文学史第6讲18thc novelists defoe and swift

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英国文学史 paraphrase Sonnet 18 解释知识交流

英国文学史p a r a p h r a s e S o n n e t18解释精品资料Sonnet 181. Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?Could I compare you to the time/days of summer?2. Thou art more lovely and more temperate:You are more lovely and more gentle and mild than the days.3. Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,The wild wind shakes the favorite flowers of May.4. And summer's lease hath all too short a dateAnd the duration of summer has a limited period of time.5. Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,Sometimes the sun shinning is too hot.6. And often is his gold complexion dimmed,And his gold skin of the face will be dimmed by the clouds.7. And every fair from fair sometime declines,Every beautiful thing and person will decline from previous state of beauty.8. By chance, or nature's changing course untrimmed:(the beauty) will be stripped of by chance or changes of season in the nature.9. But thy eternal summer shall not fade,But your summer exists forever and will not lose color/freshness or vigor. 10. Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,You will never lose your own beauty either.11. Nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shade,The Death can’t boast that you wander in his shadow.12. When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st,You grow as time grows in the undying lines of my verse.13. So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long as men can live in the world with sight and breath,14. So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.This poem will exist and you will live in it forever.仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除谢谢2。

Lecture 6 (18世纪文学)

英国文学史及选读
第六讲英国18世纪文学
The 18th Century Literature Historical Background: 1) The idea of democracy and liberty was rooted and taken into shape at home. The constitutional monarchy set up by parliament in 1688 was a compromise between the middle class and the aristocrats. After the Glorious Revolution, the monarch was deprived of ruling power and in his place Parliament became the actual leader of the country. The conservative Tory and the liberal Whig, though representing the interests of different classes, both supported commerce and the policy of tolerance.
5. An age of reason. The 18th century, in spite of the fact that the Whigs held sway for forty years, was so uneventful that it was an age of moderation, tolerance, and common sense. This was to a great extent due to the development of science and philosophy of the time. It was an age in which reason, rather than emotion, played an important role. Hence, it was also called an age of reason.

美国文学史及选读18世纪的名词解释

18世纪的名词解释1. Three unities: Principles of dramatic structure proposed by critics and dramatists of the 16th and the 17th centuries, claiming the authority of Aristotle’s Poetics. The three unities are the unity of action (all the action of the work must occur within one continuous plot without extraneous subplot), the unity of time (all the action of the work must occur within 24 hours, or one whole day), and the unity of place (all the action of the work must occur in one place or city).2. Didactic literature: Literary works that are designed to expound a branch of knowledge, or else to embody, in imaginative or fictional form, a moral, religious, or philosophical doctrine or them. Alexander Pope’s Essay on Criticism and Edmund Spencer’s The Queene are good example of didactic poetry.3. Satire:It is a literary art of diminishing or derogating a subject by making it ridiculous and evoking toward it attitudes of amusement, contempt, scorn, or indignation. Satire uses laughter as a weapon, and against a butt that exists outside the work itself. That butt may be an individual, or a type of person, a class, an institution, a nation or even the entire human race (as in much of Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels).4. Mock epic: It is a poem employing the lofty style and the conventions of epic poetry to describe a trivial or undignified series of events; thus a kind of satire that mocks its subject by treating it in an inappropriately grandiose manner, usually at some length. The outstanding examples in English literature are Alexander Pope’s The Rape of the Lock and Dunciad.5. Farce: It is a type of low comedy that employs improbable or otherwise ridiculous situations and mix-ups, slapsticks and horseplay, and crude and even bawdy dialogue. It smacks the audience full-force in the face, aiming simply to entertain and evoke guffaws from the audience.6. Picaresque novel: Derived from the Spanish word picara, meaning “rogue” or “rascal”, the term generally refers to a basically realistic and often satire work of fiction chronicling the career of an engaging, lower-class rogue-hero, who takes to the road for a sidekick. A well-known example of the picaresque novel is Cervantes’Don Quixote (165). Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is another classic example7. Melodrama: Originally, any drama accompanied by music which was used to enhance the emotional impact and mood of the performance. The term derived from the Greek melos, which means “song”. In early nineteenth-century London, melodramas became increasingly popular, which came to emphasize the conflict between pure good and evil. Its heroes and heroines were inevitably completely moral and uypright, but terrorized, harassed, or otherwise troubled by thoroughly despicable villains. The chief concern of melodrama was to elicit the desired emotional response from the audience.8. Persona:The assumed identity or fictional “I” (literary a “mask”) assumed by a writer in a literary work; thus the speaker in a lyric poem, or the narrator in a fictional narrative. Although the persona often serves as the “voice” of the writer, it nonetheless should not be confused with the writer, for the persona may not accurately reflect the writer’s personal opinions, feelings, or perspectives on a subject.9. Epigram:The term is now used for a statement, whether in verse or prose, which is terse, pointed and witty. The epigram may be on any subject, amatory, elegiac,meditative,complimentary, anecdotal, or most often satiric.10. Gothic novel: An alternative term is Gothic romance. It is a story of terror and suspense, usually set in a gloomy old castle of monastery. Following the appearance of Horace Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto (1764), the Gothic novel flourished in Britain from the 1790s to the 1820s, dominated by Ann Radcliffe, whose The Mysteries of Udolpho had may imitators.11. Graveyard school of poetry: It refers to a group of eighteen-century English poets who emphasized subjectivity, mystery, and melancholy. Death, mortality (immortality), and gloom were frequent subjects of elements of their meditative poem, which were often actually set in graveyards. Thomas Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” is the most famous example.12. Neoclassicism: It is a style of Western literature that flourished from themid-seventeenth until the end of the eighteenth century and the rise of Romanticism. The neoclassicists looked to the great classical writers for inspiration and guidance, considering them to have mastered the noblest literary forms, tragic epic and the epic. Neoclassical writers shared several beliefs. They believed that literature should both instruct and delight, and the proper subject of art was humanity. Neoclassicism stressed rules, reason, harmony, balance, restraint, decorum, order, serenity, realism, and form —above all, an appeal to the intellect rather than emotion. The Restoration in 1660 marked the beginning of the Neoclassical Period in England, whose writers included John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Samuel Johnson, etc.13. Fiction: In an inclusive sense, fiction is any literary narrative, whether in prose or verse, which is invented instead of being an account of events that in fact happened. In a narrow sense, however, fiction denotes only narratives that are written in prose (the novel and the short story).14. Antihero: It is a protagonist in a modern work who does not exhibit the qualities of the tradition hero. Instead of being a grand and admirable figure—brave, honest, and magnanimous, for example—an antihero is all too ordinary and may even be petty or downright dishonest. The use of nonheroic protagonist occurs as early as the picaresque novel of the sixteenth century, and the heroine of Defoe’s Moll Flanders is a thief and a prostitute.15. Foreshadowing:The use of hints or clues in a narrative to suggest what will happen later. Writers use foreshadowing to create interest and to build suspense. Sometimes foreshadowing also prepares the reader for the ending of the story.。

The 18th Century Literature 英国文学史新古典主义时期18世纪的英国文学

新古典主义时期—18世纪的英国文学(1660-1798)(In 1798 Wordsworth and Coleridge published Lyrical ballads and Romanticism began.)✓The Age of Enlightenment/Reason理性/启蒙时期–the movement was afurtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason (rationality), equality & science (the 18th century) It is a revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) & accuracy✓Modern English novel–newly rising literary form现实主义小说诞生(themid-18th c.)✓Gothic novel (哥特式小说) - mystery, horror & castles (from middle part to theend of 18th c.)✓PoetsEnglish criticism英国文学批评之父An Essay of Dramatic Poesy (《论戏剧诗》) (1668)him the supreme value was order. An Essay on Criticism《论批评》(1711)He was a master in the art of poetry, a good craftsman, in using heroic couplets in particular.last neoclassicist enlightener. A Dictionary of the English Language《英语大词典》✓NovelistsRobinson Crusoe was one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel. It creates the image of an enterprising Englishman, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned (放逐) on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24 years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England. It praises the human labor and the Puritan fortitude (清教徒坚韧).Gulliver’s Travels《格列佛游记》It offers people an opportunity for self-scrutiny. In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed. The book is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life.Lilliput(小人国),Brobdingnag(大人国), Flying Island(飞岛)& Houyhnhnm(智马国)(1707-1754)- Father of English novelH e was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose” (散文体的滑稽史诗), the firstto give the modern novel its structure and style. He adopted “the third-person narration”.He, a combination of novelist, playwright, and satirist, political pamphleteer, sees the novel as a vehicle for moral inculcation, a mirror and an imitation of nature and life.The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling《弃儿汤姆·琼斯》is a masterpiece on the subject of human nature, which brings the author the name of the “Prose Homer”✓Prose writersand write character sketches and use conversational styles, correspondences in essays. English familiar essay featured with humor, intimacy and elegance was shown first in The Tatler and The Spectator.SentimentalismDiscontented with reason, sentimentalists resort to emotion, to “the human heart”. Sentiment serves as a means of achieving happiness and social justice.(1700-1748) The Seasons in blank verse (1740)Night Thoughts in blank verseThe Task in blank verseTo Simplicity, The Passion, To Eveningleader of sentimental poetry, “The Graveyard School”(墓园诗人)Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 《墓畔哀歌》reflects on death,the sorrows of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy. He sympathized for the poor and the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring havoc (破坏) on them.Pre-Romanticism雕刻家)Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》:a happy and innocent world from a child’s point of viewSongs of Experience《经验之歌》: a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy (忧郁的) tone from an adult’s point of view.(1759-1796)He is a master of the old Scottish tradition. He used Scottish dialect, English and a medley of the two to write poems. He is the poet of the people.A Red Red Rose expresses the noblest and sweetest human sentiment.Auld Lang Syne eulogizes friendship。

英国文学史第六讲：18th+literature+and+A.Pope%3BDr.+Johnson

An important innovation of Johnson's was to illustrate the meanings of his words by literary quotation, of which there are around 114,000. The authors most frequently cited by Johnson include Shakespeare, Milton and Dryden. For example: OPULENCE -Wealth; riches; affluence -"There in full opulence a banker dwelt, Who all the joys and pangs of riches felt; His sideboard glitter'd with imagin'd plate, And his proud fancy held a vast estate." -- Jonathan Swift
Energetic and versatile writer: trying his hand in all the different branches of literary activities. He was a poet, dramatist, prose romancer, biographer, essayist, critic, lexicographer and publicist.
Alexander Pope (1688(1688-1744)
A representative of the Enlightenment. The greatest poet of his time. In many ways Dryden’s successor.

1. Chapter 06 英国文学

的男子的口音又变成了孩子似的尖声，像是吹着风笛和哨子。
终结着这段古怪多事历史的最后是孩提时代再现，全然遗忘，没牙齿，没眼睛，没口味，没一切。
2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
❖To be, or not to be (from Hamlet)
To be, or not to be: that is the question: Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them?
I
The Old English Period and Middle
English Period (450-1500)
1.1 General Knowledge 1.2 The Old English Period 1.3 The Middle English Period
1.1 General Knowledge
His acts being seven ages.
—As You Like It (Act 2, scene 7, 139–143)
最初是婴孩，在保姆的怀中啼哭呕吐。
然后是背着书报、满面红光的学童，像蜗牛一样慢腾腾地拖着脚步，不情愿地呜咽着上学堂。
其后是情人，叹息如风箱，为恋人的眉毛写下缠绵情诗(却舍不得穿双像样袜子)。接着是士兵，满口发着古怪地誓，胡须长得像豹子一样，爱惜着名誉，动不动就要打架，在炮上
❖Historical plays

吴伟仁《英国文学史及选读》(重排版)-章节题库(第四~五章)【圣才出品】

第四章英国启蒙运动阶段一、填空题1.The Graveyard Poets were a number of pre-Romantic English poets of the18th century characterized by their gloomy meditations on mortality in the context of the graveyard.A contemplative and mellow mood is achieved in the celebrated opening verse of Gray’s_____.【答案】Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard【解析】这首诗充满感伤情调，成为18世纪后期感伤主义诗歌的典范之作。

2.Swift is a master of_____,his satire is usually masked by an outward gravity andan apparent earnestness which renders his satire all the more powerful.【答案】satirist【解析】乔纳森·斯威夫特（1667—1745）是英国作家、政治家、讽刺文学大师，代表作品《格列夫游记》《一只桶的故事》。

3.It is simply for convenience that we study the18th century English literature in three main divisions:the region of_____,the revival of_____,and the beginning of _____.【答案】classicism;poetry;novel【解析】受启蒙运动的影响，18世纪英国文学出现新流派——新古典主义；18世纪后半期，前浪漫主义产生并逐渐取代新古典主义；小说产生于18世纪，并成为一个重要的文学体裁。

常耀信美国文学史第三版Chapter 6 Whitman·Dickinson

First edition(1855)
It contained twelve poems and did not sell well, but it made a stir on the American literary scene. It broke with the poetic convention, and its sexuality and exotic and vulgar language brought harsh criticisms on it.
➢In 1848, he traveled south to work in the New Orleans.
➢In 1855, the first edition of his work, Leaves of Grass came out with his own money, which contained twelve poems.
ideas about death, and beauty of death. ❖ Attacks the slavery system and racial
discrimination.
Literary points of view
❖Whitman was a catalog of American and European thought.
The Leaves were called “noxious weeds ,” it’s poetry “poetry of barbarism ” and “a mass of stupid filth.” 邪恶的种子，野蛮的诗歌，一滩愚蠢的污秽物。
Whitman’s Major Works
❖ Responds enthusiastically to the expansion of America.

18th century

.
6.the
industrial revolution
– Inventions such as steam engine(James
Watt, 1769) and textile machines gave impetus to industry and commerce.
7.The
. French influence: Classicism as a
4.the new morality: Reason is the analytical and critical faculty of the human mind. an age of reason. (moderation, tolerance, common sense)
.
.
Joseph Addison (1672-1719)
Richard Steele (1672-1729)
Alexander Pope (1688-1744)
Major

Works of Pope:P135-137
1711: Essay on Criticism.论批评 P135 1714: The Rape of the Lock髦发遇劫记 It’s a mock-heroic poem, satirizing the triviality and silliness of high society. 1713-26:Translating Homer, editing Shakespeare 1728: The Dunciad begins Pope's career as major verse satirist 1733-34: The Essay on Man begins his career as ethical and philosophical poet.

02英美文学-新古典主义时期

The Neoclassical Period The Neoclassical Period Between the return of the Stuarts to the English throne in 1660 and the full assertion of Romanticism which came with the publication of lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798 恪守希腊罗马时期的古典美学原则形式上强调体裁的既定形式，主题上强调文学的道德说教性与文艺复兴的最大区别：后者更注重古典文艺中的人文主义精神 John Dryden (1631―1700)约翰??德莱顿 John Dryden 1. An English poet, dramatist, and critic. 2. He first came to notice: Heroic Stanzas, which memorized the death of Oliver Cromwell. 3.He later sang for the Royalists and became an Anglican(英国圣公会教徒)being a Cavalier poet. 4. He became a poet laureate(桂冠诗人). John Dryden’s Works Changeable, a time-server(随波逐流的人): 1. an elegy on Cromwell’s death: “Herioick Stanza””英雄诗辩” 2. An Ode on Charles II: “Astraea Redux””伸张正义” 3.a didactic poem when James II in reign “The Hind and the Panther”“牝鹿与豹” John Dryden’s Works: 3. tragedy and blank-verse masterpiece: “All for Love”“一切为了爱情” 4. critical works: “Essay of Dramatic Poesy”“论戏剧诗”约翰??德莱顿 5. political satires: 1) “Absolom and Achitophel”“押沙龙与阿托奈拖菲尔” Its subject is politics and written in heroic couplet. 6. a comedy Marriage a la Mode 《时尚婚姻》《现代婚姻》 Comments 1. Dryden made his prose precise, concise and flexible, and raised English literary criticism to a new level. 2. Following the standards of classicism, he established the heroic couplet. John Dryden was the forerunner of the English classical school of literature in the 18th century. John Bunyan约翰??班扬 John Bunyan(1628―1688) John Bunyan: a Puritan poet His Works: 1. Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinner (written in prison) 《罪人受恩记》《功德无量》 2. Pilgrim’s Progress (masterpiece) 《天路历程》 John Bunyan: a Puritan poet 3. The Life and Death of Mr. Badman 《恶人先生的生平和死亡》《贝德曼先生的一生》 4.The Holy War 《神圣战争》 Analysis: The Pi lgrim’s Progress Analysis: The Pilgrim’s Progress 1. The Pilgrim’s Progress is a religious allegory. 2. Though an allegory, its characters impress the reader like real persons. In reality, the Celestial City in The Pilgrim’s Progress is the vision of an ideal happy society dreamed by a poor tinker in the 17th century, through a veil of religious mist（迷雾）Analysis: The Pilgrim’s Progress Analysis: The Pilgrim’s Progress 3. “Vanity Fair” is a remarkable passage. It is an epitome of the English society after the Restoration. Everything can be sold or bought in this fair and the persecution of Christian and Faithful is described. Analysis: The Pilgrim’s Progress 4. Bunyan cherished a deep hatred of both the king and his government. 5. Bunyan’s prose is admirable. It is popular speech ennobled by the solemn dignity and simplicity of the language of the English Bible. John Bunyan 6.Symbolism is another feature in The Pilgrim’s Progress. Bunyan’s language: 1.Bunyan’s language is chiefly plain and colloquial and quite modern in comparison with that of the writers of the Renaissance. 2. His language is clear, vivid, natural, homely (朴实的), fluent, musical and powerful. Bunyan’s language: 3.He paved the way not only in language style but also in writing technique of novels, for the novelists of the 18th century as Swift and Defoe. Alexander Pope亚历山大??薄伯（1688―1744） Alexander Pope 亚历山大??薄伯 Alexander Pope 亚历山大??薄伯1) Pope is a classical poet in the period of English Enlightenment. (At the age of 12, he contracted得病tuberculosis结核 of the spine脊骨 that left him dwarfed变矮小, twisted and hunchbacked驼背.) 2) Pope’s Works: (1) Pastorals《田园组诗》 (2) Essay on Criticism《论批评》a didactic poem in heroic couplets (3) The Rape of the Lock《夺发记》, the masterpiece, which is worth reading for its description and satire of the dull court life of England of that time. Pope’s Works: (4) Translations, in heroic couplet The Iliad of Homer 《荷马的伊里亚特》 The Odyssey of Homer 《河马的奥德赛》(5)The Works of Shakespeare 《莎士比亚全集》 Pope’s Works:(6) “The Dunciad”“愚人志”, a satirical poem. (7) “Moral Essays”“道德论”, a philosophic poem. (8) “An Essay on Men”“人论”, a philosophic poem. Workmanship 1. Pope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school in the first half of the 18th century. 2.He became so perfect in using heroic couplet. 3. He was a diligent reader. Workmanship 4. His style depends upon his patience in elaborating his art. 5. He was at his best in satire and epigram (警句). Limitation 1. He lacked the lyrical gift.2. He sometimes becomes artificial and obscure (difficult to understand).3. His satire was not always just, often caused by personal grudge (resent). Jonathan Swift Jonathan Swift Jonathan Swift ( 1667-1745) Irish satirist best knownfor Gulliver's Travels. Jonathan Swift For the most part, other than “A Modest Proposal” and Gulliver’s Travels, Swift is out of critical vogue now. There’s not a lot of work being done on him (relatively speaking). But if Swift only wrote these two pieces, he’d be considered a genius today. Gulliver's Travels (1726) Gulliver's Travels was Jonathan's first big dive into prose. Defoe's novel about Robinson Crusoe had appeared in 1719 and in the same vein Swift makes Lemuel Gulliver, a surgeon and a sea captain。

罗经国版《新编英国文学简史(上)》第六章2 (1)

God to enjoy the supreme beauties and bounties of
Paradise, provided they do not eat the fruit that grows on the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil. Satan desires to tear them away from the influence of God and make them tools in his struggle against God’s authority.
John Milton
Life The greatest poet and pamphleteer during the bourgeois revolution in the mid-17th century as well as the greatest author of Puritanism. Major Works Textual Study Paradise Lost The Plot of the Epic The theme of the Epic The image of Satan On His Blindness
The Image of Satan
Satan in the poem is a rebel who rises against God and, though defeated, still seeks for revenge. He is by far the most striking character in the poem. Satan is the real hero of the poem. Like a conquered and banished giant, he remains obeyed and admired by those who follow him down to hell. He is firmer than the rest of the fallen angels. One can't help but admire Satan's stubbornness and determination in the face of so much which goes against him, and his incredible efforts to achieve his goals.

英国文学18th

问题1Blake’sSongs of Experience paints a world of _____ with a melancholytone.所选答案： D. misery, poverty, disease, war and repression正确答案： D. misery, poverty, disease, war and repression反馈：misery, poverty, disease, war and repression问题2’s poem “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” is taken as a model of sentimentalist poetry, esp. the Graveyard school.所选答案：Thomas Gray正确答案：Thomas GrayGray反馈：Thomas Gray; Gray问题3The main literary stream of the 18 century was . What thewriters described were mainly social realities.所选答案：realism正确答案：realism反馈： realism问题4In the first part of Robinson Crusoe, the hero saved a savage and namedhim .所选答案：Friday正确答案：Friday反馈：Friday问题5Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels is the greatest work in English literature.所选答案： A. satiric正确答案： A. satiric反馈：satiric问题 6Which of the following cannot correctly describe EnlightenmentMovement?所选答案：C. It advocated individual education. 正确答案： C. It advocated individual education.反馈：It advocated individual education.问题 7Gothic novels are mostly stories of ____, which take place in some haunted or dilapidated Middle Age castles.所选答案：D. mystery and horror 正确答案： D. mystery and horror反馈：mystery and horror问题 8Which of the following novels by Henry Fielding satirizes thepolitical system of England and the then Prime Minister SirRobert Walpole?所选答案：D.Joseph Andrews正确答案：B.Jonathan Wild the Great问题 9Which of the following place does Gulliver visit first in Gulliver’s Travels ?所选答案：A. Lilliput 正确答案： A. Lilliput反馈： Lilliput问题 10In the 18 century, _______found its expression chiefly in poetry,especially that of William Blake and Robert burns.所选答案： C. pre-romanticism正确答案： C. pre-romanticism反馈：pre-romanticism问题11The literary form of neoclassicism is of the strict symmetry. The prevailing genre of neo-classical literature is the which consists of two riming lines of iambic pentameter, and the second line completes the thoughts expressed by the couplet.所选答案：heroic couplet正确答案：heroic couplet反馈：heroic couplet问题12得2 分，满分2 分The 18th century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or theAge of ________.所选答案：Reason正确答案：Reason反馈：Reason问题13_______was a progressive intellectual movement going on throughout Europe in the 18th century.所选答案： C. The Enlightenment正确答案： C. The Enlightenment反馈：The Enlightenment问题14The social significance of Gulliver’s Travels lies in _____.所选答案：A. the devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life正确答案：A. the devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life反馈：the devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life问题15The best part of Robinson Crusoe is the realistic account of his against the hostile nature.所选答案：fight正确答案：strugglefight反馈：struggle; fight问题16In the last twenty years of the 18th century, England produced two well-known romantic poets. They are William Blakeand .所选答案：Burns正确答案：Robert BurnsBurns问题17Of all the 18the century novelists, _________ was the first to set out intheory and practice, to write specially a “comic epic in prose”, and thefirst to give the modern novel its structure and style.所选答案： C.HenryFielding正确答案： C.HenryFielding反馈：HenryFielding问题18is undoubtedly the greatest poet Scotland has ever produced.His “Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect” is of great importance.所选答案：Robert Burns正确答案：Robert BurnsBurns反馈：Robert Burns; Burns问题19“Till a’ the seas gang dry, my dear,And the rocks melt wi’ the sun:I will luve thee still, my dear,While the sands o’ life shall run.”The above verse lines are taken from the famous poem “________”.所选答案： A Red, Red Rose正确答案： A Red, Red Rose反馈： A Red, Red Rose问题20Sir Walter Scott called the father of English fiction.所选答案：Fielding正确答案：Henry FieldingFielding反馈：Henry Fielding; Fielding问题21_______is of the author of the first dictionary by anEnglishman—Dictionary of the English Language, which has becomethe foundation of all subsequent English dictionaries.所选答案： C. Samuel Johnson正确答案： C. Samuel Johnson反馈：Samuel Johnson问题22_________came into being as a result of a bitter discontent on the part of certain enlighteners in society reality.所选答案： A. Sentimentalism正确答案： A. Sentimentalism反馈：Sentimentalism问题23The greatest novelist of the 18th century, and also one of thegreatest that England ever produced is , who is considered as the founder of the English realistic novel.所选答案：Henry Fielding正确答案：Henry FieldingFielding问题24The rise and growth of __________is the most prominent achievement of the 18th century English literature, which has given the world such writers as Daniel Defoe, Jonathan swift and Henry fielding.所选答案： D.realisticnovel正确答案： D.realisticnovel反馈：realisticnovel问题25Blake’s Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a world of .所选答案： B. happiness and innocence正确答案： B. happiness and innocence反馈：happiness and innocence问题26In his novel, Robinson Crusoe, Defoe eulogizes the hero of the .所选答案： D. rising bourgeoisie正确答案： D. rising bourgeoisie反馈：rising bourgeoisie问题27Pamela is written in the form of a ______novel.所选答案：epistolary正确答案： epistolary 反馈：epistolary问题 28得 2分，满分 2 分Which of the following is NOT a character in the novel The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling ?所选答案：b.Ame lia正确答案： b.Ame lia反馈：Ame lia问题 29得 2 分，满分 2 分The only important English dramatist produced in the 18th century is ________.所选答案： Sheridan正确答案： Richard Brinsley SheridanBrinsley Sheridan Sheridan反馈： Richard Brinsley Sheridan; Brinsley Sheridan; Sheridan问题 30The only novel of Oliver Goldsmith is _________, which gives a detailed account of the numerous misfortunes befalling the central character and hisfamily.所选答案： B. The Vicar of Wakefield 正确答案： B. The Vicar of Wakefield反馈：The Vicar of Wakefield问题 31In the Houyhnhnm land, Gulliver found that ______ were hairy, wild, low and despicable brutes while ______ are endowed withreason and all good and admirable qualities.所选答案：D.the Yahoos ... the horses正确答案： D. the Yahoos ... the horses 反馈：the Yahoos ... the horses问题32Friday is a character in the novel__________.所选答案：Robinson Crusoe正确答案：The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe Robinson Crusoe反馈：The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe; Robinson Crusoe问题33_________is William Blake’s most important prose work, which is the manifesto of his spiritual independence.所选答案： D. The Marriage of Heaven and Hell正确答案： D. The Marriage of Heaven and Hell反馈：The Marriage of Heaven and Hell问题34Jonathan Swift’s famous prose work ________ is a satirical dialoguebetween the Ancients and the Moderns in the character of the Bee andthe Spider.所选答案： A. The Battle of the Books正确答案： A. The Battle of the Books反馈：The Battle of the Books问题35The 18th century witnessed that in England there appeared two politicalparties, _____.所选答案： C. the Whigs and the Tories正确答案： C. the Whigs and the Tories反馈：the Whigs and the Tories问题36The Rivals written by is a clever satire on the sentimental and pseudo-romantic fancies of many young women of the upper classes of the 18th century.所选答案：Sheridan正确答案：Richard Brinsley SheridanBrinsley SheridanSheridan反馈：Richard Brinsley Sheridan; Brinsley Sheridan; Sheridan问题37In Gulliver’s Travels, Yahoos are the creatures living on ________.所选答案：Houyhnhnms正确答案：Houyhnhnms反馈：Houyhnhnms问题38Daniel Defoe describes as a typical English middle-class man of the 18th century, the very prototype of the empire builder or thepioneer colonist.所选答案：Crusoe正确答案：Robinson CrusoeCrusoe反馈：Robinson Crusoe; Crusoe问题39In Robinson Crusoe, the writer glorifies .所选答案： D. human labor and the Puritan fortitude正确答案： D. human labor and the Puritan fortitude反馈：human labor and the Puritan fortitude问题40Literature of Neoclassicism is different from that of Romanticism in that ________.所选答案： C.the former celebrates reason, rationality, order and instruction while the latter sees literature as an expression on anindividual’s feelings and experiences正确答案： C.the former celebrates reason, rationality, order and instruction while the latter sees literature as an expression on anindividual’s feelings and experiences反馈：the former celebrates reason, rationality, order and instruction while the latter sees literature as an expression on an individual’s feelings and experiences问题41In the middle decades of the 18 century became the leader of the classic school in English poetry and prose.所选答案：Samuel Johnson正确答案：Samuel JohnsonJohnson反馈：Samuel Johnson; Johnson问题42Which of the following is not true about Samuel Richardson?所选答案： C. He is the first novelist of realist tradition.正确答案： C. He is the first novelist of realist tradition.反馈：He is the first novelist of realist tradition.问题43得2 分，满分2 分1. The principal elements of the ________Novel are mystery, horror andsuspense.所选答案：Gothic正确答案：Gothic反馈：Gothic问题44Joseph Andrew is Fielding’s first novel. He wrote the novel with theintention of ridiculing Richard’s novel .所选答案：Pamela正确答案：Pamela反馈：Pamela问题45According to the neoclassicists, which of the following is true?所选答案： D. All the above.正确答案： D. All the above.反馈：All the above.问题46The following on Daniel Defoe are true except .所选答案： C. He was a member of the upper class正确答案： C. He was a member of the upper class反馈：He was a member of the upper class问题47Of the eighteenth-century novelists Henry Fielding was the first to _____.所选答案： A. give the modern novel its structure and style正确答案： A. give the modern novel its structure and style反馈：give the modern novel its structure and style问题48得2 分，满分2 分Sheridan’s _____is the best English comedy since the days of Shakespeare.所选答案： B. The School for Scandal正确答案： B. The School for Scandal反馈：The School for Scandal问题49Thomas Gray has been regarded as the leader of the of the day.所选答案： A.sentimental poetry正确答案： A.sentimental poetry 反馈：sentimental poetry问题50In the William Blake’s poetry, the father (and any other in whom he saw the image of the father such as God, Priest and King) was usually a figure of_______.所选答案：tyranny正确答案：tyranny反馈：tyranny问题51得2 分，满分2 分Modern English novel arose in the ________century.所选答案： C. 18th正确答案： C. 18th反馈：18th问题52The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling has been praised for its excellentplot construction. The three big divisions of the adventures of the heroand the heroine are marked by the change of scenes: in the country, onthe road and in __________.所选答案：London正确答案：London反馈：London问题53is a typical feature of Swift’s writings.所选答案：Bitter Satire正确答案：Bitter Satire反馈：Bitter Satire问题 54In , Jonathan Swift suggests that children of the poorIrish people be sold at one year old as food for the English nobles. It shows his indignation toward the terribleoppression and exploitation of the Irish people by the English ruling class.所选答案： A Modest Proposal 正确答案： A Modest Proposal 反馈：A Modest Proposal问题 55ranks among the greatest satirist of England, and of the world. “A Modest Proposal” is one of his satirical works.所选答案： Jonathan Swift正确答案： Jonathan SwiftSwift反馈： Jonathan Swift; Swift问题 56In the following writings by Henry Fielding, which brings himthe name of the “Prose Homer”?所选答案：B.The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling正确答案：B.The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling反馈：The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling问题 57Among the representatives of the Enlightenment, _______ was the first to introduce rationalism to England.所选答案： Alexander Pope正确答案： Alexander PopePope反馈： Alexander Pope; Pope问题 58Which of the following is not true about Robinson Crusoe ?所选答案： A. It is a record of Defoe’s own experience.正确答案： A. It is a record of Defoe’s own experience.反馈：It is a record of Defoe’s own experience.问题59Many of Burns’ songs deal with friendship, ______has long become a universal parting-song of all the English-speaking countries.所选答案： D. Auld Lang Syne正确答案： D. Auld Lang Syne反馈：Auld Lang Syne问题60Jonathan Swift held the opinion that human nature , thus human nature and human institutions both needed constantreform and improvement.所选答案： B. was a mixture of the angelic and the satanic正确答案： B. was a mixture of the angelic and the satanic反馈：was a mixture of the angelic and the satanic。

6、《外国文学史课件》(00540)18世纪文学

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追求爱情，爱情被保守思想和封建礼法扼杀；政治追求，为封建王朝服务，却因爱上海伦而葬送自己的前程；追求艺术，追求古典美，也以幻灭告终；社会理想追求，围海造地，建造人间乐园，却在呐喊中倒地而死。
浮士德形象：
1、浮士德既是人类积极精神的象征，也是当时欧洲先进知识分子的艺术象征。
法国文学：
孟德斯鸠：法国第一位真正意义上的启蒙作
家。ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
：《法的精神》详细论证三权分立学说，即立法
权、行政权和司法权分属于三个不同的国家机关，三者相互制约、权力均衡。
《波斯人信札》：第一部著名的启蒙哲理小说，为法国启蒙文学开辟了道路。
伏尔泰：《老实人》，讽刺了“一切皆善”并为现存秩序辩护的盲目乐观主义哲学，也否定了认为人“不是在忧急骚动中讨生活，便是在烦闷无聊中挨日子”的悲观主义。
2、从哲学层面看，浮士德是肯定精神的具体形态。 3、从道德和伦理层面看，浮士德又是善的代表。 4、从社会学层面看，浮士德体现了先进的资产阶级思
想家的某些思想与行为特征。
5、浮士德的性格是茅盾的，既有积极进取的一面，又有贪图享乐、软弱妥协的一面。这种灵与肉的矛盾实际上是理智与情欲、进步与停滞、上升与沉沦的矛盾，这正是上升期资产阶级两重性的表现，也是歌德眼中至善至美矛盾在具体事物运动中的反映。
狄德罗：《百科全书》、《拉
摩的侄儿》（马克思、恩格斯称这部作品为“辩证法的杰作”）
卢梭：法国启蒙文学成就最高。感伤小说《新爱洛依丝》；教育小说《爱弥儿》；自传《忏悔录》
德国文学：
狂飙突进运动：德国文学史上出现的第一次全国性文学运动，因克林格尔剧本《狂飙突进》而得名。赫尔德是这一运动的精神领袖，青年时期的歌德和席勒是中坚力量。他们强调文学的民族性，要求发扬民族的文学风格；反对封建束缚，强调“天才”，要求个性解放；接受卢梭“回归自然”思想，歌颂理想化的大自然和淳朴的人民。

英国文学史第七讲：18thC+novelists+Defoe+and+Swift

bickerstaffalmanacsquib小品文讽刺短文aboutastrologer占星家partridgedupedlondonpublicpredictingfutureeventsalmanacsoswiftwrotehisownalmanacunderisaacbickerstaffdeathdate1726novel
Robinson Crusoe
Prototype: seaman Alexander Selkirk, marooned on an island off the coast of Chile. Prototype of deserted island novel (shared subjects…)
/robin son-crusoe/study-guide/
Jonathan Swift(1667-1745) Swift(1667-
Life Swift’s Works Swift’s Style Gulliver’s Travels
Swift’s Life
Daniel Defoe (1660? -1731)
Life Works Masterpiece
1660 Born in London in 1660; son of a tallow-chandler 1666 Witnessed both Plague and Great Fire of 1666 1667 Educated first at Dorking, then at Morton`s Academy for Dissenters, Newington Green; to become a Presbyterian Minister 1684 later jailed for debt

英国文学史18th century习题

英国文学18th century习题问题1 Pamela is written in the form of a ______novel.问题2 The best part of Robinson Crusoe is the realistic account of his ______ against the hostile nature.问题3 Daniel Defoe describes _________ as a typical English middle-class man of the 18th century, the very prototype of the empire builder or the pioneer colonist.问题4 Friday is a character in the novel__________.问题5 “Till a’ the seas gang dry, my dear,And the rocks melt wi’ the sun: I will luve thee still, my dear, While the sa nds o’ life shall run.”The above verse lines are taken from the famous poem “________”.问题6 _________ ’s poem “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” is taken as a model of sentimentalist poetry, esp. the Graveyard school.问题7 The principal elements of the ________Novel are mystery, horror and suspense.问题8 _________ ranks among the greatest satirist of England, and of the world. “A Modest Proposal” is one of his satirical works.问题9The only important English dramatist produced in the 18th century is ________.问题10 In Gulliver’s Travels, Yahoos are the creatures living on ________.问题11 In the first part of Robinson Crusoe, the hero saved a savage and named him ________ 问题12 The main literary stream of the 18th century was ________. What the writers described were mainly social realities.问题13The greatest novelist of the 18th century, and also one of the greatest that England ever produced is _______ , who is considered as the founder of the English realistic novel.问题14 The literary form of neoclassicism is of the strict symmetry. The prevailing genre of neo-classical literature is the _______ which consists of two riming lines of iambic pentameter, and the second line completes the thoughts expressed by the couplet.问题15 _______ is undoubtedly the greatest poet Scotland has ever produced. His “Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect” is of great importance.问题16 In the middle decades of the 18th century ________ became the leader of the classic school in English poetry and prose.问题17 Joseph Andrew is Fielding’s first novel. He wrote the novel with the intention of ridiculing Richard’s novel __________问题18The Rivals written by __________is a clever satire on the sentimental and pseudo-romantic fancies of many young women of the upper classes of the 18th century.问题19 _________ is a typical feature of Swift’s writings.问题20 In _________ , Jonathan Swift suggests that children of the poor Irish people be sold at one year old as food for the English nobles. It shows his indignation toward the terrible oppression and exploitation of the Irish people by the English ruling class.问题21 The 18th century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of ________. 问题22 Among the representatives of the Enlightenment, _______ was the first to introduce rationalism to England.问题23 Sir Walter Scott called _______ the father of English fiction.问题24 The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling has been praised for its excellent plot construction.The three big divisions of the adventures of the hero and the heroine are marked by thechange of scenes: in the country, on the road and in __________.问题25 In the last twenty years of the 18th century, England produced two well-known romantic poets. They are William Blake and ________问题26 In Robinson Crusoe, the writer glorifies ______ .A. hard work and successB. independence and strong willC. pride and happinessD. human labor and the Puritan fortitude问题27 Which of the following cannot correctly describe Enlightenment Movement?A. It advocated individual education.B. Enlightenment Movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance.C. The purpose of the movement was to enlighten the whole world.D. Enlightenment Movement flourished in France.问题28 In the Houyhnhnm land, Gulliver found that ______ were hairy, wild, low and despicable brutes while ______ are endowed with reason and all good and admirable qualities.A. the horses ... the YahoosB. the Yahoos ... human beingsC. the horses ... human beingsD. the Yahoos ... the horses问题29 The social significance of Gulliver’s Travels lies in _____.A. the devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European lifeB. his artistic skill in making the story an organic wholeC. his central concern of study of human nature and lifeD. both B and C问题30 In the following writings by Henry Fielding, which br ings him the name of the “Prose Homer”?A. Jonathan Wild the GreatB. A Sentimental JourneyC. The History of Tom Jones, a FoundlingD. Joseph Andrews问题31 Literature of Neoclassicism is different from that of Romanticism in that ________.A. the former celebrates reason, rationality, order and instruction while the latter sees literature as an expression on an individual’s feelings and expe riencesB. the former is heavily religious but the latter secularC. the former is an intellectual movement, the purpose of which is to arouse the middle class for political rights while the latter is concerned with the personal cultivationD. the former advocates the “return to nature” whereas the latter turns to the ancient Greek and Roman writers for its models问题32 In the 18th century, _______found its expression chiefly in poetry, especially that of William Blake and Robert burns.A. pre-romanticismB. neoclassicismC. realismD. sentimentalism问题33 Many of Burns’ songs deal with friendship, ______has long become a universal parting-song of all the English-speaking countries.A. John Anderson, My JoB. A Red, Red RoseC. My Heart’s in the HighlandsD. Auld Lang Syne问题34 Thomas Gray has been regarded as the leader of the ______ of the day.A. religious poetryB. modern poetryC. romantic poetryD. sentimental poetry问题35 Jonathan Swift held the opinion that human nature ______ , thus human nature and human institutions both needed constant reform and improvement.A. was a mixture of the angelic and the satanicB. was seriously and permanently flawedC. was erroneous but capable of redemptionD. had been corrupted and depraved问题36 Which of the following is not true about Samuel Richardson?A. His novels have a moral purpose.B. He has much sympathy for women in their inferior social status.C. He is the master of writing epistolary novels.D. He is the first novelist of realist tradition.问题37 The 18th century witnessed that in England there appeared two political parties, _____.A. the upper House and lower HouseB. the House of Lords and the House of RepresentativesC. the Senate and the House of RepresentativesD. the Whigs and the Tories问题38 In his novel, Robinson Crusoe, Defoe eulogizes the hero of the _____ .A. aristocratic classB. hard-working peopleC. enterprising landlordsD. rising bourgeoisie 问题39 Of the eighteenth-century novelists Henry Fielding was the first to _____.A. instruct the people through his writingB. amuse the people through his worksC. adopt the third-person narrationD. give the modern novel its structure and style问题40 _______is of the author of the first dictionary by an Englishman—Dictionary of the English Language, which has become the foundation of all subsequent English dictionaries.A. Samuel RichardsonB. Oliver GoldsmithC. Laurence SterneD. Samuel Johnson问题41 Which of the following novels by Henry Fielding satirizes the political system of England and the then Prime Minister Sir Robert Walpole?A. AmeliaB. The History of Tom Jones, a FoundlingC. Joseph AndrewsD. Jonathan Wild the Great问题42 The rise and growth of __________is the most prominent achievement of the 18th century English literature, which has given the world such writers as Daniel Defoe, Jonathan swift and Henry fielding.A. neo-classical poetryB. sentimentalist novelC. gothic novelD. realistic novel问题43 The only novel of Oliver Goldsmith is _________, which gives a detailed account of the numerous misfortunes befalling the central character and his family.A. The Vicar of WakefieldB. PamelaC. AmeliaD. Tome Jones问题44 Gothic novels are mostly stories of ____, which take place in some haunted or dilapidated Middle Age castles.A. sea adventuresB. saints and martyrsC. love and warD. mystery and horror问题45 Which of the following place does Gulliver visit first in Gulliver’s Travels?A. HouyhnhnmsB. LaputaC. LilliputD. Brobdingnag问题46 Which of the following is NOT a character in the novel The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling?A. BlifilB. SophiaC. Mr. AllworthyD. Amelia问题47 _______was a progressive intellectual movement going on throughout Europe in the 18th century.A. The RenaissanceB. Puritan MovementC. Romantic MovementD. The Enlightenment 问题48 In the William Blake’s poetry, the father (and any other in whom he saw the image of the father such as God, Priest and King) was usually a figure of_______.A. benevolenceB. loveC.admirationD.tyranny问题49 _________is William Blake’s most important prose work, which is the manifesto of his spiritual independence.A. JerusalemB. Songs of ExperienceC. The Marriage of Heaven and HellD. Songs of Innocence 问题50 _________came into being as a result of a bitter discontent on the part of certain enlighteners in society reality.A. NeoclassicismB. RealismC. HumanismD. Sentimentalism问题51 Which of the following is not true about Robinson Crusoe?A. It is a record of Defoe’s own experience.B. It is written in the autobiographicalC. It is set in the middle of the 17th centuryD. Robinson spends 28 years of isolated life on the island问题52 Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels is the greatest ________ work in English literature.A. romanticB. satiricC. poeticD. realistic问题53 The following on Daniel Defoe are true except ________ .A. Robinson Crusoe is his first novelB. In his novels, his sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate poor is shownC. Robinson Crusoe is universally considered his masterpieceD. He was a member of the upper class问题54 According to the neoclassicists, which of the following is true?A. All forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers.B. They tried to delight, instruct and correct human beings as social animals.C. They tried to develop a polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual art.D. All the above.问题55 Jonathan Swift’s famous prose work________ is a satirical dialogue between the Ancients and the Moderns in the character of the Bee and the Spider.A. A Modest ProposalB. The Drapier’s LettersC. The Battle of the BooksD. A Tale of a Tub问题56 Blake’s Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a world of _______ .A. hope and experienceB. misery and povertyC. happiness and innocenceD. happiness and misery问题57 Sheridan’s _____is the best English comedy since the days of Shakespeare.A. The Conscious LoversB. She Stoops to ConquerC. The School for ScandalD. The Rivals问题58 Of all the 18the century novelists, _________ was the first to set out in theory and practice, to write specially a “comic epic in prose”, and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.A. Daniel DefoeB. Henry FieldingC. Samuel RichardsonD. Oliver Goldsmith问题59 Modern English novel arose in the ________century.A. 16thB. 19thC. 17thD. 18th问题60 Blake’s Songs of Experience paints a w orld of _____ with a melancholy tone.A. loss and institutional cruelty with sufferingsB. happiness and love and romantic idealsC. misery, poverty mixed with love and happinessD. misery, poverty, disease, war and repression。

外国文学简编课件第六章

策对付工人。演说后的第三天，他就在报上发表了一首著名的诗篇《〈制压破坏机器法案〉制定者颂》 (1812)，愤怒地揭露英国国会反人民的本质。
• 1816年反动势力以诗人妻子离开诗人一事为借口，对他进行了疯狂的诽谤，迫使他永远离开了英国。
他在瑞士遇到了雪莱，结为挚友。在雪莱的影响下，他写了一些反映革命斗争的著名诗篇，如《锡隆的囚徒》(1816)、《普罗米修斯》(1816)和《卢德分子之歌》(1816)等，后一首诗是英国诗歌史上第一首号召工人斗争的诗歌。与此同时，拜伦还写出了著名诗剧《曼弗雷德》(1816—1817)和《恰尔德·哈洛尔德游记》的第三章。
• 《游记》具有明确的政治倾向性：憎恨反动统治，反对侵略，渴望自由，歌颂民族解放斗
争，这些构成了长诗的主导思想。
• 《游记》具有独特的艺术风格。它的一个最基本的特征就是与社会对立的个人在诗中十分突出，
即诗人的主观抒情在诗中占据着突出的位置。《游记》的情节只在表面上与那位站在作品
中心的主人公形象(哈洛尔德)发生联系，实质上《游记》情节的全部结构都是为诗人的主观抒情所决定的。在《游记》中诗人拜伦从不消极，从不让人俯首听命于当时的罪恶社会，他一直号召人们向罪恶斗争。
动高涨时期成长起来的，他们的创作在“神圣同盟”时期达到了高峰，鲜明地反映出进步的民主倾向。他们始终同情法国革命，同情民族解放运动和工人运动，与“湖畔派”形成了迥异的激越风格。
• 英国浪漫主义文学的重要人物还有诗人济慈(1795—1821)和历史小说家、诗人司各特(1771—
1832)等。司各特创作的《艾凡赫》(1819)等30部历史小说，不仅在英国极负盛名，而且影响波及欧洲各国，司汤达、巴尔扎克、托尔斯泰等许多现实主义大家都曾借鉴他的丰富经验。