法律英语lesson9 law of torts 翻译

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法律英语——Law of Torts

一.介绍侵权法概念侵权法是一个很难表述的概念，这个词语在平日交流中不常使用。

虽然它描述了一项法律中的重要分类，这个概念也已经否定了很多试图阐明出有用定义的尝试。

令人困惑的是任何一种广泛到能包含所有侵权行为的定义都太过于笼统而几乎没有意义。

所有侵权法中有一项常见的元素是一方会由于另一方实施的行为或不作为所产生的后果而受到损失或伤害。

除此以外，加速普遍化变成了不可能的任务。

事实上所有无限的多样的人类活动——比如说骑车，从事生意，谈话，写作，拥有并且使用真的或者个人财产，性行为——都有可能成为一种侵权行为的赔偿责任来源。

这种行为的多样性抵抗住了大面积的普遍性，这也是侵权行为的赔偿责任所赖以存在的基础。

如果对侵权的定义是必要的，它就会具有以下的性质：民事违法行为，一方的行为会对另一方造成人身财产伤害，或者是认识到另一方的利益想违背法律强制规定的责任。

明显地，侵权法是一块认识到并赔偿对受害人从身体，尊严和隐私的伤害到所拥有的财产和生意上的利益损失的法律领域。

侵权是一种民事违法行为——是遭受损失方（或者是共同起诉的多方）控告罪犯（侵权行为人）来使损害得到补偿或者是寻求一种禁令阻止伤害和民事违法行为的继续。

受害方必须证明侵权行为人犯罪。

侵权中的义务被强制当作法律遵行。

侵权法发作用，目的与正当理由侵权法有三个主要作用和目标：（1）补偿受害方因为另一方的行为而蒙受的损失与伤害。

（2）置入应赔偿人的所应补偿的金额。

（3）防止未来的损失和伤害。

1．补偿侵权行为中受害的一方所遭受的伤害和损失我们应该称之为“损害”。

侵权法是基于所有损失，无论是有形的还是无形的都能够用金钱衡量的基础上的。

最基本的侵权赔偿是要求侵权行为人来支付受害者一笔“有补偿的破坏”。

2．公正（1）公平从根本上，公正是当今对公平的社会标准的应用的结果。

（2）现实原因因果关系，众所周知，是必要条件。

侵权责任仅仅是指行为人的行为是一个为被害人带来损失和伤害的实质的事实。

法律英语考试复习资料

L e s s o n o n e1、a cause of action案由2、social norms 社会标准3、substantive law实体法4、procedural law程序法5、resolve disputes解决纠纷6、provide for规定7、be entitled to 有权······8、law of contracts合同法9、private law私法10、public law公法11、constitution law宪法12、administration law行政法13、criminal law刑法14、the law of torts 侵权法15、the civil law system大陆法体系16、the common law普通法17、the operation of the judicial processes司法程序的运作18、the United States Congress美国国会19、judge-made law判例法20、judicial decision 司法决定Lesson twomulti-state transactions 多重性choice of law 法律的选择substantive rights实体权利conflicts of law 法律冲突choice of forum 法院的选择courts of limited jurisdiction 有限管辖权法院courts of general jurisdiction 一般管辖权法院trial courts初审法院inferior court低级法院superior court 高级法院supreme court最高法院circuit court 巡回法院district court区法院appellate court上诉法院intermediate appellate court中级宪法at the discretion of 由······自由裁量court of limited subject matter jurisdiction 有限对事管辖权法院the amount in controversy争议数额diversity jurisdiction多元管辖federal question联邦问题the United States Courts of Appeals美国上诉法院the Court of Appeals for the district of ······特区上诉法院the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit联邦巡回法院the Supreme Court of the United States联邦最高法院original jurisdiction初审管辖权Lesson threejudicial process司法程序serve our purpose达到我们的目的regulatory and enabling legislation 规范性和授权性法规the adversary system抗辩制trial procedure 审判程序the inquisitorial system纠问制regulatory legislation规范性法规direct and cross examination直接质证、间接质证procedural safeguards程序保障due process正当程序on his own case 证明自己的立场impartial investigation 不偏不倚的调查resort to law诉诸法律resort to force诉诸武力turn on 取决于;依赖Lesson fourlegal relief 法律救济arbitration仲裁jurisdiction over the person of the defendant对被告的人身管辖权courts of original jurisdiction初审管辖权法院minimum contacts最低限度的联系be filed with 把······登记备案service of process送达give notice to通知service by publication公告送达a motion to dismiss驳回动议pleading-in-answer 答辩状sue对······提起诉讼redress纠正;补救summons传票affirmative defense积极抗辩counter-claim反诉on one’s parton the part of 就某人而言;在某人一方；某人有责任的under penalty of 违者以·······惩治in essence实质上default judgment缺席判决Lesson fivepre-trial discoveryquestion sb under oath经宣誓后质问某人lay a basis for为····打基础written interrogatories 质询书the interrogatory party 质询方discovery devices 取证方法compulsory physical examination 强制体检person injury case 人身伤害案discovery procedures 取证程序discovery requests 取证要求the violating party 违反的一方a pretrial conference 审前会议summary judgment 即决判决the opposing party 对方at the pleading stage 起诉答辩阶段decide the case in the mover’s favor of 作出有利于动议方的判决legitimate function 合法功能a fact of life 无法回避的事实interrogatory questions 质询的问题set the case for trial 将案件提交庭审depose 宣誓作证；选时候录取····的证词legitimate合法的Lesson sixthe Seventh Amendment to the Constitution 宪法第七修正案impanel the jury 组成陪审团challenge for cause 相对异议peremptory challenges 绝地异议opening statement 公开声明发言directed verdict 指令性裁决find in his favor 作出有利于他的立场判决non-moving party 非动议方charge the jury 给陪审团上课final argument 最后陈述general information 一般知识the burden of proof 举证责任a preponderance of the evidence 优势证据general verdict 一般裁决special verdict 特殊裁决legal effect 法律后果a nonunanimous verdict 不一致的裁决post-trial motions 审后动议judgment notwithstanding the verdict 推翻陪审团裁决的判决Lesson sevenrender a judgment on default 作出缺席判决a writ of execution 执行令judgment creditor 判决债权人judgment debtor判决债务人garnishment 扣押dispose of 把····处理掉attachment 财产保全exempt from····使····免于;使····不受set aside 撤回;驳回judicial proceedings 司法程序a writ of certiorari 调取卷宗令reverse the judgment 推翻原判written briefs 书面摘要affirm the judgment 维持原判modify the judgment 改判written opinion 书面意见书concurring and dissenting opinion 同意意见和反对意见set forth 陈述;阐明res judicata已决案件Lesson eightstand trial 出庭受审no crime without a law 法无明文规定不为罪due process 正当司法程序deprive sb of 剥夺某人的····double jeopardy 一事不再罚a summary arrest 即行逮捕pursuant to 遵循indictment 控告;公诉书grand jury 大陪审团booking 入册an appearance 出庭a preliminary hearing 预审information 公诉人的控告;检察官的起诉书arraignment 对被告的传讯nolo contendere 不争辩;不提异议plead guilty 对控告表示服罪;承认有罪plea bargaining 认罪辩诉协议narcotics cases 毒品案件on probation 在缓刑期内;在监外执行期内suspended sentence 缓刑conviction 定罪;确认有罪。

法律英语专题：侵权法(tort law)资料讲解

The plaintiff must have a reasonable apprehension of such contact.
Actual fear on the plaintiff’s part is not required.
Examples
Assault
swinging a baseball bat at someone holding a rock and threatening to throw
Subcategories
torts against the person
assault battery false imprisonment intentional infliction of emotional distress
General
property torts
trespass to land trespass to chattels (personal property) conversion
dignitary torts
defamation invasion of privacy
Torts Against the Person
Assault
Definition
an intentional act that causes an apprehension of immediate harmful or offensive contact
法律英语专题：侵权法(tort law)
General
to deter others from committing the same act
US tort law
Tort law in the U. S. is largely common law.

法律英语专题：侵权法(tort-law)

was riding, causing him to fall and be injured mixing something offensive in food that he knows another will eat—the other does in fact eat the offensive matter
Tort Law
General
Tort
a civil wrong which unfairly causes someone else to suffer loss or harm
★It does not include breach of contract or trust. (A civil wrong can be a tort, breach of contract or breach of trust.)
Many judges utilize the Restatement of Torts (2nd) as an influential guide.
The Restatement is an influential treatise issued by the American Law Institute, which summarizes the general principles of common law United States tort law.
With the tort of assault, a perceived threat by the victim is paramount.
Assault
＊A defendant who throws a rock at a sleeping victim and misses can only be guilty of the attempted battery assault, since the victim would not be aware of the possible harm.

法律英语专题：侵权法(tort law)

20
IIED
★This standard is quantified by the intensity, duration, and any physical manifestations (ulcers or headaches, for example) of the distress.
Examples
★The essence of the tort is the natural mental harm that results when one’s freedom is restricted without justification.
Elements
intent to confine a person within a certain area
13
Battery
Definition
an intentional act that causes a harmful or offensive contact
‘Harmful’ contact
contact that objectively intends to injure, disfigure, impair, or cause pain
Purpose of tort law
to provide relief to the injured party through the award of damages for the injuries incurred during a tortious act
2
General
to deter others from committing the same act
Criminal law recognizes degrees of crimes involving physical contact.

Tort 侵权-法律英语术语

Tort 侵权-法律英语术语Tort 侵权-法律英语术语由整理。

1.In tort law the duty is imposed by the law.在侵权法中，责任是由法律规定的。

2.Some jurisdictions have established this tort to providea remedy for malicious deeds.有些司法管辖区规定了此种侵权行为，目的是对恶意行为受害人提供救济。

3.Such tort-feasors are jointly and severally liable.此种侵权行为为要承担共同和连带责任。

4.The law of tort provides rules of conduct that regulate how members of society interact and remedies if the rules are breached and damage is suffered.侵权行为法提供行为规则，规范社会成员的相互交往以及在该规则被违反和损害发生是，如何进行救济。

5.The law of tort aims to compensate those who have suffered as a result of a tort.侵权行为法的目的在于补偿被侵害人。

6.Tort law is a branch of civil law that is connected with civil wrongs， but not contract actions.侵权法属于民法的一部分，其与民事过错相关，与合同行为无关。

7.Tort liability for negligence presupposes causality between the negligent act and the injury to person or property.过失侵权责任以过失行为与对人身或财产的侵权之间的因果关系为前提。

法律英语之侵权的相关内容

Definition of tort侵权的定义Categories of tort侵权行为的分类Intentional torts故意侵权Meaning of intent意向书的含义The main intentional torts主要的故意侵权Defenses to intentional torts故意侵权的抗辩Cases for in-class discussionNegligent tort *过失侵权*Meaning of negligence疏忽的含义Components of a negligent tort: Duty of care 疏忽侵权的组件：注意义务Defenses to negligent torts过失侵权行为的抗辩Cases for in-class discussionStrict liability *严格责任*Meaning of strict liability严格责任的含义The main torts where strict liability applies 主要侵权，严格责任的适用范围Limitations on strict liability 严格法律责任的限制Cases for in-class discussionGeneral IntroductionThe definition of tort侵权的定义A civil wrong wherein one person's conduct causes a compensable injury to the person, property, or a recognized interest of another, in violation of a duty imposed by law.一个人的行为引起了一种损害他人的人身，财产，公共利益，或违反法律所规定的义务的可赔偿的民事错误。

法律英语汉译英

法律英语汉译英（专业词汇部分）Unit One第一课美国联邦下的法律1.成文法 statutory law★2.普通法 common law3.判例法 case law4.立法机构 legislature5.法院 court6.宪法 Constitution7.立法权 law-making power8.私法 private law9.合同法 contract law10.侵权法 tort law11.商法 business law12.公司法 corporate governance law13.专利和版权 patent and copyright14.合同/契约争议 contractual disputes15.刑事案件 criminal case16.民事案件 civil case17.民事侵权诉讼 civil tort actions18.家庭法 family law19.法律选择 choice of law20.多个司法管辖区 multi-jurisdiction21.诉讼 litigation/lawsui t/suit/action★22.实体权 substantive right23.准据法/适用法 applicable/governing/proper law★24.签订 conclude25.证券欺诈案件 a case include claims of securities fraud26.履行 perform27.履行地 performance28.受理/处理案件 to hear the case★29.原告 plaintiff★30.被告defendant★31.与合同最密切联系most involved with the contract32.选择法庭 choice of forum第二课双重法院体系1.司法的 judicial2.初审法庭 trial court3.终审法院 court of last resort★4.上诉法院 court of appeals5.上诉，申诉 appeal…to6.证人 witness7.证据 evidence8.陪审团 jury9.查明事实的人，事实发现者 fact-finder10.上诉的，有权受理上诉的 appellate11.遗嘱 probate12.小额诉讼法院 small claims court13.律师 attorney14.程序 procedure15.提出（申请） file★16.申请小额索赔 file claims for small sums of money17.定罪 conviction★18.仲裁人，公断人，裁决人 arbiter19.最高法院 the Supreme Court20.先例 procedureUnit Two第一课抗辩制1.上诉人 appellant2.被上诉人 appellee3.诉由,案由 cause of action★4.向某人提起诉讼，到法院告某人 to bring an action/lawsuit against sb.5.第三那人被告 third-party defendant6.庭审程序 trial procedure★7.英美法系国家的司法程序 Anglo-American judicial procedure8.认定事实 find the fact9.证据 submission10.抗辩制 adversary system11.提起诉讼 begin suit12.界定争议 shape the issues13.出示证据 produce evidence14.争议当事人 parties to the controversy15.纠问的 inquisitorial16.庭前调查 pre-trial investigation17.大陆法传统 civil law tradition18.庭辩风格 style of presentation and argument19.有利害关系的当事人 interested parties第二课开启一个诉讼1.起诉 sue2.诉讼当事人 litigant3.司法救济，救济；减轻，缓解 relief4.提供法律救助 to furnish a relief5.纠正，补偿 redress6.诉诸法院 bring to court★7.和解 settlement★8.仲裁 arbitration9.自力救济 self-help10.搁置纠纷 let matters rest11.损害赔偿 damages★12.实际履行 specific performance13.对事管辖权 jurisdiction over the subject matter14.对人管辖权 jurisdiction over the parties15.管辖权 jurisdiction16.违约之诉 damages for breach of contract17.法庭 forum18.最低限度联系 minimum contacts19.实体公正 substantial justice20.审判地 venue21.规定（援引法条） provide/read第三课诉状和对抗诉状的动议1.诉状 pleading2.起诉状 complaint3.向法院提交诉讼状或答辩状/办理立案 to file a pleading/lawsuit with the court4.陈述，阐明 to set forth5.书记员 clerk6.传票 summons7.出具传票 to issue a summons8.向某人送达传票、起诉书、法律文书to serve a summons, complaint, legaldocument on sb.9.通知 notify10.同意出庭 an entry of appearance11.指控，声称 allegation12.成为争议问题 put in issue13.积极抗辩 affirmative defense14.反诉 counterclaim15.(用辩解)减轻 extenuate16.未到庭，未履行义务 to be in default17.驳回 dismiss18.传票送达 service of process/service of summons19.法律上的充分性 legal sufficiency20. 提出异议，反对 challenge第四课调查取证1.庭前取证，调查 pre-trial discovery2.录取证词，宣誓证明 depose3.证词笔录,书证 deposition4.宣誓 under oath5.书面质询 written interrogatories6.人身伤害案件 personal injury case7.保持中立 take no part8.意外因素 surprise element9.争议 controversy10.律师 counsel11.庭前会议 pretrial conference12.即决判决，简易判决 summary judgment13.书证，书面陈述 affidavit14.提出请求即决判决的动议 make a motion for summary judgment15.（证据）允许提出的，可采纳的 admissible16.扰乱对方 harassment of an opponent17.要求对争议进行庭审的申请 notice of trial/issue第五课庭审1.主张…..权利 assert the right to2.将……列入陪审员名单 impanel3.组成陪审团 to impanel the jury4.绝对异议权 peremptory challenge★5.候选陪审员 prospective juror6.以明确的理由对陪审员候选人提出异议 to challenge a prospective juror forcause7.发誓 swear8.开案陈词 make opening statements9.询问证人 examine the witness10.出示文书 produce the document11.证据，物证 exhibit12.直接质证 direct examination13.交叉质证 cross examination14.不允许出示的证据 inadmissible evidence15.举证完毕 rest16.指令裁定（法官指令陪审团作出的裁定） directed verdict17.否决，驳回 overrule18.（法官）对陪审团的指导 jury instruction/jury charge/charge to the jury19.结案辩论 final argument20.判决某人胜诉 to enter a judgment for sb.21.判决某人败诉 to enter a judgment against sb.22.举证责任 burden of proof23.有分量的证据，占优势的证据 preponderance of the evidence24.退庭 retire25.（陪审团）未能达到足够多数人赞同的，未能做出决定的 hung26.法官推翻陪审团才定的判决 judgment notwithstanding the verdict(judgmentn.o.v)27.达成裁定 reach verdict第六课上诉和执行1.执行 enforcement2.复审 review3.中级法院 intermediate court4.初审法院 trial court5.下级法院 lower court6.斟酌，自由裁量 discretion7.由……斟酌决定，由…..自由裁量 at the discretion of8.推翻原判，逆转 reverse9.维持原判，确认，确信 affirm10.认定事实 determination in question11.上诉担保书 appeal bond12.抄本，复本，文字记录 transcript13.命令 decree14.(不服下级法官判决)进行上诉 to appeal from (a decision of a lower court)15.口头辩论 oral argument16.判决（意见）书 opinion17.败诉方 losing party18.债权人 creditor19.重新审理 rehear20.执行令 writ of execution21.行政司法长官，县治安官 sheriff22.发回重审 remand23.动产 personal property24.判决债务人 judgment debtor25.收益 proceeds26.不动产 real estate/real property27.未清偿判决债务由司法行政官主持的拍卖 judicial sale28.留置权，扣留权 lien29.对…..有司法留置权 to have a judicial lien on30.留置，扣押（动词） garnish31.留置，扣押（名词） garnishment32.扣押（动词） attach33.扣押（名词） attachment。

法律英语第9课

法律英语第9课《合同法介绍》中英对照Part One Contract and Contract Law合同与合同法1Contract, as we will use that term, ordinarily connotes an agreement between two or more persons—not merely a shared belief, but a common understanding as to something which is to be done in the future by one or both of them.1.当我们使用“合同”一词的时候，通常是说它是一份存在于两方或三方之间的契约。

它不是一种简单的信任，而是通常理解为合同的一方或双方在将来的时候都要去做的某种事情。

Sometimes, the term contract is used also to refer to a document—the set of papers in which such an agreement is set forth.2.有时候，“合同”也用来指一套包括四部分内容的文件。

For lawyers, contract usually is used to refer to agreement that has legal effect; i.e., it creates obligations for which some sort of legal enforcement will be available if performance is not forthcoming as promised.3.对于律师而言，“合同”通常是指具有法律效力的协议，即设置了一种法律义务，当某行为没有按照预先约定的那样去履行时，可以依照合同去依法强制履行。

【对于律师而言，“合同”通常是指当某方没有按照预先约定履行义务时，当事人可以依照这个文件依法强制对方去履行的法律协议书。

法律英语参考译文完整版Lesson1-16

咦它包括了大量不成文法而著称，反映了几个世纪以来，来源于法律工作者的判决的判例。
（普通法）这一术语有三个重要的涵义。第一层涵义用以区别颁布具体法律的权力：例如在美国，“法”通常由立法机关制定，“规章”由行政机关根据立法机关规定的立法授权来颁布，而“普通法”的判决则是由讨论和判定法和规章间细微差异的法院（或行政机构内的准司法法庭）作出。
因此，罗马法并没有控制整个欧洲，它是一种只有在当地习俗和法律于特定问题缺乏恰当规定的时候才被适用的辅助性资源。然而，当地规则主要是一句罗马法来诠释的，这导致罗马法仍然是主导法律。
超出罗马法这一基础的范围的第二大特征就是对已被采纳的罗马法的延伸编纂，即把它纳入市民法典。作为对自然法和启蒙思想两者的表达，法典编纂的观念在 17 到 18 世纪发展尤为迅速。那个世纪的政治思想被表达为民族观念。对财产的保护和法治。那种理想需要通过法律的记录、法律的统一来形成法律的确定行，因此，上述的罗马法和习惯的当地的法律的融合不存在了，而法律编纂的前景可观，这对达成上述的政治理想的目的有促进作用。
法律是一个动态的过程。它是流动的、不断变化的并且持续扩展的。在一定程度上，法律与语言近似。它包含规则并有一种模式，但是法律随着其使用超过一段时间而改变。理解法律最好的方法是将法律体系视为一种过程——汇集社会的需要和目标、并将其转化为行为公平和合理的一种方式。法庭通过司法判例来反映控制力和重要的社会、经济、政治目标以及它们在运行过程中社会的需求。
2
不要生气，要争气！
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Lesson 1 law（法律）
每个政府都是它的人民的代表。法律也一样。一个社会的法律和法律体系反映了人们的价值观。一个国家法律的公正以及它法律制度恰当地规定的法律范围的正当，是人民开明、仁爱（人性）和文明程度的衡量标准。

法律英语(沙丽金第二版)参考译文完整版Lesso

《法律英语》（沙丽金版）2011年第二版课文参考译文翻译整理人：新浪微博@我是空白白《法律英语》（沙丽金版）2011年第二版参考译文目录前言（必看） (2)Lesson 1 law（法律） (3)Lesson 2 Legal System（法律体系） (4)Lesson 3 Legal Education（法律教育） (6)Lesson 4 Court System（法院体系） (7)Lesson 5 Construction（宪法） (9)Lesson 6 Administrative Law（行政法） (10)Lesson 7 Criminal Law（刑法） (12)Lesson 8 Criminal Procedure（刑事诉讼程序） (13)Lesson 9 Civil Procedure（民事诉讼程序） (15)Lesson 10 Torts（侵权行为） (16)Lesson 11 Contract（合同） (18)Lesson 12 Property Law（物权法） (19)Lesson 13 Law of Corporation（公司法） (20)Lesson 14 Intellectual Property（知识产权） (22)Lesson 15 International Law（国际法） (23)Lesson 16 Evidence（证据） (24)后记 (26)前言（必看）1、此翻译并非权威翻译，而是技术含量不高的译文。

其中肯定有很多不恰当甚至错误的地方，所以仅供参考，欢迎各位同学指正。

（新浪微博@我是空白白）2、制作本译文动力源于兴趣，目的在于互相交流学习。

3、如果你只是想以此译文来应付老师上课的抽问，那么你大可不必下载或复制此文档，因为这样你对不起你自己。

4、本译文=老师的长难句注解（即划线部分。

我无意间在网上找到了部分老师传到网上的注解文档。

O(∩_∩)O ）+1位往届同学的翻译+1位同届同学的翻译+课堂笔记+本人拙译（虽然本人英语不怎么好，但我会尽最大努力与大家分享所学到的知识）。

法律英语单词

Lesson 1 Lawjustice ['dʒʌstis] n. 司法,正义,公正（上诉法庭的法官）enforce [in'fɔ:s] v. 执行（厉行,强迫）penalize ['pi:nəlaiz] v. 处罚（宣告有罪,使不利）anarchy n. 无政府状态（混乱）judicial [dʒu(:)'diʃəl] a.司法的（法庭的,公正的,审判上的）procedural [prə'si:dʒərəl] a. 程序的relief [ri'li:f] n.救济（减轻,解除）petition [pi'tiʃən] v. 请求remedy ['remidi] n. 救济equity ['ekwiti] n. 衡平法，公平plaintiff ['pleintif] n. 原告【defendant [di'fend?nt] n. 被告complaint [kəm'pleint] n. 诉状decree [di'kri:] n. 法令,判决jurisprudence [,dʒuəris'pru:dəns]n.（英）法律体系（法律学,法学）enact [i'nækt] v. 颁布（法律）statute ['stætju:t] n. 法令,法规antitrust a. 反托拉斯的ordinance ['ɔ:dinəns] n. 法令,条例dealings ['di:liŋz]n. 交易、行为senate ['senit] n. 参议院，上院Lesson 2 Legal Systemcodify ['kɔdifai, 'kəu-] v. 使法典化，法典，编纂democracy [di'mɔkrəsi] n. 民主（民主制,民主国家）precedent [pri'si:dənt] n. 先例,判例jurist ['dʒuərist] n. 法官，律师，法律学者delegation [,deli'geiʃən] n. 授权promulgate ['prɔməlgeit] v. 公布tribunal [tri'bju:nl, trai-] n. 法庭executive [ig'zekjutiv] a. 行政的statutory ['stætjut(ə)ri] a. 成文法的,法定的damages n. 损害赔偿金amendment n. 修正案trust [trʌst] n. 信托，托管财产injunction [in'dʒʌŋkʃən] n. 禁止令，禁令jury ['dʒuəri] n. 陪审团trial ['traiəl] n. 审判guarantee [,gærən'ti:] n. 保障,担保analogy n. 类推default [di'fɔ:lt] n. 不履约，不到庭investigate [in'vestigeit] v. 调查,侦查advocate ['ædvəkit] n. 辩护人，律师Lesson 3 Legal Educationprofessional [prə'feʃənl] n. 专业人员substantive ['sʌbstəntiv] a. 独立的,规定doctrine ['dɔktrin] n. 原则，学说jurisprudence [,dʒuəris'pru:dəns] n. 法理，法理学bar n. 律师业，律师pretrial [pri:'traiəl] a. 审判前的client ['klaiənt] n. 委托人counseling ['kaunsəliŋ]n. 咨询服务negotiation [ni,gəuʃi'eiʃən] n. 谈判,协商attorney [ə'tə:ni] n. (美) 律师，代理人prosecutor ['prɔsikju:tə] n. 检察官litigation [,liti'geiʃən] n. 诉讼discrimination [dis,krimi'neiʃən n. 歧视institution [,insti'tju:ʃən] n. 制度Lesson 4 Court Systemhearing ['hiəriŋ]n. 审判，听审，听证会accuse [ə'kju:z] v. 控告，控诉release [ri'li:s] v. 释放justice ['dʒʌstis] n. 正义,公正，上诉法庭的法官delinquency [di'liŋkwənsi] n.（青少年）不法行为,犯罪injury ['indʒəri] n.伤害appellate [ə'pelət] a. 控诉的,上诉的reversal [ri'və:səl] n. 撤销prosecution [,prɔsi'kju:ʃən] n.指控try [trai] n. 审判，审理discretion [dis'kreʃən] n.自由裁量权arbiter ['a:bitə] n. 裁决人Lesson 5 Constitutionconstitution[,kɔnsti'tju:ʃən] n.宪法abide [ə'baid] v. 遵守charter ['tʃɑ:tə] n.宪章,特许状legislate ['ledʒis,leit] v. 立法ratify['rætifai] v. 批准ultra vires ['ʌltrə] [拉] 超越权限，越权congress ['kɔŋgres] n. 国会justification [dʒʌstifi'keiʃ(ə)n] n. 理由judiciary[dʒu(:)'diʃiəri] n. 司法部门,法院系统regulate['regjuleit] v. 调整，控制convention [kən'venʃən] n.惯例legitimacy[l i'dʒitiməsi] n. 合法性，合理性supremacy n.最高权力unconstitutional a.不符合宪法的referendum [,refə'rendəm] n. 公民投票parliament ['pɑ:ləmənt] n. （英）议会prerogative [pri'rɔgətiv] a. (有)特权的n. 特权abolish[ə'bɔliʃ] v. 废止Lesson 6 Administrative Lawadministrative [əd'ministrətiv] a. 行政的investigatory[in'vestigeitəri] a. 研究的adjudicatory [ə'dʒu:dikeit] a. 裁判的delegate['deligit] v.赋予（权力）compensation [kɔmpen'seiʃən] n. 补偿,赔偿impartial [im'pɑ:ʃəl] a. 公平的,不偏不倚的govern ['gʌvən] v.控制，管理regulatory ['regjulətəri] a.制定规章的license ['laisəns] v. 准许，发给执照fine [fain] n. 罚款,罚金detrimental [,detri'mentl] a. 有害的Lesson 7 Criminal Lawomission [əu'miʃən] n.不作为,疏忽，失职liability [,laiə'biliti] n. 责任defence [di'fens] n. 辩护guilty ['gilti] a. 有罪的mens rea (拉)犯罪意图defendant [di'fend?nt] n. 被告actus reus (拉)具有犯罪意图的行为conduct ['kɔndʌkt, -dəkt] n. 行为circumstance ['sə:kəmstəns] n. 情况，情节manslaughter ['mæn,slɔ:tə] n.杀人，一般杀人罪，过失杀人(罪)assault v. 袭击,突袭misconduct [mis'kɔndʌkt] n. 不正当行为arson n. 纵火,纵火罪discharge [dis'tʃɑ:dʒ] v. 履行（职责）causation [kɔ:'zeiʃən] n. 因果关系,起因adjudication[ə,dʒu:di'keiʃən] n. 判决Lesson 8 Criminal Procedure Felony ['feləni] n. 重罪subpoena[səb'pi:nə] n. 传票custody ['kʌstədi] n. 羁押arrestee n. 被捕人contraband['kɔntrə,bænd] n. 违禁品,走私品search [sə:tʃ] n. 搜查prosecutor['prɔsikju:tə] n. 检察官complaint [kəm'pleint] n. 起诉书，正式指控information[,infə'meiʃən] n. 起诉书（检察官提交）indictment [in'daitmənt] n. 起诉书（大陪审团提交）warrant['wɔrənt] n.证明，逮捕证（令）detention[di'tenʃən] n.拘留accusatiory [ækju(:)'zeiʃən] n.指控的arraignment n. 提审，聆讯plea [pli:] n. 辩解，答辩discovery [dis'kʌvəri] n. 证据开示suppression [sə'preʃən] n. 排除（证据）incriminate[in'krimi,neit] vt. 控告probation[prə'beiʃən] n. 缓刑incarcerate [in'kɑ:səreit] n. 关押adversary ['ædvəsəri] n. 对抗,对手Lesson 9 Civil Procedurenegligent ly ['neglidʒənt] ad.过失地breach n.违背,不履行redress [ri'dres] n. 赔偿,救济perpetrator n. 犯罪者，作恶者Sue [sju:, su:] V. 提出诉讼，起诉Wrongdoer n. 做坏事的人suit ['lɔ:su:t, 'lɔ:sju:t] n. 诉讼,官司lawarbitration n. 仲裁,公断mediation [,mi:di'eiʃən] n. 调停,调解,仲裁vindicate ['vindikeit] v. 维护actionable a. 可提起诉讼的liable ['laiəbl] a.应负有责任的forum ['fɔ:rəm] n. 法庭venue ['venju:] n. 审判地,管辖地，法庭jury ['dʒuəri] n. 陪审团recover [ri'kʌvə] v. 重新获得deprivation [,depri'veiʃən] n. 剥夺,丧失tort n. 侵权，侵权行为prescribe [pris'kraib] v. 规定,命令plead [pli:d] v. 辩护,答辩Lesson 10 Tortswrong [rɔŋ] n. 坏事，错误，错事award [ə'wɔ:d] v. 判给tortuous a.侵权的deterrence n.威慑手段intent [in'tent] n. 意图presumption [pri'zʌmpʃən] n. 假定battery ['bætəri] n. 殴打，击打imprisonment [im'prizənmənt] n. 关押confine ['kɔnfain] v. 限制行动trespass ['trespəs] n.非法进入（私人领地）prima facie ['pri:mə] （拉）初步的，表面的effect [i'fekt] v.实现negligence ['neglidʒəns] n. 过失，过错bar v.阻止recovery [ri'kʌvəri] n. 恢复原状privity n.非当事人的利益Lesson 11 Contractbinding a. 有约束力的bilateral [bai'lætərəl] a. 双边的，双方面的unilateral ['ju:ni'lætərəl] a. 单方面的,单边的void [vɔid] a. 无效的voidable a.可撤销的offer ['ɔfə] n. 要约nullity ['nʌliti] n. 无效,无效行为rescind [ri'sind] v. 废除notary ['nəutəri] n. 公证人acceptance [ək'septəns] n. 承诺consideration [kənsidə'reiʃən] n. 约因，对价shareholder ['ʃєəhəuldə] n. 股东minor ['mainə] n. 未成年人deliver [di'livə] v. 递送,交付valid ['vælid] a. 有效的Lesson 12 Property Lawtenure ['tenjuə] n. (土地)使用和占有chattel ['tʃætl] n. 动产proprietary [prə'praiətəri] a. 所有的，私人拥有的confer [kən'fə:] v. 赠予alienable a.可让与的devolution [,di:və'l(j)u:ʃən] n. （财产）转移intestacy n. 未留遗嘱而死亡的dichotomy [dai'kɔtəmi] n.二分法fixture ['fikstʃə] n. 俯在不动产上的动产hereditament n.可继承的财产easement ['i:zmənt] n. 在他人土地上的通行权consensual [kən'senʃuəl] a. 在双方意愿下成立的disposition [dispə'ziʃən] n. 处置权，支配权beneficiary n. 受益人intestate [in'testeit] a. 未留遗嘱的execution [,eksi'kju:ʃən] n. 执行lease [li:s] n.租借，租约,租赁物leasehold ['li:shəuld] n. 租赁权，租赁，租赁物tenent n.承租人consumerism [kən'sju:məriz(ə)m]n.保护消费者权益运动，用户至上主张Lesson 13 Law Of Corporationtoll [təul] n. (通行)税,费monopoly [mə'nɔpəli] n. 垄断lobby ['lɔbi] v. 游说议员investor [in'vestə] n. 投资人concern [kən'sə:n] n. 公司，商店charter ['tʃɑ:tə] n. 营业执照campaign [kæm'pein] n. 竞选活动incorporate [in'kɔ:pəreit] n.设立法人组织capital ['kæpitəl] n.资本,资金stance [stæns] n.态度，立场stock [stɔk] n. 股票entity ['entiti] n. 实体assets n. 财产merge [mə:dʒ] v. 合并vest [vest] v. 赋予（权利或权力）transferability [-,fə:rə'biliti] n. 可转让性Lesson 14 Intellectual Propertycommerce['kɔmə(:)s] n. 商业confidential[kɔnfi'denʃəl] a. 机密的patent['peitənt, 'pætənt] n. 专利copyright ['kɔpirait] n. 版权,著作权trademark['treidmɑ:k] n. 商标assign v. 转让bequeath v. 遗赠account[ə'kaunt] v. 解释exclusive [iks'klu:siv] a. 独占的，排他的exploit [iks'plɔit] v.使用,利用remit[ri'mit] v. 移交的事物，移转database ['deitəbeis] n. 数据库claimant['kleimənt] n. （根据权利）提出要求者infringe [in'frindʒ] v. 侵犯interim ['intərim] a. 临时的incentive [in'sentiv] a. 刺激，诱因contest['kɔntest] v.争辩，争夺pend[pend] v. 待决Lesson 15 International Lawmunicipal [mju(:)'nisipəl] a.国内的,仅用与municipal lawsovereignty ['sɔvrinti] n. 主权,主权国家blend [blend] v. 混合discrete [dis'kri:t] a. 不连续的convention[kən'venʃən] n. 国际公约justifiable ['dʒʌstifaiəbl] a. 正当的observance[əb'zə:vəns] n. 遵守,惯例supranational[,sju:prə'næʃənl] a. 超国家的arbitral a. 仲裁的ad hoc a.(拉)专门的，临时的diplomatic [,diplə'mætik] a. 外交的，老道的elaboration [i,læbə'reiʃən] n. 苦心经营vitality [vai'tæliti] n. 活力,生命力regime[rei'ʒi:m] n. 政体,政权制度Lesson 16 Evidenceconviction [kən'vikʃən] n. 定罪verdict ['və:dikt] n. 裁决advocate['ædvəkit] v. 证明，辩护conjecture [kən'dʒektʃə] v.&n. 推测inference ['infərəns] n. 推论，推断supposition [,sʌpə'ziʃən] n. 假定competency['kɔmpit(ə)nsi] n. 作证能力，作证资格ruling ['ru:liŋ] n. 判决relevancy ['reləvənsi] n. 相关性mandatory ['mændətəri] a. 强制性的admissibility n. 可采用性material [mə'tiəriəl] a. 实质性的，重要的eyewitness['aiwitnis] n. 目击证人testimony['testiməni] n. 证人证言confession [kən'feʃən] n. 供认，供述，坦白fraudulent ['frɔ:djulənt] a. 欺诈的,欺骗的。

The Law of Tort(m)

5. Damages: the object of awarding damages in contract is to put claimant in position would have been in had contract been performed. In tort, it is to put the claimant(要求者) in the position he would have been in had the tort not happened.
Definitions

TORT “Tortious liability arises from the breach of a duty primarily fixed by law: this duty is towards persons generally and its breach is redressible by an action for damages” (侵权责任是因违反法定责任而产生的,任何人违反该法定责任,受害人可提起诉讼得到救济----赔偿金) CONTRACT “Most contracts take the form of an agreement, that is to say, each party agrees to accept the promise or promises of the other in return for the promise or promises made by itself”
The Law of Tort
A. DEFINITION OF TORT

1. Torts are civil wrongs, other than a breach of contract, for which the law will provide a remedy.

法律英语必背单词期末考试法学

法律英语必背单词第一章法律制度Civil Law：民法Economic Law：经济法Legal system：法律制度；法律体系；法系American’s youth：美国建国初期Fifty States：50个州（美国是个联邦制国家，每个州都是一个相对独立的实体，有着自己的宪法和政府组织，因此把state理解成邦国更为准确）The reports of the United States Supreme Court：联邦最高法院判例汇编Stout volumes：巨册Overarching：贯穿始终的National characteristics：民族特性Binding interpretation：有约束力的法律解释Common law：普通法（它是统一适用于整个国家，效力优先于地方习惯法的法律，因此理解成共同法更为准确）Itinerant judges of the English royal court：英国皇家法院的巡回法官Writ：令状Provisions of Oxford：牛津条例（从贵族会议中推选出的24人委员会为限制亨利三世的权力而在1258年制定的一部带有宪法性质的法律）Writ upon the case：本案令状Ex aequo et bono：公平且善良Court of Chancery：衡平法院Maxims：法则Compensatory damage：金钱赔偿Judicial acceptance：司法接纳（即，通过判例法的方式接受）第二章法律职业Legal profession：法律职业The bar：法律职业Multistate Bar Exam：律师资格考试Substantial fraction：大多数Lawyer：律师Attorney：律师Attorney-at-law：律师Counsellor：律师Counsellor-at-law：律师Retain：雇用Practice law：从事律师业务Harlan Fiske Stone：哈兰·菲斯克·斯通，1941年担任最高法院首席大法官Chief Justice：首席大法官Barristers and solicitors：诉讼律师和非诉律师。

英美法律制度 Tort Law

For example, the tort of battery requires proof of intent to cause contact with another person. While, the intent in false imprisonment is to confine another person. But in general, the intentional torts are not defined in such a way as to require defendant to have intended to harm the plaintiff.

Example: Defendant points a water gun at Plaintiff, making it seem like a robbery, when in fact it is a practical joke. If Defendant has intended to put Plaintiff in fear of imminent harmful bodily contact, the "intent" for assault is present, even though Defendant intended no "harm" to Plaintiff. In Vosburg v. Putney 1891, a schoolboy deliberately swung his foot across the aisle to touch a classmate. The contact caused serious injury that the schoolboy never expected. And he was held liable for the damages, because we don’t require an intent to harm to constitute a battery.

法律英语第九、十课重点翻译

•Even societies that do not permit private ownership of wealth to the degree that ours does are likely to recognize the personal rights of individuals to be free from certain kinds of conduct …•即使是那些对财产私有权的许可没有达到我们这种程度的社会，也会承认个人的人身权利不受某种行为的侵犯。

Infliction of physical injuryOther interferences with freedom or dignity•给人造成身体伤害•其他对个人自由或尊严的侵犯Ownership of property•Include the right to use and consume the thing owned•所有权包括对属于自己的物品使用和耗费的权利•be more to the advantage of the owner to transfer the right of the ownership to some other person in exchange for something else of value•有时所有者以所有权与其他人交换有价值的东西可能更有利•Agreements for exchange are the means by which some resources are assembled and put to productive use.•交换的契约是将一些资源组合起来，使之得到有效利用的手段。

•Some agreement for exchange call for the immediate and simultaneous exchange of money for goods and services.•有效交换契约要求现金与货物、服务的立即和同时交换。

Lesson 9 tort Law

Intentional Torts against Persons
1.Assault is the tort of acting 1.Assault intentionally and voluntarily causing the reasonable apprehension of an immediate harmful or offensive contact. There must be some act short of actually striking the other person. Actual ability to carry out the apprehended contact is not necessary: an assault can take place with a toy gun, for example.
For example, S sold some goods to B and signed a B/L (Bill of Lading) to B. They agreed that when the goods arrived at B’s harbor, B would be B’ able to take the goods by producing the B/L. However, the shipper gave the goods away to M when the goods arrived. Therefore, breach of contract committed by the shipper and tort committed by M concurrently existed in this case.
Defenses against Assault or Battery