西方文化概论-Chapter 1 -7 (复习题)
广西大学《西方文化概论》期末复习题及参考答案
西方文化概论复习资料超越高度一.填空题（共25题,40.0分）1罗克起家的克马前三头同盟指靠镇压（）、凭借剿灭海盗和胜利正确答案：斯巴达克拉苏2克里特文明从公元前( )以后就开始突然衰落了。
正确答案：15世纪31054年在东西教会的大分裂和1071年塞尔柱突阙人对耶路冷的占领，而它们的结果就是历史上著名的（）。
正确答案：十字军东征4亚里士多德认为古希腊的悲剧能调动我们的( )情感。
正确答案：怜悯和敬畏5西方文明最早的源头是（）。
正确答案：克里克岛6关于希腊神话与传说最著名的史诗是荷马的（）。
正确答案：伊利亚特7（）是18世纪在欧洲受欢迎的政治经济体制。
它建立在这样的信念上：即一国的国力基于贸易顺差获得的财富。
正确答案：重商主义8斯巴达最初的法律包括哪三个方面?( )正确答案：政治,军事,经济9公元前2世纪，罗马帝国亚历山大里亚的科学家托勒密在其著作（）提出“地心说”理论。
正确答案：《天文学大成》10希腊城邦时代,古希腊人受教育的方式主要是( )。
正确答案：观看戏剧1119世纪末，西方资本主义国家先后完成了第二次工当产业革命而走向强盛，（）垄断世界市场的霸主时代结束了。
正确答案：英国12西方历史的悲剧之父是（）。
正确答案：埃斯库罗斯13公元前9世纪，( )字母传入希腊文明。
正确答案：腓尼基14被誉为希腊哲学之父的是( )。
正确答案：泰勒斯15古希腊戏剧的诞生与( )有关。
正确答案：酒神16希，克，黑，迈，这几个希腊文明的阶段,由早到晚顾序正确的是( )。
正确答案：克,迈,黑,希17欧洲三十年宗教战争最终以（）的签订而结束。
正确答案：《成斯特伐利亚和约》18中世纪臭名昭著却又令人谈虎色变的（）是督教不宽容的暴虐态度的“杰作”。
正确答案：宗教裁判所19地理大发现与文艺复兴和（）被称为西方中世纪文化和近代文化之间的历史分水岭。
正确答案：宗教改革20最早编提古希腊神话的神谱的游吟诗人是( )。
正确答案：赫西俄德21在临终之际，（）接受了基督教洗礼，成为罗马帝国的第一位基督教皇帝。
西方文化概论考试题
西方文化概论考试题一、选择题1. 西方文化的起源可以追溯到以下哪个时期？A. 古希腊时期B. 文艺复兴时期C. 工业革命时期D. 当代现代化时期2. 哪位希腊哲学家被认为是西方文化的奠基人？A. 亚里士多德B. 柏拉图C. 西塞罗D. 苏格拉底3. 文艺复兴运动是在哪个国家兴起的？A. 法国B. 英国C. 意大利D. 德国4. 哪本书是英国文艺复兴时期最重要的著作之一？A. 《圣经》B. 《简·爱》C. 《哈姆雷特》D. 《唐吉诃德》5. 哪位科学家被称为现代物理学之父？A. 牛顿B. 达尔文C. 哥白尼D. 欧几里德二、判断题判断下列说法是否正确，正确的在括号内写“√”，错误的写“×”。
1. （√）《罗密欧与朱丽叶》是莎士比亚的作品，属于英国文艺复兴时期的戏剧。
2. （×）文艺复兴运动对欧洲其他国家的文化影响不大，主要局限于意大利地区。
3. （√）工业革命对西方社会产生了巨大的影响，使之从传统农业社会转变为现代工业社会。
4. （×）西方文化的核心是个人主义和自由，与集体主义和权威主义完全不同。
5. （√）西方文化中的人文主义强调人的尊严和价值，提倡人类的自由发展和个体意识的觉醒。
三、问答题1. 请简要介绍西方文化的主要特点和价值观。
西方文化的主要特点包括个人主义、理性主义、人权和科学精神等。
个人主义强调个体的独立性和个人权利，在人际关系和社会交往中强调个体的意愿和选择。
理性主义崇尚理性思维和科学方法，在知识的获取和问题解决中强调逻辑和分析。
人权是西方文化的核心价值观之一，认为每个人都享有平等的尊重和权利。
科学精神是对客观世界的追求和理解，注重实证和证据的支持。
2. 西方文化中的哪些艺术形式对世界产生了深远的影响？西方文化中的艺术形式包括文学、音乐、绘画、雕塑、戏剧和电影等。
其中，莎士比亚的戏剧作品被认为是世界戏剧史上的巅峰之作，对后世的文学和戏剧创作产生了深远的影响。
西方文化概论复习资料
西方文化概论复习资料第一章古希腊罗马文化第一节1、如何认识古希腊文明的时间跨度和空间范围？（1）、地域范围：古代希腊的概念是一个大希腊的概念，包括希腊本土、小亚细亚和西亚沿海地区、南意大利地区，甚至伊比利亚半岛和北非。
（2）、时间跨度：古代希腊文化包括三个发展阶段：A、克里特－迈锡尼时代的文化（公元前26－前12世纪）黑暗时代（公元前12－前8世纪）B、希腊城邦时代的文化（公元前8－前4世纪）C、希腊化时代的文化（公元前4－前2世纪）2、赫西俄德的《神谱》具有什么文化学意义?从文化学角度来看，赫西俄德的《神谱》具有两方面的重要意义：第一，它通过神系的生殖原则反映了一种朴素的宇宙起源论和自然演化观；第二，它蕴含着一种自我否定为动力的社会进化思想。
从第一方面来看，希腊神话的神谱不仅仅是神的家族史，同时也反映了希腊人的宇宙生成观，神的衍生和交替也就是自然过程的发生和演进。
这种通过神系的生殖原则来说明宇宙起源和自然演化过程的神话思维图景，构成了哲学和科学产生之前人们唯一的世界观。
从第二方面来看，以内在的自我否定作为神系延续和发展的契机是希腊神话的又一个基本特征。
这种维持神系更新和发展的自我否定机制使希腊神话表现出一种新陈代谢的社会进化思想，而在背后决定着诸神的兴衰泰否的就是那个不出场的“命运”。
这种通过“命运”的“看不见之手”来实现神系更迭和自然进化的思想，构成了希腊神话中最深刻的思想，同时也成为整个西方文化在漫长的历史过程中不断实现自我否定和自我超越的形而上的动力。
第二节1、希腊神话的“神人同形同性”特点反映了什么样的文化精神？A：神人同形——希腊人的自然崇拜和感觉主义，崇尚完美的形体。
B：神人同性——神与人一样具有七情六欲、喜怒哀乐，像人一样会犯错，经常到人间来滋生是非、拈花惹草。
由此导致了希腊神话和整个希腊文化的和谐之美的基本特点。
在希腊宗教和希腊文化中，自然崇拜和感觉主义构成了最基本的特征。
肉体与精神的原始和谐，使整个希腊文化呈现出一种田园诗般纯净悠扬的意境。
西方文化概论考试试题参考
西方文化概论考试试题参考IMB standardization office【IMB 5AB- IMBK 08- IMB 2C】西方文化概论试题参考一、名词解释：1、命运：A、命运是希腊悲剧的基本主题，它是潜藏在悲剧主人公的自由行动背后的一种决定论力量，最典型的命运悲剧如《俄底浦斯王》等；B、希腊悲剧中的命运在稍后的希腊哲学中发展为决定现象的本质，其实质即不依人的意志为转移的自然规律或社会规律。
2、布匿战争：A、布匿战争是罗马人对外扩张的第一场战争，其对手是地中海南岸的迦太基，该战争共打了三次，以罗马的最终胜利和迦太基的灭亡而告终；B、布匿战争加速了罗马对外扩张的步伐，成为罗马称霸地中海世界的序幕。
3、修道运动：随着基督教的国教化，到了4世纪末，基督徒已经在罗马人口中占有多数。
主教们开始为它的纯洁而忧虑。
修道运动的最初是真诚的基督徒面对罗马世界中普遍的堕落现象而采取的一种洁身自好的应战状态，它的本义是为了维护基督教道德的严谨性和纯洁性。
基督教的圣徒们为了上帝的缘故而折磨自己的肉体，以独身、清贫、禁欲和脱离尘世的沉思冥想来与骄奢淫逸的罗马生活方式抗衡。
4、因信称义A、马丁·路德宗教改革的主要神学思想，它的基本内容是：只有信仰才是得救（称义）的唯一根据；B、“因信称义”思想的意义在于，与中世纪罗马天主教会所宣扬的各种善功称义思想针锋相对，反对通过买卖赎罪券等活动来达到称义目的的虚伪主张。
5、前三头同盟A、前三头同盟是指罗马共和国晚期克拉苏、庞培、恺撒三人缔结的政治同盟；B、前三头同盟的出现标志着罗马共和国已经走向没落，骑士阶层开始公开地与元老院相抗衡，并且逐渐控制了罗马共和国的命运。
6、弥赛亚运动：“弥赛亚”一词源自希伯来文，希腊文译作基督，本意为受膏者或受上帝祝福的人。
在犹太人中弥赛亚与君主、救世主同义，每当犹太人受到本族或异族的统治者的压迫和欺凌，生活痛苦无法忍受时，就会有一位犹太人宣布自己就是众所期待的弥赛亚，领导犹太人进行反抗运动。
西方文化习题汇总
Chapter One Culture in Ancient GreeceMultiple choices:1.Which culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B. C.?A. Greek CultureB. Roman CultureC. Egyptian CultureD. Chinese Culture2.In _______ the Roman conquered Greece.A. 1200B.C. B. 700 B. C. C. 146 B.C.D. The 5th century3.Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon against the city of Troy?A. Oedipus the KingB. IliadC. OdysseyD. Antigone4.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Aeschylus?A. AntigoneB. AgamemnonC. PersiansD. Prometheus Bound5.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Sophocles?A. ElectraB. AntigoneC. Trojan WomanD. Oedipus the King6.Which of the following is the play written by Euripides?A. AntigoneB. PersiansC. ElectraD. Medea7.Which of the following is NOT the greatest tragic dramatist of ancient Greece?A. AristophanesB. EuripidesC. SophoclesD. Aeschylus8.Who was the founder of scientific mathematics?A. HeracleitusB. AristotleC. SocratesD. Pythagoras9. ________ is the major foundation in the Western culture and makes a powerful impact on the development of human civilization.A. Ancient European cultureB. Ancient Greek cultureC. Ancient Chinese cultureD. Ancient Egyptian culture10. Greek culture can date back to____.A. the Neolithic AgeB. the Bronze AgeC. the Stone and Bronze AgeD. the Old Stone Age11. Mycenaean culture was influenced the most by Cretan culture on ____.A. farmingB. handicraft and tradeC. religionD. philosophy12. The Trojan War broke out at the end of ____.A. the Heroic AgeB. the Golden AgeC. the Cretan CivilizationD. the Mycenaean Civilization13. The first Olympiad began in the ____ period of the Golden Age.A. archaicB. centralC. dependentD. dark14. ____was called “the first citizen of Athens” by Thucydides and in his reign the slave-based democracy politics in Athens reached its peak.A. Justinian IB. CleonC. PericlesD. Ptolemy15. ____established the Academy - the first Greek institution of higher learning.A. PlatoB. SocratesC. AristotleD. Heraclitus16. Herodotus, father of Greek history, focused on describing the war between _____in his book, The Histories.A. Thebes and SpartaB. Persia and SyracuseC. Athens and SpartaD. Greeks and PersiansTrue of false question.(1) The play Oedipus at Colonus was written by Aristophanes. F(2) Greek philosophy started with Aristotle. F(3) The famous bronze sculpture of athletes, Discus Thrower, was created by Myron. T(4) Euclid discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere. F(5) The chief Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. TShort answer questionsHow did the ancient Greek Civilization develop in its long history?Firstly, early period of Greek Civilization: the development of Cretan and Mycenaean Civilization. Secondly, with the development of economy, many city-states were founded. Aristocratic rulers were trying to proceed their reforms in politics and legislations, which led to the prosperity of Greek Civilization. Last, after two wars, Greek Civilization came to its end.Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age, and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology, Greek philosophy started with Thales who believed that the material world originated in water. The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, Plato established the Academy - the first Greek institution of higher learning. Literary representation centered round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey.Chapter Two Culture in Ancient RomeMultiple choices:1.Ancient Roman culture is the culture from the formation of _____ to the end of the Roman Empire, which hadlasted about 1200 years throughout.A. Roman RepublicB. ByzantiumC. Pax RomanaD. Seven Hill Ally2.____ were the twins, the founders of Rome in the history.A. Octavian and CaesarB. Caesar and RemusC. Romulus and RemusD. Romulus and Octavian3.____was the first emperor in Roman Empire from 27 BC to 14 AD.A. CaesarB. OctavianC. RemusD. Pompey4.The First Triumvirate consisted of ____.A. Julius Caesar, Mark Antony, SullaB. Pompey, Crassus, CleopatraC. Pompey, Crassus, Julius CaesarD. Octavian, Brutus, Marius5.Punic wars are a series of wars between Rome and ____.A. GreekB. SicilyC. SpainD. Carthage6.Who wrote, “I came, I saw, I conquered”?A. HoraceB. Julius CaesarC. VirgilD. Marcus Tullius Cicero7.Which of the following is not Roman architecture?A.The ColosseumB. The PantheonC. The ParthenonD. Pont du Gard8.The Law of the Twelve Tables was inscribed in _____.A.450 BCB. 200 BCC. 40 BCD. 400 BC9.The Italian poet Dante regarded _____ as his teacher in The Divine Comedy.A.VirgilB. HoraceC. OvidD. Chaucer10.In _____ the Romans conquered Greece.A. 1200B.C. B. 700 B.C.C. 146 B.C.D. the 5th centuryTrue of false question.(1) In ancient Rome, freed slaves could become Roman citizen without any restrictions on their legal rights. F(2) All free-born citizens could get married in Roman society. F(3) All Romans got their daily needs from war ravages and looting in other defeated countries or areas. F(4) In Roman society, women had more chances to do some social activities than those in the East. T(5) The Romans usually entertained at the risk of slaves’ lives. T(6) All Roman citizens were allowed to vote on laws or on the decision of who were to be leaders. F(7) After Civil War, Roman entered the Pax Romana, the longest period of peace in Rome. T(8) The first Trumvirate was a formal one consisting of Octavian, Mark Antony and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. F(9) In Rome, Stoicism and Epicureanism originated from Greece. T(10) Before Christianity enter Rome, Ancient Romans had mostly been polytheists. TShort answer questionsPlease give a brief introduction to the development of ancient Rome. Analyze the reasons that attributed the conversion of Roman Republic to Roman Empire.Reasons:a. Roman rulership inherited largely from ancient Greece. Under the Republic, senators were elected by the people to run the government.b. Territory expanse caused rich landowners and merchants to be able to buy up most of the country land, which led to instability of Roman military.c. Fights among powerful rulers, such as the fight in the first Triumvirate, and in the second Triumvirate, gave chance to get the supreme power to only one person instead of the people.In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.It is universally acknowledged that Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture. This could be seen in what Roman culture adopted from Greek culture as is demonstrated in religion, philosophy and literature.In religion, we know most of the gods in Roman myths came from Greek legends in terms of function and contribution to their myths. Nevertheless, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The parallel arrangement of gods provides accurate evidence to show the similarity of the two religions and Roman wisdom in borrowing fine elements from an external culture is obvious.The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples to demonstrate Greek influence on their Roman counterpart. The best example is perhaps Stoicism and Epicureanism, both of which originated from Greece and were further developed and modified in Rome.In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a great deal from Greek culture. For example, one could find lots of traces of Greek tragedy in Roman drama. Even in Virgil’s best known epic Aeneid, we could read of similar story of the hero in his voyage from Troy to Rome, compared to Odysseus, who overcomes many difficulties on his way home though they are certainly set against different backgrounds.All in all, the two cultures are closely linked partly because Greek culture is so illustrious that no one could leave it out without picking up something from it. The Roman people were sufficiently intelligent that they could not refuseto take such an opportunity to learn something when the opportunity was available.Chapter Three Jewish Culture and The Old TestamentMultiple choices:1.The Babylonian Captivity refers to the captivation and imprisonment of the Jews by Nebuchadnezzar II, in ____.A.586 BCB.450 BCC.336 BCD.586 AC2.Jerusalem was established as the capital in ___.A.585 BCB.1000 BCC.1000 ADD.585 AD3.In history, Israelite monarchy prospered with the three kings, Saul, ____.A.David and SolomonB.Moses and DavidC.Jacob and DavidD.Jacob and Solomon4.The ancestor of the Jews is ___.A.GreekB. GermanicC. HebrewD. Roman5.The whole Old Testament is written in ______ except some brief portions which are in the Aramaic languageA.classical HebrewB.classical EnglishC.classical GreekD.classical LatinFill in the blanks1.Jehovah is worshipped as the chief god of the country of Israel.2.Ezekiel helped Jewish people spread the religion of Judaism and finally confirmed it during the BabylonianCaptivity and later period.3.The core of Judaism is Mose’s Ten Commandments and Rabbis’ interpretations of the doctrines.4.The Jewish New Year is called Rosh Hashanah.True of false question.1.The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first 10 books. F2.The Old Testament was written in Hebrew, including the three parts: Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa andApocrypha. T3.Exodus describes how Aaron led the people of Israel out of Egypt in the 13th or 14th centuries BC, including theirlife in Egypt and how they suffered from oppression. F4.The Prophets mainly introduces all kinds of prophets. T5.Apocrypha books are not included in the canon of the Old Testament because of their uncertain authorship orlegendary. TShort answer questionsSay something about Judaism and The Old Testament.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literary value.What would you say about the Jewish contribution to Christianity and Western culture? Give examples to show how Jewish culture relates to and differs from the other cultures, such as Greek and Arabic cultures.The Jewish culture has done much for Christianity and Western culture, such as the Jewish contribution to the transmission of Western culture .One of the examples is Jewish assistance to the establishment of Christianity. It was the Jews who worked as the early organizers and participants in the underground activities of the Christians. Another example concerns Philo, the major Jewish-Hellenistic philosopher of the early period, combined both the Greek philosophical element and Jewish theology.Chapter Four Christianity and The New TestamentFill in the blanks(1) Owing to the repeated conquests of Jerusalem by various aggressors, like Alexander the Great and the Romans, the Jews suffered a great deal from the violent suppression and the final loss of their homeland.(2) Plato’s ideas provided a more intellectual and reasonable framework for the basic beliefs of pious Jewish people.(3) Baptism is to wash off one’s original sin by sprinkling water over one’s body to indicate that one’s original sin is washed off and that one is admitted into the church.(4) Anointment is a ritual where a priest put specially-made oil on the dying to show benefaction and forgiveness of the sin in that person’s lifetime.(5) Purgatory is a state or place of temporary punishment for the removal of sins not possible in any other ways.(6) The Mass is a formal rite, ceremony or service of religious worship.(7) Excommunication means a Christian is partly or completely expelled from the church, usually with the loss of his citizenship.Multiple Choice1.Which of the following is by far the most influential in the West?A. BuddismB. IslamismC. ChristianityD. Judaism2.The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called __________.A. ExodusB. CommandmentsC. AmosD. Pentaeuch3.Which of the following is NOT the content of the Ten Commandments?A. Honor your father and your mother.B. Do not commit suicide.C. Do not desire your neighbor’s wife.D. Do not take the name of God in vain.4. When in Babylon the Hebrews formed synagogues to practice their religion?A. in 169B.C. B. in the 4th centuryC. in 76 B.C.D. in the 6th century5. Which of the following emperors made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all otherreligions?A. TheodosiusB. AugustusC. Constantine ID. Nero Caesar6. Which of the following emperors issued the Edict of Milan and made Christianity legal in 313?A. AugustusB. ThedosiusC. NeroD. Constantine I7. At the age of 30, Jesus Christ received the baptism at the hands of _________.A. St. PeterB. St. PaulC. John Baptist(施洗者约翰)D. John Wycliff8. Christianity is the system of religious belief and practice about ____ and started at the turn of ____A. Mary, 1st century ADB. Jesus Christ, 1st century ADC. Jehovah, 1st century BCD. Jesus Christ, 1st century BC9. The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as ________.A. the Latin VulgateB. the AristeasC. the “Authorized”D. the Septuagint(七十子译本《旧约圣经》的希腊文译本)10. On February ____ , the Roman Emperor, ______ , accepted Christianity as the official religion.A. 380, Alexander the GreatB. 380, TheodosiusC. 400, OctavianD. 100, Jesus Christ11. _____, the Christian Church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.A. In 1054. In 1054 BC C. In 1055 D. In 38012. In 451 AD, the archbishop of Roman Church, ____________, made himself Pope.A. St. PeterB. Saint Leo IC. Martin LutherD. John Calvin13. The largest and earliest of non-Roman Catholic Groups in the West is ___________.A. Lutheran ChurchB. AnglicanismC. PresbyterianD. Free Churches14. ______ is the 2nd book of The Old Testament, telling the history of Hebrews, flight out of Egypt led by Moses.A. ExodusB. GospelC. GenesisD. Job15. _______ is the cradle of many civilizations, such as Trojan, Phrygian, Achaemenid, Greek, Armenian, Roman and Byzantine.A. EgyptB. Asia MinorC. JerusalemD. Aegean SeaShort answer questionReasons for Roman acceptance of Christianity:a. For the common people in the empire who were fed up with wars and social turmoil, they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role to pacify and comfort them with love and care more effectively than other organizations or religions.b. It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance to control ideologically and intellectually the ordinary people, which was thus welcomed by the kings, emperors or aristocrats.c. The name and influence of Christianity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification, which would help the majority of people to accept the reign of a newly emerging ruler and his followers.d. Christianity is also a kind of culture, which to many people suggests social stability and recovery of an old life style they are accustomed to. Though conservative as well, it could be tolerated because their life and property could thus be secured in the changed circumstances.True of False(1) When Jesus Christ fled from his brother Esau, he imagined the ladder to heaven. F(2) Christianity is a kind of culture. T(3) Before the 4th century, Christians had been persecuted in Roman Empire. T(4) Jewish culture and religion were immensely enriched by Christianity and Western culture. F(5) The Trinity is the unity of Holy Father, Holy Son and Holy Spirit in one divine being. TChapter Five The Middle Ages and Germanic CultureFill in the blanks(1) Byzantine culture achieved remarkable progress by combining the cultural essence of Greece and Rome with the Eastern culture.(2) Neo-Platonism is a philosophy linking Greek philosophy and the Eastern mysticism, which focused on the power of spirit and transcendentalism.(3) Spiritually and culturally, 14th century in Byzantium showed remarkable vitality.(4) The early medieval literature was represented by poems, particularly by hymns pressing the intense religious feelings of love of God.(5) The artistic achievements of the Medieval Ages mostly related to religion, since it was the focal point in people’s lives and the church was the principal promoter of artistic work.(6) Construction of major buildings during the Middle Ages, consisted mainly of large numbers of churches, generally in Romanesque and Gothic styles.Multiple Choice1. After the last Roman emperor was overthrown by the German mercenary troops, the European civilization moved into _____.A. the modern eraB. the Middle AgesC. the new periodD. the Renaissance2. The barbarous tribes included Celts, Germans and _______.A. FrenchB. ItaliansC. SlavsD. Tartars3. When was the Church divided into the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church?A. after 1066B. after 1296C. after 1054D. after 4764.Under feudalism, what were the three classes of people of western Europe?A. clergy, knights and serfsB. Pope, bishop and peasantsC. clergy, lords and peasantsD. knights, nobles and serfs5. Which of the following was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800?A. St. Thomas AquinasB. CharlemagneC. ConstantineD. King James6.Song of Roland belong to which country’s epic?A. EnglishB. GermanicC. HebrewD. French7. Which of the following is NOT true about Scholasticism.A. Scholasticism was initiated by the medieval theologians to defend and consolidate the status of Christianity.B. The Scholars employed Aristotle’s statement and Plato’s theory of ideas to explain God’s existence.C. The Scholars made a compromise between science and philosophy.D. Scholasticism regarded the Bible as the only source of absolute truth, making reason submit to religious faith. True or false questions(1) Carolingian culture was featured with Christianity because of the latter’s strong influence on the barbarous tribes. T(2) Edda is a collection of Germanic myths which provides the prototypes for later tales of European nations. F(3) All the English names of the weekdays derive from the Northern gods. F(4) The legends in Charlemagne’s life and deeds were frequently referenced by many poets of the Renaissance and later periods. T(5) In the German and Norse mythology, the gods are not perfect. They represent different forces of the God, struggling against the primeval giants. T(6) Since the medieval culture retarded during almost 1000 years development, this period never enhanced Western human civilization in history. F(7) The division of the Frank Empire into three parts after Charlemagne’s death signified the weakening of the centralized system. T(8) The spirit of the Germans formed one part of the central features of the Christian Trinity. T(9) The hierarchical levels of the priesthood during Medieval Ages begin with the Pope as supreme leader, followed by cardinals, archbishops, bishops and the parish priest.T(10) In medieval society, God permanently served as an image of severity and solemnity, without change until the renaissance. F(11) Serfs in the plantations of the Charlemagne’s Empire worked hard because they could be rewarded. F(12) The icon referred to the abstract image of Jesus Christ in the period of Byzantium. T(13) Scholasticism was created by Vatican in the Middle Ages to handle the ideas of infidelity with the help of classical philosophy. TShout answer questionsWhat is your comment on the status of medieval culture and politics in Western history?(1) social advantages for the change of productive means;(2) the weakening of the centralized system;(3) the increasing influences of the Church;(4) cultural contributions of Germans and other nationalities;a. Germanic contributions to Christianity－Power in Christian Trinity mainly came from the Goths who were brave, militant and tactically capable of warring. Charlemagne the Great tried to restore Roman culture and promote cultural development.b. The Muslims also contributed considerably to the preservation and dissemination of classical culture.(5) utilitarian tendency of the medieval culture;a. the emergence of a range of different cultures;b. the humanizing and perfecting of hierarchy;c. the humanization of Christian doctrines.Chapter Six Culture during the RenaissanceFill in the blanks(1) The Renaissance was to recover ancient culture and art; while the Reformation was to recover ancient Christian theology.(2) With far-reaching political, economic and social effects, the Reformation became a basis for the founding of Protestantism, which emerged as one of the three major branches of Christianity.(3) Calvin’s theory of Predestination conformed to expectations of bourgeoisie.(4) Calvin practiced his democratic and republican system on the basis of principles in the New Testaments.(5) Francis Bacon was the founder of experimental science and materialism.(6) “I am thinking, therefore I exist” was spoken by Rene Descartes.Multiple Choice1. Where did the Renaissance start with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture?A. in Greece and RomeB. in Florence and VeniceC. in Milan and FlorenceD. in Italy and Germany2. When did the Renaissance reach its height with its center moving to Milan, then to Rome, and created High Renaissance?A. in the 11th centuryB. in the 15th centuryC. in the 16th centuryD. in the 17th century3. Which of the following works is written by Boccaccio?A. DecameronB. CanzoniersC. DavidD. Moses4. The medieval civilization met its climax during the _________.A. 14th centuryB. 13th centuryC. 12th centuryD. 11th century5. Which of the following High Renaissance artists is the father of the modern mode of painting?A. RaphaelB. TitianC. da VinciD. Michelangelo7. The earliest university in Europe was the one established in _______ .A. BerlinB. RomeC. BolognaD. Oxford8. Which of the following High Renaissance artists was best known for his Madonna (Virgin Mary)?A. TitianB. da VinciC. MichelangeloD. Raphael9. Which of the following is not the inspiration for the Renaissance?A. The break-up of feudal structures.B. The emergence of national monarchies.C. The rise of folk culture and popular literature.D. The revival of religious beliefs.10. In whose reign did the formal break of the British with the papal（教皇制度的）authorities take place?A. Elizabeth IB. William IC. Edward IIID. Henry VIII11. After the formal break of the British with the papal authorities, who was the head of the church?A. KingB. PopeC. BishopD. Queen12. Which of the following works was written by Rabelais（拉拍雷）, in which he praises the greatness of man,expresses his love of love and his reverence and sympathy for humanist learning?A. Gargantua and PantagruelB. Don QuixoteC. The Praise of FollyD. Utopia13. Whose motto put down in his essays “What do I Know?” is world famous?A. CervantesB. RabelaisC. Montaigne(蒙田：法国人文主义思想家)D. Shakespeare14.Which of the following works is worth reading for Montaigne’s humanist ideas and a style which is easy and familiar?A. SonnetsB. DecameronC. RabelaisD. Of Repentance15. Which of the following is NOT French writer poet?A. CervantesB. Pierre de RonsardC. RabelaisD. Montaigne16. In 1516 who published the first Greek edition of the New Testament?A. BruegelB. Erasmus（伊拉兹马斯C. El GrecoD. Rabelais17. “To be, or not to be, -- that is the question. ”is from whose works?A. ChaucerB. DanteC. Roger BaconD. Shakespeare18. The core idea of the Renaissance was ________.A. rationalismB. realismC. humanismD. classicism19.The bourgeoisie was a result of ____ production in terms of wage-payment and profit.A. massB. agriculturalC. industrialD. commercial20. The most important reason for the emergence of the Renaissance in Italy is _______.A. Italy’s prosperous tradeB. the variety of urban social lifeC. the use of Latin as a common languageD. that the newly emerging capitalists sought to oppose feudal and divine dominance of society21. The major boost of Humanism is _______ .A. the fall of ConstantinopleB. the prosperity of the city of FlorenceC. the prosperous trade and production of handicraftD. the rich variety of urban social life22. Which of the following is not the major principle of humanism?A. Literature should represent the feelings of ordinary humans.B. Science should produce benefits for mankind.C. Education should develop divine spirit and classical culture.D. Man should become central in everything.True or false(1) Individualism was the foundation of social ideology during the Renaissance. T(2) Dante’s most important works On Monarchy shows most of his humanist ideas over which he was meditating during years of exile. F(3) Petrarch opposed the papal authority and other supreme authorities by exemplifying his attitudes towards Aristotle. T(4) The Renaissance and humanism greatly contributed to the occurrence of Enlightenment and bourgeois revolution. T(5) Humanism helped spark the Reformation, while the latter hindered the development of the former. T(6) Cultural salon was founded in order to spread the Graeco-Roman culture. F(7) The discussions in the cultural salon helped to improve cultural manners. T(8) The French Academy derives from a club of ten members discussing questions of common interest. F(9) Drama was a vigorous and popular cultural activity during the Renaissance in France. T(10) Drama in this period focused on moral irony, formal beauty as well as brevity and understatement. TShort answer questions1.Try to list the elements which contributed to the emergence of the Renaissance.Hints: the break-up of feudal structures; the strengthening of city-states in Italy; the emergence of national monarchies in Spain, France, and England; the thrive of many different kinds of social structures; the rise of folk culture and popular literature in most European countries; changes in secular education, particularly the founding of universities.2. What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterized by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.3. Please illustrate the features of social ideology during the Renaissance and its representative figures.The social ideology was based on individual interests and characteristics of individualism. The core of social ideology during the Renaissance was humanism, which reflected strongly the wishes and desires of the civilian class and essentially an expression of the bourgeois individualism and hedonism. Humanism contributed remarkably to the later social and intellectual advances in the Western world.Representative figures are Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio and Machiavelli.4. Please clarify the significance of the Religious Reformation in the Western world.The Reformation made great contribution to the social and intellectual development of Western civilization.a. With the far-reaching political, economic and social effects, the Reformation became a basis for the founding of Protestantism, which emerged as one of the three major branches of Christianity.b. The Reformation was the most effective and influential in terms of the results it achieved. It not only contributed to the ecclesiastical development of Christianity, but opened the way to much of the subsequent social and intellectual progress of the West.5. Please analyze the features of classicism.a. Drama and other forms of arts tended to imitate and reflect those of the Graeco-Roman civilization.b. Literature of this period is termed neoclassical, because it sought beauty of form rather than the content.c. Culture in this period not only exhibited the productions of artistic works, but promoted the development of life styles, such as dress and speech.d. As commonly opposed to Romanticism, the 17th-century classicism in France implies a social ideal.e. Classicism tends naturally to be expressed by the adoption of certain classical forms.。
大学 西方文化史重点复习题
《西方文化概论》1、西方文化概论是什么样的一门课程？是关于西方文化基本原理的研究,是对于西方文化体系的基本构成、本质特性与发展规律的提示。
是对西方文化历史过程的理性观照，将西方的文化与文明作为一个整体，从文化原理与发展规律角度进行的研究。
2、作为文化形态的西方，它是指什么？西方文化体系包括哪些？P63、文化体系的构成有哪些？P114、西方文化的特点有哪些？西方文化有如下主要特点：1，天人相分与征服自然。
2，理性精神。
3，个人本位。
4，罪感传统。
中国传统文化则有以下几个特点：1，天人合一与顺天应物。
2，家族与伦理本位。
3，贵和尚中。
梁漱溟：中国是伦理型文化，以讲五伦，互以对方为主；希腊是科学型文化，突出科学精神，强调科学与理性；罗马是政治型文化，表现为罗马法的制度与应用，罗马的扩张等庞朴：希腊文化注重人与自然的关系；中国文化较注重人与人的伦理关系；中东及印度则较注重人与神的关系等其他：西方文明是动的文明，东方是静的文明西方文明是自然对立型、自然掠夺型的父性物质文明，东方文明是自然顺从型、自然循环型、自然共生型的母性精神文明。
第二讲1、欧洲的语言文字包括哪些？有什么特点？印欧语系是世界最古老的大语系、乌拉尔语系、阿尔泰语系、高加索语系、闪含语系多种语言的交叉使用超过了世界其他地区；拉丁文字母是世界上最重要的，也是使用最为广泛的文字2、欧洲的种族和民族有什么特点？种族主要是白种人，即欧罗巴或称高加索人种欧洲人的种族分布于4个大的区域：大西洋、地中海人、白海人与高加索人欧洲共有160多个民族，俄罗斯人口最多，达1亿以上；另有13个民族达千万以上；还有50个民族超过1万人。
特点：民族国家，一个民族为一个国家第三讲：西方文化理论与文化逻辑1、什么是文化现象、文化模式、文化危机、文化转型：文化现象：是指文化的发生或起源、功能和社会历史定位、形态和构成、时间特征和空间特征等。
文化模式：特定民族或特定时代人们普遍认同的，由内在的民族精神或时代精神、价值取向、习俗、伦理规范等构成的相对稳定的行为方式，或者说是基本的生存方式。
《西方文化概论》
《西方文化概论》复习题（本部）练习题1、四年一届的（奥林匹亚竞技会）是全希腊最隆重的盛会。
2、（浪漫主义）主义的基本特点就是，用自由和美感来代替义务和功利，用情感的权威来代替理性的权威，用个人的立场来代替国家的立场。
3、卢梭的小说（新爱洛伊丝）是浪漫主义的典范，在这本书中，卢梭第一次把真挚炽热的情感凌驾于崇高典雅的荣誉和义务之上。
4、当“哲学之父”（泰勒斯）宣称万物是从水中产生时，他第一次以哲学的方式表达了本原的思想。
5、真正的爱琴文明主要是指（米诺斯文明），它在公元前17—前15世纪达到了鼎盛时期。
6、20世纪初期普朗克的量子论和爱因斯坦的（相对论）揭开了现代物理学革命的序幕。
7、分离主义的政治态度和自由主义的生活信念构成了希腊（城邦）社会的重要特征。
8、莫尔和闵采尔的乌托邦理想成为近代西方（共产主义）理论的思想根源。
9、公元前5世纪，（雅典）成为全希腊的政治、经济和文化的中心，成为希腊各个城邦人们敬仰和向往的圣地。
10、人文主义的精神实质就是（人性的解放），它的目的是把人们从自然欲望的满足和感性享乐由教士阶层的偷偷摸摸的勾当转变为所有人理直气壮的行为。
11、“基督教的真正父亲”（保罗）构建了基督教的基本教义—“道成肉身”—理论的雏形。
12、基督教在哲学上对应一种（唯心主义）观点，即把精神看得比物质更加具有根本性。
13、从迈锡尼文明灭亡到希腊城邦文明诞生，中间经历了长达三个世纪的、所谓的（黑暗时代）或者“英雄时代”。
14、（哥特式）建筑以纤巧华丽的艺术风格和怪诞夸张的浪漫气质而著称于世，它构成了中世纪基督教文化的标志性成就。
15、（《尼西亚信经》）确立了“三位一体”和“基督神人二性联合而互不混淆”的正统教义，并且树立起教会在人间的绝对权威，成为后世基督教世界一致同意的普世宣言。
16、公元前8世纪，当新兴的希腊城邦文化逐渐从“黑暗时代”的文化废墟中生长出来时，与城邦的殖民化过程相互伴随的文化形式是（系统叙事诗）。
西方文化概论 章节测试答案
西方文化概论章节测试答案爱琴文明与希腊神话传说（一）1下列说法错误的是（）。
A、希腊文明表现的是一种和谐之美B、罗马文化倾向于较功利，物质方面发展C、西方现代文明包罗万象D、西方现代文明只发展基督教文化正确答案： D2不属于欧洲伸进地中海的三个半岛的是（）。
A、巴尔干半岛B、亚平宁半岛C、克里特半岛D、伊比利亚半岛正确答案： C3埃及第一法老王朝大约出现在（）。
A、公元前1500年B、公元前2000年C、公元3100年D、约在公元前3100年正确答案： D4下列说法错误的是（）。
A、美索不达米亚文明是已知的最古老的文明B、克里特文明晚于埃及文明C、希腊文明的第一个阶段不是克里特-迈锡尼文明D、克里特文明晚于两河流域文明正确答案： C5十九世纪下下半叶，德国的（）考古发掘了克里特文明。
A、莱柯曼B、爱因斯坦C、黑格尔D、施里曼正确答案： D6哪一项不是西方文化的特点？（）A、跳跃性B、动荡性C、两极的大跳跃D、平稳、以不变应万变正确答案： D7中世纪出现的基督教文化的特点是（）。
A、物质主义B、为灵主义C、纵欲主义的D、关注人间、关注现世的快乐正确答案： B8西方文化发展的跳跃性和动荡性要大于中国。
（）正确答案：√9西方文化的源头是基督教文化。
（）正确答案：×10希腊文明的源头是克里特文明。
（）正确答案：√11克里特文明不受埃及文明影响。
（）正确答案：×12西方文明发展的跳跃性和动荡性远远大于东方文明。
（）正确答案：√13世界上最古老的文化是中国文化。
（）正确答案：×14古代希腊是大希腊，环爱琴海周边的地区的都叫希腊文化区，它不仅仅限于今天的希腊半岛的一个民族国家。
（）正确答案：√爱琴文明与希腊神话传说（二）1英国考古学家（）发掘了1600块刻有克里特铭文的泥板。
A、达尔文B、温特利森C、伊文思D、荷马正确答案： C2最早的希腊人是（）。
A、克里特本土人B、罗马人C、多利亚人D、阿卡亚人正确答案： D3对迈锡尼文明说法错误的是（）。
西方文化概述练习题目ck答案
Chapter 1 Ancient Greek Culture1.How did Zeus punish Prometheus for stealing fire from him?【宙斯如何惩罚盗火的普罗米修斯？】P 6Prometheus was chained to a mountain ,an eagle would devour his liver ,and his liver would grow out the next day before the eagle came to devour it again.(普罗米修斯被锁链锁在一座山上，他的肝脏被一只鹰吞噬，而他的肝脏又会在第二天，那只鹰来吃之前长出来）2.What does the phrase “Achilles’ heel” refer to?【“阿基里斯之踵”指的是什么呢？】P 12Achilles is the bravest and strongest of the Greek warriors in the Trojan War,and his heel is his only weakness,now use the word Achilles’ heel to describe ones only weakness.(阿基里是特洛伊战争中一个最勇敢最强壮的战士，后脚跟是他唯一的缺点，现在用这个词来形容一个人唯一的缺点）3.What is the name of the mountain where the ancient Greeks believed their gods lived?【古希腊人认为他们的神住在哪座山上？】P 6Mount Olympia (奥林匹亚山）4.Who is the god of the underworld?【阴间的神是谁？】P 8Hades(哈迪斯——冥王）5.Which battle in ancient Greece started from the apple of discord?【古希腊开战的祸根？】P13The Trojan War(特洛伊战争）6.What are the primary symbols of the sea god Poseidon?【海神波塞冬的主要标志？】P 8His weapon，trident（他的武器，三叉戟）7.What is the psychological term coined by Sigmund Freud based on the Greek mythological character Oedipus?【什么心理学词汇是西格蒙德·弗洛伊德根据希腊神话人物俄狄浦斯所创造的?】P 14Oedipus complex（恋母情结）8.Who was considered by Aristotle to be the first philosopher in Greek tradition? 【谁是亚里士多德认为的希腊传统上第一位哲♂学家】P 15Thales（泰利斯）9. In Greek mythology,Prometheus普罗米修斯made human beings out of clay（粘上）, taught man how to survive in the harsh（严酷的）environment and stole fire from heaven for the benefit of man.10.Apollo 阿波罗is the sun-god and the god of music and poetry.11. Artemis（阿耳特弥斯）, also known as Diana戴安娜, is the goddess of moon, wild animals, the hunt, vegetation, chastity and childbirth.12. Athena雅典娜is the goddess of war, handicraft and wisdom.13. Aphrodite阿佛洛狄忒is the goddess of beauty and love, better known by her Roman name Venus维纳斯.14. Eros is the son of Venus, better known by his Roman name Cupid丘比特_.15. Hermes赫尔墨斯is the god of thieves（蒂费斯小偷）, travelers and merchants. He is often depicted with a pair of winged sandals有翅膀的凉鞋哈哈哈and a winged cap（有翅膀的帽子看上去好傻啊哈哈哈），which enable him to travel swifter than sight.16. Identify who each of the following descriptions is referring to. P 14-221) The greatest of ancient Greek epic poets, he is the author of the 'Iliad' and 'Odyssey'. （这个人是古希腊的伟大诗人，写过《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》）B.荷马不是河马2) This philosopher was the teacher of Alexander the Great and set up h is own school---named---Lyceum.（这个人担任过亚历山大大帝的老师，还建立了“学会”）A.亚里士多德3) For this philosopher everything was related to mathematics and numbers were the ultimate reality. He influenced Plato and discovered a theorem that was named after him. D.毕达哥拉斯_4) This philosopher was the teacher of Plato and the protagonist of Plato’s dialogues. _E.苏格拉底5) This philosopher and student of Socrates founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world.C.柏拉图A. AristotleB. HomerC. PlatoD. PythagorasE. SocratesChapter 3 Food1.What can the word “salad” mean? And the phrase “salad days”?【“沙拉”是什么？“沙拉时光”又是什么？】P77Salad，a mixture of foods,consisting of chopped vegetables,meat,seafood and so on.Salad days, means a youthful time.(沙拉是一种混合食物，包含了切碎的菜，肉，海鲜之类的；沙拉时光指的是年轻的岁月）2.When can salad be served during a meal?【沙拉可以在那一餐上吃呢？】P78Salads may be served at any point during a meal(沙拉在什么时候都可以吃）3.Can you name some kinds of salad and explain them? What is the difference between green salads and vegetable salads?【你能举一些沙拉品种的例子并且解释它们吗？绿色沙拉和蔬菜沙拉有什么区别吗？】P78Side salads,a kind of side dish;Entree salads,as the main dishes.We can add some meat, fish in green salads, but not in vegetables salads.(配菜沙拉，一种配菜；主菜沙拉，充当主菜；我们可以在绿色沙拉里面加鱼加肉，但不在蔬菜沙拉中加）4.What are salad dressings? What are the three basic types of salad dressing applied in Western culture? Please give some examples of each type.【沙拉酱是什么？西方文化中的三大主要沙拉酱是什么？请举例】P79They are sauces for salads.The three basic types of salads dressing are vinaigrette,creamy dressing and cooked dressing.(他们是沙拉的酱汁。
西方文化概论复习题
一．名词解释1.轴心时代：公元前800至前200年之间，是人类文明精神的重大突破时期，具有同步性，普遍性，历时性特点。
各文明出现伟大精神导师——苏格拉底，柏拉图，亚里士多德，以色列犹太教先知；古印度释迦牟尼，中国孔子，老子，其原则奠定各自文化传统并一直延续到今天。
2.双希文明：希腊文明代表理性精神，表现在以奥林匹斯山众神为首的神学和以苏格拉底，柏拉图为首的哲学（包括立法管理，国家建设）。
希伯来文明代表信仰精神，表现在基督教文化，宗教伦理，强调献身性。
它们是西方文明的两大源头。
3.西方中心论：是一种文化自我中心态度，认为西方文化优于，高于非西方文明，或认为人类文化围绕西方文化展开，或认为西方文化形态，理想与价值方式具有普遍性意义从而代表非西方文化未来发展方向，黑格尔是典型代表。
4.爱琴文明：包括基克拉迪文明，最高艺术成就——大理石雕塑；克里特文明——宫廷建筑与绘画，公元前1450年走向衰落；迈锡尼文明——金工，是北方游牧文化与克里特文明相融合的结果。
5.柏拉图：古希腊哲学家和教育家，西方客观唯心主义奠基人，出身雅典贵族。
认为理论，现实，艺术三个世界等而下之，理念世界脱离现实世界而独立存在，现实世界是理念世界的幻象，艺术世界时“摹本的摹本”。
其理论综合了本原论、认识论、灵魂论，伦理观以及社会政治学说，是希腊哲学中第一个完整成熟的理论体系，著有《理想国》。
6.哲学家王：柏拉图提出的天才治国说，认为法律和道德在堕落，要公正地治理国家和重建一种新的道德是极其困难的，而哲学家的统治就是知识或智慧的统治，是理想的治国方式。
7.古典主义：西欧文学（特别是法国）艺术上的一个流派，盛行于17世纪，主要特点是模仿古希腊罗马的艺术形式，尊重传统崇尚理性，表现反宗教权威的精神，但模仿多创造少，不能反映现实。
（政治基础是中央集权君主专制，哲学基础是笛卡尔的唯理主义理论）8.哥特式建筑：是当时繁琐的经院哲学的物质的形象的表征，以整体的宏大与细节的繁复来撼动人心。
西方文化概论复习题
《西方文化概论》复习题
1、希伯来文明（2C前）的核心部分是“犹太教”，说说“犹太教”及其对希伯来（犹太）民族的意义。
2、说说对古希腊原欲与理性的理解。
3、说说古希腊雕塑。
4、结合古希腊的文化成就说说古希腊民族的文化精神。
5、古罗马在政治、法律方面的成就。
6、十字军东征的历史意义。
7、中世纪基督教教会于欧洲的意义。
8、中世纪于欧洲的历史意义。
9、基督教与欧洲社会发展之间的关系。
（宗教与社会发展的关系）
10、拜占庭帝国存在的意义？
11、文艺复兴时期人文主义思想。
12、佛罗伦萨画派、威尼斯画派。
13、地理大发现的意义？
14、如何评价马丁·路德宗教改革的思想及其意义？
15、启蒙运动。
西方文化概论复习资料
西方文化概论复习资料(总7页) -CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1-CAL-本页仅作为文档封面，使用请直接删除西方文化概论复习资料一三大文明系统三大文明系统其一是地中海文明系统，其二是西欧文明系统，其三是东欧文明系统。
二古代希腊罗马文明的发展大致分为的几大阶段最早产生的是爱琴文明，这是希腊罗马文明的前奏荷马时代（公元前11世纪至公元前9世纪）希腊以奴隶社会为主的城邦制度形成，进入古希腊城邦时期；公元前4世纪前期，希腊文明开始衰落。
希腊的近邻马其顿人兴起，希腊受到马其顿人统治。
公元前2世纪中期，罗马帝国征服马其顿，受马其顿统治的希腊成为罗马帝国的一部分。
三古希腊的主要城邦在众多城邦中，最具特色的有两种：斯巴达城邦与雅典城邦，它们是希腊两种城邦、两种社会政治类型的典型代表。
四从东西方文化关系而言，对希腊人产生最大影响的是希腊与波斯之间的战争。
五罗马的历史大致可以分为三个时代：罗马王政时代，罗马共和国时代，罗马大帝国时代六我们应当如何理解和评价古希腊罗马文化的特点七西方文明不是一个绝对的统一体，所以英国哲学家波特兰罗素等人人为西方文明有三种重要精神：古希腊精神、基督教宗教和科学技术观念。
我们人为，这是具有一定的历史主义观念的，西方文化从历史发展来看，的确是多种精神所汇集起来的，它有一个历史发展的过程。
只有一两种观念来代表西方文化的整体，虽然是简明的，但必然是有偏颇之处。
所以只能说希腊文明是西方文明的主要源流之一，不能用希腊文明来取代整个西方文化的概念。
八古希腊文化给西方文化带来的贡献体现在哪里科学意识（数学，几何，哲学，逻辑学）民主制度对艺术的尊崇（悲剧，史诗，雕刻…）九罗马文化对西方文化带来的贡献体现在哪里法律人文主义十基督教对西方文化的贡献体现在哪里人道主义上帝的信仰资本主义的产生民族国家的概念十一科学技术对西方文化的贡献体现在哪里16世纪之后，近代科学技术在欧洲产生17世纪之后，欧洲自然科学取得丰硕成果近代自然科学的崛起迅速推动西方向现代化发展十二西欧封建社会的历史进程的特点1 西欧封建社会最突出的特点之一是多元化的政治经济局面，这是法兰克大帝国之后，西欧多个古代国家与民族发展的必然趋势。
西方文化导论-复习题1-7章
1Greek CultureI. Fill in the blanks:1. European culture is made up of many elements, two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they are the Greco-Roman（希腊罗马的）（希腊罗马的）element and the Judeo-Christian （犹太教与基督教的）element. 2. Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century.3. In the second half of the 4th century B. C., all Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander, king of Macedon.4. In 146 B. C. the Romans conquered Greece.5. Revived in 1896, the Olympic Games have become the world’s foremost amateur sports competition.6. Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their epics.7. The Homer's epics consisted of_ Iliad and Odyssey .8. The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy. 9. The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home, island of Ithaca. 10. The representation form of Greek Democracy is __ citizen-assembly._（公民大会）（公民大会）11. Of the many lyric poets of ancient Greece, two are still admired by readers today: Sappho and Pindar. 12. Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece.13. Pindar is best known for his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games, such as the 14 Olympic odes. 14. The three great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. 15. Aeschylus wrote such plays as Prometheus Bound , Persians and Agamemnon .16. Sophocles wrote such tragic plays as Oedipus the King （俄狄浦斯王）, Electra （伊莱克特拉(谋杀其母及其情人者), and Antigone .Oedipus complex （恋母情结）and Electra complex(恋父情结) derived from ) derived from Sophocles’Sophocles’Sophocles’ plays. plays. 17. Euripides （欧里庇得斯）（欧里庇得斯）wrote mainly about women in such plays as Andromache , Media , and Trojan Women . 18. Comedy also flourished in the 5th century B. C.. Its best writer was Aristophanes, who has left eleven plays, including Frogs , Clouds ,Wasps and Birds .19.Euripides _ is the first writer of "problem plays". 20. Herodotus （希罗多德）（希罗多德）is often called ―Father of Historyǁ. He wrote about the wars bet w een Greeks and Persians. ween Greeks and Persians. 21. Thucydides （修西得底斯）described the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse, a Greek state on the Island of Sicily.22. Pythagoras （毕达哥拉斯）（毕达哥拉斯） was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers. 23. Pythagoras was the founder of scientific mathematics.24. Heracleitus(赫拉克利特) believed fire to the primary element of the universe, out of which everything else had arisen. 25. The greatest names in European philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.26. In the 4th century B. C., four schools of philosophers often argued with each other, they are the Cynics （犬儒学派）, the Sceptics （怀疑论学派）, the Epicureans （伊壁鸠鲁学派）, and the Stoics （斯多葛学派）.27. Euclid(欧几里得) is well-known for his Elements 《几何原本》, a textbook of geometry.28. To illustrate the principle of the level, Archimedes is said to have told the king: ―Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.ǁ 29. Greek architecture can be grouped into three styles: the Doric （多利安式）style which is also called the masculine style; the Ionic （爱奥尼亚式）尼亚式） style which is also called the feminine style; and a later style that is called the Corinthian （科林斯式）（科林斯式）style. 30. The Acropolis at Athens （雅典卫城）and the Parthenon(万神殿) are the finest monument of Greek architecture and sculpture in more than 2000 years. II.Choice1. Which culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B. C.? A. Greek CultureB. Roman CultureC. Egyptian CultureD. Chinese Culture2. In ___________ the Roman conquered Greece.A.1200B.C. B.700 B. C.C.146 B. C.D. The 5th century3. Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon against the city of Troy?A. Oedipus the KingB. IliadC. OdysseyD. Antigone4. Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Aeschylus?A. AntigoneB. AgamemnonC. PersiansD. Prometheus Bound5. Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Sophocles?A.ElectraB.AntigoneC.Trojan WomanD.Oedipus the King6. Which of the following is the play written by Euripides?A.Antigone B PersiansC ElectraD Medea7. Which of the following is NOT the greatest tragic dramatist of ancient Greece?A AristophanesB EuripidesC SophoclesD Aeschylus8. Who ever said that ―You can not step twice into the same riverǁ?A PythagorasB HeracleitusC Aristotle9. Who was the founder of scientific mathematics?A HeracleitusB AristotleC SocratesD Pythagoras10. Who is chiefly noted for his doctrine that ―man is the measure of all thingsǁ?A ProtagorasB PythagorasC PyrrhonD EpicurusIII. Interpretation:1. PlatoPlato was a very famous philosopher of ancient Greece, pupil of Socrates. Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. He arguedexistencestence of certain general ―ideasǁ, like beauty, truth and goodness. Only these ―ideasǁ are that men have knowledge because of the exicompletely real, while the physical world is only relatively real. For this reason, Plato’s philosophy is called Idealism, an d Plato was called idealist.2. "Democracy" in ancient Greece1)Democracy means "exercise of power by the whole people", but in Greece by "the whole people" the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens.2) Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.IV. Questions:1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop?21) Probably around 1200 B.C., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century.A. The successful repulse（击退）（击退）B. The establishment of democracy.C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens.3) The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.4) In the second half of the 4th century B.C., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he went and conquered, whenever Greek culture was found.5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 B.C., the Romans conquered Greece.2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development?There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1) Spirit of innovationThe Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters(束缚) of any inherited orthodoxy(正统的实践活动、风俗或信仰).2) Supreme AchievementThe Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavor: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3) Lasting effectA. Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer's epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes' comedies, Plato's Dialogues, ect.B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron（拜伦）'s Isles of Greece（《哀希腊》）, Shelley（雪莱）'s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound （《解放了的普罗米修斯》）and Keats（济慈）'s Ode on a Grecian Urn（《希腊古瓮》）.C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce（乔伊斯）'s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.Roman Culture 1I. Fill in the blanks.1. The burning of Corinth in 146 B. C. marked Roman conquest of Greece, which was then reduced to a province of the Roman Empire.said: ―Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captiveǁ.（大意是：征服者反而被被征服者所征服。
西方文化概论-Chapter 1 -7 (复习题)
1.The word "culture" is most commonly used in three basic senses: Excellenceof taste in the fine arts and humanities, also known as high culture. An integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon the capacity for symbolic thought and social learning. The set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution, organization or group.2.Some historians believe the West originated in the northern and easternMediterranean with ancient Greece and ancient Rome. Over time, their associated empires grew first to the east and south, conquering and absorbing many older great civilizations; later, they grew to the north and west to include Western Europe.3.Western culture is a term used to generally refer to most of the cultures ofEuropean origin and most of their descendants.4.Foundations of Western Culture are: ancient Greece (concretely Greekphilosophy), the Roman Empire (specifically Roman law), Catholic and Protestant Christianity.5.Western culture originates from 2 ancient cultures: Hellenistic culture （emphasizing rationality）and Hebraic culture （emphasizing virtue & discipline）6. 3 most noted achievements of ancient Greeks: Mythology; Architecture;philosophy.7.Greek Mythology, set of diverse traditional tales told by the ancient Greeksabout the exploits of gods and heroes and their relations with ordinary mortals.8.The Greek gods resembled human beings in their form and in their emotions.9.The Olympians refers to the twelve major gods and godd esses dwelling onMount Olympus.10.Zeus is the god of gods, the god of sky, the supreme god, the father of bothgods and men.11.Hermes (Mercury) is god of physicians and thieves; messenger of gods.12.Apollo is the sun god, the god of music, a god of prophecy.13.Dionysus is god of wine and ecstasy.14.Hephaestus is god of fire; celestial blacksmith.15.Athena is the goddess of war, wisdom and handicraft.16.Hera is queen of heaven and of the Olympians, the goddess of marriage andfamily, the protectress of married women and their legal children.17.Poseid on is the god of sea, the protector of seamen, the god of earthquakesand tsunamis.18.Had es is god of the und erworl d.19.Two of the most important of the semi historical myths involve the searchfor the Golden Fleece and the quest that led to the Trojan War.20.Aphrodite is the godd ess of l ove and beauty, the protectress of sailors.21.Heracles is a divine hero, the son of Zeus and Alcmene, stepson ofAmphitryon and great-grandson of Perseus, the greatest of the Greek heroes.22.The ancient Greek Olympic games was a religious rather than secular festival,celebrating the gods in general and Zeus in particular.23.The idiom “Pandora’s box” means the fountainhead of all evils.24.The idiom “Cupid’s arrow” signifies the magic power of love.25.“Tantalus’s torture” means permanent frustration by the sight of somethingdesired but inaccessible. It also means eternal thirst and hunger.26.The idiom “Sisyphean task” suggests everlasting fruitless hard labor.27.“The golden fleece” means very valuable thing which is rare an d verydifficult to get.28.“Golden touch” therefore refers to the magic power to change cheap metalsinto gold, or worthless junks into treasures.29.“The golden apple” or “the apple of discord” refers to the things that giverise to conflicts and strife.30.“A chilles’s heel” refers to the only part of the body that remains vulnerable.31.“Trojan horse”, or “the wooden horse” means a trap intended to underminean enemy, or subversion from inside.32.The term “Oedipus complex” was chosen by Sigmund Freud to designate ason’s feeling of love toward his mother and jealous hatred toward his father.33.“Narcissistic (personality) disorder” or “narcissism”, means the indulgencein self-admiration.34.“The sword of Damocles” on one hand signifies the impending danger, andon the other hand, indicates the precariousness of power and rank.35.Constellations: Aries (the Ram)白羊座, Taurus (the Bull)金牛座, Gemini (theTwins)双子座, Cancer (the Crab) 巨蟹座, Leo(the Lion)狮子座, Virgo (the Virgin)处女座, Libra (the Scales)天秤座, Scorpio (the Scorpion)天蝎座, Sagittarius (the Archer)射手座, Capricorn (the Goat)摩羯座, Aquarius (the Water Carrier)水瓶座, Pisces (the Fishes)双鱼座.36.Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are Classical Greek philosophers.37.Western culture originates from the Hebraic-Christian culture that isund oubtedly embodied in and found ed upon the Holy Bibl e.38.Christianity was the inheritor and the reformer of Judaism, and so theChristian Bibl e includ es the Ol d Testament and the New Testament.39.The Old Testament is the coll ection of books written prior to the life of Jesusbut accepted by Christians as scripture.40.The Torah, or "Instruction," is also known as the "Five Books" of Moses，includ es Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.41.The Torah contains the ten commandments, of God, reveal ed at Mount Sinai.42.Christianity is a monotheistic religion centered on the life and teachings ofJesus as presented in the New Testament.43.God is the eternal being who created the universe and all there is have theproperties of holiness, justice, omnipotence, omniscience, omnibenevol ence, omnipresence and immortality.44.Christians call the message of Jesus Christ the Gospel ("good news").45.The central tenet of Christianity is the belief in Jesus as the Son of God andthe Messiah (Christ).46.Christians generally believe that Jesus is God incarnation and "true God andtrue man" (or both fully divine and fully human).47.Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit and born from the Virgin Mary.48.The Eucharist (called Holy Communion, or the Lord's Supper) is the part ofliturgical worship that consists of a consecrated meal, usually bread and wine.49.Christianity was l egalized in the 4th century, when Constantine I issued anedict of tol eration in 313. From at l east the 4th century, Christianity has played a prominent rol e in the shaping of Western civilization.50.Christianity may be broadly represented as being divid ed into five maingroupings: Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthod oxy, Oriental Orthod oxy, Protestantism, Restorationism.51.Food is important to keep traditions alive as they are part of our history andour culture.52.The multitud es of food styl es of the Western society mainly result from thehistory, heritage, and geographical differences.53.A full course dinner usually consists of multipl e dishes. Usually it is mad e upof three or four courses, such as appetizer, main course and d essert.54.At the end of the meal, napkin shoul d be l eft semi-fold ed at the l eft sid e of theplate.55.Celebrating birthdays became popular almost universally because birthdaysgive peopl e a reason to gather in friendly groups, share food, and enjoy kinship.56.In many portions of the worl d an individual's birthday is cel ebrated by a partywhere a specially mad e cake, usually d ecorated with l ettering and the person's age, is presented. The cake is traditionally stud d ed with the same number of lit candl es as the age of the individual.57.Religious symbolism suggests that lighting candl es opens a channel forprayers to the unseen worl d above. This concept has been borrowed to convey the id ea that blowing out birthday candl es sends a birthday wish to heaven.58.Baptism is consid ered to be a form of rebirth—"by water and the Spirit"—thenakedness of baptism (the second birth) parall eled the condition of one's original birth.59.The removal of cl othing represented the "image of putting off the ol d manwith his d eeds, so the stripping of the body before for baptism represented taking off the trappings of sinful self, so that the "new man," which is given by Jesus, can be put on.60.Scouting, also known as the Scout Movement, is a worl dwid e youth movementwith the stated aim of supporting young peopl e in their physical, mental and spiritual d evelopment, that they may play constructive rol es in society.61.If the coupl e of l overs are going into marriage, the man shoul d make aproposal by giving an engagement ring to the woman.62.The marriage will be recognized by: a marriage license and wed dingceremony.63.The reason why brid esmaids and groomsmen are need is that the evil spiritswoul d be confused by so many similarly dressed peopl e.64.A funeral is a ceremony for celebrating, sanctifying or remembering the life ofa person who has died.65.A funeral may take place at either a funeral home or church.66.Funeral services commonly includ e prayers; readings from a sacred text;hymns (sung either by the attend ees or a hired vocalist); and words of comfort by the cl ergy. Frequently, a relative or cl ose friend will be asked to give a eul ogy颂歌, which d etails happy memories and accomplishments; often commenting on the d eceased's flaws, especially at l ength, is consid ered impolite.67.Festivals are precious human heritage that links to religion, customs, historyand peopl e’s lifestyl es. Festivals, of many types, serve to meet specific needs, as well as to provid e entertainment.68.Though festivals many have religious origins, others involve seasonal changeor have some cultural significance.69.New Year’s Day is universally cel ebrated on the first day of the calendar,January 1.70.Chinese New Year is celebrated in many countries around the worl d, it is thefirst day of the lunar calendar.71.Valentine's Day is a holiday cel ebrated on February 14(in most countries).Love and affection are celebrated between l overs by sending greeting cards andgifts, dating.72.Mod ern Valentine's Day symbols includ e the heart-shaped outline, d oves, andthe figure of the winged Cupid.73.Passover is a Jewish holiday and festival. It commemorates the story of theExodus, in which the ancient Israelites were freed from slavery in Egypt. 74.Easter is the central feast in the Christian liturgical year, celebrating theresurrection of Jesus. According to the Canonical gospels, Jesus rose from thed ead on the third day after his crucifixion. His resurrection is celebrated onEaster Day or Easter Sunday (also Resurrection Day or Resurrection Sunday) .75.Easter egg is seen by foll owers of Christianity as a symbol of resurrection:whil e being d ormant it contains a new life sealed within it.76.Mother's Day is a cel ebration honoring mothers and celebrating motherhood,maternal bonds and the influence of mothers in society. It originated from an ancient Greek ritual which was to respect the Mother of Gods, Hera.77.Halloween is a yearly holiday observed around the worl d on October 31, thenight before All Saints’ Day, much like Day of the Dead celebrations.78.The American Thanksgiving Day is a traditional family feast with a traditionalturkey dinner, usually in the mid-afternoon. Typical Thanksgiving food also includ es sweet potatoes, pumpkins, cranberries, and fruit salads.79.Carnival typically involves a public cel ebration or parad e combining someelements of a circus, mask and public street party. Peopl e often dress up or masquerad e during the cel ebrations, which mark an overturning of daily life.80.The three very important European Film Festivals are Venice Film Festival,Cannes Film Festival, and Berlin International Film Festival.81.The Gold en Lion is award ed to the best film at Venice Film Festival.82.The Gold en Palm is the highest prize award ed at The Cannes InternationalFilm Festival.83.The Gol d en Bear is the highest prize award ed for the best film at the BerlinInternational Film Festival.1。
西方文化概论复习题
西方文化概论复习题一、列举题1.奥林匹斯诸神宙斯，赫拉，波塞冬，阿波罗，雅典娜，赫斯提亚，得墨忒耳，阿尔忒弥斯，阿瑞斯，阿弗洛狄忒，狄奥尼索斯2.古希腊悲剧作家埃斯库罗斯、索福克勒斯、欧利庇得斯3.希腊化时期的哲学派别伊壁鸠鲁学派、斯多噶学派、怀疑主义学派、犬儒学派4.前三头同盟克拉苏、庞培、凯撒5.后三头同盟屋大维、安东尼、雷必达6.莎士比亚代表作《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《李尔王》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》、《威尼斯商人》7.16世纪新教三大主流教派路德宗、加尔文宗、安立甘宗8.19世纪最具有代表性的现实主义作家司汤达（法）、巴尔扎克（法）、狄更斯（英）、海涅（德）、果戈里（俄）、屠格涅夫（俄）9.新约前三部福音书《马太福音》、《马可福音》、《路加福音》10.五个西方著名建筑古罗马竞技场、雅典卫城、科隆大教堂、帕特农神庙、巴黎圣母院二、简答题加尔文在瑞士日内瓦大力推行改革，其主要措施有？（1）废除天主教的主教制，建立长老制（2）简化宗教仪式，在七项圣事中只保留洗礼和圣餐（3）改组市议会、建立政教合一的神权政府（4）提倡节俭、反对奢侈，严禁赌博、跳舞、酗酒、卖淫、演戏等行为（5）鼓励经商致富、放贷取利19世纪自然科学三大发现是什么？（1）能量守恒与转换定律（2）细胞学说（3）生物进化论克隆技术对人类文明有何冲击？引发了严重的遗传学隐患和伦理学危机。
人类传统的两性关系、亲子关系、家庭关系和社会关系都将遭到颠覆性的破坏，文明社会的道德伦理观念面临严峻考验。
什么是“文化侵略”？新时代如何弘扬中国传统文化？（1）取其精华、去其糟粕（2）推陈出新、革故鼎新（3）面向世界、博采众长三、名词解释摩西十诫公元前13世纪末犹太人被埃及征服者掠到埃及做苦役时，先知摩西带领犹太人逃出埃及，在西乃山与上帝立约，内容有：崇拜唯一的上帝而不可拜别的神；不可制造和敬拜偶像；不可妄称上帝的名；须守安息日为圣日；须敬父母；不可杀人；不可奸淫；不可偷盗；不可作假见证陷害他人；不可贪恋别人的妻子和财物。
西方文化概论习题
西方文化概论题库第一章古希腊罗马文化（1）西方文明最初的发源地是（B）A.小亚细亚B.克里特岛C.地中海D.里海（2）爱琴文明包括（A）A.克里特文明和迈锡尼文明B.希腊文明和罗马文明C.腓尼基文明D.特洛伊文明（3）公元前1700年，____文明进入了发展的鼎盛时期。
（C）A. 希腊B.罗马C.米诺斯D. 迈锡尼（4）米诺斯文明在公元前____左右消失。
（D）A. 12世纪B.13世纪C.14世纪D.15世纪（5）迈锡尼文明史由____人所建。
（A）A. 阿卡亚B.腓尼基C. 亚述D.希伯来（6）据史学家研究，在公元前12世纪末期，____人冲进了希腊半岛，摧毁了迈锡尼文明并是爱琴海地区陷入了长达三个世纪的“黑暗时代”。
（D）A. 阿卡亚B.腓尼基C. 亚述D.多利亚（7）“黑暗时代”也称____.（A）A.“英雄时代”B.远古时代C.希腊时代D.罗马时代(8) “黑暗时代”最有名的游吟诗人是（荷马）和（赫西俄德）。
（9）希腊神话传说来源于以下三种传说， ____除外。
（C）A.克里特文明时期的神话传说 B迈锡尼时期与阿卡亚人的神话传说 C.非洲神话 D.埃及神话。
（10）《神普》是由____编纂整理的。
（D）A. 荷马B.腓尼基人C.亚述人D.赫西俄德（11）希腊神话最初是由____开始的。
（A）A. 混沌B.乌兰诺斯C.宙斯D.赫拉（12）希腊最原始的神叫（卡俄斯）。
（13）希腊神话中的该亚是____.（C）A. 天神B.海神C.大地之母D.天后（14）该亚与自己的儿子结合生了12个_____。
（D）A. 奥林匹斯神B. 海神C. 原神D.提坦神（15）希腊神话中的是（雷电）之神，也是奥林匹斯众神之首。
（B）A.该亚B. 宙斯C. 乌兰诺斯D.阿波罗（16）荷马的两部史诗是____。
（A）A.《伊利亚特》和《奥德修斯》B.《阿克琉斯》和《奥德修斯》C. 《伊利亚特》和《阿克琉斯》D. 《奥德修斯》和《克洛诺斯》（17）伊利亚特描写的是____战争第十个年头的事情。
《西方文化概论》复习提纲以及答案
西方文化概论第一章爱琴文化和希腊神话传说一、米诺斯文明Crete 克里特岛是米诺斯文明的发源地；是西方文化的源头、摇篮、起源之所在。
克诺索斯王宫————————迷宫克里特人使用的文字————线形文字A米诺斯文明史上古文明由西亚、北非向欧洲大陆传播的一个重要阶段，也是古代希腊文化的第一个繁荣时期。
二、迈锡尼文明（1）迈锡尼文明的缔造者为阿卡亚人。
（2）爱琴文明包括米诺斯文明和迈锡尼文明，是古代爱琴海地区青铜文化的统称。
（3）迈锡尼人的文字————线形文字B（4）阿卡亚人对爱琴海地区的血与火的征服活动构成了希腊英雄传说的历史愿望。
《荷马史诗》征服true。
（5）迈锡尼走向衰落的关键因素：迈锡尼攻陷特洛伊。
——————衰落。
三、荷马时代（黑暗时代）N（1）特洛伊战争之后，繁荣的爱琴文明彻底衰落了，希腊由此进入了荷马时代。
所谓的荷马时代是指公元前1100年——前800年这一段时间，正是荷马史诗反应的时代，故被称为荷马时代。
（2）荷马史诗由《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》两部分构成。
两既彼此独立又相互联系大的部分。
（3）《荷马史诗》并非出自于一人之手，是古希腊全民共同智慧的结晶。
（4）《伊利亚特》的线索：阿卡琉斯的愤怒。
（5）出自于特洛伊战争的成语典故：木马计传说古代希腊人攻打特洛伊城九年不下，后来用一计策，把一批勇士藏在一只特制的木马中，佯装撤退，扔下木马。
特洛伊人把木马当作战利品运进城内。
夜里木马中的勇士出来打开城门，与攻城军队里应外合，占领了特洛伊城。
后称潜入敌方内部进行破坏和颠覆活动的办法为“木马计”。
，阿卡琉斯之踵阿喀琉斯，是凡人泊琉斯和美貌仙女忒提斯的宝贝儿子。
忒提斯为了让儿子炼成“金钟罩”，在他刚出生时就将其倒提着浸进冥河，遗憾的是，乖儿被母亲捏住的脚后跟却不慎露在水外，全身留下了惟一一处“死穴”。
后来，阿喀琉斯被赫克托尔弟弟帕里斯一箭射中了脚踝而死去。
后人常以“阿喀琉斯之踵”譬喻这样一个道理：即使是再强大的英雄，他也有致命的死穴或软肋。
《西方文化导论》复习综合题库.doc
《西方文化导论》复习综合题库.doc《西方文化导论》综合复习第一章两方文化的起源一、填空1、希腊历史的第一页是__非洲 ________ 文明的历史。
爱琴海文明指的是爱琴海地区的青铜文化，先?形成了两大中心： _________ 和__________ ，因此又通称克里特岛一迈锡尼文化。
2、公元前_________ 年期间，是克里特文化最为繁盛的时代。
克里特文化的中心是________ ，传说中的_________ 国王建立了海上霸权，控制了整个爱琴海地区。
克里特的文字经历了象形文字和线形文字两大发展阶段，在它的繁盛期，线形文字全岛通用，这种文字又称____________ ,以区别迈锡尼的__________ 。
3、迈锡尼文化以_________ 而得名，但它实际上是希腊本土文化青铜文化的通称，是________ i继续，只不过乂加上了希腊民族文化的一些要素。
4、荷马时代的艺术主要表现为__________ ,陶器表面多用_________ 来装饰, 所以荷马吋代的考古文化通称为 __________ 风格文化。
5、爱琴海文明经历了一个盛极而衰的过程。
随着希腊文化屮心的北移，希腊文化也越来越摆脱了________ 和__________ 文明的巨大影响，形成了具冇特色的希腊民族文化。
奠定了日后 _________ 的根基。
二、名词解释1、迈锡尼文化2、荷马史诗三、问答题：1、荷马史诗的成就是什么？第二章希腊古典吋代的文化一、填空1、在A希腊史上，通常把公元前8世纪一前6世纪称为_______________ ,这是古希腊文化发展和形成的重耍时期；公元前6世纪以后直至马其顿征服希腊，称为________ ,是上古希腊文化发展的鼎盛时期；古典时代以后到奥古斯都打败安东尼这一吋期，为_________ ，是上古希腊文化广泛传播于________ 、、________ 三大洲许多地区的吋代，同时也是希腊文化没落的时代。
西方文化概论考试题及答案
《西方文化概论》期末作业之一：请以教材各章为中心，就其中你所感兴趣的内容列举十五则思考题，并分别试作简要回答（每题6分且限100字以内，共90分）。
问题一：两河流域有什么特殊之处导致人类文明在此首先出现？答案：根据“地理环境决定论”（1）两河流域自然环境恶劣，农业生产需依靠人工灌溉体系，这促进了群体合作，导致社会分工、职业专门化和新型社会组织形态出现。
（2）两河流域自然资源贫乏，促进了该地区贸易的发展，进而推动了文明进步。
问题二：尼罗河孕育了灿烂的古埃及文明，谈谈尼罗河对埃及文明特征的影响。
答案：埃及文明以恒久和宁静著称（1）尼罗河有规律的定期泛滥为来年带来丰收的期盼，使人们有一种稳定和乐观感。
（2）尼罗河特殊的地理位置，使埃及与外部世界相对隔绝，不易遭受外族侵扰，社会生活呈现安宁、稳定和同一的特征。
问题三：从实用文化层面上，简谈近东文明是从哪些方面对西方文明产生影响的？答案：（1）书写艺术（2）技术方面，包括建筑学、测量学，军事技术，制陶、雕刻艺术等（3）科学方面，包括文学、数学、几何学、修辞学等（4）贸易的艺术，钱币的使用，以法组织、规范社会，外交手段的运用都由两河流域和埃及人首创。
问题四：古希腊文明的特点是什么？答案：（1）古希腊指的是一个文化地理概念，没有同一国家的概念。
（2）不存在拥有很大政治权利和干预世俗生活的宗教力量。
（3）关注人类自身问题，对人本主义和理性精神的不懈追求是希腊文化的根本特征。
问题五：雅典是如何成为希腊地区一大强盛城邦的？答案：雅典被视为希腊民主制的典范，其新形式的政体有两个鲜明特征：任期限制和责任制，将权力与责任联系起来。
雅典所推行的一系列带有首创性的政治改革使其摆脱了长期内政的困扰，经济实力和政治影响均得到加强。
问题六：戏剧被誉为古希腊文学的最高成就，简述你对希腊戏剧的认识。
答案：希腊戏剧以一种舞台表演艺术形式出现，包括悲剧和喜剧。
悲剧主要表现的是主人公的英雄行为，其形象高大雄伟，气势壮烈磅礴，具有永恒的艺术魅力和道德教化作用。
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1.The word "culture" is most commonly used in three basic senses: Excellenceof taste in the fine arts and humanities, also known as high culture. An integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon the capacity for symbolic thought and social learning. The set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution, organization or group.2.Some historians believe the West originated in the northern and easternMediterranean with ancient Greece and ancient Rome. Over time, their associated empires grew first to the east and south, conquering and absorbing many older great civilizations; later, they grew to the north and west to include Western Europe.3.Western culture is a term used to generally refer to most of the cultures ofEuropean origin and most of their descendants.4.Foundations of Western Culture are: ancient Greece (concretely Greekphilosophy), the Roman Empire (specifically Roman law), Catholic and Protestant Christianity.5.Western culture originates from 2 ancient cultures: Hellenistic culture （emphasizing rationality）and Hebraic culture （emphasizing virtue & discipline）6. 3 most noted achievements of ancient Greeks: Mythology; Architecture;philosophy.7.Greek Mythology, set of diverse traditional tales told by the ancient Greeksabout the exploits of gods and heroes and their relations with ordinary mortals.8.The Greek gods resembled human beings in their form and in their emotions.9.The Olympians refers to the twelve major gods and godd esses dwelling onMount Olympus.10.Zeus is the god of gods, the god of sky, the supreme god, the father of bothgods and men.11.Hermes (Mercury) is god of physicians and thieves; messenger of gods.12.Apollo is the sun god, the god of music, a god of prophecy.13.Dionysus is god of wine and ecstasy.14.Hephaestus is god of fire; celestial blacksmith.15.Athena is the goddess of war, wisdom and handicraft.16.Hera is queen of heaven and of the Olympians, the goddess of marriage andfamily, the protectress of married women and their legal children.17.Poseid on is the god of sea, the protector of seamen, the god of earthquakesand tsunamis.18.Had es is god of the und erworl d.19.Two of the most important of the semi historical myths involve the searchfor the Golden Fleece and the quest that led to the Trojan War.20.Aphrodite is the godd ess of l ove and beauty, the protectress of sailors.21.Heracles is a divine hero, the son of Zeus and Alcmene, stepson ofAmphitryon and great-grandson of Perseus, the greatest of the Greek heroes.22.The ancient Greek Olympic games was a religious rather than secular festival,celebrating the gods in general and Zeus in particular.23.The idiom “Pandora’s box” means the fountainhead of all evils.24.The idiom “Cupid’s arrow” signifies the magic power of love.25.“Tantalus’s torture” means permanent frustration by the sight of somethingdesired but inaccessible. It also means eternal thirst and hunger.26.The idiom “Sisyphean task” suggests everlasting fruitless hard labor.27.“The golden fleece” means very valuable thing which is rare an d verydifficult to get.28.“Golden touch” therefore refers to the magic power to change cheap metalsinto gold, or worthless junks into treasures.29.“The golden apple” or “the apple of discord” refers to the things that giverise to conflicts and strife.30.“A chilles’s heel” refers to the only part of the body that remains vulnerable.31.“Trojan horse”, or “the wooden horse” means a trap intended to underminean enemy, or subversion from inside.32.The term “Oedipus complex” was chosen by Sigmund Freud to designate ason’s feeling of love toward his mother and jealous hatred toward his father.33.“Narcissistic (personality) disorder” or “narcissism”, means the indulgencein self-admiration.34.“The sword of Damocles” on one hand signifies the impending danger, andon the other hand, indicates the precariousness of power and rank.35.Constellations: Aries (the Ram)白羊座, Taurus (the Bull)金牛座, Gemini (theTwins)双子座, Cancer (the Crab) 巨蟹座, Leo(the Lion)狮子座, Virgo (the Virgin)处女座, Libra (the Scales)天秤座, Scorpio (the Scorpion)天蝎座, Sagittarius (the Archer)射手座, Capricorn (the Goat)摩羯座, Aquarius (the Water Carrier)水瓶座, Pisces (the Fishes)双鱼座.36.Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are Classical Greek philosophers.37.Western culture originates from the Hebraic-Christian culture that isund oubtedly embodied in and found ed upon the Holy Bibl e.38.Christianity was the inheritor and the reformer of Judaism, and so theChristian Bibl e includ es the Ol d Testament and the New Testament.39.The Old Testament is the coll ection of books written prior to the life of Jesusbut accepted by Christians as scripture.40.The Torah, or "Instruction," is also known as the "Five Books" of Moses，includ es Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.41.The Torah contains the ten commandments, of God, reveal ed at Mount Sinai.42.Christianity is a monotheistic religion centered on the life and teachings ofJesus as presented in the New Testament.43.God is the eternal being who created the universe and all there is have theproperties of holiness, justice, omnipotence, omniscience, omnibenevol ence, omnipresence and immortality.44.Christians call the message of Jesus Christ the Gospel ("good news").45.The central tenet of Christianity is the belief in Jesus as the Son of God andthe Messiah (Christ).46.Christians generally believe that Jesus is God incarnation and "true God andtrue man" (or both fully divine and fully human).47.Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit and born from the Virgin Mary.48.The Eucharist (called Holy Communion, or the Lord's Supper) is the part ofliturgical worship that consists of a consecrated meal, usually bread and wine.49.Christianity was l egalized in the 4th century, when Constantine I issued anedict of tol eration in 313. From at l east the 4th century, Christianity has played a prominent rol e in the shaping of Western civilization.50.Christianity may be broadly represented as being divid ed into five maingroupings: Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthod oxy, Oriental Orthod oxy, Protestantism, Restorationism.51.Food is important to keep traditions alive as they are part of our history andour culture.52.The multitud es of food styl es of the Western society mainly result from thehistory, heritage, and geographical differences.53.A full course dinner usually consists of multipl e dishes. Usually it is mad e upof three or four courses, such as appetizer, main course and d essert.54.At the end of the meal, napkin shoul d be l eft semi-fold ed at the l eft sid e of theplate.55.Celebrating birthdays became popular almost universally because birthdaysgive peopl e a reason to gather in friendly groups, share food, and enjoy kinship.56.In many portions of the worl d an individual's birthday is cel ebrated by a partywhere a specially mad e cake, usually d ecorated with l ettering and the person's age, is presented. The cake is traditionally stud d ed with the same number of lit candl es as the age of the individual.57.Religious symbolism suggests that lighting candl es opens a channel forprayers to the unseen worl d above. This concept has been borrowed to convey the id ea that blowing out birthday candl es sends a birthday wish to heaven.58.Baptism is consid ered to be a form of rebirth—"by water and the Spirit"—thenakedness of baptism (the second birth) parall eled the condition of one's original birth.59.The removal of cl othing represented the "image of putting off the ol d manwith his d eeds, so the stripping of the body before for baptism represented taking off the trappings of sinful self, so that the "new man," which is given by Jesus, can be put on.60.Scouting, also known as the Scout Movement, is a worl dwid e youth movementwith the stated aim of supporting young peopl e in their physical, mental and spiritual d evelopment, that they may play constructive rol es in society.61.If the coupl e of l overs are going into marriage, the man shoul d make aproposal by giving an engagement ring to the woman.62.The marriage will be recognized by: a marriage license and wed dingceremony.63.The reason why brid esmaids and groomsmen are need is that the evil spiritswoul d be confused by so many similarly dressed peopl e.64.A funeral is a ceremony for celebrating, sanctifying or remembering the life ofa person who has died.65.A funeral may take place at either a funeral home or church.66.Funeral services commonly includ e prayers; readings from a sacred text;hymns (sung either by the attend ees or a hired vocalist); and words of comfort by the cl ergy. Frequently, a relative or cl ose friend will be asked to give a eul ogy颂歌, which d etails happy memories and accomplishments; often commenting on the d eceased's flaws, especially at l ength, is consid ered impolite.67.Festivals are precious human heritage that links to religion, customs, historyand peopl e’s lifestyl es. Festivals, of many types, serve to meet specific needs, as well as to provid e entertainment.68.Though festivals many have religious origins, others involve seasonal changeor have some cultural significance.69.New Year’s Day is universally cel ebrated on the first day of the calendar,January 1.70.Chinese New Year is celebrated in many countries around the worl d, it is thefirst day of the lunar calendar.71.Valentine's Day is a holiday cel ebrated on February 14(in most countries).Love and affection are celebrated between l overs by sending greeting cards andgifts, dating.72.Mod ern Valentine's Day symbols includ e the heart-shaped outline, d oves, andthe figure of the winged Cupid.73.Passover is a Jewish holiday and festival. It commemorates the story of theExodus, in which the ancient Israelites were freed from slavery in Egypt. 74.Easter is the central feast in the Christian liturgical year, celebrating theresurrection of Jesus. According to the Canonical gospels, Jesus rose from thed ead on the third day after his crucifixion. His resurrection is celebrated onEaster Day or Easter Sunday (also Resurrection Day or Resurrection Sunday) .75.Easter egg is seen by foll owers of Christianity as a symbol of resurrection:whil e being d ormant it contains a new life sealed within it.76.Mother's Day is a cel ebration honoring mothers and celebrating motherhood,maternal bonds and the influence of mothers in society. It originated from an ancient Greek ritual which was to respect the Mother of Gods, Hera.77.Halloween is a yearly holiday observed around the worl d on October 31, thenight before All Saints’ Day, much like Day of the Dead celebrations.78.The American Thanksgiving Day is a traditional family feast with a traditionalturkey dinner, usually in the mid-afternoon. Typical Thanksgiving food also includ es sweet potatoes, pumpkins, cranberries, and fruit salads.79.Carnival typically involves a public cel ebration or parad e combining someelements of a circus, mask and public street party. Peopl e often dress up or masquerad e during the cel ebrations, which mark an overturning of daily life.80.The three very important European Film Festivals are Venice Film Festival,Cannes Film Festival, and Berlin International Film Festival.81.The Gold en Lion is award ed to the best film at Venice Film Festival.82.The Gold en Palm is the highest prize award ed at The Cannes InternationalFilm Festival.83.The Gol d en Bear is the highest prize award ed for the best film at the BerlinInternational Film Festival.1。