一篇英文文献
英文文献综述标准范文
英文文献综述标准范文
A comprehensive review of English literature。
Introduction。
The field of English literature is vast and diverse, encompassing a wide range of genres, periods, and styles. A comprehensive review of English literature is essential for understanding the development and evolution of the discipline. This paper aims to provide a standard sample of an English literature review, covering key aspects of the field and highlighting important works and authors.
Historical overview。
English literature has a rich and complex history, with roots dating back to the early medieval period. The development of English literature can be traced through various literary movements, such as the Renaissance, Romanticism, and Modernism. Each period has its own distinct characteristics and themes, reflecting the social, political, and cultural context of the time.
英文文献综述的写法
英文文献综述的写法
Introduction:
英文文献综述指的是研究者对某个领域的文献资料进行梳理、筛选、
分析和归纳，从而形成一篇系统性而具有较高学术价值的综述性文章。英文文献综述的写法至关重要，本文将介绍其主要步骤和技巧。
Step 1: Topic selection
选择一个合适的研究主题是一篇英文文献综述的关键。在选择研究主
题时，研究者应注意以下几点：
-选择热门或前沿的研究领域或课题，有助于提高文章的关注度和学术贡献；
-选择熟悉的研究领域或课题，不仅能够减少阅读和分析文献的时间，还能够提高文章的深度和广度；
-选择适合的研究角度或视角，例如，可以从历史、理论、方法、应用等不同角度来分析和评价文献。
Step 2: Literature review
文献综述的核心是对已有文献进行综合、分析和评价。在文献综述的
过程中，研究者应注意以下几点：
-收集、阅读和筛选适合的文献，包括书籍、期刊、会议论文等；
-注重文献的质量和影响力，例如，选择被高影响因子期刊、权威机构出版的文献；
-注意文献的时效性和先进性，选择最近的文献，了解最新的研究进展和趋势；
-按照主题进行分类和组织文献，便于分析和综合文献。
Step 3: Data analysis
数据分析是文献综述的重要步骤之一，其主要任务是通过对文献的主题、内容、方法、结果等数据进行梳理和分类，从而得出研究领域或
课题的总体状况、特点和不足之处。在数据分析的过程中，研究者应
注意以下几点：
-对文献的数据进行归纳和分类，例如，按照主题、时间、地域、方法、研究对象等要素进行分类；
英文文献及翻译
英文文献
Substation system over-voltage protection technology
Second substation equipment over-voltage protection on electronic information system for the protection of core equipment for the construction of a protected both pressure and other potential system, and through all levels of over-voltage surge protectors of the current step by step into the land of China, Substation secondary safety equipment and reliable operation.
1 second over-voltage substation protection
In recent years, the substation communications, communications systems, protection systems, background management module frequent over-voltage damage, the main reason for this is weak and its related systems products over-voltage protection level is weak, or no guard against over-voltage Technical measures, the consequences for the safe operation of power grids bring about a greater negative impact. With integrated automation systems and automation systems such as communication systems in the substation weak secondary by the wider use of such electronic systems (equipment) components of the integrated more and more, the growing volume of information storage, speed and accuracy of the Increased and operates only a few volts, current information only microamp level, thus extremely sensitive to outside interference, especially the lightning and electromagnetic pulse, such as over-voltage tolerance is low. When thunder and lightning, such as over-voltage and accompanied by the electromagnetic fields reach a certain threshold, ranging from system failure caused, resulted in heavy equipment or permanent damage to its components. Despite the thunder and lightning viewpoint of electronic systems (equipment) is unlikely, but lightning strike near the land, buildings, communication and air supply line directly Leiyun discharge form, or because of electrostatic induction and the impact of electromagnetic induction formation of over-voltage, There might be connected to the power lines, signal lines or grounding system, through various interfaces to transfer, coupling, radiation and other forms of invasive electronic system (equipment) and lead to serious disturbances or incidents. Therefore, strengthening and improving the electronic system (equipment) protection, to minimize the impact of interference by lightning and other damage caused direct losses and indirect losses, has become the urgent need to solve the problem.
英文医学文献
英文医学文献
全文共四篇示例，供读者参考
第一篇示例：
Medical literature in English is a vast and diverse field that encompasses a wide range of topics, from basic biomedical research to clinical trials and case studies. It plays a crucial role in the advancement of medical knowledge and the improvement of patient care worldwide.
Another challenge of English medical literature is the potential for bias and misinformation. Not all research studies are of equal quality, and it is important for healthcare professionals to critically evaluate the evidence presented in medical literature before applying it to patient care. The
peer-review process, in which research articles are reviewed by experts in the field before publication, helps to ensure the quality and reliability of medical literature. However, it is still crucial for healthcare professionals to approach medical literature with a critical eye and a thorough understanding of research methods and study design.
英文文献一篇
一篇英文文献总结
This article presents a discussion of the role of family interventions in HIV/AIDS prevention and care. It is essential for researchers and practitioners to effectively manage family processes that modify risks and promote protective factors at all levels of prevention Demonstrate a push for family-focused prevention and management strategies that capture the increased incidence and prevalence of HIV,illness, and AIDS death among household members and their extended families
Implications for culturally appropriate HIV/AIDS family nursing practice
stigmatization of women,, marriage, child-rearing practices, health perceptions of illness and dying, inheritance practices, gender roles, religious practice
英文文献(原文)
Growth Retarding Effects of Paclobutrazol and RSW 0411 on
Granny Smith and Fuji Apple Trees
D. E. Irving and J.C.Pallesen
Levin Horticultural Research Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Private Bag,
Levin, New Zealand
Received July 18, 1988; accepted December 20, 1988
Abstrac t.T he growth retardants paclobutrazol (β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-
dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-l-ethanol) and RSW 0411 (β-(cyclohexyl methylene)-α-(1,1 -dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol) were tested on two-year-old trees of Granny Smith and Fuji apple. RSW 0411 at 100 mg/L did not cause any growth reduction in Granny Smith, while 500 and 1000 mg/L significantly reduced growth below that of the control
英文文献及翻译
Geotextile reinforced by soft soil
1. Introduction
Geotextile known, it has high tensile strength, durability, corrosion resistance, texture, flexibility, combined with good sand, to form reinforced composite foundation, effectively increase the shear strength , tensile properties, and enhance the integrity and continuity of soil. Strengthening mechanism for the early 60's in the 20th century, Henri Vidal on the use of triaxial tests found a small amount of fiber in the sand, the soil shear strength can improve the image of more than 4 times in recent years, China's rock Laboratory workers also proved in the reinforced sand can effectively improve the soil's bearing capacity, reduce the vertical ground settlement, effectively overcome the poor soil and continuity of overall poor performance. As with the above properties of reinforced soil and the characteristics of its low price, so the project has broad application prospects.
英文文献及翻译
Abstract
This thesis mainly elucidates the basic process and requirements that design of the combination machine. Combination machine is designed according the fundamental , which highly centralized ,or , more correctly it can process one working procedure or more different working procedures at one time . Combination machine was developed in the end of industrial production compared with traditional machine; combination machine has many advantages , such as high efficiency , high accuracy and low cost . It is composed of some general parts , such as bed ,column ,work able ,power unit ,and some special parts designed according to different work piece machining need.
英文文献参考
英文文献参考
在撰写英文论文时，参考文献的格式非常重要，通常采用APA格式。以下是一个英文参考文献的范例：
作者名. (出版年份). 书名. 出版社所在城市：出版社.
例如：
Sheril, R. D. (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead.
如果是两位作者以上合著的书籍，格式如下：
作者1姓，作者1名字首字母., & 作者2姓，作者2名字首字母.(年). 书名. 出版社所在城市：出版社.
例如：
Smith, J., & Peter, Q. (1992). Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an , ON: McMaster University Press.
如果是文集中的文章，格式如下：
作者名.(年). 文章题目. 期刊名(斜体). 第几期，页码.
例如：
Smith, J. (2007). The role of technology in education. Journal of Educational Technology, 45(3), 56-67.
如果是月刊杂志中的文章，格式如下：
作者名.(年). 文章题目. 月刊杂志名(斜体). 第几期，页码.
例如：
Jones, L. (2008). The impact of social media on society. American Journal of Social Media, 5(6), .
英文文献小短文(原文加汉语翻译)
A fern that hyperaccumulates arsenic(这是题目，百度一下就能找到原文好，原文还有表格，我没有
翻译)
A hardy, versatile, fast-growing plant helps to remove arsenic from contaminated soils
Contamination of soils with arsenic,which is both toxic and carcinogenic, is widespread1. We have discovered that the fern Pteris vittata (brake fern) is extremely efficient in extracting arsenic from soils and translocating it into its above-ground biomass. This plant —which, to our knowledge, is the first known arsenic hyperaccumulator as well as the first fern found to function as a hyperaccumulator— has many attributes that recommend it for use in the remediation of arsenic-contaminated soils.
英文文献及翻译
英文文献：
The application of e-commerce for SMEs
A great advantage of e-commerce is not only suitable for use in large enterprises, but also very beneficial to many small and medium enterprises. Relative to large enterprises, small and medium enterprises of human, financial, information technology, weak and small and medium enterprises to apply e-commerce is a new topic to be studied. Typically, the use of e-commerce has four types: information access, personal communication, shopping services, virtual enterprises.As e-commerce is a complex system engineering, it will use many new technologies, but the most important thing is the following: Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), bar codes, e-mail, Internet, WorldWideWeb, product data exchange and electronic form. The benefits of e-commerce use by SMEsFor small and medium sized e-commerce can give them to bring many new opportunities and challenges facing SMEs it can solve many difficulties and problems. The arrival of Internet for SMEs to open up a broader market space. As the information in the enterprise's competitive edge competitive play an increasingly important role, with e-commerce, information on SMEs and big business competition. Overall, the impact of electronic commerce for small and medium enterprises can be divided into the following areas: 1. Global markets, the competitiveness of SMEs traditional market can be strengthened; SMEs have more opportunities to sell the products to various countries and regions worldwide. 2. Market supply chain suppliers to provide design and engineering services required will increase; manufacturers will outsource more non-core businesses; customers will need more electronic communication for use in orders, billing and other business, when large customers that request, which will have a big impact the supply chain; customers will require their suppliers to provide more inventory management services, such as data warehouse and order management; manufacturers will continue to reduce the total number of suppliers; supply chain links between the companies will more closely. 3. Internal operations and process control with greater use of networked information technology and system integration technology, the company will improve communications and collaboration; will use more automated manufacturing technology for integrating external data and internal operations to provide greater opportunities, such as EDI and MRP systems integration; enterprises will reduce the number of employees, but will increase the workload of each employee; business operations
英文文献原文及翻译
外文文献翻译
学生姓名：周千琪论文题目：基于的图书管理系统
指导教师：武新丽技术职称：讲师
原文：
Visual Basic language and arithmetic
The summary of Microsoft Visual Studio
Microsoft Visual Basic (abbreviate VB) as tool the most of application program one of under Windows operating platform. No matter beginner or professional developer, VB has all offered a whole set of tools to them, Development application program that it can be relaxed and convenient. So VB as most computer first-selected the ABC of programming language of beginner.
" Visual" mean method to adopt visual user of development figure interface (GUI), need and write a large number of code go and describe interface appearance and position of element seldom, Tow and show controlling part that need corresponding position to get screen can help figure design interface, user of figure,; " Basic" means BASIC language, because VB is developed on the basis of already existing BAISC language.
一篇英文文献
一篇英文文献
Title: The Role of Social Media in Mental Health: A Comprehensive Review
Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive review of the role of social media in mental health. With the rise of social media platforms, people are increasingly turning to these platforms for various purposes, including mental health support. However, the impact of social media on mental health is complex and multifaceted. This review summarizes the current research on the subject, outlining both the positive and negative effects of social media on mental health.
Introduction: In recent years, social media has become an integral part of people's lives. It has transformed the way individuals interact, share information, and connect with others. Social media not only provides a platform for communication but also offers various functionalities that enable users to engage with content that is personally relevant and Interesting. However, with the increasing
英文文献
The Influence of Local Real Estate Management Policy
on Community Budgets
Sabina ŹRÓBEK, Poland
Director of Department of Land Management and Regional Development, University of
Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn
Abstract
Since 2004, the minister competent for construction, spatial and housing policy has been responsible for real estate management in Poland. On the local level this duty is imposed on governmental and local administration executive units. Within the community, spatial management is performed by the village–mayor, mayor or president of the town and it includes selling real estate, establishing fees for perpetual usufruct, partition of land, building technical infrastructure (electricity, water and gas), and enacting local land development plans among others responsibility. Some of these activities result in an increase of real estate value and revision of various taxes and fees.
英文文献
Chapter 1: General Introduction
“The impassioned orator, bard, or musician …with his varied tones and cadences … excites the strongest emotions in his hearers.” Charles Darwin, 1871
Everyday communication involves the expression and reception of numerous verbal and nonverbal cues. In spoken exchanges, at least two types of information can be conveyed (Crystal, 1969; Laver, 1994). One type is linguistic information used for a transactional purpose, essentially the “message-oriented” (Brown & Yule, 1983, p. 2) semantic content of the words and phrases used to express beliefs and ideas (i.e., what is said). A second is social-emotional information used for an interactional or paralinguistic purpose (i.e., how speech is said). The listener is provided with speaker- and situation- specific cues which serve to “…establish and maintain social relationships” (Brown & Yule, p. 3), and which can modify the social significance of the meaning of an utterance.
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Exploring the Potential of Micro Hydropower Systems in Urban Water Supply Systems.
Decision-Making and Optimum Management Using Harmony Search.
Ioannis KOUGIAS, Thomas PATSIALIS, Antigoni ZAFIRAKOU, Nicolaos THEODOSSIOU Department of Civil Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, yannis.kougias@, patsialis@civil.auth.gr azafir@civil.auth.gr, nictheod@civil.auth.gr Abstract:EU’s strategy towards hydropowe r energy production has turned to support small
-scale hydroelectricity. According to the 2012 EEA’s report, forthcoming EU policies in order to promote hydropower must be compatible with the WFD, minimizing the ecological impacts. This explains why the interest of those involved in hydroelectricity has been attracted by micro projects. Typically micro hydroelectricity refers to hydro-plants with a power capacity less than 100kW. Their main advantage is the negligible environmental impact in conjunction with a low installation cost. Moreover, the produced energy is low-voltage electricity. Thus, the produced energy can be either directly consumed or be directed to the National Grid, with a connection cost 4-5 times lower, compared to medium voltage. Micro hydros cooperate with various existing water-related infrastructure, offering a broad potential for investment. In the present paper the integrated solution of micro-hydro implementation in a water supply system is presented. Thus, the benefits of the network (with a constant water supply) are extended to energy production. Decision making and planning of such a project is complicated, involving environmental, hydraulic, technical and economical parameters. The optimum management of an application in Greece is presented, using Harmony Search Algorithm (HSA), a novel optimization technique. After a brief description of HSA, the generated model is presented in detail. By presenting the optimal solutions of the model, we prove that micro hydroelectricity can contribute much more in both the economy and the energy balance.
European Union’s policy for sustainable, secure energy supply is emphasized in the Green Paper (2003), which underlines the potential of hydroelectricity to play a very important role in both the economy and the energy balance. In addition to that, increasing the non-polluting renewable energy production is an important goal for the EU countries. EU has set ambitious climate and energy targets for 2020, known as “20-20-20” targets. The three k ey objectives for 2020 include a 20% reduction in EU greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 levels, an increase of the share of EU energy consumption produced from renewable resources to 20% and a 20% improvement in the EU's energy efficiency. The Renewable Energy Directive (2010) defines the national targets of the Member States for raising the share of renewable energy in their energy consumption by 2020. These targets reflect Member States' different starting points and potential for increasing renewable production and range from 10% (Malta) to 49% (Sweden). According to European Commission the national targets will enable the EU to reach its 20% renewable energy target for 2020. This percentage is more than double compared to the 2010 level (9.8%). These targets will also help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reduce the EU’s dependence on imported energy.
Key words: Micro-scale hydropower, renewable energy, water management, optimization, harmony search Advantages of Small – Scale Hydroelectric Projects
Micro hydros include projects with a capacity between 10KW and 100KW. Initially these projects have been constructed in the flow of the stream without the need of water storage. Because of their many advantages, the number of installations has considerably increased recently. Their negligible environmental impact and their low installation cost have attracted the scientific and invest ing interest. Besides, the total cost of a Micro Hydro installation is less than 200,000€. Thus,they comprise a tempting investment opportunity for individuals. According to the British Hydropower Association (2005) the advantages that these projects have over other renewable energy sources (RES) are:High efficiency (70–90%).A higher capacity factor (typically CF >45%) compared to other RES.
For Solar Panels CF = 10– 30% while for Wind Turbines CF = 20 –30%.
Predictability of the energy production.
Gradual change of energy production.
Hydroelectric generators’ quick response to changing conditions.
Micro –hydros in streams don’t include dams and water storage.