Umlinux - a tool for testing a linux system’s fault tolerance
嵌入式linux设备驱动程序开发指南 英文原版
嵌入式linux设备驱动程序开发指南英文原版Developing Embedded Linux Device Drivers: A Comprehensive GuideIntroduction:Embedded systems have become an integral part of our daily lives, powering a wide range of devices such as smartphones, smart homes, and industrial machinery. The success of these devices heavily relies on the efficiency and functionalityof their device drivers. In this guide, we will explore the essential aspects and best practices involved in developing device drivers for embedded Linux systems.Chapter 1: Understanding Embedded Linux Device DriversThis chapter delves into the fundamental concepts behind embedded Linux device drivers. We will discuss the role of device drivers in enabling communication between hardware and software components. Additionally, we will examine different types of device drivers and their importance in achieving optimal system performance.Chapter 2: Setting Up the Development EnvironmentTo begin developing embedded Linux device drivers, it is crucial to set up a suitable development environment. This chapter will provide step-by-step instructions on configuring a cross-compilation toolchain, configuring the kernel source code for driver development, and setting up necessary tools for debugging and testing.Chapter 3: Kernel Interfaces for Device DriversKernel interfaces serve as the foundation for interacting with hardware devices in embedded systems. This chapter focuses on understanding and utilizing various kernel interfaces such as character devices, block devices, network interfaces, and USB subsystems. We will explore how to properly implement these interfaces to enable efficient data transfer between software applications and hardware peripherals.Chapter 4: Writing Device DriversIn this chapter, we dive into the actual process of writing device drivers for specific hardware components. We willcover topics such as registering a device driver with the kernel, handling interrupts, implementing I/O operations, managing power states efficiently, and dealing with synchronization mechanisms.Chapter 5: Debugging and Testing Device DriversThe development process is incomplete without proper debugging and testing methodologies. This chapter provides insights into debugging techniques specific to embedded Linux device driver development. Additionally, we discuss various testing approaches for ensuring the stability and reliability of device drivers on different hardware platforms.Chapter 6: Porting Device Drivers to Different Platforms Portability is a key consideration when developing embedded Linux device drivers, as these drivers need to work seamlessly across various hardware platforms. This chapter explores the challenges associated with porting device drivers and provides guidance on adapting existing drivers for different architectures and system configurations.Chapter 7: Optimizing Device DriversEfficiency plays a critical role in embedded systems, where limited resources are available. This chapter focuses on optimizing device drivers to improve performance, reduce power consumption, and enhance overall system behavior. We will discuss techniques such as kernel throttling, deferred probing, and runtime power management.Chapter 8: Security Considerations for Device Drivers Security is paramount when developing device drivers that interact with sensitive data or perform critical operations. In this chapter, we examine security considerationsspecific to embedded Linux devices. We will discuss topics such as secure coding practices, access control mechanisms, vulnerability assessments, and exploit mitigation strategies.Conclusion:Developing embedded Linux device drivers requires a deep understanding of hardware communication protocols,operating system internals, and software development principles. By following this comprehensive guide,developers can gain the necessary knowledge and skills to create robust and efficient device drivers for embedded Linux systems. With well-designed drivers in place, devices can function smoothly and reliably under diverse usage scenarios.结论:开发嵌入式Linux设备驱动程序需要深入了解硬件通信协议、操作系统内部原理和软件开发原则。
国外渗透测试16本必看的书籍推荐
国外渗透测试 16本必看的Байду номын сангаас籍推荐
Penetration Testing (A Hands-On Introduction to Hacking) The Web Application Hacker’s Handbook (Finding and Exploiting Security Flaws 2nd Edition) The Shellcoder’s Handbook (Discovering and Exploiting Security Holes 2nd Edition) Web Hacking 101 – How to Make Money Hacking Ethically Applied Network Security Monitoring (Collection, Detection, and Analysis) Advanced Penetration Testing (Hacking the world’s most secure networks) Hacking: A Beginners’ Guide to Computer Hacking, Basic Security, Ethical Hacking, and Penetration Testing- John Slavio Hacking: The Art of Exploitation- Jon Erickson Cybersecurity The Hacker’s Underground Handbook- James Pendleton Black Hat Python- Justin Seitz The Basics of Hacking and Penetration Testing: Ethical Hacking and Penetration Testing Made Easy- Patrick Engebretson Ethical Hacking Hacking Theology Hacking for dummies 2019 Cybersecurity Learning By Practicing Hacking with Kali Linux Basic Security Testing With Kali Linux, Third Edition Learning Kali Linux Ghost in the Wires: My Adventures as the World’s Most Wanted Hacker Rtfm: Red Team Field Manual Hacking: The Art of Exploitation, 2nd Edition The Web Application Hacker’s Handbook: Finding and Exploiting Security Flaws Advanced Penetration Testing: Hacking the World’s Most Secure Networks Honorable Mention: Hacking mit Metasploit Black Hat Python: Python Programming for Hackers and Pentesters
Linux系统如何检测硬盘健康状态
Linux系统如何检测硬盘健康状态定期检查硬盘的健康状态是每个系统管理员必须要做的事情。
说到硬盘的健康状态,这里就得先说一下S.M.A.R.T.了。
SMART是一种磁盘自我分析检测技术,早在90年代末就基本得到了普及每一块硬盘(包括IDE、SCSI)在运行的时候,都会将自身的若干参数记录下来这些参数包括型号、容量、温度、密度、扇区、寻道时间、传输、误码率等硬盘运行了几千小时后,很多内在的物理参数都会发生变化某一参数超过报警阈值,则说明硬盘接近损坏此时硬盘依然在工作,如果用户不理睬这个报警继续使用那么硬盘将变得非常不可靠,随时可能故障SMART是和主板BIOS上相应功能配合的要使用SMART,必须先进入到主板BIOS设置里边启动相关设置一般从Pentium2级别起的主板,都支持SMARTBIOS启动以后,就是操作系统级别的事情了很遗憾,Windows没有内置SMART相关工具(需要安装第三方工具软件)好在Linux上很早就有了SMART支持了如果把Linux装在VMware等虚拟机上,在系统启动时候可以看到有个服务启动报错:smartd这个服务器就是smart的daemon进程(因为vmware虚拟机的硬盘不支持SMART,所以报错)可以使用下面的命令来确认硬盘是否打开了SMART支持命令代码如下:smartctl -i /dev/sda正常情况下应该会得到下面这样的信息命令代码如下:[root@localhost ~]# smartctl -i /dev/sdasmartctl version 5.38 [i686-redhat-linux-gnu] Copyright (C) 2002-8 Bruce AllenHome page is /命令代码如下:=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===Model Family: Seagate Barracuda 7200.10 familyDevice Model: ST3160815ASSerial Number: 5RA6A1K9Firmware Version: 4.AABUser Capacity: 160,041,885,696 bytesDevice is: In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]ATA Version is: 7ATA Standard is: Exact ATA specification draft version not indicatedLocal Time is: Sat Jul 7 17:18:02 2012 CSTSMART support is: Available – device has SMART capability.在这里,如果看到SMART support is: Disabled,则表示SMART 未启用如果我们需要执行如下命令,启动SMART:命令代码如下:smartctl –smart=on –offlineauto=on –saveauto=on /dev/sda查看硬盘当前的健康状态使用如下命令命令代码如下:[root@localhost ~]# smartctl -H /dev/sdasmartctl version 5.38 [i686-redhat-linux-gnu] Copyright (C) 2002-8 Bruce AllenHome page is /命令代码如下:=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED请注意result后边的结果:PASSED,这表示硬盘健康状态良好如果这里显示Failure,那么最好立刻给服务器更换硬盘。
Linux系统操作员复习题
Linux系统操作员复习题Linux操作员认证模拟题题目注销虚拟控制台的命令答案 a选项A [Ctrl]-[D]选项B [Ctrl]-[C]选项C [Ctrl]-[V]选项D [Ctrl]-[A]题目要关闭虚拟控制台时在shell 提示下键入()命令答案 b选项A quit选项B exit选项C halt选项D close题目哪个不是ls命令的选项()答案 c选项A a选项B l选项C w选项D r题目与head命令相反的命令是()答案 b选项A cat选项B tail选项C locate选项D cd题目下列哪一个命令是用来查找指定字串()答案 a选项A grep选项B clear选项C tail选项D ls题目在字符界面环境下注销控制台,可用()答案 c选项A exit或quit选项B quit或ctrl+D选项C exit或ctrl+D选项D 以上都可题目在RedHat Linux安装的界面上,可选择的安装方式有()答案 c选项A 功能键安装与图形模式安装选项B 功能键安装与文本模式安装选项C 文本模式安装与图形模式安装选项D题目使用命令chmod的数字设置, 可以改变()答案 c选项A 文件的访问特权选项B 目录的访问特权选项C 文件/目录的访问特权选项D题目主机通过局域网直接接入Internet,应该配置()答案 d选项A IP地址选项B 子网掩码选项C 默认网关和DNS服务器的IP 地址选项D 以上选项都是题目RedHat Linux安装过程中, 如果以图形化模式安装可按( )键答案 a选项A 按回车键选项B 输入:"linux text"选项C 输入:"linux askmethod" 选项D 按:"F5"题目RedHat Linux的安装过程中磁盘分区选项中不包括()答案 b选项A 自动分区选项B 选择分区选项C Disk Druid来手工分区选项D题目安装程序提供了两个引导装载程序()答案 c选项A GROUP和LLTO选项B DIR和COID选项C GRUB和LILO选项D题目命令cp与DOS下什么命令等同()答案 b选项A CUP选项B COPY选项C CCP选项D CORP题目cat命令经常和什么命令搭配答案 d选项A much选项B very选项C easy选项D more题目cat命令是下面哪一个单词的缩写()答案 b选项A CONT选项B CONCATENATE选项C COPY选项D CID题目clear命令的作用()答案 a选项A 清除终端窗口选项B 关闭终端窗口选项C 打开终端窗口选项D 调整窗口大小题目面那一组命令是用于压缩或解压缩文件()答案 b选项A compress,uncompress 选项B gzip,gunzip选项C ppt,ftp选项D haccp,file题目下面那一组命令是用于压缩或解压缩数据()答案 a选项A compress,uncompress 选项B gzip,gunzip选项C haccp,file选项D ppt,ftp题目下面不是netstat命令参数的是()答案 d选项A c选项B n选项C r选项D x题目RedHat Linux安装界面上有3个选项供用户选择,其中不含()答案 d选项A 如果以图形化模式安装或升级Linux,按Enter键。
linux复习题73984
linux复习题73984一单选题1.最初开发了Linux系统的是()A.Andrew S. Tanwnbaum B.Linus TorvaldsC.Ken Thompson D.Dennis Ritchie2. linux操作系统内核创始人是()A.Bill Gates B.Richard StallmanC.Linus Torvalds D.Dennis Ritchie3. linux操作系统下有很多应用软件,其中大部分软件包括linux 本身属于()A.商业软件B. 共享软件C.自由软件D.其他类型软件4. Linux系统是一个什么样的操作系统()A.单用户、单任务B.单用户、多任务C.多用户、单任务D.多用户、多任务5. Linux 核心的许可证是什么()A.NDA B.GDP C.GPL D.GNU6.若要将鼠标从VM中释放出来,可按什么键来实现()A. Ctrl + AltB. Ctrl +Alt +DelC. Ctrl +Alt +Enter D Ctrl +Enter7.用 "rm -i",系统会提示什么来让你确认()A. 命令行的每个选项B. 是否真的删除C. 是否有写的权限D. 文件的位置8.下列提法中,不属于ifconfig命令作用范围的是()A 配置本地回环地址B 配置网卡的IP地址C 激活网络适配器D 加载网卡到内核中9.下列文件中,包含了主机名到IP地址的映射关系的文件是()A /etc/HOSTNAMEB /etc/hostsC /etc/resolv.confD /etc/networks10.在shell中变量的赋值有四种方法,其中,采用name=12的方法称()A 直接赋值B使用read命令C 使用命令行参数D使用命令的输出11.显示文件的头部的命令是()A.fdisk B.mount C.head D.man12.删除不需要的文件的命令是()A.mkdir B.rm C.mv D.remove13. Linux的根分区的文件系统类型是()A.FAT16 B.FAT32 C.ext3 D.NTFS14.登录后希望重新加载fstab文件中的所有条目,我们可以以root身份执行哪个命令()A.mount –d B.mount –c C.mount –a D.mount -b 15.下面不具备循环功能的语句是()A.if B.for C.while D.until16.内核不包括的子系统是()A 进程管理系统B 内存管理系统C 文件管理系统D硬件管理系统17.对名为fido的文件用chmod 551 fido 进行了修改,则它的许可权是()A -rwxr-xr-xB -rwxr--r--C -r--r--r-- D-r-xr-x--x18.将光盘/dev/hdc卸载的命令是()A umount /dev/hdcB unmount /dev/hdcC umount /mnt/cdrom /dev/hdcD unmount /mnt/cdrom /dev/hdc19. Linux文件系统的文件都按其作用分门别类地放在相关的目录中,对于外部设备文件,一般应将其放在哪个目录中()A /binB /etcC /devD /lib20. Linux将存储设备和输入/输出设备均看做文件来操作,哪个不是以文件的形式出现()A 目录B 软链接C i节点表D 网络适配器21.在Shell脚本中,用来读取文件内各个域的内容并将其赋值给Shell变量的命令是()A foldB joinC tr22.修改用户自身的密码可使用()A. passwdB. passwd -d mytestC. passwd mytesD. passwd -l23.用于文件系统直接修改文件权限管理命令为()A. chownB. chgrpC. chmodD. umask24.若使pid进程无条件终止使用的命令是()A. kill -9B. kill -15C. killall -1D. kill -325.下列设备属于块设备的是()A.键盘B.终端C.游戏杆D.硬盘26.在vi编辑器里,命令"dd"用来删除当前的()A. 行B. 变量C. 字D. 字符27. Linux文件权限一共10位长度,分成四段,第三段表示的内容是()A 文件类型B 文件所有者的权限C 文件所有者所在组的权限D 其他用户的权限28.linux临时目录一般存在下面那个文件夹中()B /procC /dataD /dev29.要配置NFS服务器,在服务器端主要配置文件()A /etc/rc.d/rc.inet1B /etc/rc.d/rc.MC /etc/exportsD /etc/rc.d/rc.S30.下列变量名中有效的shell变量名是()A -2-timeB _2$3C trust_no_1D 2004file31.想要看到命令执行后的返回值应在echo命令后使用参数()A.$# B.$! C.$* D.$?32.删除当前目录abc以及下面的所有子目录和文件,并不要求提示任何确认信息的命令是()A.del abc\*.* B.rm –rf abc C.rmdir abc D.rm –r abc\ *.*33.某用户的主目录中有两个文本文件mail_a.txt和mail_b.txt,现在该用户想把mail_a.txt中的内容追加到mail_b.txt文件的尾部,那么应该使用()A.cat mail_a.txt > mail_b.txt B.cat mail_a.txt < mail_b.txt C.cat mail_a.txt >> mail_b.txt D.cat mail_a.txt | mail_b.txt34. linux中图象文件属于()A.文本文件B.连接文件C.特殊文件D.二进制文件35.在缺省情况下,使用ls -color命令显示当前目录下的所有文件时,对于可执行文件一般显示为()A.红B.绿C.黄D.蓝36.确定myfile的文件类型的命令是什么()A. type myfileB. type -q myfileC. file myfileD.whatis myfile37.用来分离目录名和文件名的字符是什么()A. slash (/)B. period (.)C. dash (-)D. asterisk (*)38.你想显示文件"longfile"的最后10行,下面那个命令是正确的()A. tail logfileB. head -10 longfileC. taid -d 10 longfileD. head longfile39.假如你得到一个运行命令被拒绝的信息,你可以用哪个命令去修改它的权限使之可以正常运行()A. path=B. chmodC. chgrpD. chown40.下面哪个Linux命令可以一次显示一页内容?()A.pause B.cat C.more D.grep41.怎样更改一个文件的权限设置?()A.attrib B.chmod C.change D.file42.如果你的umask设置为022,缺省的,你创建的文件的权限为()A.----w--w- B.-w--w---- C. r-xr-x--- D.rw-r--r-- 43.在一行结束位置加上什么符号,表示未结束,下一行继续?()A.\ B./ C.: D.|44.下面哪种写法表示如果cmd1成功执行,则执行cmd2命令()A.cmd1&&cmd2 B.cmd1|cmd2 C.cmd1;cmd2 D.cmd1||cmd245.在vi中退出不保存的命令是()A.:q B.:w C.:wq D.:q!46.下面哪个文件定义了网络服务的端口()A./etc/netport B./etc/services C./etc/serverD./etc/netconf47.为了查看某接口是否正在工作,我们可以使用()A.ifup B.alias C.netcfg D.ifconfig 48. linux中,显示当前登录用户详细信息的是()A.uname B.who C.who ami D.whose49.在linux中有关IDE设备命名编号正确的有()A.sda 第一个 IDE 控制器,主设备B.sdb 第二个 IDE 控制器,次设备C.hdb 第二个 IDE 控制器,主设备D.hda 第一个 IDE 控制器,主设备50.使普通用户可执行超级用户文件的命令是()A.chmod +v B.usermod +v C.chmod +s D.usermod +s 51.以下哪种不是LINUX的SHELL类型()A.bash B.ksh C.rsh D.csh52. rm -rf filename的含义()A.强行删除filenameB.删除filename文件,删除时给予提示C.只是针对filename进行删除D.递归强行删除filename下的所有文件53. ps命令显示结果中STAT的s代表()A.运行B.休眠C.终止D.挂起54.为了达到使文件的所有者有读(r)和写(w)的许可,而其他用户只能进行只读访问,在设置文件的许可值时,应当设为()A.566 B.644 C.655 D.74455.不是shell具有的功能和特点的是()A.管道B.输入输出重定向C.执行后台进程D.处理程序命令56.下列对shell变量FRUIT操作,正确的是()A.为变量赋值:$FRUIT=appleB.显示变量的值:fruit=appleC.显示变量的值:echo $FRUITD.判断变量是否有值:[-f“$FRUIT”]57. Linux中第一个IDE接口从盘可以表示为()A./dev/had B./dev/hdb C./dev/sdb D./dev/sdc 58.下面关于命令mv说法错误的是()A.mv命令可以重命名文件B.mv命令可以移动文件C.mv命令可以复制文件D.mv命令可以删除文件59.在使用ln建立文件链接时,为了不分配新的i node,需要使用()A.普通链接B.硬链接C.软链接D.特殊链接60.关于tar命令,下列说法正确的是()A.-x 参数,用于解压缩B.-x 参数,用于还原C.-c 参数,用于还原D.-c 参数,用于解压缩61. grep -v,表示()A.只显示整行严格匹配的行B.只显示匹配行的数量C.只显示不包含匹配串的行D.指定检索使用的模式62. Redhat Linux默认的SHELL程序是什么()A.bash B.tcsh C.ksh D.bsh63.为了查找出当前用户运行的所有进程的信息,我们可以用命令()A.ps -a B.ps -u C.ls -a D.ls -l64. GNU的含义是()A.GNU是UNIX B.GNU不是UNIX C.UNIX工程D.GNU 工程65.以下哪个是LINUX 管道符()A.| B.> C.>> D.<66.在vi中,5yy表示()A.复制当前行及以下4行B.复制当前行下面的5行C.粘贴当前行及以下4行D.粘贴当前行下面的5行67.使用fdisk工具列出Linux支持的所有分区类型,可以使用命令()A.p B.l C.y D.u68.你在vi编辑器中对文本文件中的某行进行删除后,发现该行内容需要保留,重新恢复该行内容最佳的操作方法是()A.在编辑模式下重新输入该行B.不保存退出vi,并重新编辑该文件C.在命令模式下使用“u”命令D.在命令模式下使用“.”命令69. Linux通过VFS支持多种不同的文件系统。
一种远程管理Linux系统工具的设计与实现
分类号:TP311.1 U D C:D10621-408-(2007)5913-0 密级:公开编号:2003032045成都信息工程学院学位论文一种远程管理Linux系统工具的设计与实现论文作者姓名:申请学位专业:申请学位类别:指导教师姓名(职称):论文提交日期:一种远程管理Linux系统工具的设计与实现摘要现在,Linux已经是应用比较广泛的操作系统之一,在其系统中有很多的服务。
为了实现远程配置和管理Linux中的各种服务,需要有一种远程管理Linux 系统的工具软件,Webmin就是一种较好的B/S模式软件,而该课题以C/S模式实现。
该工具主要功能实现对Linux系统用户和组的添加、修改和删除;对系统应用服务(如:DNS、FTP、Apache、系统启动服务管理)进行管理和配置,这些服务的远程配置主要是通过修改服务配置文本文件来实现的。
该远程管理工具选用C/S模式设计,在客户端,采用GTK编程来实现操作界面;在服务器端,选用Linux系统的文件调用函数来读写配置文件中的数据;采用Sock TCP 编程来实现客户端和服务端之间的数据通信。
通过系统测试后,完成预期的目标,但是需要进一步完善程序和考虑安全性后,方可应用于实际的远程管理。
关键词:Linux;系统服务;C/C++;GTK;系统调用;SocketThe Design and Implementation of a Remote ManagementTool for LinuxAbstractThe operating system of Linux has become one of the most popular operating systems nowadays. It provides many kinds of service. In order to configure and manage the service remotely, the tool of remote management of the operating system of Linux is needed. Webmin is a good tool of software based on the model of B/S. This design is implemented based on the model of C/S. The main functions of the system include addition, modification, deletion of users and groups of Linux operating system and configuration and management of the service of application of the system, such as the DNS, FTP, Apache and the management of booting service. The remote management of service is implemented by modifying the files of configuration. The model of C/S is selected by this system. In the Client, the operating interface is made by the programming of GTK. In the Server, the functions of transferring of files of Linux operating system are used to write and read the data of the configuration files. The communication of Client and Server is implemented by the programming of Sock TCP. The testing demonstrates that the system has reached the prospective goal. But lots of improvements should be made and the problems of security should be considered more. After being modified and perfected, the system can be used to manage the system remotely.Key words: Linux;System Servers;C/C++;GTK;System Call;Socket目录论文总页数:33页1 引言 (1)1.1课题背景 (1)1.2国内外研究现状 (1)1.3本课题研究的意义 (1)1.4本课题的研究方法 (1)2 GTK编程 (1)2.1GTK简介 (1)2.2常用的GTK构件 (3)3 LINUX系统调用 (6)3.1L INUX系统文件 (6)3.2如何从文件中读取数据 (6)3.3进程和线程的使用 (7)4 基本的套接口编程 (7)4.1概述 (7)4.2简单的网络编程 (8)5 程序设计和流程图 (10)5.1设计思路 (10)5.2服务程序 (10)5.2.1流程设计 (10)5.2.2功能模块 (11)5.3客户程序 (20)5.3.1设计思路 (20)5.3.2程序设计 (20)6 系统测试 (30)结论 (31)参考文献 (31)致谢 (32)声明 (33)1引言1.1课题背景Linux是目前应用最广泛的操作系统之一,基于Linux系统的网络服务软件(如FTP、Apache、DNS、SendMail)的功能也很强大。
Linux认证考试试题
Linux认证考试试题2017年Linux认证考试试题Linux认证指获得专业Linux培训后通过考试得到的资格。
目前国际上广泛承认的Linux认证有LinuxProfessionalInstitute(简称为LPI)、SairLinux和GNU、Linux+和RedHatCertifiedEngineer。
以下是店铺整理的关于Linux认证考试试题,欢迎大家参考!1、你想实现只有自己可以运行此脚本,而其他帐户不能运行,你需要运行命令(D )。
(选择一项)a) Chmod u+x showenvb) Chmod g+x showenvc) Chmod o+x showenvd) 以上命令都不能实现2、 Linux shell提供了可用于编写脚本程序的功能,对于Linux的很多日常管理功能,可以使用脚本程序来完成,下列关于脚本的概念叙述正确的是(AD )。
(选择二项)a) 脚本的内容以文本形式存储,运行之前不需要编译就可执行b) 脚本的内容以文本形式存储,运行之前必须经过编译才可执行c) 脚本程序一般比二进制程序运行速度快d) 脚本能够处理大量重复性的系统工作,提高管理员工作效率1、你是Linux系统管理员,运行命令mount –t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom。
随后又运行几个命令,其中包含umount /mnt/cdrom,但不包含mount 命令。
你还运行命令history,其中部分显示如下:103 mkdir /mnt/cdrom104 mount –t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom…你想再次访问光驱,应该运行命令(C )。
(选择二项)a) 单击一次上箭头b) !mountc) !104d) Mount /mnt/cdrom5、你用vi编辑器编写了一个脚本文件shell.sh,你想将改文件名称修改为shell2.sh,下列命令(B)可以实现。
Linux设备驱动程序加载卸载方法insmod和modprobe命令
Linux设备驱动程序加载卸载⽅法insmod和modprobe命令linux加载/卸载驱动有两种⽅法。
1.modprobe注:在使⽤这个命令加载模块前先使⽤depmod -a命令⽣成modules.dep⽂件,该⽂件位于/lib/modules/$(uname -r)⽬录下;modprobe命令智能地向内核中加载模块或者从内核中移除模块,可载⼊指定的个别模块,或是载⼊⼀组相依的模块。
modprobe会根据depmod所产⽣的依赖关系,决定要载⼊哪些模块。
若在载⼊过程中出错,modprobe会卸载整组的模块。
载⼊模块的命令:(1) 载⼊指定的模块:modprobe drv.ko(2) 载⼊全部模块:modprobe -a卸载模块的命令:modprobe -r drv.komodprobe命令⽤于智能地向内核中加载模块或者从内核中移除模块。
modprobe可载⼊指定的个别模块,或是载⼊⼀组相依的模块。
modprobe会根据depmod所产⽣的相依关系,决定要载⼊哪些模块。
若在载⼊过程中发⽣错误,在modprobe会卸载整组的模块。
选项-a或--all:载⼊全部的模块;-c或--show-conf:显⽰所有模块的设置信息;-d或--debug:使⽤排错模式;-l或--list:显⽰可⽤的模块;-r或--remove:模块闲置不⽤时,即⾃动卸载模块;-t或--type:指定模块类型;-v或--verbose:执⾏时显⽰详细的信息;-V或--version:显⽰版本信息;-help:显⽰帮助。
参数模块名:要加载或移除的模块名称。
实例查看modules的配置⽂件:modprobe -c这⾥,可以查看modules的配置⽂件,⽐如模块的alias别名是什么等。
会打印许多⾏信息,例如其中的⼀⾏会类似如下:alias symbol:ip_conntrack_unregister_notifier ip_conntrack列出内核中所有已经或者未挂载的所有模块:modprobe -l这⾥,我们能查看到我们所需要的模块,然后根据我们的需要来挂载;其实modprobe -l读取的模块列表就位于/lib/modules/`uname -r`⽬录中;其中uname -r是内核的版本,例如输出结果的其中⼀⾏是:/lib/modules/2.6.18-348.6.1.el5/kernel/net/netfilter/xt_statistic.ko挂载vfat模块:modprobe vfat这⾥,使⽤格式modprobe 模块名来挂载⼀个模块。
ulimit详解
ulimit详解2011-11-24 10:46, Linux ulimit, in-depth analysis of various restrictions, this is a very good article, ulimit restrictions on each parameter is very thorough. Text link:/home-space-uid-56821-do-blog-id-2 32810.htmlYou can usually do this by reloading the ulimit command or by editing the /etc/security/limits.conf reloadDirectly through ulimit, but only in the current session, in limits.conf, you can enable users to log in next time based on users and restrictionsThe setting for limits.conf is enabled by the loading of pam_limits.so, such as /etc/pam.d/sshd, so that limit. is loaded when logging in through SSHAlternatively, the /etc/pam.d/login load is in effectVarious limitations will be analyzed belowCore, file, size (blocks, -c) 0Data, SEG, size (Kbytes, -d) unlimitedScheduling priority (-e) 20 AFile size (blocks, -f) unlimited aPending signals (-i) 16382Max, locked, memory (Kbytes, -l) 64 AMax, memory, size (Kbytes, -m), unlimited, aOpen files (-n) 1024 aPipe size (512, bytes, -p) 8POSIX, message, queues (bytes, -q) 819200Real-time priority (-r) 0Stack size (Kbytes, -s) 8192CPU time (seconds, -t) unlimitedMax user processes (-u) unlimitedVirtual memory (Kbytes, -v) unlimitedFile locks (-x) unlimited(1) the file size (file, size) generated by the process is restrictedLet's talk about the hard and soft restrictions of ulimitHard constraints use -H arguments, and soft constraints use -S argumentsUlimit -a sees a soft limit, and you can see the hard limit through ulimit -a -HIf ulimit does not limit the use of -H or -S, then it will break all two types of restrictions at the same timeSoft constraints can limit the use of resources by users / groups, and the hard limit is to control soft constraintsSuper users and regular users can expand hard restrictions, but super users can narrow hard restrictions, and ordinary users can not narrow the hard limitWhen the hard limit is set, the soft limit can only be less than or equal to the hard limitThe following tests apply to hard constraints and soft constraints1) soft limit must not exceed hard limitUnder the super user, both hard / soft constraints are modified so that the current session can only build 100KB filesUlimit -f 100View the current hard limit for creating file sizes to 100KBUlimit -H -fOne hundredAt this point, the soft limit that limits the current session is 1000KB, and there is an error that cannot be modifiedUlimit -S -f 1000-bash: ulimit:文件大小:不能修改限制:无效的参数2)硬限制不能小于软限制在超级用户下,用户查看当前的软限制,此时为unlmiitedulimit·S·F无限此时修改当前会话创建文件大小的硬限制为1000kb,出现不能修改的报错,说明硬限制不能小于软限制ulimit·H·F 1000-bash: ulimit:文件大小:不能修改限制:无效的参数如果我们把创建文件大小的软限制改为900kb,此后就可以修改它的硬限制了ulimit的F 900ulimit·H·F 10003)普通用户只能缩小硬限制,超级用户可以扩大硬限制用普通用户进入系统苏-测试查看创建文件大小的硬限制ulimit·H·F无限此时可以缩小该硬限制ulimit·H·F 1000但不能扩大该硬限制ulimit·H·F 100004)硬限制控制软限制,软限制来限制用户对资源的使用用软限制限制创建文件的大小为1000kbulimit的F 1000用硬限制限制创建文件的大小为2000kbulimit·H·F 2000创建3mb大小的文件如果1的话超出文件大小限制查看/tmp /测试的大小为1000kb,说明软限制对资源的控制是起决定性作用的。
Mellanox SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES) 15 SP
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES) 15 SP1 Inbox Driver User ManualSLES 15 SP1NOTE:THIS HARDWARE, SOFTWARE OR TEST SUITE PRODUCT (“PRODUCT(S)”) AND ITS RELATED DOCUMENTATION ARE PROVIDED BY MELLANOX TECHNOLOGIES “AS-IS” WITH ALL FAULTS OF ANY KIND AND SOLELY FOR THE PURPOSE OF AIDING THE CUSTOMER IN TESTING APPLICATIONS THAT USE THE PRODUCTS IN DESIGNATED SOLUTIONS. THE CUSTOMER'S MANUFACTURING TEST ENVIRONMENT HAS NOT MET THE STANDARDS SET BY MELLANOX TECHNOLOGIES TO FULLY QUALIFY THE PRODUCT(S) AND/OR THE SYSTEM USING IT. THEREFORE, MELLANOX TECHNOLOGIES CANNOT AND DOES NOT GUARANTEE OR WARRANT THAT THE PRODUCTS WILL OPERATE WITH THE HIGHEST QUALITY. ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL MELLANOX BE LIABLE TO CUSTOMER OR ANY THIRD PARTIES FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OF ANY KIND (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PAYMENT FOR PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY FROM THE USE OF THE PRODUCT(S) AND RELATED DOCUMENTATION EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.Mellanox Technologies350 Oakmead Parkway Suite 100Sunnyvale, CA 94085U.S.A.Tel: (408) 970-3400Fax: (408) 970-3403© Copyright 2019. Mellanox Technologies Ltd. All Rights Reserved.Mellanox®, Mellanox logo, Mellanox Open Ethernet®, LinkX®, Mellanox Spectrum®, Mellanox Virtual Modular Switch®, MetroDX®, MetroX®, MLNX-OS®, ONE SWITCH. A WORLD OF OPTIONS®, Open Ethernet logo, Spectrum logo, Switch-IB®, SwitchX®, UFM®, and Virtual Protocol Interconnect® are registered trademarks of Mellanox Technologies, Ltd.For the complete and most updated list of Mellanox trademarks, visit /page/trademarks.All other trademarks are property of their respective owners.Table of ContentsDocument Revision History (4)1Firmware Burning (5)2Port Type Management (6)2.1Port Type Management/VPI Cards Configuration (6)3Modules Loading and Unloading (7)4Important Packages and Their Installation (8)5SR-IOV Configuration (9)5.1Setting up SR-IOV in ConnectX Adapters (9)6Default RoCE Mode Setting for RDMA_CM Application (11)Document Revision HistoryTable 1: Document Revision HistoryRevision Date DescriptionSLES 15 SP1 May 22, 2019 Initial version of this document.1Firmware Burning1.Identify the adapter card's PSID.# mstflint -d 81:00.0 qImage type: FS2FW Version: 2.36.5000FW Release Date: 26.1.2016Rom Info: type=PXE version=3.4.718 devid=4103Device ID: 4103Description: Node Port1 Port2Sys imageGUIDs: e41d2d0300b3f590 e41d2d0300b3f591 e41d2d0300b3f592e41d2d0300b3f593MACs: e41d2db3f591 e41d2db3f592VSD:PSID: MT_10901110192.Download the firmware BIN file from the Mellanox website that matches your card'sPSID: → Support/Education→Support Downloader3.Burn the firmware.# mstflint -d <lspci-device-id> -i <image-file> b4.Reboot your machine after the firmware burning is completed.2Port Type Management2.1Port Type Management/VPI Cards ConfigurationNOTE: This tool is supported in the following devices:•4th generation devices: ConnectX-3, ConnectX-3 Pro (FW 2.31.5000 and above).•5th generation devices: Connect-IB, ConnectX-4, ConnectX-4 Lx, ConnectX-5.Device ports can be individually configured to work as InfiniBand or Ethernet ports. Bydefault, device ports are initialized as InfiniBand ports. If you wish to change the port type,use the mstflint tool after the driver is loaded.1.Install mstflint tools: Zypper install mstflint.2.Check the PCI address.lspci | grep Mellanox00:06.0 Infiniband controller: Mellanox Technologies MT27520 Family[ConnectX-3 Pro]e mstconfig to change the link type as desired IB – for InfiniBand, ETH – for Ethernet.mstconfig –d <device pci> s LINK_TYPE_P1/2=<ETH|IB|VPI>Example:mstconfig -d 82:00.1 s LINK_TYPE_P1=ETH4.Reboot your machine.3Modules Loading and UnloadingMellanox modules for ConnectX®-3/ConnectX®-3 Pro are:•mlx4_en, mlx4_core, mlx4_ibMellanox modules for Connect-IB/ConnectX®-4/ConnectX®-4 Lx/ConnectX®-5 are:•mlx5_core, mlx5_ibTo load and unload the modules, use the commands below:•Loading the driver: modprobe <module name>modprobe mlx5_ib•Unloading the driver: modprobe –r <module name>modprobe –r mlx5_ib4Important Packages and Their Installationrdma-corerdma-core RDMA core userspace libraries and daemonslibibmad: Low layer InfiniBand diagnostic and management programslibibmad OpenFabrics Alliance InfiniBand MAD libraryopensm: InfiniBand Subnet Manageropensm-libs Libraries used by OpenSM and included utilitiesopensm OpenIB InfiniBand Subnet Manager and management utilitiesIbutils: OpenIB Mellanox InfiniBand Diagnostic Toolsibutils-libs Shared libraries used by ibutils binariesibutils OpenIB Mellanox InfiniBand Diagnostic Toolsinfiniband-diags: OpenFabrics Alliance InfiniBand Diagnostic Toolsinfiniband-diags OpenFabrics Alliance InfiniBand Diagnostic Toolsperftest: IB Performance testsperftest IB Performance Testsmstflint: Mellanox Firmware Burning and Diagnostics Toolsmstflint Mellanox firmware burning toolTo install the packages above run:# zypper –n install <package-name>5SR-IOV Configuration5.1Setting up SR-IOV in ConnectX Adapters1.Download mstflint tools: zypper install mstflint2.Check the device’s PCI.lspci | grep Mellanox3.Check if SR-IOV is enabled in the firmware.mstconfig -d <device pci> qExample:# mstconfig -d 81:00.0 qDevice #1:----------Device type: ConnectX3ProPCI device: 81:00.0Configurations: CurrentSRIOV_EN True(1)NUM_OF_VFS 0LINK_TYPE_P1 VPI(3)LINK_TYPE_P2 VPI(3)LOG_BAR_SIZE 3BOOT_PKEY_P1 0BOOT_PKEY_P2 0BOOT_OPTION_ROM_EN_P1 True(1)BOOT_VLAN_EN_P1 False(0)BOOT_RETRY_CNT_P1 0LEGACY_BOOT_PROTOCOL_P1 PXE(1)BOOT_VLAN_P1 1BOOT_OPTION_ROM_EN_P2 True(1)BOOT_VLAN_EN_P2 False(0)BOOT_RETRY_CNT_P2 0LEGACY_BOOT_PROTOCOL_P2 PXE(1)BOOT_VLAN_P2 1IP_VER_P1 IPv4(0)IP_VER_P2 IPv4(0)…4.Check SRIOV_EN and NUM_OF_VFS configurations.5.Enable SR-IOV:mstconfig –d <device pci> s SRIOV_EN=<False|True>6.Configure the needed number of VFsmstconfig –d <device pci> s NUM_OF_VFS=<NUM>NOTE: This file will be generated only if IOMMU is set in the grub.conf file (byadding “intel_iommu=on” to /boot/grub/grub.conf file).7.[mlx4 devices only] Edit the file /etc/modprobe.d/mlx4.conf:options mlx4_core num_vfs=[needed num of VFs] port_type_array=[1/2 forIB/ETH],[ 1/2 for IB/ETH]Example:options mlx4_core num_vfs=8 port_type_array=1,18.[mlx5 devices only] Write to the sysfs file the number of needed VFs.echo [num_vfs] > /sys/class/infiniband/mlx5_0/device/sriov_numvfsExample:echo 8 > /sys/class/infiniband/mlx5_0/device/sriov_numvfs9.Reboot the driver.10.L oad the driver and verify that the VFs were created.lspci | grep mellanoxExample:dev-r-vrt-214:~ # lspci | grep nox82:00.0 Ethernet controller: Mellanox Technologies MT27700 Family [ConnectX-4]82:00.1 Ethernet controller: Mellanox Technologies MT27700 Family [ConnectX-4]82:00.2 Ethernet controller: Mellanox Technologies MT27700 Family [ConnectX-4 Virtual Function]82:00.3 Ethernet controller: Mellanox Technologies MT27700 Family [ConnectX-4 Virtual Function]82:00.4 Ethernet controller: Mellanox Technologies MT27700 Family [ConnectX-4 Virtual Function]82:00.5 Ethernet controller: Mellanox Technologies MT27700 Family [ConnectX-4 Virtual Function]For further information, refer to section Setting Up SR-IOV MLNX_OFED User Manual.6 Default RoCE Mode Setting for RDMA_CM Application1. Create a directory for the mlx4/mlx5 device.mkdir -p /sys/kernel/config/rdma_cm/mlx4_0/2. Validate what is the used RoCE mode in the default_roce_mode configfs file.# cat /sys/kernel/config/rdma_cm/mlx4_0/ports/1/default_roce_mode IB/RoCE v13. Change the default RoCE mode,•For RoCE v1: IB/RoCE v1 • For RoCE v2: RoCE v2# echo "RoCE v2" > /sys/kernel/config/rdma_cm/mlx4_0/ports/1/default_roce_mode # cat /sys/kernel/config/rdma_cm/mlx4_0/ports/1/default_roce_mode RoCE v2# echo "IB/RoCE v1" > /sys/kernel/config/rdma_cm/mlx4_0/ports/1/default_roce_mode # cat /sys/kernel/config/rdma_cm/mlx4_0/ports/1/default_roce_mode IB/RoCE v1。
linux各版本基线检查脚本(centos6、centos7、ubuntu系列)
linux各版本基线检查脚本(centos6、centos7、ubuntu系列)以下是centos7基线检查脚本:1 #!/bin/bash2 #version v1.0 by pensar3 #操作系统linux 配置规范--centos74cat <<EOF5 ***************************************************************6 linux安全配置检查脚本:71. 输出结果在/tmp/check/⽬录下查看82.检查范围及检查项(共计4⼤类,33项)9 *⽇志审计配置*:10 [1]检查Cron任务授权11 [2]检查是否对syslog登录事件记录12 [3]检查是否对rsyslog.conf配置审核13 [4]检查系统⽇志读写权限14 [5]检查是否对远程⽇志服务器配置15 *系统⽂件管理*:16 [1]检查是否对登录超时时间配置17 [2]检查系统磁盘状态18 [3]检查是否禁⽌匿名FTP访问19 [4]检查是否修改FTP banner 信息20 [5]检查是否关闭不必要的服务21 [6]检查系统core dump状态22 [7]检查系统补丁23 *⽤户账号配置*:24 [1]检查是否存在⽆⽤账号25 [2]检查不同⽤户是否共享账号26 [3]检查是否删除或锁定⽆⽤账号27 [4]检查是否存在⽆⽤⽤户组28 [5]检查是否指定⽤户组成员使⽤su命令29 [6]检查密码长度及复杂度策略30 [7]检查是否对⽤户远程登录进⾏限制31 [8]检查是否配置加密协议32 [9]检查是否配置密码的⽣存期33 [10]检查⽤户缺省访问权限34 [11]检查passwd group⽂件安全权限35 [12]检查是否存在除root之外UID为0的⽤户36 [13]检查是否配置环境变量37 [14]检查是否对远程连接的安全性进⾏配置38 [15]检查是否对⽤户的umask进⾏配置39 [16]检查是否对重要⽬录和⽂件的权限进⾏设置40 [17]检查是否存在未授权的suid/sgid⽂件41 [18]检查是否存在异常隐含⽂件42 *⽹络通信配置*:43 [1]检查是否对基本⽹络服务进⾏配置44 [2]检查是否开启NFS服务45 [3]检查常规⽹络服务是否运⾏正常46 ***************************************************************47 EOF48mkdir /tmp/check49 str1=`/sbin/ifconfig -a | grep inet | grep -v 127.0.0.1 | grep -v inet6 | awk'{print $2}' | tr -d "addr:" | head -n 1`50 str=`date +%Y%m%d%H%M`_"$str1"5152echo"----**⽇志审计配置**----" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt53echo"[1] 检查Cron任务授权" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt54if [ -e /etc/cron.deny ] && [ -e /etc/at.deny ];then55 CRON_DENY=`ls -l /etc/cron.deny | awk'{print $1}'`56 AT_DENY=`ls -l /etc/at.deny | awk'{print $1}'`57echo"/etc/cron.deny⽂件授权情况为:${CRON_DENY:1:9}" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt58echo"/etc/at.deny⽂件授权情况为:${AT_DENY:1:9}" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt59echo"{'Check_point':'检查Cron任务授权','Check_result':{'/etc/cron.deny⽂件授权情况为':'${CRON_DENY:1:9}','/etc/at.deny⽂件授权情况为':'${AT_DENY:1:9}'}}" >> /tmp/check/${str}_dict.txt 60 CRON=`cat /etc/rsyslog.conf | grep"cron.\*"`61echo"/etc/rsyslog.conf的配置情况为:${CRON}" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt62else63echo"未找到/etc/cron.deny和/etc/at.deny配置⽂件" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt64fi6566echo"----------------------------" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt67echo"[2]检查是否对syslog登录事件记录" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt68if [ -e /etc/syslog.conf ];then69 Clog=`cat /etc/syslog.conf | grep /var/log/secure | grep -E "authpriv\.\*"`70echo"/etc/syslog.conf的配置为:${Clog}" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt71else72echo"未找到/etc/syslog.conf配置⽂件" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt73fi7475echo"----------------------------" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt76echo"[3]检查是否对rsyslog.conf配置审核" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt77if [ -e /etc/rsyslog.conf ];then78 LOG=`cat /etc/rsyslog.conf | grep @loghost`79echo"rsyslog.conf⽂件的配置为${LOG}" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt80else81echo"未找到/etc/rsyslog.conf配置⽂件" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt82fi8384echo"----------------------------" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt85echo"[4]检查系统⽇志读写权限" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt86if [ -e /var/log/messages ];then87 MESSAGES=`ls -l /var/log/messages | awk'{print $1}'`90echo"未找到/var/log/messages的⽂件" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt91fi92if [ -e /var/log/secure ];then93 SECURE=`ls -l /var/log/secure | awk'{print $1}'`94echo"/var/log/secure 的⽂件权限为:${SECURE:1:9}" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt95else96echo"未找到/var/log/secure的⽂件" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt97fi9899if [ -e /var/log/maillog ];then100 MAILLOG=`ls -l /var/log/maillog | awk'{print $1}'`101echo"/var/log/maillog 的⽂件权限为:${MAILLOG:1:9}" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt102else103echo"未找到/var/log/maillog的⽂件" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt104fi105106if [ -e /var/log/cron ];then107 CRON=`ls -l /var/log/cron | awk'{print $1}'`108echo"/var/log/cron 的⽂件权限为:${CRON:1:9}" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt109else110echo"未找到/var/log/cron的⽂件" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt111fi112if [ -e /var/log/spooler ];then113 SPOOLER=`ls -l /var/log/spooler | awk'{print $1}'`114echo"/var/log/spooler 的⽂件权限为:${SPOOLER:1:9}" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt115else116echo"未找到/var/log/spooler的⽂件" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt117fi118119if [ -e /var/log/boot/log ];then120 LOG=`ls -l /var/log/boot/log | awk'{print $1}'`121echo"/var/log/boot/log 的⽂件权限为:${LOG:1:9}" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt122else123echo"未找到/var/log/boot/log的⽂件" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt124fi125126echo"----------------------------" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt127echo"[5]检查是否对远程⽇志服务器配置" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt128if [ -e /etc/rsyslog.conf ];then129 RSYS=`cat /etc/rsyslog.conf | grep"@${str1}" | grep $'\t' | grep \.\*`130echo"远程⽇志服务器配置情况为:${RSYS}" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt131else132echo"未找到/etc/rsyslog.conf配置⽂件" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt133fi134echo"----------------------------" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt135echo""136echo"----**系统⽂件管理**----" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt137echo"[1]检查是否对登录超时时间配置" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt138if [ -e /etc/profile ] && [ -e /etc/bashrc ]; then139 TMOUT=`cat /etc/profile | grep HISTTIMEFORMAT | grep TMOUT`140if [ -n ${TMOUT} ]; then141echo"/etc/profile的超时时间设置情况为:${TMOUT}" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt142 FORMAT=`cat /etc/bashrc | grep export | grep HISTTIMEFORMAT`143if [ -n ${FORMAT} ];then144echo"/etc/bashrc的设置为${FORMAT}" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt145else146echo"/etc/bashrc不存在对应配置" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt147fi148else149echo"/etc/profile⽂件不存在对应配置" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt150fi151else152echo"不存在/etc/profile⽂件以及/etc/bashrc⽂件" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt153fi154155156echo"----------------------------" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt157echo"[2]检查系统磁盘状态" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt158 DF=`df -h | awk'NR!=1{print $5}' | awk -F[\%] '{print $1}'`159for i in $DF160do161if [ $i -ge 80 ];then162 flag=1163else164 flag=0165fi166done167if [ $flag = 1 ];then168echo"系统磁盘使⽤率⼤于80%" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt169else [ $flag = 0 ]170echo"系统磁盘状态⼩于80%" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt171fi172173echo"----------------------------" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt174echo"[3]检查是否禁⽌匿名FTP访问" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt175if [ -e /etc/vsftpd.conf ];then176cat /etc/vsftpd.conf | grep"anonymous_enable=NO"177if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then178echo"/etc/vsftpd.conf⽂件有设置:anonymous_enable=NO" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt179else180echo"不符合规范,需编辑/etc/vsftpd.conf⽂件,设置:anonymous_enable=NO" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt 181fi182else183echo"未找到/etc/vsftpd.conf⽂件" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt186echo"----------------------------" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt187echo"[4]检查是否修改FTP banner 信息" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt188if [ -e /etc/vsftpd.d/vsftpd.conf ];then189 BANNER=`cat /etc/vsftpd.d/vsftpd.conf | grep ftpd_banner | grep -F[=] awk'{print $1}'` 190if [ -n ${BANNER} ];then191echo"banner信息为${BANNER}" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt192else193echo"未设置banner信息" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt194fi195else196echo"未找到/etc/vsftpd.d/vsftpd.conf⽂件" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt197fi198199if [ -e /etc/ftpaccess ];then200cat /etc/ftpaccess | grep"banner /path/to/ftpbanner"201if [ -e -eq 0 ];then202echo"/etc/ftpaccess⽂件中已经设置banner路径" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt203else204echo"/etc/ftpaccess⽂件中未设置banner路径" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt205fi206else207echo"不存在/etc/ftpaccess⽂件" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt208fi209210echo"----------------------------" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt211echo"[5]检查是否关闭不必要的服务" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt212 SERVICE=`ps -ef`213echo"系统服务情况为${SERVICE}" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt214 SER_LIST=`systemctl list-units -all --type=service`215echo"服务有${SER_LIST}" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt216if [ -e /etc/xinetd.conf ];then217echo"在/etc/xinetd.conf⽂件中禁⽌不必要的基本⽹络服务" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt 218else219echo"未找到/etc/xinetd.conf⽂件" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt220fi221222223echo"----------------------------" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt224echo"[6]检查系统core dump状态" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt225if [ -e /etc/security/limits.conf ];then226cat /etc/security/limits.conf | grep \* | grep soft | grep core | grep0227if [ $? -eq 0 ];then228cat /etc/security/limits.conf | grep \* | grep hard | grep core | grep0229if [ $? -eq 0 ];then230echo"/etc/security/limits.conf符合安全配置" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt231else232echo"/etc/security/limits.conf未安装规范进⾏设置" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt 233fi234else235echo"/etc/security/limits.conf未安装规范进⾏设置" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt 236fi237else238echo"未找到/etc/security/limits.conf配置⽂件" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt239fi240241echo"----------------------------" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt242echo"[7]检查系统补丁" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt243 OS=`uname -a`244echo"系统版本情况为${OS}" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt245246247248echo"----**⽤户账号配置**----" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt249echo"[1]检查是否存在⽆⽤账号" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt250passwd=`ls -l /etc/passwd | awk'{print $1}'`251if [ "${passwd:1:9}" = "rw-r--r--" ]; then252echo"/etc/passwd⽂件权限为644,符合规范" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt253else254echo"/etc/passwd⽂件权限为${passwd:1:9},不符合规范" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt 255fi256 PASSWD_U=`cat /etc/passwd | awk -F[:] '{print $1}'`257echo"查看是否存在⽆⽤账号:${PASSWD_U}" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt258259260echo"----------------------------" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt261echo"[2]检查不同⽤户是否共享账号" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt262 PASS=`cat /etc/passwd | awk -F[:] '{print $1}'`263echo"cat /etc/passwd结果为${PASS}" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt264 #查看所有账号,与管理员确认是否有共享账号265266echo"----------------------------" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt267echo"[3]检查是否删除或锁定⽆⽤账号" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt268 NOlogin=`cat /etc/passwd | grep nologin | awk -F[:] '{print $1}'`269echo"shell域中为nologin的账户有${NOlogin}" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt270271272echo"----------------------------" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt273echo"[4]检查是否存在⽆⽤⽤户组" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt274 GROUP=`ls -l /etc/group | awk'{print $1}'`275echo"/etc/group⽂件权限为${GROUP}" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt276 GROUP_U=`cat /etc/group | awk -F[:] '{print $1}'`277echo"/etc/group⽤户组有${GROUP}" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt278279281echo"[5]检查是否指定⽤户组成员使⽤su命令" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt282if [ -e /etc/pam.d/su ];then283 SUFFI=`cat /etc/pam.d/su | grep auth | grep sufficient | grep pam_rootok.so`284 REQUIRED=`cat /etc/pam.d/su | grep auth | grep required | grep group=`285echo"是否指定⽤户组成员情况为${SUFFI}\n${REQUIRED}" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt286else287echo"未找到/etc/pam.d/su配置⽂件" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt288fi289290291292echo"----------------------------" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt293echo"[6]检查密码长度及复杂度策略" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt294if [ -e /etc/pam.d/system-auth ];then295 passComplexity=`cat /etc/pam.d/system-auth | grep"pam_pwquality.so"`296 passucredit=`cat /etc/pam.d/system-auth | grep"pam_pwquality.so" | grep -e ucredit | awk'{print $4}'` 297 passlcredit=`cat /etc/pam.d/system-auth | grep"pam_pwquality.so" | grep -e lcredit | awk'{print $5}'` 298 passdcredit=`cat /etc/pam.d/system-auth | grep"pam_pwquality.so" | grep -e dcredit | awk'{print $6}'` 299 passocredit=`cat /etc/pam.d/system-auth | grep"pam_pwquality.so" | grep -e ocredit | awk'{print $7}'` 300echo"密码复杂度策略为:${passComplexity}" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt301echo"密码复杂度策略中设置的⼤写字母个数为:${passucredit}" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt302echo"密码复杂度策略中设置的⼩写字母个数为:${passlcredit}" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt303echo"密码复杂度策略中设置的数字个数为:${passdcredit}" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt304echo"密码复杂度策略中设置的特殊字符个数为:${passocredit}" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt305else306 ehco "不存在/etc/pam.d/system-auth⽂件" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt307fi308309echo"----------------------------" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt310echo"[7]检查是否对⽤户远程登录进⾏限制" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt311cat /etc/securetty | grep"#" | grep tty312if [ $? -eq 0 ];then313echo"注释掉所有tty设备" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt314else315echo"未注释掉所有tty设备" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt316fi317318 RootLogin=`cat /etc/ssh/sshd_config | grep PermitRootLogin | awk'{print $2}'`319if [ "${RootLogin}" == "yes" ];then320echo"/etc/ssh/sshd_config中PermitRootLogin配置为yes" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt321else [ "${RootLogin}" == "no" ]322echo"/etc/ssh/sshd_config中PermitRootLogin配置为no" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt323fi324325326327echo"----------------------------" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt328echo"[8]检查是否配置加密协议" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt329 SSH=`ps -elf | grep ssh`330echo"ssh服务状态为${SSH}" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt331if [ -e /etc/ssh/sshd_config ];then332cat /etc/ssh/sshd_config | grep"Host*" | grep"Protocol 2"333if [ $? -eq 0 ];then334echo"/etc/ssh/sshd_config⽂件符合安全配置" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt335else336echo"/etc/ssh/sshd_config⽂件中未找到相应配置" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt337fi338else339echo"未找到/etc/ssh/sshd_config⽂件" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt340fi341342343echo"----------------------------" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt344echo"[9]检查是否配置密码的⽣存期" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt345if [ -e /etc/login.defs ];then346 passmax=`cat /etc/login.defs | grep PASS_MAX_DAYS | grep -v ^# | awk'{print $2}'`347 passmin=`cat /etc/login.defs | grep PASS_MIN_DAYS | grep -v ^# | awk'{print $2}'`348 passlen=`cat /etc/login.defs | grep PASS_MIN_LEN | grep -v ^# | awk'{print $2}'`349 passage=`cat /etc/login.defs | grep PASS_WARN_AGE | grep -v ^# | awk'{print $2}'`350echo"⼝令⽣存周期天数为: ${passmax}" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt351echo"⼝令更改最⼩时间间隔为天数为:${passmin}" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt352echo"⼝令最⼩长度天数为:${passlen}" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt353echo"⼝令过期告警时间天数为:${passage}" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt354else355echo"未找到/etc/login.defs配置⽂件" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt356fi357358echo"----------------------------" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt359echo"[10]检查⽤户缺省访问权限" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt360 fileumask=`cat /etc/login.defs | grep -i umask | awk'{print $2}'`361if [ -n $fileumask ]; then362echo"/etc/login.defs⽂件的umask的值为:${fileumask}" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt363else364echo"/etc/login.defs⽂件未配置umask值" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt365fi366367368echo"----------------------------" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt369echo"[11]检查passwd group⽂件安全权限" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt370371grep ^+: /etc/passwd /etc/shadow /etc/group372if [ $? -eq 0 ];then373echo"低于安全要求" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt374else375echo"符合安全要求" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt377passwd=`ls -l /etc/passwd | awk'{print $1}'`378echo"/etc/passwd⽂件权限为${passwd:1:9}" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt379 ETC_group=`ls -l /etc/group | awk'{print $1}'`380echo"/etc/group⽂件权限为${passwd:1:9}" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt381382 igroup=`lsattr /etc/group | grep i`383if [ "$igroup" = "i" ]; then384echo"/etc/group⽂件存在i属性⽂件" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt385else386echo"/etc/group⽂件不存在i⽂件属性" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt387fi388 ipasswd=`lsattr /etc/passwd | grep i`389if [ "$igshadow" = "i" ]; then390echo"/etc/passwd存在i属性⽂件" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt391else392echo"/etc/passwd不存在i⽂件属性" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt393fi394395396echo"----------------------------" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt397echo"[12]检查是否存在除root之外UID为0的⽤户" >> /tmp/check/${str}_out.txt398 uids=`awk -F[:] 'NR!=1{print $3}' /etc/passwd` #NR!=1意思的除了第⼀⾏不显⽰。
系统管理试题
系统管理试题1、你公司使用Red Hat Linux 9.0作为Web服务器,安装了Apache在Internet上提供信息浏览服务。
请问Apache在这个Linux系统上属于(D )。
(选择一项)a. 内核b. 运行期库和系统程序c. shelld. 实用程序2、你是Linux系统管理员,在/root下编写一个脚本文件showenv。
你运行此脚本,命令如下:./showenv PWD结果显示错误提示如下:bash:./showennv:权限不够于是你运行命令ll showenv显示如下:-rw-r—r-- 1 root root 155 6月 19 09:58 showenv你想实现只有自己可以运行此脚本,而其他帐户不能运行,你需要运行命令(D)。
(选择一项)a. Chmod u x showenvb. Chmod g x showenvc. Chmod o x showenvd. 以上命令都不能实现3、 Linux shell提供了可用于编写脚本程序的功能,对于Linux的很多日常管理功能,可以使用脚本程序来完成,下列关于脚本的概念叙述正确的是(A\D)。
(选择二项)a. 脚本的内容以文本形式存储,运行之前不需要编译就可执行b. 脚本的内容以文本形式存储,运行之前必须经过编译才可执行c. 脚本程序一般比二进制程序运行速度快d. 脚本能够处理大量重复性的系统工作,提高管理员工作效率4、你是Linux系统管理员,运行命令mount –t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom。
随后又运行几个命令,其中包含umount /mnt/cdrom,但不包含mount 命令。
你还运行命令history,其中部分显示如下:103 mkdir /mnt/cdrom104 mount –t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom…你想再次访问光驱,应该运行命令(C )。
(选择二项)a. 单击一次上箭头b. !mountc. !104d. Mount /mnt/cdrom5、你用vi编辑器编写了一个脚本文件shell.sh,你想将改文件名称修改为shell2.sh,下列命令(B)可以实现。
linux iperf使用方法
linux iperf使用方法Iperf is a popular open-source network tool used to measure the maximum network bandwidth between two endpoints. It is widely used for network performance testing and troubleshooting. In this article, we'll explore how to use iperf on Linux and discuss some of the common options and arguments.1. Installation:Iperf is available in the official repositories of most Linux distributions. You can use the package manager to install it. For example, on Ubuntu or Debian-based systems, you can use the following command:```sudo apt-get install iperf```2. Basic Usage:The basic usage of iperf involves running an iperf server on one end and an iperf client on the other end. Here are the steps to perform a basic iperf test:- Start the iperf server on the target machine:```iperf -s```This command starts the iperf server and waits for incoming connections.- Run the iperf client on the source machine:```iperf -c <server-ip>```Replace `<server-ip>` with the IP address or hostname of the machine running the iperf server. This command will initiate a connection to the server and start transmitting data.- Wait for the test to complete:The client will display the test results, including the measured bandwidth and other statistics.3. Setting the test duration:By default, iperf runs a test for 10 seconds. If you want to change the test duration, use the `-t` option followed by the desired duration in seconds. For example, to run a test for 30 seconds, use the following command:```iperf -c <server-ip> -t 30```4. Changing the port:By default, iperf uses TCP port 5001 for communication. If you want to use a different port, use the `-p` option followed by the desired port number. For example, to use port 8000, use the following command:```iperf -c <server-ip> -p 8000```5. Testing UDP:By default, iperf uses TCP for communication. If you want to test UDP instead, use the `-u` option. For example:```iperf -c <server-ip> -u```UDP testing can be useful to measure network jitter, packet loss, and other metrics relevant to real-time applications.6. Changing the buffer size:Iperf uses a default buffer size of 8 KB. If you want to change the buffer size, use the `-w` option followed by the desired buffer size in bytes. For example, to use a buffer size of 16 KB, use the following command:```iperf -c <server-ip> -w 16K```7. Testing bidirectional bandwidth:By default, iperf measures the bandwidth from the client to the server. If you want to measure the bandwidth in both directions, use the `-d` option. For example:```iperf -c <server-ip> -d```This command will perform a bidirectional test and display theresults separately for each direction.8. Displaying more detailed statistics:By default, iperf displays summary statistics. If you want more detailed statistics, use the `-i` option followed by the desired interval in seconds. For example, to display statistics every 2 seconds, use the following command:```iperf -c <server-ip> -i 2```These are some of the basic usage examples of iperf on Linux. Iperf provides many more options and functionalities that can be explored by referring to the official documentation or using the `iperf --help` command to display the available options and their descriptions.。
英语词汇_电气_控制_设备等
1、气与控制技load test and short-circuit test (短路)plug g ing反接制与反向interm ittent periodic duty 反复短工作制feedback control 反控制feedback loop 反回路lum inous intensity 光度distributed capacitance 分布容split phase m otor 分相机fractional horsepow er m otor 分力机nonlinear control system非性控制系nonlinear (circuit) elem ent 非性(路)元件nonlinearity 非性second class load 二荷rated condition 定工况rated value 定short-tim e duty 短工作制short circuit current 短路流short circuit 短路series resonance 串振transducer 感器(器)m ag netic core 磁心m ag netization curve 磁化曲m ag netic field 磁m ag netic field streng th 磁度m ag netic saturation 磁和m ag netic hysteresis loop 磁滞回m ag netic flux 磁通量m ag netic flux density 磁通密度superconductor 超体uninterrupted duty 期工作制prog ram m ed control 程序控制stepping m otor 步机parallel resonance 并振differentiation protection 差保tachog enerator 速机protective circuit 保路open loop control 控制apparent pow er 表功率com parator 比器nom inal value 称speed g overning by frequency convertion 速speed g overning by pole chang ing极速am pere-turns 安匝safety voltag e 安全sem iconductor devices 半体器件thyristor 半体开关元件sem iconductor 半体(absolute)m ag netic perm eability ()磁率current rating (of cable) [ 的] 流量breaking capacity (of a sw itching device or a fuse)[开关器的或熔断器的]分断能力auxiliary circuit(of a sw itching device) [开关器的] 助路alternating com ponent (of a pulsating voltag e or current)[脉或流的]交流分量direct com ponent(of a pulsating voltag e or current)脉或流的]直流分量TTL circuitPI TTL路PI reg ulatorPID 器PID reg ulatorPD 器PD reg ulator 器m ain circuit 主路neutral point 中性点m edium frequency 中active pow er 有功功率active elem ent 有源元件first class load 一荷hard m ag netic m aterial 硬磁材料direct control 直接控制direct coupling直接耦合rem ote control 遥控sine w ave 正弦波rectiffication 整流illum inance 照度operational am plifier 运算放大器load rate 用荷率piezoelectric effect 效selector 器oxidation stability 氧化定性coupling M OS 耦合M OS circuit 路linear control system性控制系linear(circuit)elem ent 性(路)元件linearity 性g as protection 瓦斯保reactive pow er 无功功率passive elem ent 无源元件eddy current 流synchronous speed 同步速on-load factor 通持率m icrom otor 微机differentiator 微分路reg ulated pow er supply 源voltag e stabilizing circuit 路sequential order of the phases,phase sequence 相序phase 相位(位相,相角)phase displacem ent 相位移tem perature rise 温升connection diag ram of w inding s 圈w indingservo system随系detuning失distortion 失真dig ital integ rated circuit 数字集成路dig ital display 数字示dig ital quantity 数字量capacitive reactance 容抗third class load 三荷three-phase and three-w ire sysyem三相三制three-phase and four-w ire system三相四制soft m ag netic m aterial 磁材料therm o-electric effect 效therm al stability 定性therm istor 敏阻servom otor 伺服机servo m echanism伺服机构output 出input 入flashover,arc-overD filp flop D触器DTL circuit DTL路log ic circuit 路excitation 励磁(激磁)contravariant 逆bus,busbar 母(流排)continuous control 控制continuous system系interlockconnection sym bol 号torque m otor 力矩机analog quantity 模量potential drop of internal resistance 内阻降w hirling speeds 界速full loadpulsating current 脉流pulsating voltag e 脉pulser,pulse g enerator 脉冲生器puncture test 耐ideal inductor 理想感器ideal resistor 理想阻器ideal voltag e source 理想源ideal capacitor 理想容器ideal current source 理想流源ideal am plifier 理想放大器ideal transform er 理想器tem perature classification,therm al stability classification 耐等filtering,filtration 波discrete system离散系zero-sequence protection 零序保load,charg e (荷)inductosyn 感同步器induced voltag e 感inductive reactance 感抗hig h frepuency 高photoelectric effect 光效overcurrent protection 流保overvoltag e protection 保m ains frequency 工pow er factor 功率因数constant control system恒控制系phasing核相(定相)g low discharg e 光放fundam ental w ave 基波integ rator 分路m utual induction 互感com m utation 向chang e-over sw itching接parasitic capacitance 寄生容detector 装置relay protection 保skin effect 集肤效coercive force 力dem odulation 解dielectric loss 介耗contact voltag e 接触contact resistance 接触阻earth fault 接地故障g round device 接地装置resistance of an earthed conductor,earthing resistance 接地阻cut-off 截止partial discharg e 局部放insulation resistance 阻absorptance(absorption ratio) of insulation resistance 阻的吸收比step vlotag e 跨步prog ram m able log ic controllers 可程序控制器no-load test 空noload operation 空运行open-circuit voltag e 开路open loop control 开控制diam ag netism抗磁性control circuit 控制器shielded cable 屏蔽g as chrom atog raph test 气相色g as conduction 气体air g ap 气隙sig nal circuit 信号路sm all-pow er m otor 小功率机resonance 振harm onic 波im pedance 阻抗optim um control 最控制autonom ous control 自治synchro,selsyn 自整角机autom atic reclosing equipm ent 自重合autom atic protection device 自保装置autom atic control 自控制autom atic control system自控制系autom atic reg ulating system自系slip 差率electric circuit 路electric current 流bridg earm ature reaction 枢反voltag e,electric potential difference (位差)electric corona,corona,corona discharg e (放)pow er supply 源electric fieldelectrom ag netic w ave 磁波electrom ag netic induction 磁感electrom otive forceinductor 感圈electric arc 弧electric spark 火花electrolytic corrosion 解腐dielectric 介reactance 抗clearance 气隙electronic approach sw itch 子接近开关conductanceequivalent electric circuit 等效路earth,g round 地speed reg ulation,speed g overning速speed g overning system速系rang e of speed reg ulation 速范speed g overning by voltag e reg ulation 速m odulation 制am plitude m odulation 幅frequency m odulation2、IEC室品Abrasion test 磨Apparatus for burning test (vertical and horizontal) 水平垂直燃Apparatus for production testing of hand tools for live w orking手工具Apparatus for w inding a flexible pipe管弯折Appliance couplers test equipm ent (various) 各接器Autom atic & m anual production test equipm ent - for final control自/手品-出厂控制Ball-pressure test apparatus球装置Bending equipm ent for conduits管路弯折Bum p test冲Burning test, horiz. 燃(水平)Cable test apparatus (various)各Draining current m easuring equipm ent 耗流Drip proof test(special) 淋浴Drop test 跌落Dust cham ber 防箱Dynam om eters 功率Earth bond resistance tester Earthing resistance test appliance接地阻Electric resistance of non-m etallic m aterials非金属材料的阻Gaug es and sim ilar m echanical checking devices量或似装置Electrode arrang em ents极装置Flexing test equipm ent 弯折Fum e cupboard (protective cabinet) 防罩Flexing test apparatus for cables弯折装置Flam e hoods 燃罩Endurance test appliance for plug s插寿命Equipm ent for testing refrig erators 冰箱Endurance test appliance 寿命Gaug es for appliance inlets Gaug es for finished lam ps灯具量Gaug es for lam pholders灯座量Hot w ire ig nition test 引燃Hipot testers Hot m andrel test apparatus高机Hig h voltag e test appliance 耐Hig h frequency spark g enerator高火花生器Hig h current transform ers 高流送器Hig h current arc ig nition test 大流起弧Heating tests高温Heating cabinets 高温箱Hand held show er手持花洒Ground continuity testers 接地阻Gaug es for plug s and sockets插插座量Hum idity cham bers 横湿箱Gaug es for starters机量Im pact balls 冲球Glass vessel for m icrow ave oven testing微波炉的玻璃容器Im pact ham m ers 冲Glow-w ire test apparatus灼Im pact w eig ht apparatus Inductive loads 感J et nozzles嘴Lam pholder testing apparatus (various) 各灯座Kit bunsen burner/needle flam e test燃套件(本申/焰)Leakag e current test appliance泄露流Laboratory pow er supply w ith isolation and reg ulation 可控分离室源Loading w eig hts (various) 各重Laboratory stablized pow er supply unit源Lum inaries testing equipm ent (various)照明M easuring equipm ent for testing sw itches and socket-outlets (w ith DPM)开关和插插座M eg ohm eter 兆欧表M echanical resistance testing apparatus for el.Irons M echanism us for burning tests (vert. And horiz.)水平或垂直燃机架Needle flam e burners焰燃工具Needle flam e m iniature burner微型焰燃工具Surg e test circuit 浪涌Needle flam e tester焰Resistance loads 阻Scratch test equipm ent 刮擦Pow er sources源Probe for m easuring surface tem perature表面温度探Pendulum ham m erPlug s for endurance tests of socket-outlets插插座寿命Needle flam e therm om eter焰温度表Plug s and socket test equipm ent(various)各插插座Splash testing apparatus 水Pendulum im pact test apparatus冲Spray apparatus, tubes水Solderability test apparatus 可性的Standard test enclosure准附件Tem perature during operation,m easuring equipm ent 温度Therm ocouples偶Tem perature m easurem ent 温度Test apparatus for IP tests IPTorque test equipm ent 扭力Test fing er nail 指甲Test panes for hob elem ents燃气炉Test fing ers指Torsion apparatus 扭Test hookTracking index apparatus漏起痕Test knifes刀模W ater evaporator 水蒸器Test pin 真Tum bling barrel筒装置Test probe探Variacs Vessel for testing induction hotplates的容器3、修理corrective m aintenance 改善修理back repair rate 返修率stepped(sizing) repair 分修理decentralized m aintenance system分散修理制w aste and ung raded product and back repair loss 次品及返修失unscheduled m aintenance tim e 非定修periodic repair task 定期修理作periodic repair 定期修法location accuracy 定位精度transm ission accuracy 精度revision of overhaul plan 大修划修改assesm ent of overhaul plan 大修划考核overhaul planning大修划制basis of overhaul plan 大修划依据fulfilm ent rate of overhaul plan 大修划完成率im plem entation of overhaul plan 大修划施overhaul cost 大修用overhaul cost 大修成本构成overhaul cost analysis 大修成本分析fulfilm ent rate of overhaul cost 大修成本完成率overhaul g uarantee 大修保修interval betw een overhauls, overhaul cycle 大修周期g uarantee system of overhaul quality 大修量保体系overhaul quality evaluation 大修理量定overhaul quality control 大修理量控制overhaul,capital repair 大修assem bly repair 部件修理法partial repair 部分修理法com pensation m ethod 法production prog ram of spqre parts 件生划stand-by or redundancy system份或冗余系standard-size repair m ethod 准尺寸修理法“eig ht steps”m ethod 八步法repeat location accuracy 重复定位精度m iddle repair 中修system w ith m aintainable standby parts 有可修份的系rem ote m aintenance 距离修preventive m aintenance 防修scheduled m aintenance tim e 定修predictive m aintenance 知修(状修)quality system量体系quality 量deferred m aintenance 逾期修netw ork planning网划m aintenance skill training修技培m aintenance interval, uptim e 修隔(正常运行)econom ic analysis of m aintenance activities 修活的分析m aintenance w orker 修工人m aintenance protection 修防m aintenance shop 修m aintenance prevention 修防m aintenance cycle 修周期m aintenance tim e 修synchronous repair 同步修理法repair dow ntim e 停修item repair 修(目修理)repair on com m ission 外委修理(TPM)total production m aintenance system全参加的生修制controlled m aintenance 受控修life cycle m aintenance 寿命周期修hot repair 修repair schedule of equipm ent 修理划acceptance check for equipm ent repair 修理收quarterly repair schedule of equipm ent 季度修理划technical check of equipm ent 技考核equipm ent overhaul plan 大修划m onthly repair schedule of equipm ent 月度修理划equipm ent m aintenance plan 修划three essential factors of equipm ent m aintenance 修三要素item repair plan of equipm ent 修划annual repair schedule of equipm ent 年度修理划breakdow n m aintenance 事后修理first-aid repair修accuracy of m achine tool after overhaul 大修机床精度rolling (circulation) plan 划M IS m aintenance 管理信息系修process capacity index 工程能力指数w orking accuracy 工作精度recovery repair 恢复性修理rotational accuracy of m achine tool 机床旋精度m achine repair shop 机修(分厂)m aintenance m echanic 机修技工m echanical repair m ethod 机械修复法instantaneous efficiency of m achinery 机械的瞬效率interchang e m ethod 互法inspectioncentralized m aintenance system集中修理制g eom etric accuracy 几何精度seasonal repair 季性修理repair out of plan 划外修理scheduled m aintenance 划修planned preventive m aintenance system划修制planned repair 划修理contact accuracy 接触精度em erg ency repair task 急修理作m achining and fitting m ethod on the spot 就地加工修配法precision index 精度指数accuracy standard 精度准precision retaining ability 精度保持性precision reserve 精度fine repair 精修fine repair m echanic 精修技工econom ic accuracy 精度balancing precision g rade 平衡精度等m ean tim e to repair(M TTR), m ean repair tim e 平均修理m inor repair 小修fitting m ethod 修配法repair link 修配repair specification 修理任repair rasks dispatch 修理施工度repair tim e, shutdow n tim e 修理dow ntim e quota for equipm ent repair 修理停歇定repair facilities 修理用repair quality 修理量repair quality index 修理量指repair quality plan 修理量划repair quality assessm ent 修理量考核repair sym bols 修理repair cost assessm ent 修理成本考核repair size 修理尺寸repair quota 修理定repair cost quota 修理用定repair schem e 修理方案repair m anhour quota 修理工定repair m anhours assessm ent 修理工考核repair technolog y 修理工m aintenance eng ineering truck 修理工程m aintenance tool 修理工具repair tim e lim it assessm ent 修理工期考核repair assessm ent 修理考核inspection before repair 修前m easuring and draw ing before repair 修前inquiry before repair 修前service after repair 修后服optim um repair cycle 最修理周期assem bly accuracy 装配精度electric repair shop 修(分厂)m aintenance electrician 修技工repair cost accounting for sing le equipm ent 台修理用核算adjustm ent m ethod 整法adjusting link 整4、管理probability 概率(几率)variance 方差decentralized m aintenance 分散修dynam ic testpow er facilities m anag em ent 力施管理duct-proof and protective equipm ent m anag em ent 除、防管理sam pling investig ation 抽dom estic production m anag em ent of im ported spare parts 件国化管理standard deviation 准偏差budg et of installation 安装算m achine contracting system包机制reg ulation of check and lubrication before on shift 班前与滑制度shift relief system[]交接班制度《Equipm ent M anag em ent Reg ulation》《管理条例》(《条例》)repair [ ]修理m aintenance (and repair) [ ] 修key-point investig ation 重点m anag em ent of key-point equipm ent 重点管理key-point equipm ent 重点liability accident 任事故exponential distribution 指数分布histog ram直方prepaym ent and collection 付与托收承付prophylactic test 防性prevention first 防主orthog onal desig n 正交法(正交法)norm al distribution 正分布transportation vehicle m anag em ent system运管理制度three g uarantees of quality 量“三包”accident due to quality 量事故m anag em ent reg ulation of pressure vessel 力容器管理制度m ean tim e to failure 无故障运行W eibull distribution 威布分布idle equipm ent m anag em ent 置管理制度idle plant 置statistical analysis 分析m aintainability 修性m aintenance inform ation m anag em ent 修信息管理com bination of service and planned m aintenance 与划修相合random event 随机事件num erical control (NC) equipm ent m anag em ent 数控管理three-level service system三保养制m athem atical expectation 数学期望m athem atical m odel 数学模型m athem atical statistics 数理technical facilities in production 生技装production equipm ent 生life cycle cost (LCC) 寿命周期用m ang em ent reg ulation of lubricant w arehouse 滑油管理制度com m odity inspection 商(商品)com bination of desig n, m anufacturing and operation 、制造与使用相合investig ation on plant 研reliability reliability theory 的可靠性与可靠度energ y saving property of plant 的能性facility inspection and appraise throug h com parison for plant 的比plant check system点制度environm ental protection property of plant 的保性com plete set of plant 的成套性safety of plant 的安全性productivity of plant 的生率durability of plant 的耐用性flexibility of plant 的灵活性equipm ent condition m onitoring and diag nostic technolog y m anag e 状与断技管理equipm ent condition m anag em ent systen 状管理制度total plant m anag em ent 合管理dynam ic m anag em ent system of plant assets 管理制度plant leasing租preparation system before equipm ent repair 修前准制度m an-hours quota for equipm ent repair 修理工定expense quota for equipm ent repair 修理用定m aterial quota for equipm ent repair 修理材料定acceptance reg ulation of equipm ent repair quality 修理量收制度equipm ent m odel 型号type of equipm ent 型式econom ical life of equipm ent 寿命operation and business m anag em ent system管理制度technical docum ent of plant 技档案technical conditions of equipm ent 技状况technical condition m anag em ent of plant 技状管理m anag em ent system for technical docum ent and file of plant 技料管理制度technical properties of plant 技性能technical life of equipm ent 技寿命specialized cooperation of plant m aintenance 修化作planning and m anag em ent reg ulation of plant m aintenance 修划管理制度plant m aintenance plan 修划plant m aintenance specification 修程plant m aintenance quality 修量desig n and construction of equipm ent foundation 基与施工m anag em ent of equipm ent order contract 合同管理feasibility studies of plant project 划可行性分析investm ent plan of plant 划perform ance of plant 功能(效能)operational capability of plant 工作能力exam ination and check system s of plant m anag em ent 管理考核制度econom ic responsibility reg ulation of plant m anag em ent 管理任制度post standard of plant m anag em ent 管理位准plant m anag em ent system s 管理制度dow ntim e quota for equipm ent repair 管理停歇定(停歇天数)plant eng ineering m odernization 管理代化plant m anag em ent, plant eng inerring管理fixed plant assets m anag em ent system s 固定管理制度equipm ent failure 故障plant renew al m anag em ent 更新管理制度plant renew al 更新plant replacem ent 更post responsibility of plant m anag em ent 位任equipm ent m odification m anag em ent system改造管理制度plant reconstruction, plant m odernization 改造classified m anag em ent of plant 分管理operation reg ulation w ith fixed qualified operator and fixed eq 定人定机、凭操作定“five disciplines”of plant operation 操作的“五律”operation specification of equipm ent 操作程m anag em ent reg ulation of equipm ent spare parts 品配件管理制度m anag em ent reg ulation of equipm ent spare parts inventory 件房管理制度to quote plant price 价discard of plantequipm ent installation m anag em ent 安装管理equipm ent installation 安装tours system to inspect plant 巡回制度to enquire plant price 价plant m odel selection 型acceptance check and reception system s of plant 收交接制度statistic-reporting system of plant 表制度technical docum ent and date for plant m aintenance 修技料m anag em ent reg ulation of plant m aintenance technolog y 修技管理制度equipm ent m aintenance quota 修定equipm ent service specification 程unit account of plant 台equipm ent perfectness norm完好准plant in g ood condition 完好claim s for equipm ent 索specifications of usag e 使用程inform ation feedback m anag em ent in initial operation period of pl使用初期信息反管理m anag em ent reg ulation for operation and service of equipm ent使用与管理制度life-cycle m anag em ent of plant 全程管理life of equipm ent 寿命lubrication m anag em ent reg ulation of plant 滑管理制度“five fixation” of lubrication 滑“五定”accident m anag em ent reg ulation of plant 事故管理制度three do not let pass of plant accident 事故“三不放”plant accident 事故reg ion responsibility system of plant m aintenance 区域修制fore period and later period m anag em ent of plant 前期管理和后期管理reg ulation of fore period m anag em ent of plant 前期管理定w ear com pensation for plant 磨plant ag eing老化arithm etic m ean 算平均(均)coercionary service system制保养制effect coefficient of investm ent投效果系数econom ic m anag em ent system of plant 管理制度excellence selection activity in plant m anag em ent管理活Pareto chart 排列(帕累托)load test 荷breakdow n tim e 故障停机technolog ical adaptability 工适性supervision of eng ineering facilities 工程理m anag em ent of proccess-control-point equipm ent 工序控制点管理contract chang e and cancellation 合同更与解除com bined m aintenance 混合修reg ression analysis 回分析interval betw een inspections 隔期socialization of m aintenance 修社会化centralized m aintenance 集中修technical advancem ent 技先性com bination of technical m anag em ent and econom ic m anag em ent 技管理与管理相合com puter-aided plant m anag em ent 算机助管理P)planned preventive m aintenance system划修制度(ЛЛFOB of im ported equipm ent 口离岸价im ported equipm ent m anag em ent 口管理CIF of im ported equipm ent 口到岸价precise,larg e scale,rare plant 精、大、稀m anag em ent of precise,larg e scale,rare equipm ent 精、大、稀管理“five fixed” of precise,larg e scale,rare,critical equipm e 精、大、稀、关的“五定”econom y 性static test 静open-case inspection 开箱averag e deviation 平均偏差m ean w aiting tim e,M W T 平均等待repair cycle 修理周期structure of repair cycle 修理周期构com bination of repair, m odernization and renew al 修理、改造与更新相合com plexity coefficient of repair 修理复系数tim e betw een repairs 修理隔期leased equipm ent m anag em ent system租管理制度tim e value of fund 金的价natural accident 自然事故self-m ade equipm ent 自制m anag em ent system for selfm ade equipm ent 自制管理制度self-m ade spare parts m anag em ent system自制件管理制度com bination of professional m anag em ent and m ass m anag em ent管理与群众管理相合transfer of facility ()typical investig ation 典型areal (departm ental) repair center 地区(部)修理中心recovery ratio of used oil 油回收率perfectness ratio of pow er plant 力完好率fulfillm ent ratio of periodic service 定期保养完成率m ean dow ntim e(days) due to overhaul 大修理平均停歇天数perfectness ratio of key-point equipm ents 重点完好率qualification ratio under first acceptance check 一次交合格率availability of plant in use 在用可利用率utilization ratio of installed equipm ents 已安装利用率annual profit ratio per 10000 yuan fixed assets 万元固定年利率m aintenance expense for 1000 yuan production value 万元占用修用installation ratio of ow ned equipm ents 有安装率com prehensive utilization ratio of plant 合利用率added value rate of plant assets 增率capital investm ent recovery period of plant 投回收期new ness deg ree of plant 新度profit ratio vs net book value of plant 利率utilization ratio of planned tim e of plant 划台利用率constitution ratio of plant 构成比load rate of plant 荷率back repair rate 返修率utilization ratio of institutional tim e of plant 制度台利用率idelness ratio of plant 置率plant capital investm ent recovery ratio 投回收率capital investm ent recovery period of plant 投出比perfectness ratio of plant 完好率plant daily service fulfillm ent ratio 日常保养完成率incident frequency 事故率utilization ratio 利用率dow n tim e ratio to accident (failure) 事故[故障]停机率fulfillm ent ratio of cleaning and oil chang e plan 清洗油划完成率m ean repair cost per com plexity coefficient of repair 每个修理复系数平均大修理成本m aintenance expense per repair com plexity coefficient 每个复系数占用修用industrial increase value ratio per 10000 yuan fixed assets 每万元固定工增加率failure intensity 故障度failure frequency 故障率perfectness ratio of critical equipm ents 关完好率perfectness raito of precise,larg e scale and rare equipm ents 精大稀完好率availability 可利用率(有效利用率)m ean dow n tim e,M DT 平均停机m ean tim e betw een failture 平均故障隔期,平均无故障工作fulfillm ent ratio of repair plan 修理划完成率。
linux中iastool指令
linux中iastool指令iastool是Linux系统中的一个命令行工具,用于诊断和分析Intel x86架构处理器的性能和功耗。
它提供了一种简单的方式来获取和解释性能计数器的数据,帮助开发人员优化代码并了解应用程序的行为。
iastool命令的基本语法如下所示:```iastool [-r <run_duration>] [-c <count>] [-F <output_format>]<metrics>```其中,可用的选项包括:- `-r <run_duration>`:指定运行iastool的时长,以秒为单位。
- `-c <count>`:指定每个度量指标的采样计数。
- `-F <output_format>`:指定输出格式,支持格式有:csv、html、json和text,默认为text。
- `<metrics>`:指定要采集和输出的指标名称,可以是多个指标,以空格分隔。
以下是一些常用的iastool指令和相关参考内容:1. 获取基本的性能计数器数据信息:```iastool cpu/info```该命令用于获取处理器的基本信息,如处理器型号、内核数目和线程数目等。
2. 获取指定时长内的平均CPU时钟频率:```iastool power/avg-frequency -r 10```该命令用于获取指定时长内的平均CPU时钟频率,单位为MHz,默认时长为1秒。
3. 获取指定时长内的功耗数据:```iastool power/energy -r 10```该命令用于获取指定时长内的功耗数据,单位为mWh,默认时长为1秒。
4. 获取指定时长内的指令数和周期数:```iastool cpu/insts -r 10iastool cpu/cycles -r 10```这些命令用于获取指定时长内的指令数和周期数,帮助开发人员了解代码的执行效率。
简历熟悉linux系统的常见命令
简历熟悉linux系统的常见命令As an AI language model, I can provide you with a detailed explanation of common Linux commands, but I am not capable of being emotional or revealing that I am a machine. However, I can still offer you a comprehensive overview of Linux commands from multiple perspectives.1. Introduction to Linux:Linux is an open-source operating system that is widely used in various fields, including servers, embedded systems, and personal computers. It provides a command-lineinterface (CLI) where users can interact with the system using various commands. Understanding and being familiarwith Linux commands is crucial for efficient system administration, troubleshooting, and general usage.2. File and Directory Operations:One of the fundamental aspects of Linux is managingfiles and directories. Commands like `ls`, `cd`, `mkdir`,`cp`, `mv`, and `rm` are commonly used for listing files, changing directories, creating directories, copying files, moving files, and deleting files respectively. These commands allow users to navigate the file system, organize files, and perform various file operations.3. Process Management:Linux allows users to manage processes effectively. Commands like `ps`, `top`, `kill`, and `bg` are useful for monitoring running processes, terminating processes, and managing background processes. These commands provide insights into system resource usage, allow users toprioritize processes, and handle process-related issues.4. System Administration:Linux commands also play a crucial role in system administration tasks. Commands such as `sudo`, `apt`, `yum`, and `systemctl` are commonly used for managing user privileges, installing and updating software packages,managing services, and configuring system settings. These commands enable system administrators to maintain system security, install necessary software, and ensure smooth system operation.5. Networking:Linux provides a wide range of networking commands that facilitate network configuration, troubleshooting, and monitoring. Commands like `ifconfig`, `ping`, `netstat`,`ssh`, and `wget` are widely used for network interface configuration, testing network connectivity, displaying network statistics, remote login, and downloading files from the internet. These commands are essential for network administrators and users who rely on network services.6. File Permissions and Users:Linux has a robust file permission system that allows users to control access to files and directories. Commands such as `chmod`, `chown`, and `chgrp` are used for changing file permissions, ownership, and group ownershiprespectively. Additionally, commands like `adduser` and`passwd` are used for managing user accounts and passwords. Understanding and effectively using these commands is crucial for maintaining system security and managing user access.In conclusion, Linux commands are essential for various aspects of system administration, file management, process management, networking, and user management. Familiarity with these commands enables users to efficiently navigate the Linux environment, troubleshoot issues, and perform necessary tasks. Whether you are a system administrator, developer, or general Linux user, mastering these commands will greatly enhance your productivity and effectiveness in working with Linux systems.。
意法半导体环境传感器集成到Linux Android操作系统的应用指南说明书
AN4503应用笔记环境传感器:用于Android的硬件抽象层作者:Adalberto Muhuho / Lorenzo Sarchi 前言本应用笔记为将意法半导体环境传感器(气压、湿度、紫外线传感器)成功集成到Linux/Android操作系统提供指南。
2016年3月DocID026411 Rev 1 [English Rev 3]1/26目录AN4503目录1文档概述. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.1Android传感器HAL概述 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.1.1内核 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.1.2传感器库 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.1.3应用框架 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52测试环境/生态系统 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.1将传感器连接到PandaBoard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.2Ubuntu 13.04环境的特定设置 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.3构建Android KitKat-4.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.3.1下载软件包 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.3.2使用需要的补丁 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3.3编译源码 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3.4烧写image文件到PandaBoard SD卡 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Linux内核空间. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.1环境概述 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.1.1I²C总线初始化补丁 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.1.2I²C_board_info结构补丁 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.1.3platform_data示例 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.1.4重建内核之后 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.2驱动描述 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.2.1如何编译和安装设备驱动 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.2.2从Linux用户空间控制设备驱动 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143.3权限设置 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163.4驱动的输出数据 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163.4.1数据位置 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163.4.2用于读取数据的应用样例 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164Android传感器HAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184.1概述 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184.1.1传感器库 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184.2文件 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2/26DocID026411 Rev 1 [English Rev 3]AN4503目录4.3如何编译和安装Android传感器HAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185为测试构建简单apk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 6故障排除 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237关键字 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247.1术语和缩略语 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 8版本历史 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25DocID026411 Rev 1 [English Rev 3]3/26文档概述AN4503 1 文档概述本文档描述如何将意法半导体环境传感器集成到Linux/Android系统。
linux 标准dma 测试指令 -回复
linux 标准dma 测试指令-回复Linux是一个开源操作系统内核,具有强大的性能和可定制性。
DMA (Direct Memory Access,直接内存访问)是一种技术,用于在计算机系统中实现数据传输,它可以提高性能,减少处理器的负担。
本文将介绍Linux中标准的DMA测试指令,以帮助读者了解如何在Linux系统中进行DMA测试。
DMA允许外设(例如网络适配器、磁盘驱动器等)直接与系统内存进行数据传输,而不需要CPU的直接干预。
这样,CPU就可以处理其他任务,而不必等待数据传输完成。
在Linux中,可以通过多种方式进行DMA测试,包括标准的Linux DMA接口和一些特定的工具。
1. 安装必要的软件在进行DMA测试之前,首先需要安装一些必要的软件包。
常用的软件包有dmatest、stress-ng和perf等。
在大多数Linux发行版中,可以使用包管理器来安装这些软件包。
sudo apt-get install dmatest stress-ng perf这些软件包提供了一些基本的DMA测试工具和性能分析工具。
2. 使用dmatest进行基本DMA测试dmatest是一个简单但强大的工具,用于进行基本的DMA测试。
它可以模拟DMA传输并测试系统的性能。
首先,需要加载dmatest内核模块。
sudo modprobe dmatest然后,使用以下命令运行dmatest。
sudo dmatest -c 1这将执行一次DMA传输,并打印出测试结果。
dmatest还提供了许多选项,可用于自定义测试。
例如,可以指定传输的大小、数量、方向和目的地等。
3. 使用stress-ng进行高负载DMA测试stress-ng是一个全面的系统压力测试工具,可以用于测试系统在高负载情况下的性能。
它可以通过模拟多种负载类型,包括DMA负载,对系统进行测试。
首先,需要加载stress-ng内核模块。
sudo modprobe stress-ng然后,使用以下命令运行stress-ng。
Synway CTI Linux Driver Installation Manual
Synway Voice BoardSynway Information Engineering Co., LtdContents Contents (i)Copyright Declaration (ii)Chapter 1 Driver Installation (1)1.1 Brief Introduction (1)1.2 Driver Installation Package (1)1.3 Driver Installation Procedure (1)1.4 Directory Structure (5)1.5 Writing PBX Model to DST A Board (7)Chapter 2 Driver Uninstallation (8)Appendix A Technical/sales Support (9)Copyright DeclarationAll rights reserved; no part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, without prior written permission from Synway Information Engineering Co., Ltd (hereinafter referred to as ‘Synway’).Synway reserves all rights to modify this document without prior notice. Please contact Synway for the latest version of this document before placing an order.Synway has made every effort to ensure the accuracy of this document but does not guarantee the absence of errors. Moreover, Synway assumes no responsibility in obtaining permission and authorization of any third party patent, copyright or product involved in relation to the use of this document.Chapter 1 Driver Installation1.1 Brief IntroductionThis document describes how to use CTILinux 5.3.22 and above versions for those people who need to install the driver for any voice board from Synway in a Linux operating system.1.2 Driver Installation PackageTo help users get basic information about the CTILinux driver installation package for Synway boards, the package is named by certain rules. The name of a driver installation package consists of several fields. Take the name of the CTILinux 5.3.22 driver installation package CtiLinux5.3.22-2.6.32-220.el6.i686-SMP-i686.tar.bz2 for example. The first field ‘CtiLinux5.3.22’ indicates the package version is 5.3.22; the second and third fields ‘2.6.32-220.el6.i686’ are kernel version which indicates this package can only be used in this Linux kernel version; the fourth field ‘SMP’ indicates this driver can only run on a PC with multi-core CPU (by default a single-core system is supported); the fifth field ‘i686’ indicates the required PC architecture is i686.1.3 Driver Installation ProcedureStep 1:Login to the system (users with root access only).Step 2:Copy the driver installation package‘CtiLinux5.3.22-2.6.32-220.el6.i686-SMP-i686.tar.bz2’ from the CD to your currentdirectory.Step 3:Execute the command ‘tar -xjvf CtiLinux5.3.22-2.6.32-220.el6.i686-SMP-i686.tar.bz2’to decompress the compressed file and create the directory‘CtiLinux5.3.22-2.6.32-220.el6.i686-SMP-i686’.Step 4:If you have already installed a driver of the same version and have configured it properly, go to the directory ‘/usr/local/lib/shcti/ver5.3.22/tools’ first to backup the configuration file ShConfig.ini; otherwise this file will be overlaid. Then run install.linux under the directory ‘CtiLinux5.3.22-2.6.32-220.el6.i686-SMP-i686’ to start the auto installation, including auto loading of the driver itself (at the first time of driver installation, the installation script will automatically check the models of all boards on the machine and load corresponding driver module; after that, the machine will automatically load the driver module every time upon it starts). During the installation procedure, you will be asked whether to install the IPR driver. Install it if necessary. And in the final step, you will be asked whether to use the default settings in the file ShConfig.ini.The following information will appear in the course of installation.Figure 1-1 Installation ProcedureEnter ‘yes’ to apply the default settings and you can see the figure below.Figure 1-2 Apply Default SettingsPress ‘Enter’ twice to complete the default configuration and you can see the figure below.Figure 1-3 Successful InstallationIf the installation succeeds, skip Step 5 and Step 6; if it fails, you shall refer to Step 5 and Step 6 to install the driver manually. After the driver installation, a folder ‘shcti’ will be created under the directory ‘/usr/local/lib/’ to store driver-related files (For the detailed file structure, refer to 1.4 Directory Structure).Note: The driver will automatically load and configure the board. So the initial configuration file you get is always with the default settings. However, the file ShConfig.ini varies for different boards and therefore needs to be modified in a real practice according to the board model and the serial number. If you are not familiar with the driver provided by Synway, we suggest you to run the configuration tool ShCtiConfig under ‘/usr/local/lib/shcti/ver5.3.22/tools’. The configuration tool ShCtiConfig in Linux operating system has almost the same interface and functions as ShCtiConfig.exe in Windows operating system. Below is the main interface appearing after the launch of ShCtiConfig. Click on the button ‘Default’ and then the button ‘Apply’ on the interface to complete the default setting. Then copy the configuration file ShConfig.ini which has been well configured to your application directory.In a Linux operating system which has GUI, you can also run PreShCtiConfig_gtk under the directory ‘/usr/local/lib/shcti/ver5.3.22/tools’ to configure in the same way as you run ShCtiConfig.exe. If you have already installed the SynCTI driver in Windows operating system and configured it properly, you can directly copy the configuration file ShConfig.ini to your application directory in Linux operating system.Figure 1-4 Interface of ShCtiConfigStep 5:If the auto installation fails, please first check if the machine has boards installed or if the boards have been recognized properly. Use the command ‘lspci’ to check and you may see such information as follows.04:00.0 Computer telephony device: PLX Technology, Inc. Device 0068 (rev 0b)Then under the directory‘CtiLinux5.3.22-2.6.32-220.el6.i686-SMP-i686/Linux/lkm/k2.6.32-220.el6.i686’(k2.6.32-220.el6.i686 is the Linux kernel version), execute the command ‘rmmodshdpci.ko’ to unload the driver for boards with PCI bus, and ‘insmod shdpci.ko’ to load the driver again for boards with PCI bus; execute the command ‘rmmod shdusb.ko’ to unload the driver for boards with USB bus, and ‘insmod shdusb.ko’ to load the driver again for boards with USB bus. Note that you’d better remove the USB device before uninstalling the USB module as well as after installing the USB module,Step 6:Use the command ‘lsmod’ to check if there is information displayed in the Module list to tell the driver has been installed successfully, such asModule Size Used byshdpci 613911 0Step 7:Upon a successful installation of the driver, the device file pci9000-XXXXX in which XXXXX indicates the board serial number will be created under the directory ‘/dev/shd/’.Step 8:To run the CUI test program, directly execute the command ‘./test’ under the directory ‘/usr/local/lib/shcti/ver5.3.22/tools/’; to run the GTK GUI test program, directly execute the command .’/Test_gtk’ under the directory ‘/usr/local/lib/shcti/ver5.3.22/tools/’.Step 9:When you are running your own applications, don’t forget to load the path of the configuration files (ShConfig.ini, ShIndex.ini).Key Tips:(1) For the detailed description of configuration files and items in the driver program,refer to Chapter 3 ‘SynCTI Driver Configuration’ in SynCTI Programmer's Manual.(2) Make sure to load kernel module files every time before running the Synway boardapplication program. Go to the directory of a specified kernel version under ‘lkm’ andexecute the command ‘insmod shdpci.ko/shdcpci.ko’. What’s more, you may modifythe setting of ‘/etc/rc.local’ (add to the end the command of loading corresponding kofile, such as ‘insmod /usr/local/lib/shcti/ver5.3.22/lkm/k2.6.32-220.el6.i686/shdpci.ko’)to enable the automatic loading of kernel modules upon each start of your Linuxsystem. If the kernel module files already exist and don’t need modifying, they will beloaded automatically.1.4 Directory StructureAfter the driver installation, the directory structure is as follows.Structure of the directory ‘/usr/local/lib/shcti’:firmware Symbol linkage to bin filesver5.3.22Driver filesStructure of the directory ‘ver5.3.22’:out/Directory of configuration files, storing shared library fileslkm/Subdirectory of loadable kernel modulefirmware/bin filescpld_lib/Tool for writing correct models to DST A series boardsss7/Directory of SS7 Servertools/Tool for testing and configurationsvninfo.log/Logging that the driver package is supported by which driven codesetup.log/Detailed information about every file for driver installationuninstall.linux Driver uninstallation scriptFile list under the directory ‘/usr/local/lib/shcti/ver5.3.22/tools’:z ShConfig.ini Board configuration filez ShIndex.ini Configuration file for a form where voice files are listed by indexz CasTool_gtk Tool gtk for recording the code and bit streams from the digital station tapboard, Version 2.4 (having the same interface and functions as CasTool inWindows )z ShCtiConfig New configuration toolz PreShCtiConfig_gtk Old configuration tool, Config gtk, Version 2.4z Test CUI testing toolz Test_gtk Testing tool, Test gtk, Version 2.4Shared library files under the subdirectory ‘out’:z libBmpUtil.so.5.3.22 Graphic processing component for faxingz libIsdnUser.so.5.3.22 ISDN user side processing componentz libMtp3.so.5.3.22 SS7 MTP3 componentz libshdpci.so.5.3.22 Hardware driver program for the voice board with PCI interface z libShInitPci.so.5.3.22 Board model and licensed number querying componentz libm537.so.5.3.22 Compiling BIN file for IP boardz libshdusb.so.5.3.22Hardware driver program for the voice board with USB interface z libshpa3.so.5.3.22 API componentz libSs7Server.so.5.3.22 SS7 sever scheduling componentz libTcpClnt.so.5.3.22 SS7 client-to-server communication component (TCP/IP)z libTcpServer.so.5.3.22 SS7 server-to- client communication component (TCP/IP)z libDSTDecode.so.5.3.22Digital station tap board componentz libSccp.so.5.3.22Signaling connection control partz libTcap.so.5.3.22Transaction control application partz libshpcmhandle.so.5.3.22Transcoding component for PCM filesz libH323.so.5.3.22 H.323 message processing componentz libSynSip.so.5.3.22 SIP signaling processing componentz libuserno7.so.5.3.22 SS7 client without using Synway boardsDirectory of SS7 Server:z ss7d SS7 server under the console (Execute the command ‘./ss7d -g’ to run the GUISS7 server under the console)z Ss7Cfg Configuration tool for GUI SS7 serverz Ss7Server.ini Configuration file for SS7 serverDirectory of DEMO (The demo software package is provided on demand):z PBX_Analog Using analog boards to simulate PBX test programz PBX_Digital Using digital boards to simulate PBX test programz Fax Basic faxing test programz Recorder Basic recording and playback test programz Recorder_ATP Monitoring and recording test program for analog trunk phone lines z Recorder_DST Digital station tap board test programz Recorder_DTP Monitoring and recording test program for digital E1 linesz RecPlayUseMemBlock Via-memory double-buffer recording and playback test programz Call_demo Call-in test program1.5 Writing PBX Model to DST A BoardGo to the directory ‘/usr/ local/ lib/ shcti/ ver5.3.22/ cpld_lib/’ and execute the followingcommands../cpld_demo --settype=PBXtype --SN =serialNum./cpld_demo -s PBXtype -S serialNumFor example, if you want to write the Alcatel PBX to the board numbered 99999, run one of the following commands../cpld_demo --settype=alcatel --SN=99999./cpld_demo -s alcatel -S 99999Chapter 2 Driver UninstallationTo uninstall the driver automatically, execute the script ‘uninstall.linux’ under the directory‘/usr/local/lib/shcti/ver5.3.22/’. To uninstall the driver manually, follow the steps below.Step 1:Close both the board and user application programs as well as the ss7d program when necessary.Step 2:Run the command ‘rmmod shdpci’ or ‘rmmod shdusb’ (according to your board model). Step 3:Execute the command ‘lsmod’ to check if the driver has been uninstalled successfully. In case of success, the item ‘shdpci’ will not appear in the displayed command execution results.Step 4:Execute the command ‘rm –rf shcti’ to delete the ‘shcti’ folder under the directory ‘/usr/local/lib’.Appendix A Technical/sales Support Thank you for choosing Synway. Please contact us should you have any inquiry regarding our products. We shall do our best to help you.HeadquartersSynway Information Engineering Co., Ltd/9F, Synway D&R Center, No.3756, Nanhuan Road, Binjiang District,Hangzhou, P.R.China, 310053Tel: +86-571-88860561Fax: +86-571-88850923Technical SupportTel: +86-571-88864579Mobile: +86-189********Email:***********************Email:**********************MSN:**************************Sales DepartmentTel: +86-571-88860561Tel: +86-571-88864579Fax: +86-571-88850923Email:****************。
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UMLinux-A Tool for Testing a Linux System’s Fault ToleranceHans-Jörg HöxerUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergInstitut für Informatik3Martensstr.391058Erlangen Germanyhshoexer@rmatik.uni-erlangen.deKerstin BuchackerUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergInstitut für Informatik3Martensstr.391058Erlangen Germanykerstin.buchacker@rmatik.uni-erlangen.deVolkmar SiehUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergInstitut für Informatik3Martensstr.391058Erlangen Germanyvolkmar.sieh@rmatik.uni-erlangen.deAbstractWhen setting up servers it would often be nice to know,how these systems will react tohardware-failures such as a defect harddisk,random access memory,network interface orsimple power failure.Will data be lost or corrupted or will the system simply not be accessiblefor clients for some time?The silent corruption of data without any error messages,for example,is a worst case scenario for database systems.It would be nice to be able to test,if a system designed to continue delivering services even inthe presence of faults will indeed do so.We have implemented UMLinux,a User Mode Linux which can be used for realistic fault injection experiments to help answer the above questions.In order to be as close to reality as possible,our UMLinux implements kernel memory protection and runs the complete virtual1machine(including operating system and all processes)as a single process on the(real)host.Ofcourse,UMLinux is binary compatible with the host,so all binaries which run on the host alsorun on UMLinux(without recompilation).The system we want to examine is set up using virtual UMLinux machines.For mostLinux-distributions we can use the out-of-the-box installation routine to install the virtualmachine directly from cdrom.The virtual hardware,such as random access memory size,hard-,floppy-and cdrom-drives as well as network-interfaces can be configured freely within thelimits posed by the resources available on the host.When the virtual server system is up and running,the fault injector can be configured to injectfaults into the virtual hardware.We can currently inject bitflips into CPU-registers and mainmemory,defect bytes on any kind of block device and network send and receive failures.The whole setup is currently controlled via a graphical user frontend.We are working toimplement a script-driven automatic experiment controller.1.IntroductionThis paper presents UMLinux,a tool for testing the fault tolerance behavior of networked machinesrunning the Linux operating system.UMLinux is in some ways similar but by no means identical to JeffDike’s User Mode Linux UML[Dike01].The tool simulates a system of Linux machines.The simulated hardware can be made to fail and thereaction of Linux and/or applications running on top of Linux can be observed.The simulationenvironment is made available by porting the Linux operating system to a new"hardware"—the Linuxoperating system!The basic principles are similar to those known from Jeff Dike’s User Mode LinuxUML[Dike01].Due to the binary compatibility of the simulated and the host system,any program thatruns on the host system will also run on the simulated machine.A tracer process paired with each simulated machine injects faults via the ptrace interface.Thisinterface allows complete control over the simulator process,including access to registers and memoryas well as to arguments and return values of input/output operations.Thus,the virtual hardware can bemade to fail in a number of possible ways,including hardware faults in computing core and peripheraldevices of a single(virtual)machine as well as faults external to machines,such as faults in(virtual)external networking hardware.Because of its fault injection capabilities and the fact that it is software-based(no faults are injected intoany real hardware),UMLinux can count among the software implemented fault injection(SWIFI)tools,such as MEFISTO[JARO94],VERIFY[SiTB97],CrashMe[Carr96],Fuzz[MKLM95],FERRARI2[KaKA92],MAFALDA[RSFA93],a fault-injector based on the ptrace interface[Sieh93],FIAT[BCSS90],Xception[CaMS95],and Ballista[KrKS98],all of which are presented in a little more detailin[BuSi01].UMLinux has a number of advantages over traditional SWIFI tools which are explained in[BuSi01].The tool will be used in the European DBench Project[dben01]for dependability benchmarking ofLinux systems.For information about the implementation of UMLinux please refer to[BuSi01].1.1.Current and Planned CapabilitiesCurrent capabilities of a single virtual machine include running a number of different out-of-the-boxLinux distributions in a non-graphical mode.X support is currently very basic since we do not yet havemouse support.The framebuffer X server is able to run locally.The virtual machines all have fullnetworking capabilities.Faults can be injected into the virtual hardware and information from the faultinjector can be logged to afile.A prototype experiment controller exists which can simulate keyboardinput and evaluate the console output of a virtual machine.We plan to implement full mouse and X support in the near future.This will include a virtual graphicscard with configurable on-board graphics memory.Another ongoing project is the separation of virtualhardware and kernel parts with the goal to use as much of the original kernel as possible.Ourfirstapproach was simply to add new drivers for our virtual hardware to the original kernel.Since we want touse the original drivers,we will need to implement something that acts like the hardware the originaldriver was written for.We have already done this with the keyboard controller and are currently workingon accomplishing the same thing with the IDE subsystem.It is possible that some of the virtual hardware(such as onboard chipsets/controllers)will in fact run as separate processes.This is a good model forcontrollers,since the Linux driver simply sends commands to the controller and expects/evaluates theanswers.To be able to use UMLinux for testing and fault injection experiments we need an experimentcontroller which allows full automization of a testrun.The experiment controller should be able to sendany kind of"commands from the environment",such as characters typed at the keyboard,mousemovements,cdrom-eject-button push etc.to the virtual machine which should then react accordingly.The virtual machine should be able to send all kinds of logging output to the experiment controller forevalutation.This kind of logging output could include console output(this is already implemented)orinformation about menus or highlighted parts in X as well as information from the tracer/fault injector.2.Differences between UMLinux and Jeff Dike’s UMLAtfirst sight,the UML described in[Dike01]has a number of similarities with the user mode port ofLinux we present in this paper.When taking a closer look,major differences become clear.3er Mode ProcessesOne major difference is,that in[Dike01]a design decision was made,to map every UML process onto aseparate process in the host system.From the latter follows,that parts of the information any operatingsystem must keep for each process will not be kept by the UML kernel,but by the kernel of the hostsystem.Of course,information kept by the host kernel will not be affected by faults injected into thevirtual main memory of the UML kernel,with the result,that injected memory faults cannot affect allprocesses(as would be the case in a real world system).In our UMLinux implementation the simulatedmachine(including its operating system and all the processes running on it)is therefore implemented asa single real process.2.2.Kernel Memory ProtectionAnother big difference is,that UML[Dike01]does not yet implement kernel memory protection.Thiswill cause differences in behavior to a real Linux kernel,when user processes write into the kernelmemory space maliciously or due to an injected fault.In a real Linux kernel,illegal access of kernelmemory space by a user process will usually crash the user process,whereas the kernel memory remainsintact.In UML—because of the missing kernel memory protection—the kernel memory will also becorrupted.Therefore,to make UMLinux behave like a real Linux,we had to implement kernel memoryprotection.2.3.Console and XA virtual machine running under UMLinux uses a low level console-driver similar to the other consoledrivers found in linux/drivers/video/.All driver output is sent to the frontend,which acts like aconsole and displays a special console window for each virtual machine.UML on the other hand[Dike01]uses xterm as default console for the virtual machine(a number of other different terminalscan be configured).The termios functions are used for transmitting data to the terminal.UMLinux will be using an adapted framebuffer device to run the XF86_FBDev X server locally on thevirtual machine.The implementation is already running for one kernel and we are currently working onintegrating it into the other kernels.Mouse support is still missing but is planned for a future release.UML runs XNest,the nested X server available from The XFree86Project,Inc.(/),locally as a server on the virtual machine.XNest behaves like a client to the Xserver on the real machine,so for this setup to work,the real and virtual machines must be connected viaa(virtual)network.Of course the same setup can also be used with UMLinux.3.Fault InjectionThis section explains,how the fault injection of hardware faults is implemented in UMLinux.We do nothave a closer look at system configuration faults,as these are trivially injected by copying the faulty4configurationfiles onto the system.To inject faults into the virtual hardware,those parts of the simulator implementing the hardware must be accessed.This can be achieved via the ptrace interface.All system calls can of course be modified to implement fault injection,but those system calls implementing the UMLinux hardware are most important for injecting(UMLinux)hardware faults.To minimize the overhead,the tracer intercepting and diverting the system calls,also handles the fault injection.The tracer reads the faults to be injected from afile when the simulator starts.A configured fault becomes active at the time given in thefile.Once one or more faults are active,the appropriate actions must be taken to inject the fault.puting Core Faults.Memory faults include transient bit-flip and permanent stuck-at faults.It is no problem to inject transient faults into the virtual machine.This is done by simply writing to the memory mappedfile which is the virtual machine’s RAM.Transient faults can only affect processes(including the UM kernel)on the virtual machine when they read from memory,but will be overwritten by write accesses to the faulty part.Permanent faults,which do not disappear after a write access to the faulty part,can be implemented by remapping the affected pages or(on up-to-date Intel hardware)using the user debugging registers provided by Intel processors.CPU faults include transient bitflips or permanent stuck-at faults in registers.An effect may be instructions skipped or wrong branches taken.Again,injecting transient faults is no problem,since a full copy of the register contents is passed to the tracer via the ptrace interface and modified register contents can be passed back to the simulator.To implement permanent faults,the register contents have to be checked and possibly modified after every single instruction executed by the simulator,which will lead to a higher overhead.This can be accomplished by single stepping the simulator.Faults injected into the computing core will affect both the UM kernel and all UM user processes on the given virtual machine,just as would be the case on a real machine.3.2.Peripheral Faults.Peripheral hardware access,such as harddisk,floppy or cdrom drive access is implemented using the open,close,read,write and lseek system calls.Thus the arguments of these system calls are checked to see if the faulty device is being accessed.If it is,the return value from a read or the data passed to a write is modified according to the fault definition,for example to implement several defect blocks on a harddisk.An inaccessible harddisk is implemented by modifying the return value of all above system calls to return an error.5To inject faults into the network interface,the arguments and return values of the appropriate systemcalls are modified.By modifying the return value of a recvfrom,for example,IP packets with faultyprotocol information or wrong checksums can be generated.Injecting permanent faults into peripheral devices does not incur such a high overhead as injectingpermanent faults into the computing core,since the simulator is stopped at every system call anyway,sothat the tracer can redirect the system call to the UM kernel if necessary.Additionally,only those systemcalls implementing UMLinux drivers need to be examined more closely when peripheral faults areactive.Those system calls redirected into the UMLinux kernel need not be manipulated to injectperipheral faults.3.3.External Faults.Depending on the setup,a power failure may affect a single or several machines.For all virtual machinesaffected by the virtual power failure,the tracer simply kills the corresponding processes by sending thema SIGKILL.Defects in virtual external networking hardware can be implemented by configuring the UM networkingprocess to behave like faulty networking hardware.This is a separate process which transparently passespackets between virtual and real machines and thus integrates the virtual network into the real network.By configuring the UM networking process to not forward packets to/from a certain machine,a brokencable leading to that machine can be simulated.Examples for other possible defects include a workinguplink but a broken downlink or missing or damaged network packets.3.4.Interrupt/Exception Faults.The tracer can intercept signals before they are delivered to the virtual machine as interrupts orexceptions.It is thus possible to inject"missing interrupt"faults,where an exception or an interrupt isnot generated even though this should have been the case.4.ExperimentsThis sections describes a simple example experiment conducted using UMLinux.The general setup ofthe example system is the following:System under test:DNS:domain name-server running bind.DB_WWW:web and database-server running Apache and MySQL.This virtual machine was equippedwith two harddisks,one containing the operating system and binaries(HD1),the other containing6the database and HTML-pages for the webserver(HD2).The contents of the database weregenerated automatically and consist of timestamped records each with a primary key.Two differentdatabases were used.One contained about2.7million entries(DB1),the other started out empty andwasfilled and emptied again during the testrun(DB2).Network:The virtual machines were connected by a virtual local network.Processor,memory,harddisk and network faults were injected into DB_WWW.The workload was generated by Perl-scripts running on an additional virtual machine(CLIENT).Twodifferent workloads were used.WL1230SELECT statements made via the webinterface accessing records evenly distributed throughoutthe database.WL2A series of100INSERT,followed by150SELECT and100DELETE statements(all randomlygenerated and submitted via the webinterface)was repeated twice on different record sets.The record sets to be read and written by the client were prepared in advance and known to the client,such that the client was able to recognize a faulty record returned by the server.Four different experiments were conducted,one for each type of fault,as described in the following list.The results are summarized in the next paragraphs.The results were extracted from client logfiles.Memory Faults:The faultload was a single transient bitflip of a randomly chosen bit in a randomly chosen byte ofmemory between0and32MB.An equal percentage of runs was made with activation times of150,200and250seconds.The workload and database used were WL2and DB2.282single runs wereconducted.Processor Faults:The faultload was a single transient bitflip of a randomly chosen bit in a randomly chosen register.An equal percentage of runs was made with activation times of150,200or250seconds.Theworkload and database used were WL2and DB2.447single runs were conducted.Harddisk Faults:The faultload consisted of permanent failures of2000consecutive blocks on the harddisk(HD2)containing the data.The activation time was200,the start block was randomly chosen on theharddisk.The workload and database used were WL1and DB1.726single runs were conducted.7Network Faults:The faultload consisted of transient failures of the network device of DB_WWW.Both send andreceive failures with durations from5to40seconds(with step of5)were injected,with activationtime being150seconds.The workload and database used were WL2and DB2.109single runs wereconducted.The server’s behavior was viewed from the client’s point of view and the errors observed were thereforeclassified into the following categories•faulty response(faulty record data)•delayed response•server error response(SER)•server crash or hangThe item SER corresponds to the HTTP-server returning some kind of error message,such as a"page notfound"message or error messages from the database server which are passed on to the client via theHTTP-server.The last item is a server crash or hang from the clients point of view,i.e.the client isunable to evoke a response from the server until the end of the testrun.Not all of these possible behaviorswere observed for each type of fault injected.The memory faults injected had no immediately visible effect on the server.We believe this is due to thefact that only a single fault was injected per testrun.We also did not try to target sensitive parts of thememory explicitly,since(apart from the memory location of the kernel)it is not possible to tell a prioriwhere i.e.the database-or webserver executables are located in memory at a certain time during thetestrun.This behavior has also been observed on real machines with a defect RAM,were the only visibleerrors occurring once in a while were some defectfiles on the harddisk(the reason for this being the factthat Linux buffers disk I/O,so a memory fault in one of the I/O buffers will affect what is written to disk).Figure1shows the percentage of different types of behavior observed in the example setup for theprocessor and harddisk faults.Figure1.Results of the Experiments(Faulty Runs Only)ProcessorFaulty runs: 23.9%Faulty runs: 22.2%8For86.1%of the testruns injecting processor faults,the client could not observe a faulty server behavior. For the23.9%of testruns with observable faulty behavior,the distribution is shown in the left part of Figure1.It is possible for several different errors to occur during a single testrun.The client completely lost connection with the server and could not regain it during this testrun(35.7%of the faults).For the client it is impossible to tell,whether the lost connection is due to an operating system crash of the server or crash of the webserver daemon only.In40.0%of the errors observed,the server returned an error message,saying,that it could not insert the data into the database.In22.1%of the cases no error message but a faulty record were returned.In the last2.1%the web server returned the message,that it was unable to connect to the database.Harddisk faults,since confined to HD2,could not affect the operating systems or database-and webserver binaries.Accordingly the clients never lost connection to the webserver,instead the webserver returned error messages when the data the client requested was inaccessible.Of the testruns performed,77.8% terminated without errors.The percentages of the errors observed in the other22.2%of the testruns are shown in the right part of Figure1.In about a quarter of the cases the web server returned an HTTP404 "page not found"error,the rest of the time faulty records were returned without any error messages. The experiment shows,that the worst case,i.e.undetectable errors,happens in,as we believe,anon-negligible percentage of the testruns.In the experiment setup,the clients knew which response to expect from the server and could therefore identify the faulty records returned.This is usually not the case in a real world system.Network faults only led to delayed server responses being observed by the clients.This is due to the fact, that the HTTP-exchange between client and server is layered on the fault-tolerant Transmission Control Protocol(TCP).The latter hides the retransmissions occurring due to the network failure from the application layer and the client only records a higher response time.The durations of the network faults were obviously not long enough to lead to TCP-timeouts.Figure2shows how the response times of the delayed responses(y-axis)relate to the fault duration(x-axis).The response times are sometimes much higher than the actual fault duration.This is due to the backoff and retry mechanism of TCP,which backs off for an increasing amount of time after an unsuccessful retry before trying again to connect.9Figure work Delay Times 05101520253035404550051015202530354045d el aye dresp o nseti m e s[sec ]fault duration times [sec]5.DemonstrationThe tool consists of several interacting processes.An abstract view of the tool is shown in Figure 3.Figure 3.Tool Overview10Thefigure shows the processes of the tool when two virtual machines(VM1and VM2)are started.Eachvirtual machine is paired with its tracer(T),which is also the fault injector.Every box is a single processon the host.The processes making up a VM-T pair(shaded background)must run on the same host,butother than that there is no restriction.If several physical hosts are available,it is convenient to balancethe load by starting VM-T pairs on different hosts.The close interaction of the tracer and the virtualmachine is symbolized in thefigure with a wide arrow.The narrow arrows show how the graphical frontend(GF)interacts with the virtual machines.The outputof each virtual console(VC)is sent to the frontend,where it can be viewed or saved.The frontend cansimulate users sitting in front of the virtual machines typing away at the keyboard,since the virtualkeyboard(VKB)is taking input from the frontend.The frontend must be started to use the UMLinux.The frontend can switch between the virtual machines,so a single instance is sufficient to control acomplete virtual system under test consisting of several virtual machines.When the frontend is started by the automatic experiment controller prototype(XP),it opens a remotecontrol connection for each virtual machine(RC1,RC2).The frontend then passes all console outputreceived by the virtual machines to the experiment controller,which may return keyboard input asappropriate.The demonstration will show the frontend controlling two UMLinux machines which are connected tothe same virtual network.We will show how UMLinux reacts to a failure of 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