雅思阅读真题

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雅思英语考试真题及答案解析

雅思英语考试真题及答案解析

雅思英语考试真题及答案解析

雅思(IELTS)是一个广泛被认可和采用的英语语言能力测评系统。它由全球各国的教育机构、政府部门和公司使用,用于评估使用

英语进行日常沟通和学术学习的能力。为了帮助考生更好地了解雅思

考试,本文将讨论一些真题,并提供答案分析。

一、听力部分

在雅思听力考试中,考生需要通过听力录音来回答一系列问题。

这部分考试包括听力材料以及相关问题。以下是一道常见的听力题目:听力材料:一位女士在火车站问路。

Question 1: 女士在问什么?

A. 她要去学校。

B. 她迷路了。

C. 她想找火车站。

答案:C

分析:问题问的是女士在询问什么,通过细致地听材料,我们可

以听到女士在询问火车站的位置。所以答案是C。

二、阅读部分

雅思阅读部分考察考生的阅读理解能力,包括快速阅读、理解主题、找关键信息等多个方面。以下是一道阅读题目:

阅读材料:《环保运动对全球气候的影响》

Question 2: 据文章所述,环保运动对全球气候的影响是什么?

A. 没有任何影响。

B. 有积极影响。

C. 对气候产生负面影响。

答案:B

分析:阅读材料中提到环保运动通过减少污染和推动可持续发展,有助于保护环境并减缓全球气候变化。所以答案是B。

三、写作部分

雅思写作部分要求考生在规定的时间内完成一篇150字的文章。以下是一个典型的写作题目:

Question 3: 现在有些人选择在城市居住,而另一些人则选择在农村居住。你认为哪种居住方式更好?请给出你的理由。

答案分析:这是一个典型的观点对比类题目。考生可以从多个方面来回答,例如生活质量、工作机会、教育资源等等。无论选择哪种居住方式,都有其利弊。考生需要通过提供几个有力的理由以及相关的事例来支持他们的观点,并得出一个结论。

雅思阅读真题附答案及解析

雅思阅读真题附答案及解析

智课网IELTS备考资料

雅思阅读真题附答案及解析

摘要:雅思阅读真题附答案及解析,雅思阅读真题附答案及解析是小编整理汇总的最新的雅思阅读真题,在如此紧张的备考环节,大家就应该多看看雅思阅读真题,会大大提高你的效率,更多精彩内容请关注小马科技雅思频道官网。

Passage 1

主题:科技类 (新题)

题目:英国的酒精燃料

题型:填空,判断

文章大意:乙醇作为新燃料的提炼过程和与汽油的对比

参考答案:

1-5 判断题

1.因果农民不太可能会为了制造乙醇燃料大种甘蔗 (True)

2.在的农名讲扩大生产更多乙醇植物 (True)

3.A gallon ethanol have more engineer than a gallon gasoline. (NG)

4.在将来美国将会有充足的crop在制造氢气。(false)

5.乙醇的生产者会尽量减少生产过程中使用的能量。(NG)

6-10 填空题

distiller

lignin

remains

bioreactor

fiber

备考建议:科技类文章不太好理解,而且生词会比较多。建议大家在考前可以多多积累相关题材的词汇。

参考阅读:C542

Passage 2

题材:历史考古类 (旧题)

题目:costal archaeology of Britain

题型:单选,判断,多选

参考答案:

单选:B,C, D

判断题:True, False, True, False, NG, True, True

多选:BDF

备考建议:历史类文章不难理解,且这篇文章的题型都是顺序题型,为我们做题大大降低了难度。

参考阅读:C7T1P1 Let’s go, bats

雅思学术类阅读真题

雅思学术类阅读真题

READING1

READING PASSAGE1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1- 13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

AIRPORTS ON WATER

River deltas are difficult places for map makers. Their river build them up, the seas wears them down; their outlines are always changing The changes in China's Pearl River delta, however, are more dramatic than these natural fluctuations. An island six kilometres long and with a total area of 1248 hectares is being created there. And the civil engineers are as interested in performance as in speed and size. This is a bit of the delat than they want to endure.

The new island of Chek Lap Kok, the site of Hong Kong's mew airport, is 83% complete. The giant dumper trucks rumbling across it will have finished their job by the middle of this year and the airport itself will be built at a similarly breakneck pace.

雅思阅读真题附答案(完整版)

雅思阅读真题附答案(完整版)

智课网IELTS备考资料

雅思阅读真题附答案(完整版)

摘要:雅思阅读真题是考生练习雅思阅读的必备资料。不少考生在网上寻求雅思阅读真题,今天小编汇总了里面雅思阅读真题附答案版,方便考生复习。

雅思阅读真题是历年雅思考试中出现的雅思阅读题目,练习雅思阅读真题对于考生提升雅思阅读答题能力有很大的帮助。小编整理了历年雅思阅读真题附答案,帮助考生复习雅思阅读。

雅思阅读真题附答案版(部分内容):

题型:

人名观点配对

他在寻找古老的湖泊,这名Mungo女子是被火葬的A

持怀疑态度的教授对一些化石的DNA进行了可靠的分析E

教授测定的人的年龄要比62000年前年轻的多的结果A

确定Mungo人的年龄,争议了澳大利亚人的起源B

在澳洲,研究小组谁先恢复生物的证据,发现尼安德特人C

年代的支持者认为澳大利亚巨型动物的灭绝是由于古代人类狩猎造成的D

多区域的解释已经被提出,而不是坚持认为单一的起源B

史前人类活动导致气候变化而不是巨型动物的灭绝A

判断题

Mungo湖仍然为考古学家提供了图解说明人类活动的证据True

在Mungo湖发现Mungo使用的武器Not given

Mungo人是在复杂的文化世界上已知最古老的考古证据之一,如埋葬仪式True

Mungo男人和女人的骨架是被发现在同一年False

澳大利亚教授使用古老的研究方法对“走出非洲”支持者的批判Not given

以上就是关于雅思阅读真题附答案的相关汇总,考生可以通过上方下载完整版历年雅思阅读真题解析,提升资深雅思阅读能力。

相关字搜索:雅思阅读真题附答案

雅思阅读真题大全解

雅思阅读真题大全解

11111111T h e S p e c t a c u l a r E r u p t i o n o f M o u n t S t.H e l e n s A The eruption in May 1980 of Mount St. Helens, Washington State, astounded the world with

its violence. A gigantic explosion tore much of the volcano's summit to fragments; the energy

released was equal to that of 500 of the nuclear bombs that destroyed Hiroshima in 1945.

B The event occurred along the boundary of two of the moving plates that make up the Earth's

crust. They meet at the junction of the North American continent and the Pacific Ocean. One

edge of the continental North American plate over-rides the oceanic Juan de Fuca micro-plate,

producing the volcanic Cascade range that includes Mounts Baker, Rainier and Hood, and Lassen

雅思阅读官方真题一套

雅思阅读官方真题一套

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14 which are based on Reading Passage 1. Spider silk cuts weight of bridges

A strong, light bio-material made by genes from spiders could transform construction and industry.

A Scientists have succeeded in copying the silk-producing gene of the Golden Orb Weaver

spider and are using them to create a synthetic material which they believe is the model for a new generation of advanced bio-materials. The new material, biosilk, which has been spun for the first time by researchers at DuPont, has an enormous range of potential uses in construction and manufacturing.

B The attraction of the silk spun by the spider is a combination of great strength and enormous

雅思(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编10(题后含答案及解析)

雅思(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编10(题后含答案及解析)

雅思(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编10(题后含答案及解析) 题型有:1.

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Going Nowhere FastTHIS is ludicrous! We can talk to people anywhere in the world or fly to meet them in a few hours. We can even send probes to other planets. But when it comes to getting around our cities, we depend on systems that have scarcely changed since the days of Gottlieb Daimler.In recent years, the pollution belched out by millions of vehicles has dominated the debate about transport. The problem has even persuaded California—that home of car culture—to curb traffic growth. But no matter how green they become, cars are unlikely to get us around crowded cities any faster. And persuading people to use trains and buses will always be an uphill struggle. Cars, after all, are popular for very good reasons, as anyone with small children or heavy shopping knows.So politicians should be trying to lure people out of their cars, not forcing them out. There’s certainly no shortage of alternatives. Perhaps the most attractive is the concept known as personal rapid transit(PRT), independently invented in the US and Europe in the 1950s.The idea is to go to one of many stations and hop into a computer-controlled car which can whisk you to your destination along a network of guideways. You wouldn’t have to share your space with strangers, and with no traffic lights, pedestrians or parked cars to slow things down, PRT guideways can carry far more traffic, nonstop, than any inner city road.It’s a wonderful vision, but the odds are stacked against PRT for a number of reasons. The first cars ran on existing roads, and it was only after they became popular—and after governments started earning revenue from them—that a road network designed specifically for motor vehicles was built. With PRT, the infrastructure would have to come first—and that would cost megabucks. What’s more, any transport system that threatened the car’s dominance would be up against all those with a stake in maintaining the status quo, from private car owners to manufacturers and oil multinationals. Even if PRTs were spectacularly successful in trials, it might not make much difference. Superior technology doesn’t always triumph, as the VHS versus Betamax and Windows versus Apple Mac battles showed.But “dual-mode”systems might just succeed where PRT seems doomed to fail. The Danish RUF system envisaged by Palle Jensen, for example, resembles PRT but with one key difference: vehicles have wheels as well as a slot allowing them to travel on a monorail, so they can drive off the rail onto a normal road. Once on a road, the occupant would take over from the computer, and the RUF vehicle—the term comes from a Danish saying meaning to “go fast”—would become an electric car.Build a fast network of guideways in a busy city centre and people would have a strong incentive not just to use public RUF vehicles, but also to buy their own dual-mode vehicle. Commuters could drive onto the guideway, sit back and read as they are chauffeured into the city. At work, they would jump out, leaving their vehicles to park

雅思阅读理解真题-附答案解析_铅笔的历史

雅思阅读理解真题-附答案解析_铅笔的历史

The beginning of the story of pencils started with a

lightning. Graphite, the main material for

producing pencil, was discovered in 1564 in

Borrowdale in England when a lightning struck a

local tree during a thunder. Local people found out

that the black substance spotted at the root of the

unlucky tree was different from burning ash of

wood. It was soft, thus left marks everywhere.

Chemistry was barely out of its infancy at the time,

so people mistook it for lead,equally black but much heavier. It was soon put to use by locals in marking their sheep for signs of ownership and calculation.

Britain turns out to be the major country where mines of graphite can be detected and developed. Even so, the first pencil was invented elsewhere. As graphite is soft, it requires some form of encasement. In Italy, graphite sticks were initially wrapped in string or sheepskin for stability, becoming perhaps the very first pencil in the world.Then around 1560, an Italian couple made what are likely the first blueprints for the modern, wood-encased carpentry pencil. Their version was a flat, oval, more compact type of pencil. Their concept involved the hollowing out of a stick of juniper wood.Shortly thereafter in 1662, a superior technique was discovered by German people: two wooden halves were carved, a graphite stick inserted, and the halves then glued together -essentially the same method in use to this day. The news of usefulness of these early pencils spread far and wide, attracting the attention of artists all over the known world.

雅思考试真题及解析答案

雅思考试真题及解析答案

雅思考试真题及解析答案

近年来,随着留学热的不断升温,雅思考试成为广大学子备战出国的必修课。本文将从听力、阅读、写作和口语四个方面,介绍几道经典的雅思考试真题,并给出详细的解析答案,以帮助考生更好地应对考试。

听力部分:

题目1:

你将听到一段描述某个学生对新课程的看法的对话,然后你需要回答以下问题:

1. 这位学生为什么喜欢新课程?

2. 他觉得最需要改进的地方是什么?

3. 新课程对学生的帮助是什么?

解析答案:

1. 这位学生喜欢新课程是因为它更加实用和交互性强,能够帮助学生更好地应对实际问题和与他人合作。

2. 他认为新课程最需要改进的地方是对学生的评估方式,认为应该更加注重学生的实际能力而非纸面考试成绩。

3. 新课程能够帮助学生培养解决问题的能力和团队合作能力,

更好地适应未来的社会发展。

阅读部分:

题目2:

阅读下面一篇关于环保的文章,并根据文章内容选择正确答案:

环保是当今社会的热门话题之一。为了保护环境,人们可以做出

许多努力,例如减少废物产生、节约能源和推广可持续发展等。然而,最重要的一点是提高人们的环境意识和责任感。

根据文章内容回答以下问题:

1. 什么是环保?

2. 保护环境的方法有哪些?

3. 环保最重要的一点是什么?

解析答案:

1. 环保是指为了保护环境,减少废物产生、节约能源和推广可

持续发展等一系列行为和措施。

2. 保护环境的方法包括减少废物产生、节约能源和推广可持续

发展等。

3. 环保最重要的一点是提高人们的环境意识和责任感。

写作部分:

题目3:

社交媒体的兴起给人们的生活带来了很大的改变,你认为社交媒

剑桥雅思最新真题题源详解——阅读(学术类)(第五版)

剑桥雅思最新真题题源详解——阅读(学术类)(第五版)

TEST PAPER 7
PASSAGE 1机器人 PASSAGE 2城市规划 PASSAGE 3美国电影
TEST PAPER 8
PASSAGE 1英国天才工程师 PASSAGE 2水坝的灾难 PASSAGE 3考拉(树袋熊)
TEST PAPER 9
PASSAGE 1美国肥胖 PASSAGE 2玻璃研究 PASSAGE 3学术腐败
TEST 1
TEST 2
附录1 2008年 1月—2014年6 月中国考区雅 思考试阅读学 术类文章汇总
附录2单词总表
作者介绍
同名作者介绍
这是《剑桥雅思最新真题题源详解——阅读(学术类)(第五版)》的读书笔记模板,暂无该书作者的介绍。
读书笔记
读书笔记
这是《剑桥雅思最新真题题源详解——阅读(学术类)(第五版)》的读书笔记模板,可以替换为自己的心 得。
TEST PAPER 2
TEST PAPER 1
TEST PAPER 3
TEST PAPER 4 TEST PAPER 5
TEST PAPER 6 TEST PAPER 7
1
TEST PAPER 8
2
TEST PAPER 9
3
TEST PAPER 10
4
TEST PAPER 11
5
TEST PAPER 12
剑桥雅思最新真题题源详解— —阅读(学术类)(第五版)

雅思阅读真题解析与答案

雅思阅读真题解析与答案

雅思阅读真题解析与答案

雅思(IELTS)是国际英语语言测试系统,是考察英语语言能力的

全球性标准化考试。其中,阅读部分是考生们普遍认为相对较难的一

部分。本文将为大家解析一道雅思阅读真题,并提供详细的答案解析。

题目:篇章一:古生物学

雅思阅读真题通常涉及各个领域的学术论文、科学研究等,本文选

取了一篇有关古生物学的文章作为解析对象。

第一段:引言

古生物学是研究古代生物的学科,通过对化石记录的分析与研究,

可以揭示地球上生命演化的历程,以及与现代生物之间的联系。

第二段:古生物学的意义

古生物学不仅可以帮助我们了解生物多样性的起源和演化过程,还

能为生物地理学、气候学等领域提供重要的证据和参考。通过研究古

地理环境、古气候等方面的信息,我们可以更好地理解地球今天的状态。

第三段:阅读文章关键信息

本篇文章将介绍一项关于古生物学的最新研究成果,该研究涉及到

鸟类起源与演化的问题。这项研究通过对一种古代鸟类化石的分析,

揭示了鸟类起源的一些新证据。

第四段:研究方法与结果

研究团队采用了先进的扫描电镜技术对化石进行了高分辨率的成像。通过观察化石的细节结构,研究人员发现了一些与现代鸟类非常相似

的特征,这表明这种古代鸟类与现代鸟类之间存在着密切的亲缘关系。

第五段:研究成果的意义与启示

这项研究的成果为鸟类起源与演化提供了新的证据,有助于我们更

加全面地认识鸟类的起源和演化过程。另外,这项研究结果还与古气

候学、古地理学等相关领域的研究相互印证,提供了进一步探索生命

起源与地球演化过程的线索。

答案解析:

1. 古生物学的研究对象是什么?

剑桥雅思阅读真题解析(推荐3篇)

剑桥雅思阅读真题解析(推荐3篇)

剑桥雅思阅读真题解析(推荐3篇)

1.剑桥雅思阅读真题解析第1篇

Passage 1

Question 1

难度及答案:难度低;答案为iv

关键词:time and place

定位原文:A段最后两句“Why did this…of the 18th century?”为何这个独特的大爆炸——能带来世界性的变化的工业革命——偏偏就发生在英国?为何这个革命又偏偏在18世纪末?

解题思路:A 段中提到了 happen in Britain 以及 at the end of thel8th century, 与iv 选项当中的time和place是对应的关系。

Question 2

难度及答案:难度低;答案为viii

关键词:conditions required

定位原文:B 段第 2 句“There are about 20 different…he ” 他说:“大约有 20种不同的因素,而且所有的这些因素在工革命发生之前就已存在。”

解题思路:B段中主要论述的是工业革命在英国发生的前提条件,与其他不同的国家做出了对比。

Question 3

难度及答案:难度低;答案为vii

关键词:Two keys

定位原文:C 段第 2 句“Tea and beer, two fuelled the ” 茶和啤酒,这两种在全国最受欢迎的饮料,就是工业革命的导火线。

解题思路:C段主要论述的是茶和啤酒在英国工业革命当中的作用。

Question 4

难度及答案:难度低;答案为i

关键词:reasons, an increase in population

雅思阅读真题解析与答案2023年

雅思阅读真题解析与答案2023年

雅思阅读真题解析与答案2023年雅思(IELTS)阅读考试是国际英语语言测试系统的一部分,用于

评估考生在阅读理解方面的能力。考生在备考过程中,需要熟悉真题,并进行解析和答案的掌握。本文将为大家提供2023年雅思阅读真题解

析与答案。

第一篇真题及答案解析:

文章主题:环境保护

题目:Environmentally Friendly Travel Options

原文摘录:In recent years, many people have become more aware of

the negative impact of air travel on the environment. As a result, individuals and organizations have been looking for alternative, environmentally

friendly travel options. One such option gaining popularity is train travel.

答案解析:这篇文章主要讨论了环境友好型旅行方式,解决了人们

对空中旅行对环境的负面影响的担忧。其中提到铁路旅行作为一种环

境友好型的旅行方式备受青睐。

第二篇真题及答案解析:

文章主题:社会问题

题目:The Impact of Social Media

原文摘录:Social media has revolutionized the way we communicate and connect with others. However, it also has its downsides. One major

雅思阅读真题附答案及解析

雅思阅读真题附答案及解析

雅思阅读真题附答案及解析雅思阅读是考试中相对较难的一部分,因此熟悉真题并且进行详细的答案解析是备考中不可或缺的一部分。本文将为大家提供一些常见的雅思阅读真题,并附有详细的答案解析,希望能够帮助大家更好地备考雅思阅读。

第一篇:自然保护

雅思阅读真题:

自然保护是环保运动的一个重要方面。自然保护旨在保护现有的生态系统,维护生物多样性和自然资源。以下是一些常见的自然保护措施:1)建立自然保护区,2)限制猎捕和采集行为,3)推广可持续发展。请根据以上内容回答以下问题:

1. 自然保护的目标是什么?

答案解析:

自然保护的目标是保护现有的生态系统,维护生物多样性和自然资源。

2. 列举一些常见的自然保护措施。

答案解析:

常见的自然保护措施包括建立自然保护区、限制猎捕和采集行为、推广可持续发展等。

雅思阅读真题:

气候变化是当前全球性的环境问题。以下是一些与气候变化相关的重要信息:1)二氧化碳排放是主要的温室气体,2)气温升高会导致海平面上升,3)气候变化会影响农业生产,4)可再生能源是应对气候变化的一种重要方法。请根据以上内容回答以下问题:

1. 什么是主要的温室气体?

答案解析:

主要的温室气体是二氧化碳。

2. 气温升高会导致哪个现象发生?

答案解析:

气温升高会导致海平面上升。

3. 气候变化对什么方面的影响比较大?

答案解析:

气候变化对农业生产有较大影响。

4. 应对气候变化的一种重要方法是什么?

答案解析:

应对气候变化的一种重要方法是利用可再生能源。

雅思阅读真题:

科学技术在现代社会中起着重要的作用,对人类的生活产生了巨大的影响。以下是一些与科学技术相关的重要信息:1)互联网的出现改变了信息传播的方式,2)生物技术可以用于治疗疾病,3)人工智能正在逐渐应用于各个领域,4)科学技术的发展带来了各种新的职业。请根据以上内容回答以下问题:

剑桥雅思12套真题答案及解析

剑桥雅思12套真题答案及解析

剑桥雅思12套真题答案及解析

雅思考试是很多留学生选择的英语语言能力考试之一,而剑桥出

版社出版的雅思真题系列一直以来备受考生的推崇。剑桥雅思12套真

题作为其中的一本,也备受瞩目。本文将就这本雅思12套真题进行答

案及解析,帮助考生更好地备考雅思。

第一套真题是剑桥雅思12套中的第一套,所包含的四个模块分

别是听力、阅读、写作和口语。首先来看听力部分,题目将提供一段

听力材料,包括对话、演讲或广播等,考生需要根据听到的内容回答

问题。回答问题时需要注意理解材料的主旨和细节,并掌握关键词的

解释。对于听力题目,可以先预测答案的类型,再结合听力材料找到

答案。

接下来是阅读部分,该部分包含三篇阅读理解的文章,每篇文章

都会有填空、判断、选择或配对等不同类型的题目。对于阅读题目,

考生可以通过快速浏览文章来获取大意,再仔细阅读问题和文章相关

部分,找到正确答案。在解答题目时,需要注意答案的位置和答案形式,例如是否为词汇的同义词或者是否为实际数字。

然后是写作部分,本书提供了两个写作题目,分别是图表描述和

议论文。在图表描述部分,考生需要分析和描述图表中的数据和趋势,并给出自己的观点。写作时要注意清晰的段落结构和连贯的逻辑关系。而议论文部分,考生需要从两个对立的观点中选择一个立场,并用适

当的论据和例子来支持自己的观点。写作时要注意使用适当的句子结

构和词汇,并保持逻辑的连贯性。

最后是口语部分,口语考试分为三个部分,分别是任务型口语、

独立口语和和面试官对话。任务型口语部分需要考生根据所给的提示

完成口语任务,独立口语部分要求考生就一个给定的话题发表个人观点。在口语考试时,考生要尽量准确、流利地表达自己的观点,并注意语音语调的准确性和合理使用恰当的语法结构。

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Climate and Country Wealth

Why are some countries stupendously rich and others horrendously poor? Social theorists have been captivated by this question since the late 18th century, when Scottish economist Adam Smith argued in his magisterial work The Wealth of Nations that the best prescription for prosperity is a free-market economy in which the government allows businesses substantial freedom to pursue profits. Smith, however, made a second notable hypothesis: that the physical geography of a region can influence its economic performance. He contended that the economies of coastal regions, with their easy access to sea trade, usually outperform the economies of inland areas.

Coastal regions and those near navigable waterways are indeed far richer and more densely settled than interior regions, just as Smith predicted. Moreover, an area's climate can also affect its economic development. Nations in tropical climate zones generally face higher rates of infectious disease and lower agricultural productivity (especially for staple foods) than do nations in temperate zones. Similar burdens apply to the desert zones. The very poorest regions in the world are those saddled with both handicaps: distance from sea trade and a tropical or desert ecology. The basic lessons of geography are worth repeating, because most economists have ignored them. In the past decade the vast majority of papers on economic development have neglected even the most obvious geographical realities.

The best single indicator of prosperity is gross national product (GNP) per capita – the total value of a country's economic output, divided by its population. A map showing

the world distribution of GNP per capita immediately reveals the vast gap between rich and poor nations. The great majority of the poorest countries lie in the

geographical tropics. In contrast, most of the richest countries lie in the temperate zones. Among the 28 economies categorized as high income by the World Bank, only

Hong Kong, Singapore and part of T aiwan are in the tropical zone, representing a

mere 2 percent of the combined population of the high-income regions. Almost all the temperate-zone countries have either high-income economies (as in the cases of North America, western Europe, Korea and Japan) or middle-income economies (as in the

cases of eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union and China). In addition, there is a strong temperate-tropical divide within countries that straddle both types of climates. Most of Brazil, for example, lies within the tropical zone, but the richest part of the nation – the southernmost states –is in the temperate zone.

There are two major ways in which a region’s climate affects economic development. First, it affects the prevalence of disease. Many kinds of infectious diseases are

endemic to the tropical and subtropical zones. This tends to be true of diseases in

which the pathogen spends part of its life cycle outside the human host: for instance, malaria (carried by mosquitoes) and helminthic infections (caused by parasitic

worms). Although epidemics of malaria have occurred sporadically as far north as

Boston in the past century, the disease has never gained a lasting foothold in the temperate zones, because the cold winters naturally control the mosquito-based

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