adj.城市的；市的△Thunder/'θ?nd?/Bay桑德湾△LakeSuperior/sju:'pi?ri?/必利湖△location /l?u'kei?n/ n.地点；地方theVatican/'v?tik?n/CityState梵蒂城国topic/'t?pik/n.mix/miks/vt.&vi.混淆；配mixture/'mikst??/n.混淆（物）；混淆状bush/bu?/n.灌木（）；矮（）maple/'meipl/n.；frost/fr?st/n.霜；霜confirm/k?n'f?:m/vt.；明；同意wealthy/'welθi/adj.富裕的distance/'dist?ns/n.距离；方inthedistance在mist/mist/n.薄misty/'misti/adj.有薄的；模糊的Niagara/nai'?g?r?/n.尼加拉(河；瀑布)schoolmate /'sku:lmeit/ n.同学；校友booth /bu:θ/n.公用；；售亭downtown /daun'taun/ adj.市里的adv.在市里；往市里pearl/p?:l/n.珍珠△Cantonese /k?nt?'ni:z/ n.＆adj.广人(的)；广州人(的)；广(的)approximately /?'pr?ksim?tli/ adv.靠近；大dawn /d?:n/ n.拂晓；拂；破.精选文档△workplace /'w?:kpleis/ n.工作场所；工作地址buffet /'bufei/ n.自助餐；饮食柜台broad /br?:d/ adj.广阔的；宽泛的StLawrence/'seint'l?r?ns/River圣劳伦斯河nearby /'ni?'bai/ adv.在周边adj.周边的；周边的tradition /tr?'di?n/ n.传统；民俗terrify /'terifai/ vt.使恐惧；恫吓terrified /'terifaid/ adj.惧怕的；吃惊吓的pleased /pli:zd/ adj.惊喜的；快乐的；快乐的impress /im'pres/ vt.使印象深刻；使铭刻impressive/im'presiv/adj.给人深刻印象的；动人的.。
基于相似度数据融合的车辆航向角研究
基于相似度数据融合的车辆航向角研究闫晓雷;邵毅明;曾俊延【摘要】为提高车辆行驶过程中的轨迹和姿态控制精度,需将同质车载传感器的测量值进行数据融合,以此获取高精度的关键控制变量.将司南高精度定位、VBox和车辆CAN总线所测得的车辆航向角数据,使用基于相似度的数据融合算法,对测量结果进行数据融合,并分别计算各个数据融合源、数据融合最终值与选定的参考目标值之间的误差.结果表明,数据融合最终值的误差限为0.23°,分别小于数据融合源的0.8°、2.1°和2.7°,精度均高于其它数据融合源.%In order to improve the accuracy of the vehicle trajectory and attitude control during driving, it is necessary to integrate the measured data from the homogeneous sensors to obtain the high-precision key control variables.The measured values of the heading angle from the CM510-21T,VBox and the vehicle CAN bus were fused by using the similarity-based data fusion algorithm. The errors in the data fusion sources and between the final value after data fusion and the referential target value were calculated. The results show that the margin of error for the final value is 0.23°,which is lower than0.8°,2.1°,2.7°originating from the data fusion sources,and the accuracy after data fusion is higher than that from each data fusion source.【期刊名称】《汽车工程学报》【年(卷),期】2018(008)003【总页数】6页(P212-217)【关键词】交通运输;航向角;相似度数据融合;车载传感器;智能汽车【作者】闫晓雷;邵毅明;曾俊延【作者单位】重庆交通大学交通运输学院,重庆 400074;重庆交通大学交通运输学院,重庆 400074;重庆交通大学交通运输学院,重庆 400074【正文语种】中文【中图分类】U462.2智能汽车技术已成为国内外众多汽车厂商的研发热点。
GCMS(气质联用仪)操作规程
SHIMADZUGCMS(气质联用仪)操作方法一、开机顺序1、打开氦气瓶，将分压表调到0.7-0.8Mpa之间。
2、打开质谱仪电源开关。
3、打开气谱电源开关。
4、打开计算机。
二、进入系统及检查系统配置1、双击GCMS REAL TIME┉┉,连机（正常时，机器有鸣叫声）,进入主菜单窗口。
2、击左侧system configuration,设定系统配置，无误后退出。
三、启动真空泵方法1、单击左侧vacuum control图标，出现真空系统屏幕，再点击Advanced>>后，出现完整显示内容。
2、在Vent valve的灯呈绿色（即关闭）的前提下，启动机械泵（Rotary Pu mp）。
3、低压真空度小于3+E002Pa时，单击Auto startup，自动启动真空控制。
4、启动完成后，抽真空30分钟后，可进行调谐。
四、调谐方法1..单击左侧的Tuning图标，进入调谐子目录中，再单击Peak monitor view 图标，在Monitor选项中选择Water,air选项，将Detector电压设为0.7KV(最低)，然后在m/z中依次输入18、28、42,在Factor中均输入适当的放大倍数.2、燃灯丝，如果18峰高于28峰，表示系统不漏气，同时观察高真空度保证在2E-2以下，关闭灯丝．3、建立调谐文件名，然后点击左侧的Start Auto Tuning图标，计算机自动进行调谐，直至打印出调谐结果为止。
4析调谐结果必须同时满足以下几个条件，方可进行分析。
a)Base Peak必须是18或69，不能是28(28为N2),否则为漏气。
b)电压应小于2.0KV。
c)m/z中69、219、502三个峰的FWHM最大差小于0.1。
d)m/z502的Ratio值大于2.只有同时满足上述条件后，方可进行测试样品。
每次调谐结果要统一存档保存，以利维修时查看。
五．方法编辑1．单击左侧主菜单的Date Acquisition图标后进入了方法编辑内部中，共分四个部分：Sample、GC、MC、FID2.Sample档内容如下：Aoc—21i1)Of Rinses with Solvent（pre）（抽样前溶剂洗针次数）2）of Rinses with Solvent (post)（注样后用溶剂洗针次数）3) of Rinses with (sample)（样品洗针次数）4）Plunger Suction Speed ⊙High ⊙Middle ⊙Low(抽样速度)5）comity Comp Time（粘度补偿时间）6）Plunger Injection ⊙High ⊙Middle ⊙Low（注射速度）7）Syringe Injection ⊙High ⊙Low(扎的速度)0: Normal (sample).8)、Injection Mode Set ==> 1: Sample+Air+Solvent. (进样模式的选择) 2: Sample+Solvent.当按：Advanced……时，出现如下内容：①、Pumping Times: 5 times②、Inj、Port Dwell Time: 0.3 sec③、Terminal Air Gap ⊙Yes ⊙No④、Plunger washing speed ⊙High ⊙Middle ⊙Low⑤、Washing Volume ⊙ 6 μt ⊙8 μt⑥、Syringe Suction 0 mm⑦、Syringe Injection 0 mm⑧、Use 3 Solvent Vial ⊙1 Vial ⊙Vial3、GC-2010：column oven temp ℃Injection Temp ℃（进样器温度）Injection model①Split:(分流)l②Splitless:(不分流)l③Directcarrier gas①flow control mode②Pressure③Total flow④Column flow⑤Linear Velocity⑥Purge flow⑦Split Ratio⑧Carrier Flow第四部分：①Oven temp Program ▼②Pressure ③Aux1 temColumn Flow at initital: 1.70 ml/minData file name: R.time:0 25 50 75 100 minTime (min) Command Value(3)GC Program…==> 1234Load Chromatogram ==>GCMS data file open.（4）ready checkTemperature√ Col(oven) √ Inj √ Det(interface) √ Aux1√ Aux2 √ Aux3 √ Aux4 √ Aux5√ Carrier Gas Flow √ Wait Equilibrium（平衡）：min4．MS档：GCMS-QP5050A With DI(1)Acquisition Mode(采集模式) ▼==> Scan（扫描方式）Sim（选择离子方式）（2）Micro Scan Width(微量扫描宽度：0 μ（3）Interface Temp(检测器温度)：230 ℃（4）Solvent Cut Time（溶剂切除时间）: 2 min（5）Detector ⊙Absolute (绝对)○Relative to the Tunning(相对于Tunning): 1.0 KV（一般设1左右）（6）Threshold (阀值)：1000 （小于1000的峰不出现）（7）Interval (扫描间隔)：0.5 SecUse MS program sec… GC Program time: 0.00 min七．样品的测定操作：Data Acquisition 中Sample loginSample Name SampleAcquisition= Sample ID Vial#Data file InjectionMulti Inj Tunning file设计好后，按Standby,待GC、MS均变绿色字体后，进样按start ,开始检测。
基于子树匹配的文本相似度算法
*国家自然科学基金项目（No．61201252，61203173）、中国博士后科学基金项目（No．2013M531528）、安徽省自然科学基金项目（No．1308085MF100）、安徽省高校省级自然科学研究重点项目（No．KJ2011A128）、安徽省科技厅软科学研究计划项目（No．11020503009）资助收稿日期：2013－05－06；修回日期：2013－08－19作者简介张佩云（通讯作者），女，1974年生，博士，副教授，主要研究方向为智能信息处理、服务计算、语义网等．E-mail ：zpyustc@ustc．edu．cn．陈传明，男，1981年生，讲师，博士研究生，主要研究方向为数据挖掘．黄波，男，1980年生，博士，副教授，主要研究方向为计算机网络技术、智能信息处理等．基于子树匹配的文本相似度算法*张佩云1，2陈传明1黄波31（安徽师范大学数学计算机科学学院芜湖214003）2（中国科学技术大学计算机科学与技术学院合肥230027）3（南京理工大学计算机科学与技术学院南京210094）摘要为降低文本向量维度，提高文本间语义相似度度量性能，综合利用统计方法与语义词典的优势，提出一种文本相似度算法．基于文本生成元数据特征向量，减少向量空间维度，设计基于子树匹配的文本相似度算法，借助子树加速对文本相似度的计算，并通过将文本元数据特征向量与子树进行相似度语义匹配，提高文本相似度计算时语义相似度度量的准确性．该算法考虑到对元数据中同义词的语义理解，加强文本之间相似度度量时的语义覆盖能力．实验结果表明文中所提出的方法是可行和有效的．关键词元数据，子树匹配，语义，文本相似度中图法分类号TP 311Texts Similarity Algorithm Based on Subtrees MatchingZHANG Pei-Yun 1，2，CHEN Chuan-Ming 1，HUANG Bo 31（School of Mathematics and Computer Science ，Anhui Normal University ，Wuhu 241003）2（School of Computer Science and Technology ，University of Science and Technology of China ，Hefei 230027）3（School of Computer Science and Technology ，Nanjing University of Science and Technology ，Nanjing 210094）ABSTＲACTTo reduce the dimensionality of text vectors and improve the performance of semantic similarity measurement ，an algorithm for texts similarity computation is proposed ，which combines the advantages of the statistical methods and semantic dictionary．The texts are utilized to generate metadata feature vectors ，so that it reduces the dimensionality of text vectors space．The algorithm for computing texts similarity is designed based on subtrees matching and the speed of computing texts similarity is improved．The accuracy of texts semantic similarity measurement is improved by utilizing the semantic matching of metadata feature vectors and subtrees．The synonyms widely existing in metadata are processed by the proposed method ，and the semantic coverage ability for similarity computation of texts is also enhanced．The experimental results show that the proposed method is feasible and effective．第27卷第3期模式识别与人工智能Vol．27No．32014年3月PＲ＆AI Mar．2014Key Words Metadata，Subtrees Matching，Semantic，Texts Similarity1引言随着互联网信息的迅速增长，如何从海量信息中获取用户所需的信息是当前一项重要的研究工作．在国内外对此所开展的文本挖掘、人工智能、信息检索、知识管理等相关研究中，文本相似度计算得到广泛应用．目前，相似度计算方法主要分为基于大规模文本集统计的传统方法和基于语义计算的方法．基于大规模文本集统计的方法，通常采用向量空间模型（Vector Space Model，VSM）［1－2］和隐性语义索引模型（Latent Semantic Indexing，LSI）［3］等方法．这些方法均基于关键词进行相似度计算，未考虑特征项的语义信息，例如，认为“火车”和“交通工具”没有相关性，相似度为0，而实际上前者相对后者来说是具体概念，后者是前者的抽象类别概念，两词项间有着语义相似关系．由于只考虑词在上下文中的统计特性，而没有考虑词的语义，因此，基于大规模文本集统计方法具有一定的局限性．基于语义文本相似度计算方法主要有基于本体和基于外部语义词典两种．文献［4］和文献［5］提出基于本体的文本特征抽取及文本相似度计算方法．基于本体的方法由于过于注重概念结点在本体树中的结构分布，且本体的构建需要领域专家的参与，是一项复杂工程，导致基于本体的应用受限．基于外部语义词典的文本相似度计算方法主要有基于Hownet（知网）［6－8］和基于WordNet两种．相对于知网研究，WordNet的研究较多，WordNet来源于美国Princeton大学一项知识工程项目，在进行语义相似度计算时，可充分利用WordNet结构及语义信息．基于WordNet的相关研究主要有基于词汇或概念的语义相似度计算［9－14］．文献［10］提出基于内容的新闻推荐，与以往基于VSM方法不同，该方法基于WordNet计算新闻内容中同义词的语义相似度．在概念与词汇相似度计算的基础上，文献［15］研究句子相似度计算，提出基于WordNet和统计方法来计算句子的语义相似度．概念之间的复杂关系增加基于语义的文本相似度计算的难度，由于概念树（森林）相对于概念网络而言结构复杂度较低，因此，有研究者提出基于概念树或森林的文本相似度计算［16－17］，主要将概念网络中概念间的上/下位关系构建到树中，形成概念之间的父子类关系．将外部语义词典WordNet与树型结构相结合的研究包括：基于WordNet的文本相似度计算方法［16］，该方法从文本中构造概念森林（Concept Forests）来表示文本的语义，并通过计算概念森林之间共有部分语义相似度来度量两文本的相似性；文献［17］提出基于Wikipedia和WordNet 对文本的词汇资源建立语义森林（由算法1可知，语义森林与概念森林实质是相同的）．这些研究均是基于文本资源构建概念森林，由于文本资源千变万化，若针对所有文本均构建概念森林（概念森林包括多个概念树），需耗费大量时间，且针对特定文本构造的概念森林往往只使用一次，因此利用率低．为解决该问题，本文采用逆向思维，基于外部语义词典构建概念树，而不是基于每个文本构建概念森林，该树在文本相似度计算时可被多次使用，当语义词典有变动时才需更新概念树，提高算法的效率．本文创新点主要体现在概念树基础上，提出一种子树匹配的文本相似度计算方法，以提高文本相似度计算方法的性能．2文本预处理由于文本中不同结构的词项对相似度计算的作用大小是不同的，如文本中标题、摘要、关键词等关键结构中的元数据词项，这些元数据蕴含着文本的核心内容，对文本相似度度量计算有着重要作用．元数据是“关于数据的结构化数据”，目前互联网上存在大量具有元数据结构的文本资源，如邮件文档、数字图书馆的仓储、电子期刊等资源，研究这些文本间的相似度对于文本检索和数据挖掘等具有积极意义．由于元数据的特点，抽取后的元数据特征向量可表征文本，使得元数据特征向量间的相似性可表征其文本之间的相似性．元数据抽取主要有基于规则和基于统计模型两类方法．已有的元数据提取方法对本文的研究做了基础铺垫，本文采用基于规则的抽取方法，抽取的元数据生成矩阵Matrix．Matrix形式化表示如下：Matrix=（dtik）mˑn，其中，Matrix表示一个mˑn矩阵，元素dt ik表示第i个文本的第k个元数据特征项．以传统的TF-IDF［18］方法为基础，设置元数据的权重为Wk，文本text i形成元数据特征向量为D（t1，W1；t2，W2；…；tk，Wk）．7223期张佩云等：基于子树匹配的文本相似度算法3概念树子树的生成基于概念树进行文本相似度计算时，往往没有利用整棵树，而是概念树中的部分子树，因此，本文基于子树计算文本之间的相似度．子树不仅提供更精确的领域概念上下文信息，使得后期文本相似度度量时，可提高相似度计算结果的精确度，另一方面，子树也提高了文本相似度计算的速度，减少由于多次基于整棵树计算而带来的时间和内存耗费．以图1所示的带有权重及同义词集的概念树为例，分析子树的构建过程．图1中，椭圆内c1 c9表示概念结点，w1 w4表示概念结点的权重，方框内syn ij表示同义词（同义词的权重与其链接概念结点的权重相同），箭头线从子概念指向父概念，表示父子概念的层次关系．图1带有权重及同义词集的概念树示例Fig．1Example of concept tree with weight and synonyms计算树中概念c i与概念c j之间的相似度时，采用文献［14］中提到较经典的概念之间相似度计算公式：similarity（ci ，cj）=2depth（lso（ci，cj）len（ci，lso（ci，cj））+len（cj，lso（ci，cj））+2depth（lso（ci，cj），（1）其中，lso（c i，c j）是概念c i和概念c j的公共最近父结点，depth（lso（c i，c j））是两个不同的概念c i和概念c j 的公共最近父结点在概念树中的深度，len（c i，lso（ci ，cj））是概念ci到公共最近父结点的路径上概念结点的个数．对于两个不同的概念，该公式既考虑到结点在概念树中的深度，也考虑到两概念结点之间的路径长度，长度相同的结点，它们最近的父结点在树中的层次越深，则概念间的相似度越大；而父结点相同的两个结点之间的长度越大，即len（c i，lso（ci ，cj））+len（cj，lso（ci，cj））越大，则两者的相似度越低．基于概念树，生成子树集的过程如算法1所示．算法1getSubTree（ConceptsTree）输入ConceptsTree/*非空概念树*/输出subTreeSet/*子树集*/BEGIN1．int m=ConceptsTree．size（）；2．int i=1；3．WHILE（i＜=m）4．｛FOＲ（EACH Concept［i］in the ConceptsTree）5．｛（c1，w1；c2，w2；c3，w3；…，cn，wn）；←获取Concept［i］的子类概念及其权重；6．subTree［i］←（c1，w1；c2，w2；c3，w3；…，c n ，wn）；7．｝ENDFOＲ8．Add subTree［i］into subTreeSet；9．i++；10．｝ENDWHILE11．返回subTreeSet；END读取非空概念树ConceptsTree，采用纵向优先策略，则将ConceptsTree中每个概念（步骤4）的所有子概念形成一个概念集（步骤5），将该概念子集及其权重保存在子树subTree［i］（步骤6）．当输入具有m 个结点的概念树时，将生成m个子树，每个子树是某概念结点下的所有子概念的集合．令n=ConceptsTree．size（），按深度优先遍历某概念的所有子结点，时间复杂度为O（mn）．4基于子树匹配的文本相似度计算首先给出与基于子树匹配文本相似度计算相关的定义．4．1相关定义在计算基于子树匹配的文本相似度之前，需分析文本与子树之间的匹配关系，如图2所示．图2给出2个文本与1棵子树之间的匹配关系，822模式识别与人工智能27卷文本d i 的元数据特征项与子树概念结点的匹配对为4，文本d j 的元数据特征项与子树概念结点的匹配对为3．针对匹配对的多少，给出如下匹配子树的定义．图2文本与子树之间的匹配关系Fig．2Matching relationship among texts and subtrees定义1匹配子树在所有子树中，当文本d i 与其中的某子树ST k 的匹配对最多时，称子树ST k 为文本d i 的匹配子树．计算文本与匹配子树之间的相似度，定义如下．定义2文本d i 与匹配子树ST k 的相似度，记为sim （d i ，ST k ）．d i ∈Matrix （Matrix 为文本的元数据矩阵），ST k ∈subTreeSet （subTreeSet 为概念树的子树集），ST k 是文本d i 的匹配子树，文本d i 的元数据特征向量为（t 1，W 1；t 2，W 2；…；t i ，W i ），子树ST k 的向量为（c 1，w 1；c 2，w 2；…；c K ，w K ），则文本d i 与子树ST k 的匹配相似度计算公式如下：sim （d i ，ST k ）=∑Lm =1match （t m ，c m ）·W m ·w m I +K，（2）其中，L 表示文本d i 的元数据特征向量与子树ST k 实现最多匹配概念对的数目，I 和K 分别表示文本d i 的元数据特征项的个数及子树ST k 中概念结点个数，L ＜=I 且L ＜=K．元数据特征项与子树中概念结点相匹配时（图2中虚线相连的特征项与树概念结点），match （t m ，c m ）=1．t m 为文本向量d i 中第m 个配对的元数据特征项，W m 是t m 的权重；c m 为子树ST k 中的第m 个配对的概念结点（包括该概念结点的同义词），w m 是c m 的权重．子树与子树之间的相似度关系如图3所示．图3子树之间的相似度关系Fig．3Similarity relationship between subtrees定义3子树之间的相似度，记为treeSim （ST k ，ST l ）对于两棵不同的子树ST k 和ST l ， ST k ∈subTreeSet ， ST l ∈subTreeSet ，子树ST k 的向量为（c 1，w 1；c 2，w 2；…；c K ，w K ），子树ST l 的向量为（C 1，w'1；C 2，w'2；…；C L ，w'L ），子树ST k 与子树ST l 的相似度计算公式如下：treeSim （ST k ，ST l ）=∑Nn =1max （similarity （c n ，C n ））·w n ·w n'K +L，（3）其中，N 表示子树ST k 与子树ST l 最大匹配的概念对个数，N 取K 和L 中的最小值．max （similarity （c n ，C n ））表示子树ST k 与子树ST l 中具有最大相似度值的概念结点对．c n 为子树ST k 中的第n 个配对的概念结点，C n 为子树ST l 中的第n 个配对的概念结点，w n 及w n '分别是c n 和C n 的权重．K 和L 分别表示子树ST k 与子树ST l 中概念结点的总个数．基于所构建的概念树，生成的子树个数是确定的，因此，可长期保存计算得到的子树之间的相似度值，在概念树保持不变的情况下，该相似度值可被多次使用，以加快基于子树匹配的文本相似度计算效率．当子树ST k 与子树ST l 是同一棵子树时，treeSim （ST k ，ST l ）=1．对于n 个子树而言，计算子树间的相似度的次数为n （n －1）/2．4．2基于子树匹配的文本相似度算法设计由于每个文本的匹配子树往往是不相同的，因此设计文本相似度算法时，需要考虑到文本d i 和文本d j 可能具有同一棵匹配子树，也可能具有各自不同的匹配子树的情况，两种情况需要分别讨论．1）当文本d i 和文本d j 具有相同的匹配子树．理想情况下，文本d i 和文本d j 具有相同的匹配9223期张佩云等：基于子树匹配的文本相似度算法子树ST k时，由匹配子树作为中介，两文本元数据特征向量的语义重叠程度最高，由于文本元数据特征向量可表征文本，因此两文本的相似度高．基于相同匹配子树文本之间的相似度关系如图4所示．图4基于相同匹配子树的文本之间的相似度关系Fig．4Text similarity relationship based on the samematching subtree图4中，匹配子树在两文本相似度计算时起着中介桥梁作用，相似度1和相似度2分别表示文本d i 和文本d j与匹配子树的相似度（利用定义2中式（2）计算该相似度）．相似度3是以匹配子树为中介，计算得到的文本d i和文本d j之间的相似度．相似度3的计算公式如下：textsSimkl （di，dj）=sim（di，STk）+sim（dj，STl）2，（4）其中，文本d i与文本d j之间的相似度textsSim kl（d i，dj）等于文本与匹配子树相似度的平均值．在判断两个文本是否相似时，还要判断文本与匹配子树相似度差值（用Δsim ij［k］［l］表示）对文本相似度的影响，若差值的绝对值较大，文本相似度会降低．Δsim ij［k］［l］计算如下：Δsim ij［k］［l］=sim（d i，ST k）-sim（d j，ST l），（5）其中，Δsim ij［k］［l］的值越大，表示文本之间相似度越低．2）当文本di和文本d j具有不同的匹配子树．两文本具有同一棵匹配子树往往是特例，更多时候是两文本d i和d j具有不同的匹配子树，文本d i 和文本d j之间的相似度关系如图5所示．图5基于不同匹配子树的文本之间相似度关系Fig．5Text similarity relationship based on different matching subtrees图5中，子树ST k是文本d i的匹配子树，子树ST l 是文本d j的匹配子树，匹配子树ST k和ST l在两文本的相似度计算时起着中介桥梁作用．相似度1表示文本d i与子树1的相似度sim（d i，ST k），相似度2表示子树1与子树2的相似度treeSim（ST k，ST l）），相似度3表示文本d j与子树2的相似度sim（d j，ST l）．在该3个相似度均已知的情况下，计算文本d i与文本d j的相似度textsSim kl（d i，d j）：textsSimkl（di，dj）=sim（di，STk）+sim（dj，STl）+treeSim（STk，STl）3．（6）与第一种情况类似，此处也需要判断3个相似度之间的差值（用Δsim ij［k］［l］表示），对文本d i、d j 相似度的影响，如下所示：Δsim ij［k］［l］=（sim（d i，ST k）-sim（d j，ST l）+sim（dj，STl）-treeSim（STk，STl）+sim（di，STk）-treeSim（STk，STl））/3．当文本d i和文本d j具有不同的匹配子树时，文本d i与文本d j的相似度计算过程主要有3个步骤．step1按式（2）分别计算文本di、文本dj与各自的匹配子树ST k、ST l的相似度：sim（d i，ST k）、sim（dj，STl）；step2按式（3）计算匹配子树STk与匹配子树ST l之间的相似度treeSim（ST k，ST l）；step3以匹配子树STk、STl为中介，按式（6）计算两文本之间的相似度textsSim kl（d i，d j）．上述主要思想体现在基于子树匹配的文本相似度算法中，如算法2所示．算法2TSM（Matrix，subTreeSet，THＲESHOLD）输入Matrix，subTreeSet，THＲESHOLD/*分别表示元数据矩阵、子树集、阈值*/输出simiVector/*文本及其相似度值*/ BEGIN1．int M=Matrix．size（）；2．int N=subTreeSet．size（）；3．FOＲ（i=1to M＆＆Matrix中的每个di）4．FOＲ（j=1to N＆＆each STjin subTreeSet）5．Hash←sim（di，STj）；/*计算文本与匹配子树相似度*/6．ENDFOＲ7．ENDFOＲ8．FOＲ（i=1to M＆＆Matrix中的每个di）9．寻找文本di的匹配子树ST k；10．ENDFOＲ11．FOＲ（di＆＆djin Matrix）/*基于匹配子树，计算文本之间的相似度以及差值*/12．｛计算textsSimkl（di，dj）的值；13．计算Δsimij［k］［l］的值；032模式识别与人工智能27卷14．｝ENDFOＲ15．FOＲ（di ＆＆djin Matrix）/*下面判断文本是否相似*/16．｛IF（di ＆＆dj有相同的匹配子树）THEN17．｛IF（textsSimkl （di，dj）是最大值＆＆Δsim ij［k］［l］＜THＲESHOLD）/*调用式（6）与式（7）*/18．THEN文本di和文本d j相似；19．simiVector←（di ，dj，textsSimkl（di，dj），Δsim ij［k］［l］）；20．｝ENDIF21．ELSE/*表示两文本具有不同的子树*/22．｛IF（textsSimkl （di，dj）是最大值＆＆Δsim ij［k］［l］＜THＲESHOLD）/*调用式（8）与式（9）*/23．THEN文本di和文本d j相似；24．simiVector←（di ，dj，textsSimkl（di，dj），Δsim ij［k］［l］）；25．｝ENDIF26．ENDIF27．｝ENDFOＲ28．ＲETUＲN simiVector；END算法2中在判断文本是否相似时，处理的优先级是：若文本d i和文本d j的匹配子树是同一棵子树（见语句16），则优先处理，否则若两文本的匹配子树不同（见语句21），则其次处理．无论处理哪种情况，均需判断文本d i和文本d j是否满足相似度的条件，即textsSim kl（d i，d j）值最大且Δsim ij［k］［l］值满足阈值THＲESHOLD要求（见算法2步骤17和步骤22），当满足该条件时，表示文本di和文本d j相似．为加快运算速度，算法2采用Hash表来加速数据处理，令子树的个数为m，元数据特征向量的平均个数为n，元数据特征向量的平均大小为l，算法2的时间复杂度为O（nml）．5实例与实验结果分析5．1实例分析以图1所示的概念树为例，基于子树匹配的文本相似度算法的实例分析如下．1）生成元数据特征向量．对文本d1和d2进行预处理，为便于演示，令文本d1生成的元数据特征向量为（t1，W1；t2，W2；t3，W3），共有3个元数据特征项；文本d2生成的元数据特征向量为（t4，W4；t5，W5；t6，W6；t7，W7），共有4个元数据特征项．令权重W1W7的取值分别为0．5、0．6、0．5、0．7、0．8、0．9、0．1．2）基于概念树生成子树．基于图1及算法1，生成的子树共有9个，分别如下：subTree［1］=（c1，w1；c2，w2；c3，w3；c4，w4；c5，w5；c6，w6；c7，w7；c8，w8；c9，w9），该子树以概念c1为根结点，即第一个概念结点为根结点；subTree［2］=（c2，w2；c4，w4；c5，w5；c6，w6；c8，w8；c9，w9），该子树以概念c2为根结点；subTree［3］=（c4，w4），该子树以概念c4为根结点；subTree［4］=（c5，w5；c8，w8；c9，w9），该子树以概念c5为根结点；subTree［5］=（c8，w8），该子树以概念c8为根结点；subTree［6］=（c9，w9），该子树以概念c9为根结点；subTree［7］=（c6，w6），该子树以概念c6为根结点；subTree［8］=（c3，w3；c7，w7），以概念c3为根结点；subTree［9］=（c7，w7），该子树以概念c7为根结点．从图1可知，概念结点c3，c4，c5，c6，c7，c8均有各自的同义词信息，因此，在生成子树时，通过链接的形式关联各自的同义词信息．按层次分别计算子树中各概念结点的权重，可得权重w1 w9的取值分别为1/9，2/9，2/9，3/9，3/9，3/9，3/9，4/9，4/9．3）计算元数据特征向量与子树的相似度．首先，基于式（1），计算子树subTree［1］ subTree［9］中的概念c i（i取值范围为［1，9］）与文本元数据特征项t k（k取值范围为［1，7］）之间的相似度，计算得到的similarity（c i，t k）值如表1所示．基于式（2），分别计算文本d1、d2与其各子树的相似度sim（d1，ST k）、sim（d2，ST k）（k取值范围为［1，9］）．文本与子树之间的相似度计算结果如表2所示．由表2第一行可知，文本d1与子树ST4的相似度sim（d1，ST4）最大，从第二行可知，文本d2与子树ST4的相似度sim（d2，ST4）最大，可见，子树ST4恰好是文本d1、d2的同一棵匹配子树，符合采用式（4）计算textsSim kl（d1，d2）、式（5）计算Δsim12［k］［l］（k 取值范围为［1，9］，l取值范围为［1，9］），可得81个1323期张佩云等：基于子树匹配的文本相似度算法textsSimkl （d1，d2）值．通过运行算法2，这些textsSimkl （d1，d2）值中，textsSim44（d1，d2）=sim（d1，ST4）+sim（d2，ST4）=0．011353，该值是其中最大的，且Δsim12［4］［4］=0．009007，基于匹配子树ST4，文本d1和文本d2的相似度最高．由算法2可知，当算法2的THＲESHOLD为0．01时，文本d1和文本d2相似度满足要求．表1文本概念与子树概念之间的similarity（ci，tk）值Table1The similarity（ci，tk）values between text concepts and subtree conceptsc1c2c3c4c5c6c7c8c9 t10．40．300．400．300．500．600．800．850．95t20．50．600．800．700．650．750．820．930．80t30．40．800．200．530．910．500．100．200．30t40．60．550．700．720．920．700．630．830．20t50．50．400．200．100．600．700．800．960．84t60．10．700．300．600．750．500．950．150．10t70．20．300．250．100．700．930．820．900．65表2文本与子树之间的相似度Table2Similarity between texts and subtrees子树文本ST1ST2ST3ST4ST5ST6ST7ST8ST9d15e－047e－044e－041e－026e－045e－044e－046e－044e－04d27e－048e－043e－041e－037e－046e－046e－045e－046e－045．2实验与结果分析实验中，采用WordNet3．0等作为外部语义词典，生成概念树及子树集．实验1基于数据集1与其他算法的性能比较分析实验目的：主要将本文方法与传统的基于（概率）统计的方法进行比较．1）WordBased方法．基于经典的TF-IDF［2］计算词项的权重，其中词频（Term Frequency，TF）用于统计一篇文本中特征项出现的频率，利用逆文本频率（Inverse Document Frequency，IDF）来衡量特征项权重的指数，WordBased方法根据文本向量夹角余弦值的大小来表征文本之间相似程度．2）N-gram方法．基于概率统计的N元语法［11］，N的大小体现词间的独立性强弱．3）LSA方法．潜在语义分析（Latent Semantic Analysis，LSA）［19］．为与已有相关研究比较，采用Michael D．Lee 的50标准文档相似度测试数据集［20］，该数据集集合来自澳大利亚广播公司新闻邮件服务文档，共2500对文档，去掉自身配对文档后还有1225对不同的文档．该数据集中文档的长度范围为51 126字，文本内容覆盖的话题广泛，每对文档有8 12个标准观察者提供针对文档对的相似度值．该数据集的停用词包括：“are，as，at，about，all，also，although，am，an，and，another，any，anybody，anyhow，anyone，anything，anywhere”等．为验证LSA等方法，还提供具有49298对文档的备用数据集语料库．在实验中，为判断不同方法的优劣，需要判断实验结果与标准观察者提供针对文档对的相似度值的相关性．实验采用常用的皮尔逊线性相关系数（记为r）来衡量相关性，r取值范围为［－1，1］，r＞0，说明实验结果与标准观察者提供对文档对的相似度值是正相关的．实验得到的皮尔森线性相关系数最好结果记录如表3所示．表3实验1结果Table3Ｒesults of Experiment1方法名称皮尔森线性相关系数WordBased方法取值范围（0．4，0．5）LSA方法取值范围（0．5，0．6］N-gram方法约为0．5本文方法约为0．6由表3可知，前两种方法主要是基于VSM模型的统计方法，其中，LSA（也称为LSI）方法的实验结果较好，最优值能接近0．6．N-gram方法的整数N的取值范围为［1，10］，当N≥6时结果较好（相对于N＜6时），但相对其他方法而言，实验效果一般．本文方法在概念树的基础上，计算文本对的相似度，与数据集的已有计算结果相比，本文方法取得较好的皮尔森线性相关系数值，约为0．6，结果相对较好．实验2基于数据集2与其他算法的性能比较分析实验目的：主要将本文方法与基于语义计算的232模式识别与人工智能27卷文本相似度方法相比较．1）ConceptForest 方法［16］．该方法基于文档构建语义森林，并基于WordNet 计算概念之间的语义相似度．其文本相似度计算公式如下：Sim （d i ，d j ）=T i ∩T jT i ∪T j，其中，d i 、d j 表示文本，T i 和T j 分别是来自文本d i 、d j 的概念森林．2）SemanticForest 方法［17］．该方法基于文本构建语义森林，并基于WordNet 和Wikipedia 计算文本语义相似度．3）TSemSim ［18］方法．该方法基于词项语义信息计算文本相似度，主要思想是基于VSM ，设v i ，v j 是两篇不同文本的关键词项向量，其中v i =（w i 1，w i 2，w i 3，…，w im ），v j =（w j 1，w j 2，w j 3，…，w jm ），该方法定义文本相似度为textSim （v i ，v j ）=wf *VectSim （v i ，v j ），其中，wf 表示关键词向量v i ，v j 之间相似度的加权因子，VectSim （v i ，v j ）表示关键词向量v i 和v j 之间的相似度．由于文本相似度计算的语料库相对较少，因此，采用与文献［18］类似的方法，将文本相似度计算方法与聚类算法相结合来验证算法的有效性．采用公认的标准数据集Ｒeuters-21578（http ：//kdd．ics．uci．edu /databases /reuters21578/reuters21578．html ），该数据集在文本的大小、分布上都存在显著差异性，已被广泛采用［16，18］．取Ｒeuters-21578数据集中6个文本子集（简称Ｒeuters ）：Ｒe1、Ｒe2、Ｒe3、Ｒe4，Ｒe5，Ｒe6，该6个文本子集的大小分别为110、203、318、412、321、423．将4种方法与二分K 均值聚类算法［18］相结合来验证算法的有效性．1）基于Ｒeuters 数据集的准确率分析．实验测试4种方法计算文本相似度的准确率，如图6所示．图6基于Ｒeuters 数据集的相似度准确率分析Fig．6Analysis of similarity precision rate based on Ｒeuters dataset由图6可知，TSemSim 方法、SemanticForest 方法与ConceptForest 的方法是基于WordNet 或Wikipedia 计算词汇语义相似度，再聚集运算后得到文本之间的相似度，准确率相对较低，而本文方法综合基于统计和基于语义方法的优点来计算文本相似度，因此，本文方法计算得到的相似度准确率是4种方法中最高的，而ConceptForest 方法准确率最低．2）基于Ｒeuters 数据集的时间耗费分析．基于Ｒeuters 数据集，4种方法的时间耗费如图7所示．图7基于Ｒeuters 数据集的算法时间耗费分析Fig．7Time consumption analysis based on Ｒeuters dataset由图7可知，基于Ｒeuters 数据集，TSemSim 方法的时间耗费最少，其次是本文方法，耗费时间较多的是SemanticForest 方法和ConceptForest 方法，其中，ConceptForest 方法时间耗费是最多的，相较而言，本文方法的时间性能是可接受的．通过基于Michael D．Lee 数据集和Ｒeuters 数据集对算法进行测试及比较分析可知，本文方法综合统计方法和语义计算的优势进行文本相似度计算，实验结果相对于仅基于统计方法或仅基于语义计算的方法要好．6结束语元数据作为文本中的重要词项，为文本间的语义相似度（接近度）计算提供了一个合适的表征向量，本文研究一种文本相似计算方法，从降低文本表示时文本向量的维度出发，通过对文本收集元数据及对元数据进行预处理，生成具有少量特征项的元数据特征向量，在不影响文本特征提取的前提下减少文本特征向量的维度．通过生成概念树，设置分层权重并设置对同义词的处理，以子树为中介计算文本向量之间的相似度．本文概念树的构建是一项基3323期张佩云等：基于子树匹配的文本相似度算法。