SAT词汇--生物
sat物理词汇_化学_生物词汇
sat物理词汇_化学_生物词汇词汇永远是我们基础的东西，当然〔sat〕也不例外，下面是我为大家整理的关于sat物理词汇的相关资料，希望帮到大家。
sat物理词汇acceleration加速度absolute error 误差absolutetemperature 温度absolute velocity 速度absolute zero 零度absorptivity 汲取率accelerated motion 加速运动acceleration ofgravity 重力加速度accidental error 偶然误差acting force 作用力alternating currentcircuit 交流电路alternating current交流电ammeter 安培计ampere 安培amplitude 振幅brightness 亮度capacitance 电容capacitor 电容器Celsius scale 摄氏温标center of mass 质心centrifugal force 离心力centripetalacceleration 向心加速度sat化学词汇adjacent molecule 相邻的分子amide 酰胺(含-CONH2基)ammonia 氨atmosphere 大气层atomic orbital 塬子轨道attractive force 吸引力biochemical compound 生化化合物boiling point 沸点bond angle 键角(与同一塬子连接的两个键之间的角度) bond enthalpybond length 键长(分子中两个塬子核间的平衡距离)bonding pair 成键电子对brine 盐水brittle 脆的building-block(=monomer unit) 单体(聚合物中简单的重复结构单元)catalyst 催化剂(能改变反应速度而它本身的组成和质量在反应前后坚持不变的物质)chemical bonding 化学键(分子或晶体中，塬子或离子之间直接的、主要的和激烈的互相作用称为化学键)dipole-dipole force 取向力dot-and-cross diagram 电子式,点叉式double bond 双键double helix 双螺旋ductile 可塑性,易变形的,可延展的sat生物词汇accumulation 积存adequate 充分的aeration 通气aerobic respiration 有氧呼吸alga (algae) 藻类amino acid 氨基酸anaerobic 厌氧的angiosperm 被子植物Atomic mass 原子量Autocrine 自分泌方式Autosome 常染色体Autotroph 自养生物bacteria 细菌baldness 秃头base pairing 碱基配对bile 胆汁cultivate 种植cytochrome 细胞色素decay 腐败decomposer 分解者defect 缺陷dehydration synthesis 脱水合成sat数学词汇function 函数coordinate system 坐标系rectangular coordinate 直角坐标系 origin 原点abscissa 横坐标ordinate 纵坐标numberline 数轴quadrant 象限slope 斜率complex plane 复平面linear function 一次函数inverse proportional function 反比例函数quadratic function 二次函数parabola 抛物线proportional function 正比例函数exponential function 指数函数logarithmic function 对数函数odd function 奇函数even function 偶函数intersect 相交vertical / perpendicular 垂直parallel 平行inverse function 反函数complementary function 余函数以上就是sat物理词汇的内容，希望对大家有所帮助哦。
sat 生物类
1.鱿鱼2.海洋3.蚂蚁及蚁巢4.蝉5.海豚6.蜜蜂7.熊的冬眠8.植物昆虫9.大眼昆虫(BIG EYED BUG)10.微生物11.鹦鹉螺12.蜂鸟13.生物钟14.动物抗寒15.鲸鱼唱歌16.放电的鱼17.蛇的毒性18.人类血液的组成(红，白细胞，血型，骨髓介绍)19.眼睛的结构20.生物治虫和农药治虫(DDT)************************************************************************************ ************************************************************************************************************* *************************SQUIDThe squid breathes through gills, and may emit a cloudof inky material from its ink sac when in danger. Thecirculatory and nervous systems are highly developed.The eye of the squid is remarkably similar to that ofman—an example of convergent evolution, as there isno common ancestor. Some deep-sea forms haveluminescent organs.************************************************************************************ ************************************************************************************************************* *************************SEAThe distribution of marine organisms depends on thechemical and physical properties of seawater(temperature, salinity, and dissolved nutrients), onocean currents (which carry oxygen to subsurfacewaters and disperse nutrients, wastes, spores, eggs,larvae, and plankton), and on penetration of light.Photosynthetic organisms (plants, algae, andcyanobacteria), the primary sources of food, existonly in the photic, or euphotic, zone (to a depth ofabout 300 ft/90 m), where light is sufficient forphotosynthesis.************************************************************************************ ************************************************************************************************************* *************************ANTTypically they include three castes: winged, fertilefemales, or queens; wingless, infertile females, orworkers; and winged males. Those ordinarily seen areworkers.Whenever a generation of queens and males matures itleaves on a mating flight; shortly afterward the malesdie, and each fecundated queen returns to earth toestablish a new colony. The queen then bites off orscrapes off her wings, excavates a chamber, andproceeds to lay eggs for the rest of her life (up to15 years), fertilizing most of them with stored sperm.Females develop from fertilized and males fromunfertilized eggs. The females become queens orworkers, depending on the type of nutrition theyreceive. The first-generation larvae are fed by thequeen with her saliva; all develop into workers, whichenlarge the nest and care for the queen and the latergenerationsLeaf-cutter Ant’s Feeding Habits: Cultivation ispracticed by certain ants that feed on fungi grown inthe nest. Some of these, called leaf-cutter, orparasol, ants, carry large pieces of leaf to the nest,where the macerated leaf tissue is used as a growthmedium for the fungus. Most leaf cutters are tropical,but the Texas leaf-cutting ant is a serious crop pestin North America.Ant Hill: All species show some degree of socialorganization; many species nest in a system oftunnels, or galleries, in the soil, often under adome, or hill, of excavated earth, sand, or debris.Mound-building ants may construct hills up to 5 ft(1.5 m) high. Other species nest in cavities in deadwood, in living plant tissue, or in papery nestsattached to twigs or rocks; some invade buildings orships.在寒溫帶的森林地區，地底的溫度一般都比較低，因此木蟻便將大部分的蟻巢建築在地面上，一方面可減少因地面潮濕所帶來的寒氣，另一方面也能增加陽光照射的面積。
SATII生物部分资料
SAT是Scholastic Aptitude T est的缩写，是申请几乎所有美国大学必须参加的考试。
通常，希望继续接受高等教育的高中生需要参加SAT考试，并且SAT考试得分是获取奖学金的重要标准之一。
大部分美国大学要求SAT作为录取的条件并根据SAT得分授予奖学金。
The connections between the atoms in a compound are called chemical bonds. Atoms form bonds by sharing their electrons with each other, relying on the power of electric charge to keep themselves attached. Molecules and compounds can also bond with each other. Important bonds between atoms are covalent and ionic bonds. Bonds between molecules or compounds are called dipole-dipole bonds.Covalent bondsBonds formed through the more or less equal sharing of electrons between atoms are known as covalent bonds.If the electrons in a covalent bond are shared equally, the resulting bond is called a nonpolar covalent bond. When one atom pulls the shared electrons toward itself a little more tightly than the other, the resulting covalent bond is said to be a polar bond. In a polar bond, the atom that pulls electrons toward itself gains a slight negative charge (because electrons have a negative charge). Since the other atom partially loses an electron, it gains a slight positive charge. For example, the atoms in water form polar bonds because oxygen, which has eight protons in its nucleus, has a greater pull on electrons than hydrogen, which has only one proton.Ionic BondsPolar covalent bonds involve the unequal sharing of electrons. Thisinequality is brought to an extreme in a bonding arrangement called an ionic bond. In an ionic bond, one atom pulls the shared electrons away from the other atom entirely. Ionic bonds are stronger than polar bonds.One example of ionic bonding is the reaction between sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) to form table salt (NaCl). The chlorine atom steals an electron from the sodium atom. Because it loses an electron, the sodium atom develops a charge of +1. The chlorine atom has a charge of –1, since it gained an electron.Dipole-Dipole BondsAs seen in polar covalent compounds, due to the unequal sharing of electrons, some molecules have a slightly positive and a slightly negative end to them, or a dipole (di-pole = two magnetic poles). These compounds can form weak bonds with one another without combining together completely to create new compounds. This type of bonding, known as dipole-dipole interaction, takes places when the positively charged end of one polar covalent compound (d+) comes in contact with the negatively charged end of another polar covalent compound (d–):Dipole-dipole interactions are much weaker than the bonds within molecules, but they play a very important role in the chemistry of life. Perhaps the most important dipole-dipole bond in biochemistry (and on the SAT II Biology) is the dipole-dipole interaction between positively charged hydrogen molecules andnegatively charged oxygen molecules. This reaction is so important, it gets its own special name: hydrogen bond. These bonds account for many of the exceptional properties of water and have important effects on the structure of proteins and DNA.The cells of all organisms, prokaryotic and eukaryotic alike, are surrounded by a thin sheet called the cell membrane. This barrier keeps cellular materials in and foreign objects out. The membrane is key to the life of the cell. By regulating what gets into and out of the cell, the membrane maintains the proper chemical composition, which is crucial to the life processes the cell carries out.Structure of the Cell MembraneThe cell membrane is made up of two sheets of special fat molecules called phospholipids, placed on top of each other.This arrangement is known as a phospholipid bilayer. Phospholipid molecules naturally arrange in bilayers because they have a unique structure. The long chains of carbon and hydrogen that form the tail of this molecule do not dissolve in water; they are said to be hydrophobic or “water fearing.” The hydrophilic phosphorous heads are attracted to water. Forming a bilayer satisfies the water preferences of both the “heads” and “tails” of phospholipids: thehydrophilic heads face the watery regions inside and outside the cell, and the hydrophobic tails face each other in a water-free junction. The bilayer forms spontaneously because this situation is so favorable.The Fluid Mosaic ModelPhospholipids form the fundamental structure of the cell membrane, but they are not the only substance found there. According to the fluid-mosaic model of the cell membrane, special proteins called membrane proteins float in the phospholipid bilayer like icebergs in a sea.The sea of phospholipid molecules and gatekeeper membrane proteins is in constant motion. The membrane’s fluidity keeps the cel l from fracturing when placed under strain.Transport Through the Cell MembraneThe most important property of the cell membrane is its selective permeability: some substances can pass through it freely, but others cannot. Small and nonpolar (hydrophobic) molecules can freely pass through the membrane, but charged ions and large molecules such as proteins and sugars are barred passage.The selective permeability of the cell membrane allows a cell to maintain its internal composition at necessary levels.Molecules that can pass freely through the membrane follow concentration gradients, moving from the higher concentration area to the region of lower concentration. These processes take no energy and are called passive transport. The molecules that cannot pass freely across the phospholipid bilayer can be carried across the membrane in various processes that require energy and are therefore called active transport.Passive TransportThere are three main types of passive transport: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. In fact, osmosis is simply the term given to the diffusion of water.DiffusionIn the absence of other forces, substances dissolved in water move naturally from areas where they are abundant to areas where they are scarce—a process known as diffusion. If there is a higher concentration of carbon dioxide gas dissolved in the water inside the cell than in the water outside the cell, carbon dioxide will naturally flow out from the cell until its distribution is balanced, without any energy required from the cell.Nonpolar and small polar molecules can pass through the cell membrane, so they diffuse across it in response to concentration gradients. Carbon dioxide and oxygen are two molecules that undergo this simple diffusion through the membrane.The simple diffusion of water is known as osmosis. Because water is a small polar molecule, it undergoes simple diffusion. SAT II Biology problems on osmosis can be tricky: water moves from areas where it is in high concentration to areas where it is in low concentration. Remember, however, that water is found in low concentrations in places where there are many dissolved substances, called solutes. Therefore, water moves from places where there are few dissolved substances (known as hypotonic solutions) to places where there are many dissolved substances (hypertonic solutions). An isotonic solution is one in which the concentration is the same as that found inside a cell, meaning osmotic pressure in both sides is equal.Immersing cells in unusually hypotonic or hypertonic solutions can be disastrous: water can rush into cells in hypotonic conditions, causing them to fill up so fast that they burst. T o combat this possibility, many cells that need to survive in freshwater environments possess contractile vacuoles to pump out excess water.Facilitated DiffusionCertain compounds important to the functioning of the cell, such as ions, cannot enter the cell through simple diffusion because they cannot pass through the cell membrane. As with water, these substances “want” to enter the cell if the concentration gradient demands it. For that reason, cells have developed a way for such compounds to bypass the cell membrane and flow into the cell on the basis of concentration. The cell has protein channels through the phospholipid membrane. The channels can open and close based on protein membranes. When closed, nothing can get through. When open, the protein channels allow compounds to pass through along the concentration gradient, which is diffusion.Active TransportQuite often, cells have to transport a substance across the cell membrane against the normal concentration gradient. In these cases, cells use another class of membrane proteins. Instead of relying on diffusion, these proteins actively pump compounds in the direction the cell wants them to go, a process that requires energy. Cells can turn active transport on and off as needed.Endocytosis and ExocytosisCells use yet another type of transport to move large particles through the cell membrane. In exocytosis, waste products that need to be removed from the cell are placed in vesicles that then fuse with the cell membrane, releasing their contents into the space outside the cell. Endocytosis is the opposite of exocytosis: the cell membrane engulfs a substance the cell needs to import and then pinchesoff into a vesicle that is inside the cell.There are two kinds of endocytosis: in phagocytosis the cell takes in large solid food particles that it then digests. In pinocytosis, the cell takes in drops of cellular fluid containing dissolved nutrients.Sometimes atoms give their electrons up altogether instead of sharing them in a chemical bond. This process is known as disassociation. Water, for instance, dissociates by the following formula:The hydrogen atom gives up a negatively charged electron, gaining a positive charge, and the OH compound gains a negatively charged electron, taking on a negative charge. The H+is known as a hydrogen ion and OH–ion is known as a hydroxide ion.The disassociation of water produces equal amounts of hydrogen and hydroxide ions. However, the disassociation of some compounds producessolutions with high proportions of either hydrogen or hydroxide ions. Solutions high in hydrogen ions are known as acids, while solutions high in hydroxide ions are known as bases. Both types of solution are extremely reactive—likely to form bonds—because they contain so many charged particles.The technical definition of an acid is that it is a hydrogen ion donor, or a proton donor, as hydrogen ions are consist of only a single proton. Acids put H+ions into solution. The definition of a base is a little more complicated: they are H+ion or proton acceptors, which means that they remove H+ions from solution. Some bases can directly produce OH–ions that will take H+out of solution. NaOH is an example of this type of base:A second type of base can directly take H+out of an H2O solution. Ammonia (NH3) is a common example of this sort of base:From time to time, the SAT II Biology has been known to ask whether ammonia is a base.The pH ScaleThe pH scale, which ranges from 0 to 14, measures the degree to which a solution is acidic or basic. If the proportion of hydrogen ions in a solution is the same as the proportion of hydroxide ions or equivalent, the solution has a pH of 7, which is neutral. The most acidic solutions (those with a high proportion of H+)have pHs approaching 0, while the most basic solutions (those with a high proportion of OH–or equivalent) have pHs closer to 14.Water has a pH of 7 because it has equal proportions of H+and OH–ions. In contrast, when a compound called hydrogen fluoride (HF) disassociates, it forms only hydroxide ions. HF is therefore quite acidic and has a pH well below 7. Some acids are more acidic than others because they put more H+ions into solution. Stomach fluid, for example, is more acidic than saliva.When sodium hydroxide (NaOH) disassociates, it forms only hydroxide ions, making it a base and giving it a pH above 7. Like acids, bases can be strong or weak depending on how many hydroxide ions they put in solution or how many hydrogen ions they take out of solution.BuffersSome substances resist changes in pH even when acids or bases are added to them. These substances are known as buffers. The cell contains many buffers because wide swings in pH can negatively impact the chemical reactions of cell processes.EnzymesSome chemical reactions simply happen when the two reactants come into contact. For example, you may be familiar with the bubbly “volcano” that forms when baking soda and vinegar are placed together in a glass. This reaction is spontaneous because it does not require outside energy to force it to occur.Most reactions, however, require energy. For example, the chemical reactions that produce a cake do not take place when baking soda, flour, and the other ingredients of a cake are simply left in a pan on the kitchen counter. Heat is required to break the existing chemical bonds in the ingredients so that they can undergo chemical reactions and combine with each other in new ways.In the laboratory, chemists use heat to create the activation energy needed to get nonspontaneous reactions started. Animals, however, can’t rely on internal Bunsen burners to get their chemical reactions cooking. In order to perform chemical reactions at low temperatures, the body uses special proteins called enzymes, which lower the activation energy necessary for chemical reactions to achievable levels. Enzymes lower the activation energy by interacting with the substrates, the primary molecules or compounds involved in the reaction. If you think of the activation energy needed for a chemical reaction as a mountain that the reactants have to climb, think of an enzyme as opening up a tunnel through the mountain. Less energy is required to go through the tunnel than to climb all the way up the mountain.Enzymes are not themselves altered when they help reactions along. Consequently, a single enzyme can be used repeatedly in many reactions. Becauseenzymes can be used over and over again and because they can act very quickly, a relatively small amount of enzyme is needed to facilitate reactions involving relatively large amounts of material.Each enzyme is designed to fit only the substrates in the reaction that the enzyme is meant to control. The one-to-one correspondence between enzyme and substrate is referred to as specificity. An analogy to a lock and key is useful for understanding the specificity of enzymes. Each enzyme can be thought of as a lock that can interact only with the appropriate key, or substrate. The region of the enzyme that interacts with the substrate is known as the active site.Enzymes help form bonds by holding two substrates near each other in the active site. Compounds can form bonds with each other more easily when they are adjacent than when they are floating around the cell randomly.Often, enzymes are named for their substrate. The name of the enzyme is the name of the starting material f ollowed by the “-ase.” For example, maltase is an enzyme that breaks down maltose, a common sugar. (Be careful not to confuse sugars, which end in “-ose,” with enzymes, which end in “-ase.”)Factors Affecting EnzymesLike all proteins, enzymes have a unique three-dimensional structure that changes under unusual environmental conditions. Enzymes do not function well when their structure is altered.Temperature and pHDepending on where it is normally located in the body, an enzyme will have different temperature and pH values at which its structure is most stable. As conditions deviate from this point, the enzyme’s ability to help along reactions decreases.Most enzymes work best near a pH of 7, but some enzymes operate most effectively in a particularly acidic environment, such as the stomach; a neutral environment impairs their function. Likewise, the enzymes of creatures that live at high temperatures, such as bacteria that live in hot springs, do not function properly at human body temperature.Cofactors and InhibitorsIn order to control enzyme activity more precisely, the body has developed a number of compounds that turn enzymes on or off and make them work faster or slower. Sometimes these compounds attach to the active site along with the substrate, and sometimes they bind to another site on the enzyme. Activators of enzymes are known as cofactors or coenzymes. Many vitamins are coenzymes. Molecules that prevent enzymes from functioning properly are known as inhibitors.Molecules of LifeThe elements involved in life processes can, and do, form millions of different compounds. Thankfully, these millions of compounds fall into four major groups: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Though all of these groups are organized around carbon, each group has its own special structure and function.CarbohydratesCarbohydrates are compounds that have carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a ratio of about 1:2:1. If you’re stuck on an SAT II Biology question about whether a compound is a carbohydrate, just count up the atoms and see if they fit this ratio. Carbohydrates are often sugars, which provide energy for cellular processes.Like all of the biologically important classes of compounds, carbohydrates can be monomers, dimers, or polymers. The names of most carbohydrates end in “-ose”: glucose, fructose, sucrose, and maltose are some common examples.MonosaccharidesCarbohydrate monomers are known as monosaccharides. This group includes glucose, C6H12O6, which is a key substance in biochemistry. Sugars that an animal eats are converted into glucose, which is then converted into energy to fuel the animal’s activ ities by respiration (see Cell Processes).Glucose has a cousin called fructose with the same chemical formula. But these two compounds have different structures:Glucose and fructose differ in one important way: glucose has a double-bonded oxygen on the top carbon, while fructose has its double-bonded carbon on the second carbon. This difference is most apparent when the two monosaccharides are in their ring forms. Glucose generally forms a hexagonal ring (six sided), while fructose forms a pentagonal ring (five sided). Whereas fructose is the sugar most often found in fruits, glucose is most often used as the major source of energy for cellular activities.Disaccharides Disaccharides are carbohydrate dimers. These dimers are formed from two monomers by dehydration synthesis. Any two monosaccharides can form a disaccharide. For example, maltose is formeDisaccharidesDisaccharides are carbohydrate dimers. These dimers are formed from two monomers by dehydration synthesis. Any two monosaccharides can form a disaccharide. For example, maltose is formed by the dehydration synthesis of two glucose molecules. Sucrose, commontable sugar, comes from the linkage of one molecule of glucose and one of fructose.PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides can consist of as few as three and as many as several thousand monosaccharides. Depending on their structure and the monosaccharides they contain, polysaccharides can function as a means of storing excess energy or provide structural support.When cells ingest more carbohydrates than they need for fuel, they link the sugars together to form polysaccharides. The structure of these polysaccharides is different in plants and animals: in plants, polysaccharides take the form of starch, whereas in animals, they are linked in a structure called glycogen.Polysaccharides can also have structural roles in plants and animals. Cellulose, which forms the cell walls of plant cells, is a structural polysaccharide. In animals, the polysaccharide chitin forms the hard outer armor of insects, crabs, spiders, and other arthropods. Many fungi also use chitin as a structural carbohydrate.ProteinsMore than half of the organic compounds in cells are proteins, which play an important function in almost every cellular process. Proteins, for example, provide structural support to the cell in the cytoskeleton and make up many of the hormones that send messages around the body. Enzymes, which regulate chemical reactions in the cell, are also proteins.Amino AcidsProteins are made up of monomers called amino acids. The names of many, but not all, amino acids end in -ine: methionine, lysine, serine, etc. Each amino acid consists of a central carbon atom attached to a set of three designated groups: an atom of hydrogen (–H), an amino group (–NH2), and a carboxyl group (–COOH). The final group, designated (–R) in the diagram below, varies between different amino acids.It is possible to make an infinite number of amino acids by attaching different compounds to the R position of the central carbon. However, only 20 types of R groups exist in nature, so there are only 20 naturally occurring amino acids.PolypeptidesAll proteins are made of chains of some or all of these 20 amino acids. The bond formed between two amino acids by dehydration synthesis is known as a peptide bond.A particular protein has a specific sequence of amino acids, which is known as its primary structure. Every protein also winds, coils, and folds in three-dimensional space in specific and predetermined ways, taking on a unique secondary (initial winding and coiling) and tertiary structure (overall folding). In harsh conditions, such as high temperature or extreme pH, proteins can lose their normal tertiary shape and cease to function properly. When a protein unfolds in harsh conditions, it has been “denatured.”Lipids Lipids are carbon compounds that do not dissolve in water. They are distinguished from other macromolecules by characteristic hydrocarbon chainslong strings of carbon molecules with hydrogensLipidsLipids are carbon compounds that do not dissolve in water. They are distinguished from other macromolecules by characteristic hydrocarbon chains—long strings of carbon molecules with hydrogens attached. Such chains do not dissolve well in water because they are nonpolar.TriglyceridesTriglycerides consist of three long hydrocarbon chains known as fatty acids attached to each other by a molecule called glycerol.Because they include three fatty acids, fats and oils are also known as triglycerides. As you might expect by this point, glycerol and each fatty acid chain are joined to each other by dehydration synthesis.Some fats are saturated, while others are unsaturated. These terms refer to the presence or absence of double bonds in the fatty acids of fats. Saturated fats have no double bonds, whereas unsaturated fats contain one or more such bonds. In general, plant fats are unsaturated and animal fats are saturated. Saturated fats are generally solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fats are typically liquid.PhospholipidsPhospholipids, which are important components of cell membranes, consist of a glycerol molecule attached to two fatty acid chains and one phosphate group (PO4–2):Like all fats, the hydrocarbon tails of phospholipids do not dissolve in water. However, phosphate groups do dissolve in water because they are polar. The different solubilities of the two ends of phospholipid molecules allow them to form the bilayers that make up the cell membrane.SteroidsSteroids are the primary structure in hormones, substances that play important signaling roles in the body. Structurally, steroids are made up of four fused carbon rings attached to a hydrocarbon chain.The linked rings indicate that each carbon atom is attached to other carbon atoms that form multiple loops. Cholesterol, the steroid in the image above, is the central steroid from which other steroids, such as the sex hormones, are synthesized. Cholesterol is only found in animal cells.Nucleic AcidsCells use a class of compounds called nucleic acids to store and use hereditary information. Individual nucleic acid monomers, known as nucleotides, consist of three main units: a nitrogenous base (a compound made with nitrogen), a phosphate group, and a sugar:There are two main types of nucleotides, differentiated by their sugars: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA nucleotides have one less oxygen than RNA nucleotides. The “deoxy” in deoxyribonucleic acid refers to the missing oxygen molecule. In terms of function, DNA molecules store genetic information for the cell, while RNA molecules carry genetic messages from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm for use in protein synthesis and other processes.Within both DNA and RNA, there are further subdivisions of nucleotides by nitrogenous bases. For DNA, there are four kinds of nitrogenous bases:1adenine (A)2guanine (G)3cytosine (C)4thymine (T)The nitrogenous base of a nucleotide provides it with its chemical identity, so the nucleotides are called by the name of their nitrogenous base. RNA also has four nitrogenous bases. Three—adenine, guanine, and cytosine—are identical to those found in DNA. The fourth, uracil, replaces thymine.DNA and RNAIn 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick published the discovery of the three-dimensional structure of DNA. Watson and Crick hypothesized that DNA nucleotides are organized into a polymer that looks like a ladder twisted into a coil. They called this structure the double helix.Two separate DNA polymers make up each side of the ladder. The sugar and phosphate molecules of the DNA form the vertical supports, while the nitrogenous bases stick out to formthe rungs. The rungs attach to each other by hydrogen bonding.The nitrogen bases attach to each other according to two simple rules: adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T), and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C). The exclusivity of the attachments between nitrogen bases is known as base pairing.The rules of base pairing are frequently tested on the SA T II Biology. A test question might ask, “What is the complementary DNA strand to ‘CA T’?” Following the rules of DNA base pair ing, you can deduce that the answer is “CA T.” (“DOG” is the wrong answer, smart guy.) RNA StructureUnlike the double-stranded DNA, RNA is single stranded. It looks like a ladder cut down the middle. As you will see when we discuss protein synthesis in the chapter on Cell Processes, this structure of RNA is very important to its functions as a messenger from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm.Protein SynthesisNow that we’ve described DNA and RNA, it’s time to take a look at theprocess of protein synthesis. The synthesis of proteins takes two steps: transcription and translation. Transcription takes the information encoded in DNA and encodes it into mRNA, which heads out of the cell’s nucleus and into the cytoplasm. During translation, the mRNA works with a ribosome and tRNA to synthesize proteins.TranscriptionThe first step in transcription is the partial unwinding of the DNA molecule so that the portion of DNA that codes for the needed protein can be transcribed. Once the DNA molecule is unwound at the correct location, an enzyme called RNA polymerase helps line up nucleotides to create a complementary strand of mRNA. Since mRNA is a single-stranded molecule, only one of the two strands of DNA is used as a template for the new RNA strand.The new strand of RNA is made according to the rules of base pairing:DNA cytosine pairs with RNA guanineDNA guanine pairs with RNA cytosineDNA thymine pairs with RNA adenineDNA adenine pairs with RNA uracilFor example, the mRNA complement to the DNA sequence TTGCAC is AACGUG. The SAT II Biology frequently asks about the sequence of mRNA that will be produced from a given sequence of DNA. For these questions, don’t forget t hat RNA uses uracil in place of thymine.After transcription, the new RNA strand is released and the two unzipped DNA strands bind together again to form the double helix. Because the DNA template remains unchanged after transcription, it is possible to transcribe another identical molecule of RNA immediately after the first one is complete. A single gene on a DNA strand can produce enough RNA to make thousands of copies of the same protein in a very short time.TranslationIn translation, mRNA is sent to the cytoplasm, where it bonds with ribosomes, the sites of protein synthesis. Ribosomes have three important binding sites: one for mRNA and two for tRNA. The two tRNA sites are labeled the A site and P site.。
SAT考试经常考的重点单词
SAT考试经常考的重点单词SAT考试经常考的重点单词单词是SAT考试中的一个基础部分，考生要知道一些经常会考到的sat重点单词。
快来看看店铺为你准备了SAT考试经常考到的部分重点单词，欢迎大家阅读!SAT常考的单词：化学chemicalbehaviour化学行为chemicalproperty化学性质(物质在化学变化中表现出来的性质) clockwise顺时针方向的`compound化合物(由不同元素组成的纯净物)configuration构型copper铜correspondto相似corrosive腐蚀d-blockelementsd区元素deflect使偏向?使转向derivefrom源于deuterium氘diffusemixture扩散混合物distanceeffect距离效应distil蒸馏distinguish区别atomicnumber原子序数atomicradius原子半径atomicstructure原子结构becomposedof由…组成bombardment撞击boundary界限cathoderays阴极射线ceramic陶器制品charge-clouds电子云SAT常考的单词：生物学reproductive 生殖的paramecium 草履虫parasite 寄生物parthenogenesis 单性生殖pasture 牧场pepsin 胃蛋白酶pepsinogen 胃蛋白酶原peptide bond 肽键peristalsis 蠕动phagocytosis 呑噬SAT常考的单词：Basic Human Emotions AngerAnnoyanceContemptDisgustIrritationNegative & not in controlAnxietyEmbarrassmentFearHelplessnessPowerlessnessWorryNegative thoughtsDoubtEnvyFrustrationGuiltShameNegative & passive Boredom。
SAT 表示生命 死亡 社会的字根
表示生命的字根1.bio,bi=lifebiography n.autobiography n.symbiosis n.2.gen,gener,genit=birth,produce,regenerate v.degenerate v.degrade exasperategenetic adj.genuine adj.authenticindigenous adj.ingenuous adj. forthright/candid/outspoken/frank/artless ingenious adj.congenial patibleheterogeneous adj.homogeneous adj.progenitor n.engender v.3. nat=bornnatal adj.innate adj.congenital/inherent/intrinsicgerminate v.anatomy n.naturalistic adj.4. viv vit vig=lifevivify v.revive v. animate renovate rejuvernatevivacious adj.revitalize v.invigorate v.inspire exaltvigilant adj.convivial adj.表示死亡的字根1.mort=deathmortify v.ignominy['ɪɡnəmɪni](n.)/stigma(n.)/affront/humiliate/demean mortgage n.immortalize v.morbid adj.moribund adj.morose adj.melancholy['melənkəlɪ]/moodiness(n.)/pathos(n.)/pensive/plaintive/ bemoan(v.)/saturnine/somber/lugubrious[lu:'ɡju:briəs]表示社会的字根1. anthrop=peopleanthropoid adj.anthropologist n.misanthrope['mɪsənθrop] n.philanthropic adj.（1）popul populous adj.densely populated.[popul人民→居民，-ous…的]人口稠密的populate v.furnish with people.[popul人民，-ate动词字尾，使…,做…]使人民居住于…中，使人口集中在…之中，移民于…. populace n.people in general considered as a whole.[popul人民→平民，-ace名词字尾]平民，大众2.dem=peopledemagogue n.demise n.demure adj.redemptive3.greg=group,gregarious adj.aggregate v.congregate v. accumulate amass assemblesegregate v.egregious adj. notorious/heinous/nefarious/abominable4. bell,bel=war, fightrebellion n.insurrection revolt uprisingbelligerent [bə'lɪdʒərənt] adj.bellicose/pugnacity(n.)/truculence(n.)bellicose adj.embellish v.5.cracy=ruleautocracy n.bureaucracy n.plutocracy n.6 dom=rule,control:domesticate v.dominate.dominant adj.domineer v.tyrannizepredominant adj paramount overridingindomitable adj.invincible/inviolable/insuperable/insurmountable/invulnerable/unassailable7.jur,juris=swear,lawinjurious adj.conjure v.perjury n.abjure[əb'dʒʊə]v.jurisdiction n.8.leg,legis=lawdelegate n.relegate v.legislate v.illegitimate adj.9. muni,mun= publiccommunicative adj.immunity n.unsusceptibilityimmunize v.munificent adj. lavish/profusion(n.)/unstintingmundane adj.mediocre/conventional/nondescript/pedestrian10.norm=rule, normabnormal adj.eccentric/bizarre/idiosyncrasy(n.)/eerie/grotesque/outlandish/quaint enormous adj. tremendousenormity n （e+norm+ity)subnormal adj.transnormal adj.11. ordin=orderordinance n.coordinate adj.inordinate adj.glut(v.)/plethora(n.)/superfluoussubordinate adj.insubordinate adj.recalcitrant/restive/mutinous/unruly/antagonism(n.)/defiance(n.)12. patr=fatherpatron n.patronize v. sponsorpatriotism n.expatriate[ɪks'pætrɪət]v.expelrepatriate v.13.ped=child, educationpedant n.pedantic adj.pedagogue['pɛdə'gɒg]n.14.polic,polis, polit=state, citypolitician n.cosmopolitan adj.metropolis n.15 prol=offspringprolific adj. exuberance(n.)/opulence(n.)/profusion(n.)/cornucopia/bountiful/ copious/fertility/plenitude/affluence/ampleproliferate v.grow rapidly.prolong v.。
SAT考试 数学物理化学生物专业必备词汇
remainder余数
factorial阶乘
power乘方
radical sign, root sign根号
round to四舍五入
to the nearest四舍五入
2.有关集合
union并集
proper subset真子集 solution set解集
even integer, even number偶数
integer, whole number整数
positive whole number正整数
negative whole number负整数
consecutive number连续整数
real number, rational number实数,有理数
boundary 界限
cathode rays 阴极射线
cathode-ray oscilloscope (C.R.O) 阴极电子示波器
ceramic 陶器制品
charge-clouds 电子云
charge-to-mass ratio(e/m) 质荷比（质谱分析时样品质量的测量以质量与其离子电荷之比表示）
unit单位,位
几何部分
1.所有的角
alternate angle内错角 vulgar fraction，common fraction普通分数
simple fraction简分数
complex fraction繁分数
numerator分子 denominator分母
(least)common denominator(最小)公分母
exponent指数，幂
base乘幂的底数,底边
SAT2生物词汇表
SATII生物词汇表AActin 肌动蛋白主动运输Active transportAlgae 海藻，藻类Allele 等位基因肺泡Alveolar氨基酸Amino acid无丝分裂AmitosisAnaerobic respiration 厌氧呼吸后期Anaphase抗体（免疫球蛋白）Antibody抗生素Antibiotics细胞凋亡Apoptosis附属肢体Appendage动脉Artery节肢动物门Arthropoda人工受精Artificial fertilization原子量Atomic mass自分泌方式Autocrine常染色体Autosome自养生物AutotrophB Bacteria 细菌秃头BaldnessBase pairing 碱基配对嗜碱性粒细胞Basophilic granulocyteBile 胆汁Biomass 生物的数量Blastula 囊胚Blood platelet 血小板Boreal taiga 寒带针叶林CCancer 癌症毛细血管Capillary二氧化碳Carbon dioxideCarbon monoxide 一氧化碳肉食动物Carnivore分解代谢Catabolism细胞Cell细胞增殖Cell proliferation细胞壁Cell wallCentipede 蜈蚣着丝粒CentromereCerebellum 小脑小脑皮层Cerebral cortexChloroplast 叶绿体Chordata 脊索动物门染色单体Chromatid染色质ChromatinChromosome 染色体纤毛Cilia泄殖腔CloacaCirculatory system 循环系统Collagen 胶原蛋白互补的ComplementaryCondenser lens 电容器镜头接合生殖Conjugation结缔组织Connective tissue角膜CorneaCortex 树皮，皮层Cotransport 协同运输Crossing-over 交换细胞因子Cytokines细胞质CytoplasmCytoskeleton 细胞骨架D腐败Decay分解者Decomposer缺陷DefectDegradation 降解脱水合成Dehydration synthesis沙漠化DesertificationDenaturation 变性分化Differentiation消化DigestionDiploid 二倍体Dominant gene 显性基因E Earthworm 蚯蚓生态系统Ecosystem外胚胎EctodermElectron gun 电子枪内分泌方式EndocrineEndocrine gland 内分泌腺内质网Endoplasmic reticulum酶EnzymeEpidermis 表皮，上皮Erythrocyte(red blood cell)红细胞Esophagus 食管Equatorial plate 赤道板真核细胞Eukaryotic cellEutrophication 超营养作用进化EvolutionExcrement 排泄物Excretory system 分泌系统外骨骼Exoskeleton灭绝ExtinctionF脂肪Fat脂肪酸Fatty acid发酵Fermentation蕨类植物FernFertilization 受精鞭毛Flagella黄素FlavinFluorescence microscope 荧光显微镜Fossil 化石Fructose 果糖Fungi 真菌Furrow 分裂沟G．Gastrula 肠胚Gene 基因Genetic codon 遗传密码Genetic drift 遗传漂移Genome 基因组Genotype 基因型Germination 发芽腺体Gland葡萄糖GlucoseGlycerol 甘油糖原Glycogen糖酵解GlycolysisGlycoprotein 糖蛋白高尔基因Golgi complex蝗虫GrasshopperGrowth factor 生长因子H适应效应HabituationHaploid 单倍体螺旋Helix血红蛋白Hemoglobin食草动物Herbivore异养动物HeterotrophsHeterozygote 杂合体动态平衡HomeostasisHomozygote 纯合体同源染色体Homologous chromosomeHemolysis 溶血荷尔蒙（激素）HormoneHydrochloric acid 盐酸Hydrolysis 水解作用IImprinting 印痕效应Immune system 免疫系统Infection 感染遗传Inheritance识别Insight胰岛素Insulin间期Interphase电离作用IonizationK肾Kidney动粒KinetochoreL乳酸Lactic acid乳糖分解酵素（乳糖酶）LactaseLactose 乳糖大肠Large intestine幼虫Larvae光能Light energy龙虾Lobster基因座Locus肺LungLymph node 淋巴结Lysosomes 溶酶体M．Macrophage 巨噬细胞枫树Maple延髓Medulla oblongataMeiotic division(meiosis) 减数分裂Metabolism 代谢Mesoderm 中胚层Mesophyll cell 叶肉细胞中期Metaphase甲烷Methane微生物Microorganism鲤类小鱼Minnow线粒体MitochondriaMitosis 有丝分裂分子MoleculeMuscular system 肌肉系统突变MutationN自然选择Natural selection神经元Neuron神经传递素NeurotransmitterNitrogenous base 含氮碱基核膜Nuclear membraneNuclei 核Nucleic acid 核酸Nucleolus 核仁Nutrition 营养O橡树OakOctopus 章鱼嗅球Olfactory bulbOmnivore 杂食动物Oral cavity 口腔Organelle 细胞器Osmosis 渗透作用Oxidize 氧化卵细胞Ovum臭氧OzoneP胰腺Pancreas旁分泌方式Paracrine单性生殖，孤雌生殖Parthenogenesis病原体Pathogen豌豆PeaPeristalsis 蠕动过氧化物酶体Peroxisome胃蛋白酶Pepsin胃蛋白酶原Pepsinogen肽键PeptidePhagocytosis 吞噬作用Phenotype 表型外激素Pheromone韧皮层Phloem磷Phosphorus磷脂Phospholipid磷酸化作用Phosphorylation光合作用Photosynthesis球管PipetPituitary gland 垂体Placenta 胎盘Plasma membrane 质膜Plasmodesmata胞间连丝Polypeptide 多肽Polypoid 多倍体Population 种群钾PotassiumPredation 捕食原核细胞Prokaryotic cell生产者ProducerProphase 前期蛋白质ProteinProjector lens 放映机镜头R辐射对称Radial symmetryRecessive gene 隐性基因重组RecombinationReproductive system 生殖系统呼吸作用RespirationRespiratory system 呼吸系统呼吸计RespirometerRoot 根S蝾螈SalamanderSaturation 饱和度Scale 鳞片种子SeedSerum 血清骨骼SkeletonSodium chloride 氯化钠Speciation 物种形成Specimen 标本Spermatogenesis 精子发生Spider 蜘蛛纺锤体Spindle孢子Spore染色Stain淀粉Starch干细胞Stem cell基粒片层Stroma lamellaSucrose 蔗糖糖类SugarSulfur dioxide 二氧化硫Syndrome 综合症联会SynapsisT端粒Telomere末期TelophaseTemperate forest 温带森林Temperate grassland 温带草原Tertiary structure 蛋白质三级结构Tetrad 四分体Toxin 毒素Transcription 转录Transgenic animals 转基因动物翻译（蛋白）TranslationTropical savanna 热带稀树大草原热带雨林Tropical rain forest真叶True leafTumor 肿瘤Tundra 苔原，冻土地带Unicellular 单细胞尿素Urea尿UrineV Vaccine 疫苗液泡Vacuole 真空管Vacuum chamberVariation 变异维管形成层Vascular cambiumVein 静脉Virus 病毒Vitamin 维生素WWild type 野生型X。
sat阅读理解的高频词汇
sat阅读理解的高频词汇sat阅读理解部分必备的高频词汇：A开头Autotroph(自养生物)An organism that can produce the organic molecules and energy necessary for life through the processes of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Autotrophs do not rely on other organisms for food. In a food web, autotrophs are producers.Auxin(茁长素) ：一种植物激素，刺激细胞伸长One in a class of plant hormones that stimulates (among other things) cell elongation, secondary tissue growth, and fruit development.amino acid(氨基酸)The monomer of a protein. A central carbon attached to an amino group (–NH2), a carboxyl group (–COOH), and a hydrogen atom (–H). The fourth group is variable and defines the amino acid’s chemical identity.amnion(羊膜) ：位于最内侧直接覆蓄胚体的膜The extraembryonic membrane in birds, reptiles, and mammals that surrounds the embryo, forming an amniotic sac.anaerobic respiration(无氧呼吸)A form of cell respiration that does not use oxygen (as opposed to aerobic cell respiration). Anaerobic respiration is less efficient than the aerobic variety and produces just 2 ATP per molecule of glucose. Anaerobic respiration has two stages: glycolysis and fermentation(发酵).analogous trait (相似特征)：来源于相同祖先，与其他生物种功能、形态上相似的结构A trait that is morphologically and functionally similar to that of a different species but that arose from a distinct, ancestral condition.anaphase (分裂后期)The stage of mitosis in which sister chromosomes are separated and pulled to opposite ends of the cell by microtubules; the fourth stage of the first meiotic division (meiosis I), during which maternal and paternal homologous pairs are separated on microtubules; the fourth stage of the second meiotic division (meiosis II), during which either maternal or paternal sister chromatids are separated on microtubules.androgen(雄性激素)A male sex hormone. (e.g. testosterone【睾酮】)Angiosperm(被子植物)A vascular flowering plant in which seeds are enclosed inside protective ovaries, such as fruit or flowers. Angiosperms can be monocots(单子叶) or dicots(双子叶).Anther(花粉囊，花药)Pollen-producing structure at the top of the stamen, the male reproductive organ of flowers.Anticodon(反密码子) ：位于tRNA上，和mRNA的'密码子相反配对The sequence of three nucleotides on tRNA that pairs with a codon of mRNA at the A site of a ribosome during translation.Antigen(抗原)A protein coat on the surface of red blood cells; a red blood cell may have a protein coat of type A, B, or AB. If the cell has no antigens, it is called type O. The presence of a foreign antigen in a body will cause blood to clot.Aorta(大动脉)The largest artery in the body; carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle of the heart.aphotic zone(无光带)Literally, zone without light. The aphotic zone is part of the marine pelagic zone and begins 600 feet below the surface of the ocean.Only chemosynthetic organisms, scavengers, and predators are able to survive in this habitat.sat阅读理解部分必备的高频词汇：T开头taste buds(味蕾)Structures on the tongue that contain chemoreceptors, which respond to four main sensations—sour, salty, bitter, and sweet—to create the sense of taste.Taxonomy(分类法)The study of biological classification.Telophase(末期)The final stage of mitosis before cytokinesis. In telophase, the nuclear envelope re-forms around separated sister chromatids and kinetochore microtubules disappear. Cell elongation also occurs during this phase. The final stage of the first meiotic division (meiosis I), during which chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell and begin to recondense; the final stage of the second meiotic division (meiosis II), during which chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell, the nuclear envelope begins to re-form, and the chromosomes begin to recondense.Tendon(腱)Connective tissue between bones and muscles.Testes(睾丸)The male gonads; sperm and testosterone are produced here.Testosterone(睾酮)A hormone necessary for sperm production in men. Also responsible for developing and maintaining the secondary sex characteristics of males, starting at puberty.Thyroid(甲状腺)Gland that produces the hormone thyroxine, which increases the metabolism of most of the cells in the body. Located in the neck.Tissue(组织)A group of closely connected and similar cells that cooperate to generate a specific structure or specialized function within an organism.Tracheophyte(维管植物)A terrestrial plant with a vascular system.Trait(特征)Any observable feature or characteristic of an organism.transfer RNA (Trna/翻译RNA)An RNA molecule used in protein synthesis as a link helping to convert messenger RNA into amino acids.Transpiration(蒸发作用)The process by which a plant loses water to its environment through evaporation.trophic level(营养级)Steps on a food/biomass pyramid that are defined by organisms within a community that are the same distance from the primary producers in a food web.Tropism(向性)Long-term growth of a plant toward or away from a stimulus.Tuber(块茎)Fleshy underground storage structure composed of an enlarged portion of the stem that has on its surface buds capable of producing new plants.sat阅读理解部分必备的高频词汇：F开头flame calorimeter 火焰量热计flammable 易燃的flare 照明弹flow rate 流速Fluid 流体fluidised bed 流化床fluorescent screen 荧光屏fluoride controversyfluoride 氟化物fluorine is pale yellow gas 氟是淡黄绿色气体foaming agent 起泡剂formation of ions 离子的形成fertiliser 肥料fertility 肥(沃)度fibre 纤维fibrous 纤维状的filament 灯丝filtration 过滤fire extinguisher 灭火器firework 焰火first ionisation energy 一级电离能。
SAT考试-数学物理化学生物专业必备词汇大全
tritium氚
X-ray X射线
α-particles α粒子，即alpha-particle（带有两个质子和中子的粒子，即氦原子核，对物质的穿透力较强，流速约为光速的1/10）
α-ray α射线
β-particles β粒子
β-ray β射线
γ-patticles γ粒子
pipette移液管
positive ion (＝cation)阳离子
precipitation reaction沉淀反应
reactant反应物
reaction反应
reagent试剂，反应物
redox reaction氧化还原反应
relative atomic mass相对原子质量（以碳12原子的质量的1/12约1.66×10－27kg作为标准，其他原子的质量跟它比较所得的值）
SAT II化学词汇表
Part 1 foundation chemistry基础化学
Chapter 1
acid酸
apparatus仪器，装置
aqueous solution水溶液
arrangement of electrons电子排列
assumption假设
atom原子（化学变化中的最小粒子）
atomic mass原子量
carbonate碳酸盐
collide with冲突
combustion analysis燃烧分析
concentration浓度
conical flask锥形瓶
convert转化
covalent bonds共价键（原子间通过共用电子对形成的化学键）
mass spectrometer质谱仪
雅思阅读生物类词汇
雅思阅读生物类词汇 Ting Bao was revised on January 6, 20021===雅思阅读分类词汇===-生物/生理molecule 分子àmolecularcell cellularamino àamino acids(氨基酸)protein 蛋白质enzyme 酶(proteinsthatareproducedbycellsandactascatalystsinspecificbiochemicalreactions)catalyst 催化剂chlorophyll 叶绿素“chloro-”:Clphotosynthesis 光合作用(photo+synthesis)àphotosyntheticbotany 植物学(＜＞zoology＝àbotanist,botanicalflora 植物群fauna 动物群bacteriumbacteria(pl.)细菌fungusfungi(pl.)真菌algaealga(pl.) 海藻herbàherbal:~teaàherbicide(^insecticide,pesticide)carnation 康乃馨àreincarnationfade 凋谢，褪色organism 机体，组织?organarthropod 节肢动物v.s.anthropoid(↓)reptile 爬行动物amphibian 两栖动物mammal 哺乳动物(mamma!)primate 灵长目动物evolution 进化(evolve)anthropoid 类人猿(“anthrop”:humankind)~anthropology,philanthropyv.s.ape,gorilla,chimpanzeegene 基因^DNA(deoxyribonucleicacid)~genome(基因组)genetics 遗传学(àgenetical)helix 螺旋，螺旋壮物…analyzeeverysinglegenewithinthedoublehelixofhumanity’sDNAidentical 同一的~identity(àID card)^clonemutation 突变genemutationàmutable,immutable,mutantpredator 捕食者(＜＞prey＝embryo 胚胎àembryonic(萌芽的)roe 鱼子＞＞＞caviar(鱼子酱)tadpole 蝌蚪＞＞＞frog,toad(^told)caterpillar 毛毛虫(cater+pillar)TheAmericanCompany:Caterpillar(CAT)grasshopper 蚱蜢，蝗虫(=locust)grass+hopper,^bellhopcricket 蟋蟀(另)板球butterfly v.s.moth^dragonfly,fireflypollen 花粉传粉àpollinate,pollinationhive 蜂房＞＞＞honey,^concoctionlarvalarvae(pl.)幼虫vapupa 蛹àpupatepenguin 企鹅v.s.dolphin(海豚)raccoon 浣熊v.s.kangaroo(袋鼠)hibernate 冬眠(=holeup)torpid 麻木的，蛰伏的v.s.torpedo(鱼雷)cerebral (大)脑的hemisphere 半球(hemi+sphere)cortex 脑皮层migraine 偏头疼?migrantsomatic 躯体的limb 四肢upper/lowerlimbanatomy 解剖，剖析paralyze 使瘫痪(=incapacitate,immobilize)artery 动脉(＜＞vein＝gland 腺体pancreas 胰hormone 荷尔蒙，激素cholesterol 胆固醇efficacy 功效v.s.efficiency,effectiveness。
托福生物类词汇
Life Science生命科学动物学：1.biology[baɪ'ɑlədʒi]生物学2.speciology[ˌspi:ʃi'ɔlədʒi]n.物种学3.zoology[zəuˈɔlədʒi]n.动物学4.microbiology[,maɪkrobaɪ'ɑlədʒi]微生物学5.marine biology海洋生物学6.entomology[ˌentəˈmɔlədʒi]n.昆虫学7.ornithology[,ɔrnɪ'θɑlədʒi]n.鸟类学8.cell biology[sel-bai’ɔlədʒi]n.细胞生物学9.biochemist[‘baiəu’kemist]n.生物化学家10.paleontologist[‘peiliɔn’tɔlədʒist]n.古生物学者11.creature[ˈkri:tʃə]n.生物12. organism[ˈɔ:gənizəm]n.有机物，微生物13.microbe['maɪkrob]微生物14. plankton['plæŋktən]浮游生物15.invertebrate[in’və:tibrət]n.无脊椎动物16.vertebra te[ˈvə:təbrɪt,-ˌbret]脊椎动物17.amphibian[æmˈfibiən]n.两栖动物18. reptile [ˈreptail]n.爬行动物19.herbivore['hə:biˌvɔ:]n.食草动物20.herbivorous:[hə:ˈbivərəs]a.食草的，草食的21. carnivore['kɑrnɪvɔr]食肉动物22.omnivorous[amˈnivərəs]a.杂食的23.ruminant[ˈru:minənt]n.反刍动物24.mollusk[‘mɔləsk]n.软体动物nd creature[lænd][ˈkri:tʃə]陆地生物26.cold[kəuld]blood animal[blʌd][ˈæniməl]n.冷血动物27.warm[wɔ:m]blood animal[blʌd][ˈæniməl]n.热血动物28.mammal['mæməl]n.[脊椎]哺乳动物29.primates[ˈpraɪmɪts]灵长目动物30.endangered species濒危动物31. species[ˈspi:ʃi:z]n.物种32.breed[bri:d]n.品种33.monogamous一夫一妻的/一雌一雄的34.polyandrous[,pɑlɪ'ændrəs]一妻多夫的/一雌多雄的35.polygamous[pə'lɪgəməs]一夫多妻的/一雄多雌的munity[kəˈmjunɪti]动物的群落或人的部落37.flock[flɑk]（牛、羊等）群herd[hɝd]兽群38.hordes/swarms[hɔrd]/[swɔrm]（昆虫等）群生理生化：1.respiratory system[ris’paiərətəri-'sistəm]n.呼吸系统2.digestive system消化系统3.nerve system[nə:v]n.神经系统4.circulatory['sɝkjələtɔri]system循环系统5.hormonal[hɔr'monl]system内分泌系统6.reproductive system生殖系统7.urinary system泌尿系统8.immune system[iˈmju:n][ˈsistəm]n.免疫系统9.motor system n.运动系统10.breed[brid](名词)品种，（动词）繁殖11.multiply/reproduce['mʌltɪplaɪ]/[,riprə'dus]繁殖12.offspring[ˈɔfˌspriŋ]n.后代13.crossbreed['krɔ:sbri:d]v.（使）杂交14.sperm[spə:m]n.精子15.spawn[spɔn]（鱼、虾、蛙等）孵16. fertilizer [ˈfɚtlˌaɪzɚ]使…受精 n.肥料17.unfertilized egg[ʌn'fɜːtɪlaɪzd]未受精卵18.fertilized egg[‘fə:tilaizd-eg]n.受精卵19.pregnant[ˈpregnənt]a.怀孕的120.embryo[‘embriəu]n.胚胎21.hatchling['hætʃliŋ]n.刚孵化的幼体22.incubation[,ɪŋkju'beʃən]孵化23. fledglings[ˈfledʒliŋ]n.雏鸟24.cell[sel]n.细胞.蜂房25.cytoplasm[‘saitəplæzəm]n.细胞质26.cell membrane[sel-'mem’brein]n.细胞膜27.cell wall[sel-wɔːl]n.细胞壁28.nucleus[‘nju:kliəs]n.细胞核anelle[ɔ:ɡə’nel]n.细胞器30.skin cells[skin][selz]n.皮肤细胞31.nerve cells[nə:v][selz]n.神经细胞32. unicellular [‘ju:ni’seljulə] adj.单细胞的33. multicellular [‘mʌlti’seljulə] adj.多细胞的34.renewing[ri'nju:iŋ]n.更新35.metabolism[məˈtæbəlizəm]n.新陈代谢36.hormone[ˈhɔ:məun]n.激素，荷尔蒙37.insulin[‘insjulin]n.胰岛素38.secretion[siˈkri:ʃən]n.分泌，分泌物39.anatomy[ə’nætəmi]n.人体解剖an[ˈɔ:gən]n.器官41.vestige[ˈvɛstɪdʒ]n.退化器官42. liver [‘livə] n.肝脏43.lung[lʌŋ]n.肺44.kidney[‘kidni]n.肾45.stomach['stʌmək]n.胃46. pancreas['pæŋkrɪəs]n.胰47.tissue[ˈtiʃu:,-sju:]n.组织48. vessel [‘vesəl] n.血管49.tendon[‘tendən]n.腱50.membrane[‘membrein]n.膜51.gland[ɡlænd]n.腺52.digestive gland[ɡlænd]消化腺53.digestive enzyme消化酶54.tentacle[‘tentəkl]n.触角，触须55. jaw [dʒɔ:] n.颌, 颚56.tongue[tʌŋ]n.舌头57.valve[vælv]n.瓣膜58.skeletal['skelitəl]adj.骨骼的59.vertebra[‘və:tibrə]n.脊椎骨=spinal['spaɪnl]cord脊椎60.rib[rib]n.肋骨61.fingerprint['fiŋgəˌprint]n.指纹62.nail[neil]n.指甲63.division[di’viʒən]n.部分64.beak[bi:k]n.喙，（鹰等的）嘴65.bill[bɪl]（鸟）嘴66.tooth[tu:θ]-teeth[ti:θ]n.牙齿67.toothless[ˈtuθlɪs]adj.无齿的pound eye[kəmˈpaund][ai]n.复眼69.fin[fin]n.鱼鳍scale[skeil]n.鱼鳞70.forelimb[‘fɔ:lim]n.前肢71.limb[lim]n.肢，臂；分支72.wing[wiŋ]n.翅膀73.feather[ˈfeðə]n.羽毛74.tail[teil]n.尾卫生与疾病：1.hygiene['haɪdʒin]卫生2. hygienic [hai’dʒi:nik] adj.卫生学的（ hygiene [‘haidʒi:n] 卫生学）3.sanitation[,sænɪ'teʃən]公共卫生；卫生设施4.disease[di’zi:z]n.疾病5.diagnose[‘daiəɡnəuz]v.诊断6.drug[drʌɡ]n.药物7.medicine[‘medisin]n.医学，药8.dental clinic牙医诊所9.surgeon['sɜːdʒ(ə)n]n.外科医生10.virus[‘vaiərəs]n.病毒11.fungi[‘fʌndʒai]n.真菌类12. yeast[jist]酵母（菌）13.parasite['pærəsaɪt]寄生虫14.parasitic[ˌpærəˈsitik]a.寄生的，寄生虫的215.inflection传染/感染16. paralysis [pə’rælisis]n.麻痹, 瘫痪17.cardiac[‘kɑ:diæk]adj.心脏(病)的18.antibiotic[ˌæntibaiˈɔtik]n.抗生素19.antibody[‘ænti’bɔdi]n.抗体20.vaccine[‘væksi:n]n.疫苗21.fungicide[‘fʌndʒisaid]n.杀真菌剂22.营养学：nutrient[‘nju:triənt]n.营养物质23. calorie [ˈkæləri]卡路里（热量单位）24.protein[‘prəuti:n]n.蛋白质25.starch淀粉glucose[‘ɡlu:kəus]n.葡萄糖26.carbohydrate(starch)碳水化合物（淀粉）27.vitamin[ˈvitəmin,vai-]n.维生素，维他命28.malnutrition[ˌmælnjuˈtriʃən]n.营养不良，营养不足29.decaffeinated[di:'kæfineitid]adj.不含咖啡因30.toxic[‘tɔksik]adj.有毒的31.toxin毒素植物学：1.botany植物学2.botanical/botanic植物学的3.botanist[‘bɔtənist]n.植物学家4.herb[hə:b]n.草本植物5.parasite plant['ɔrɡən]寄生植物6.aquatic['ænjuəl]plant水生植物7.horticulture[ˈhɔrtɪˌkʌltʃɚ]园艺学8.system系统forest[‘fɔrist]n.森林9. jungle [ˈdʒʌŋgəl]n.热带丛林10.tropical rain forest[‘trɔpikl-rein-’fɔrist]n.热带雨林11.Tropical savanna forest[‘trɔpikl-sə’vænə- ’fɔrist]n.热带稀树草原12.deciduous forest[di’sidʒuəs-’fɔrist]n.落叶林13.Deciduous monsoon forest[di’sidʒuəs-mɔn’su:n- ’fɔrist]n.落叶季雨林14.Temperate rain forest[‘tempərit-rein-’fɔrist]n.温带雨林15.Temperate evergreen forest[‘tempərit-’evəɡri:n-’fɔrist]n.温带绿叶林16.subarctic[‘sʌb’ɑ:ktik]adj.亚寒带17.flowering tree[ˈflauəri:iŋ][tri:]n.会开花的树18.lumber[‘lʌmbə]n.木材lawn[lɔn]草坪19.grassland[‘ɡrɑ:slænd]n.草原20. meadow[ˈmedəu]n.草地；牧场21. prairie [ˈpreəri]n.大草原；牧场22. ranch [rɑ:ntʃ]n.大农场；大牧场23.shrub[ʃrʌb]=bush[brʌʃ]灌木丛24. cluster[ˈklʌstəz]n.串，簇；群，组 vi.群集，丛生25. marsh[mɑ:ʃ]n.沼泽；湿地26.beach[bi:tʃ]n.海滩27.alpine region[‘ælpain-’ri:dʒən]n.高山区28.blossom['bærən]花29.root[ru:t]n.根30.stem[stem]n.茎31.stalk[stɔk]杆32.petal[‘petl]n.花瓣33.bud[bʌd]花蕾34.column['kɑləm]花柱35.pistil[‘pistil]n.雌蕊36.stamen[‘steimen]n.雄蕊37.wither/shrivel/fade凋谢38.seed[si:d]n.种子39.germinate[ˈdʒə:mineit]vi.发芽.40.shoot(sprout)[ʃut][spraʊt]嫩芽，抽枝41.rhizome['raizəum]n.根茎，根状茎，地下茎342.trunk[trʌŋk]树干43.bark[bɑrk]树皮44.crown[kraun]n.树冠45. canopy [‘kænəpi] n.天篷：树林中最上面一层46.branch[bræntʃ]树枝47.twig[twɪɡ]小树枝48.leaf[li:f]（leaves复）n.叶子49.leaflet['liflət]小叶50.peel(skin)[pil]果皮51.husk[hʌsk]（干）果壳/（玉米）苞叶52. shell (硬) [ʃɛl]果壳53.barren['bærən]贫瘠的；不生育的54.pesticide[ˈpestisaid]n.农药|杀虫剂55.insecticide[in'sektisaid]n.杀虫剂，农药56.granary(grain store)['grænəri]粮仓57.annual一年一生的58.perennial[pə'rɛnɪəl]多年一生的59.rosette[ro'zɛt]（叶的）丛生60. mutualism [‘mju:tjuəlizəm,’mju:tʃuəlizəm]n.共生61. symbiosis [ˌsimbiˈəusis]n.共生，共生关系62.symbiotic[‘simbai’ɔtik]adj.共生的考过的动物：1. r eptile [ˈreptail]n.爬行动物2. rodent[ˈrəudənt]n.啮齿动物3.gorilla大猩猩4. chimpanzee[ˌtʃimpænˈzi:]n.黑猩猩5.baboon[bə'bu:n]n.狒狒6.anthropoid[ˈænθrəpɔid]a.类人猿的7.beast[bist]野兽8.wolf[wulf]n.狼9.cheetah['tʃitə]猎豹10. bear[bɛə]vt.熊lions[ˈlaiən]n.狮子11.rat[ræt]=mouse[maus]（复数mice）n.鼠12. squirrel[ˈskwirəl]n.松鼠13. kangaroo[ˌkæŋgəˈru:]n.袋鼠14.marmot['mɑ:mət]n.土拨鼠15. chipmunk[ˈtʃipmʌŋk]n.花栗鼠16.meerkat['miəkæt]n.猫鼬17.elephant[ˈelifənt]n.大象18. mammoth[ˈmæməθ]n.猛犸象，长毛象19.cattle[ˈkætl]n.牛20.bison['baisn]n.美洲野牛21.buffalo[ˈbʌfələu]n.水牛22.rhinoceros[rai'nɔsərəs]n.犀牛23. zebra[ˈzi:brə,ˈze:-]n.斑马24. hippopotamuses[ˌhipəˈpɔtəməs]=hippo['hipəu]n.河马25.deer[diə]n.鹿26.camel[ˈkæməl]n.骆驼27.antelope['æntɪlop]羚羊28. rabbit[ˈræbit]n.兔子29. pigeon[ˈpidʒin]n.鸽子30.crow[krəu]n.乌鸦31. eagle[ˈi:gl]n.鹰32.hawk[hɔ:k]n.鹰33.owl[aul]n.猫头鹰34.songbird[‘sɔŋbə:d]n.鸣禽35.hummingbird[ˈhʌmiŋbə:d]n.蜂鸟36.bat[bæt]n.蝙蝠37. colubrid[ˈkɑləbrɪd,ˈkɑljə-]n.无毒蛇类v38.enomous snake[ˈvenəməs][sneik]n.有毒的蛇39. dinosaur[ˈdainəsɔ:]n.恐龙40.Tyrannosaurus rex[taiˌrænə'sɔ:rəs][reks]n.霸王龙41.alligator[ˈæligeitə]=crocodile[ˈkrɔkədail]n.鳄鱼42.turtle['tɝtl]龟43.snake[sneik]n.蛇444.frog[frɔg]n.青蛙45.chameleon变色龙46. lizard[ˈlizəd]n.蜥蜴47.snail[sneil]n.蜗牛48.penguin[ˈpeŋgwin]n.企鹅49.otter[ˈɔtə]n.水獭50.shrimp[ʃrimp]n.虾51. crayfish [‘kreifiʃ] n.龙虾52.clam[klæm]n.蛤53.crab[kræb]n.螃蟹54. coral[ˈkɔrəl]n.珊瑚55.beaver[ˈbi:və]n.海狸56. dolphin[ˈdɔlfin]n.海豚57. starfish[ˈstɑrˌfɪʃ]n.海星58.octopus['ɔktəpəs]n.章鱼59.whale[hweil]n.鲸鱼60. eel [i:l]n.鳗鱼61.flounder[‘flaundə]n.比目鱼62.squid[skwid]n.鱿鱼63. jellyfish [‘dʒelifiʃ] n.水母64.oyster[‘ɔistə]n.牡蛎65.sponge[sloθ]海绵66. insect [ˈinsekt]n.昆虫67.bug[bʌɡ]n.虫子68.worm[wɝm]虫/蠕虫69.caterpillar[‘kætəpilə]n.毛虫70.pest[pest]n.害虫71.parasite['pærəsaɪt]寄生虫72.spider[‘spaidə]n.蜘蛛73.cockroach['kɔkrəutʃ]n.蟑螂74.ant[ænt]n.蚂蚁75.termite[ˈtə:mait]n.白蚁76. fly [flai]n.苍蝇77.hornet大黄蜂78.mosquito[məsˈki:təu]n.蚊子79.moth[mɔθ]n.飞蛾80.butterfly[‘bʌtəflai]n.蝴蝶考过的植物：1. paleontology[ˌpæliəuˈliθik]a.古生物2. vegetation[ˌvedʒiˈteiʃən]n.植物3.rain forest['rein-'fɔrəst]n.雨林4.deciduous tree[diˈsidjuəs]a.落叶/阔叶树birch[ˈbə:tʃ]n.桦树5.eucalyptus[ˌju:kəˈliptəs]n.桉树6. maple[ˈmeipəl]n.枫树oak[əuk]n.橡树7.conifer tree['kɑnəfɚ]针叶树8.softwood[‘sɔftwud]n.针叶树9.evergreen常青树10.redwood红木树11.pine needle[ˈni:dl][pain]n.松叶/松针12.algae['ældʒi:]n.藻类fungus[ˈfʌŋgəs]n真菌，菌类13. fungi . ['fʌŋgai]n.真菌；菌类；蘑菇14. lichen [ˈlaikən]n.地衣；青苔15.moss[mɔs]n.青苔，藓类16.crop[krɔp]n.农作物17.grain(cereal)[ɡren]['sɪrɪəl谷物，谷粒let['mɪlɪt]粟，小米19.wheat[wit]小麦20.corn[kɔ:n]=maize[meiz]n.玉米21.potato[pəˈteitəu]n.土豆22.onion[ˈʌnjən]n.洋葱23.tomato[təˈmɑ:təu]n.番茄24.Nightshade family['naitʃeid][ˈfæməli]n.茄科25.lettuce['lɛtɪs]莴苣26.pumpkin['pʌmpkɪn]南瓜27. tulip[ˈtju:lip,ˈtu:-]n.郁金香28.cactus[ˈkæktəs]n.仙人掌29.orchid[‘ɔ:kid]n.兰花30. spartina[spɑ:’tainə]n.大米草（盐滩）31.Animal Behavior:动物行为532.passive[ˈpæsiv]a.被动的/enactive[i'næktiv]a.主动的33.habitat selection[ˈhæbitæt][siˈlekʃən]n.栖息地选择34.habitat[ˈhæbitæt]n.息地35.recreate['rekrieit]v.再建（栖息地）36.burrow[ˈbʌrəu]n.洞穴37.nest[nest]n.巢38. survival[səˈvaivəl]n.生存39. territorial[ˌteriˈtɔ:riəl]a.领地的munal[‘kɔmjunl]adj.群居的41.social群居42.solitary独居43.circumstance[ˈsə:kəmstəns]=environment[inˈvaiərənmənt]n.环境44.population density[ˌpɔpjuˈleiʃən][ˈdensiti]n.居住密度45.quiescent[kwi’esənt]adj.休眠的46.hibernate['haɪbɚnet]n.冬眠；蛰伏47.migrate[mai’ɡreit]v.迁徙soar[sɔ:]v.振翅飞行48.glide[ɡlaid]v.滑行49.nomadic[nəʊ'mædɪk]adj.游牧的；流浪的50.domesticate[dəˈmɛstɪˌket]v.驯养51.flexible[‘fleksəbl]adj.柔韧的52.stretch[stretʃ]n.伸展53.exhale[eks’heil]v.呼气54.inhale[in’heil]v.吸气55.forage[‘fɔridʒ]v.觅食56.diving潜水/跳水57.mating ritual['meitiŋ][ˈritʃuəl]求偶仪式58.mate[meit]n.交配59.stimulus[ˈstimjuləs]n.刺激60.drive[draiv]=urge[ə:dʒz]n.驱动，驱动因素，强烈的愿望61.expel[iks’pel]v.喷出，发射62.displacement[disˈpleismənt]n.取代，换位63.grooming['gru:miŋ]n.整理（羽毛）64. reproduce[ˌri:prəˈdju:s]v.繁殖65. lags eggs[ˈli:kɪdʒz]下蛋66.incubate[‘inkjə’beit]v.孵化67. offspring [ˈɔfˌspriŋ]n.后代68. larva [ˈlɑ:və]n.幼虫69.molting[‘məultiŋ]n.蜕皮70. fledglings[ˈfledʒliŋ]n.雏鸟71.hatchling['hætʃliŋ]n.刚孵化的幼体72.tend[tend]v.照顾73.pollinate[‘pɔlineit]v.授粉，传粉74.agent[ˈeidʒənt]n.中介75.spread[spred]v.扩散，传播76.camouflage[ˈkæməflɑ:ʒ]vt.伪装77. shield [ʃi:ld] v.防御，保护78.defend[di’fend]v.防卫79.protective camouflage n.保护色80.predator-prey[ˈpredətə]-[prei]捕食者—被捕食者81.enemy[ˈenimi]n.敌人82.pursue[pə’sju:]v.追捕,追击83.sting[stiŋ]v.螫84. injury [‘indʒəri] n.伤害85.eliminate[i’limineit]v.除去86.prime[praim]a.首要的，最好的/secondary[ˈsekəndəri, -deri] a.次要的，第二的87.higher[ˈhaiə]a.较高/lower[ˈləuə]a.较低88. irrelevant [iˈrelivənt]a.不切题，不相关89. inappropriate[ˌinə'prəupriit] adj.不恰当.90.horizontal[ˌhɔriˈzɔntl]a.水平的91. vertical[ˈvə:tikəl]a.垂直的92. underneath[ˌʌndəˈni:θ]n.下面适应：Adaptation1.the weather[ðə,ði:][ˈweðə]=climate[ˈklaimit]n.气候62.microclimate['maikrəuˌklaimit]n.小气候3.harsh[hɑ:ʃə]a.（气候）恶劣的4. primitive [ˈprimitiv]a.远古的5.hibernation[ˌhaibəˈneiʃən]n.冬眠6.burrow[ˈbʌrəu]n.洞穴territorial[ˌteriˈtɔ:riəl]a.领地的7.absorb[əb’sɔ:b]v.吸收8.soak up[sokʌp]v.吸收respiration[ˌrespəˈreiʃən]n.呼吸作用9. photosynthesis[ˌfəutəuˈsinθəsis]n.光合作用photolysis[fəu'tɔlisis]n.光解作用10.chlorophyll['klɔrəfɪl]叶绿素11.chloroplast[‘klɔ:rəuplæst]n.叶绿体12.pigment[‘piɡmənt]n.色素13.catalyst[‘kætəlist]n.催化剂14.crossbreed['krɔ:sbri:d]v.（使）杂交15. yield [ji:ld] n.产量v.产出，生出16. dehydrate[ˌdi:ˈhaidreit]vi.脱水17. edible[ˈedəbl]a.可食的18. greeting[ˈgri:tiŋ]n.打招呼19. ceremony[ˈseriməni]n.仪式，典礼20. individual [ˌindiˈvidʒuəl]n.个体，个人21.colonize[ˈkɔlənaiz]vt.殖民22.colonist[ˈkɔlənist]/colonizer['kɔlənaizə]n.殖民者23.osmosis[ɔzˈməusis]n.渗透，渗透作用进化 : Evalution1.ancestry[ˈænsəstri,ˈænsestri]=ancestor[ˈænsəstə]n.祖先2.evolution[ˌi:vəˈlu:ʃən]n.演变，进化3. evolve [iˈvɔlv] v.(使)演变，进化4.the missing link[ðə,ði:][ˈmisiŋ][liŋk]n.进化缺环5. Darwinism [ˈdɑrwɪˌnɪzəm]达尔文学说6.species[‘spi:si:z]n.物种7.survival[sɚ'vaɪvl]n.幸存，生存8.victim[‘viktim]n.牺牲品9.die out/extinction[ɪk'stɪŋkʃən]灭绝10.mass extinction[mæs-iks’tiŋkʃən]n.大量消亡11.decline in the number数量减少交流：Communication1.vocalization[,vəukəlaizʃən,-li'z-]n.发声，acoustic[əˈku:stik]a.声学，听觉的2.acoustic spectrum[əˈku:stik][ˈspektrəm]n.声谱sound waves [saund] [ˈweivz]n.声波3.infrasound['infrəsaund]n.次声4.ultrasound['ʌltrəsaund]n.超声波.5.reflection[riˈflekʃən]n.反射6.echolocation[ˌekəuləu'keiʃən]n.回声定位7.ground clutter[graund][ˈklʌtə]n.地面杂乱回波8.high frequency sounds[hai][ˈfri:kwənsi][saundz]n.频率9.ultrasonic pulse[ðə,ði:][ˌʌltrə'sɔnik][pʌlsiz]n.脉冲10.vision[ˈviʒən]n.视力遗传变异：1.speciology[ˌspi:ʃi'ɔlədʒi]n.物种学2.bio-diversity生物多样性3. heredity [hiˈrediti]n.遗传，遗传性4.duplicate[‘dju:plikit]v.复制5.descendant[di'sendənt]adj.下降的；祖传的|n. 后裔；子孙DNA 脱氧核糖核酸6. chromosomes[ˈkrəuməsəumz]n.染色体7.sequences[ˈsi:kwənsiz]n.序列8.infectious agent[in’fekʃəs-’eidʒənt]n.传染因子9.heredity:[hiˈrediti]n.遗传，遗传性gene[dʒi:n]n.基因，遗传因子10.genetic[dʒi'netik]adj.遗传的；基因的；起源的711.genetic code[dʒiˈnetik][kəud]n.基因代码12.genetic engineering遗传工程13.genetic material[dʒi'netik-mə'tiəriəl]n.遗传物质14.genetic structure[dʒi’netik-’strʌktʃə]n.遗传结构15.genic mutation['dʒenik][mju:ˈteiʃən]n.基因突变16.variation[,vɛrɪ'eʃən]变异17.mutation of species物种变异18.amino acid[ə,mi:nəu'æsid]n.[生化]氨基酸19.nucleic acid[nju:’kli:ik-’æsid]n.核酸20.ribonucleic acid[‘raibənju:’kli:ik-’æsid]n.核糖核酸(略作RNA)21.enzyme[ˈenz aim]n.酶22.telomerase[tə'lɔməreiz]n.端粒酶（核糖体蛋白酶）生态平衡：1.ecology[iˈkɔlədʒi]n.生态学2.ecologists[i:ˈkɔlədʒɪsts]a.生态学家3.ecological tourism[ˌekəˈlɔdʒikəl][ˈtuərizəm]n.生态观光4.eco(ecological[ˌekəˈlɔdʒikəl])-tourists[ˈtuərist] n.生态旅游者5.eco(ecological[ˌekəˈlɔdʒikəl])-system[ˈsistəm]= ecosystem[iˈkɔnəmi]n.生态系统6.wildness野生/天然7.habitat[‘hæbitæt]n.栖息地8.food chain[fudtʃen]食物链9.wild environment野生环境10.preservation[,prɛzɚ'veʃən]保护11.environment protection环境保护12.soil[sɔil]n.土壤clay[klei]n.[土壤]粘土；泥土13.permafrost['pə:məfrɔst]n.永久冻土14.weathered['weðəd]n.风化.15.fertilizers[ˈfə:tilaizəz]n.肥料16.sediments[ˈsedimənts]n.沉淀物17.agricultural[ægriˈkʌltʃər(ə)l]a.农业的18. artificially [ˌɑ:tiˈfiʃəli]ad.人造地19.interrelationship[ɪntərɪ`leɪʃn,ʃɪp]n.相互关系20. organism[ˈɔ:gənizəm]n.生物体；有机体；微生物21. microbes[ˈmaikrəubz]n.微生物，细菌22.nectar['nektə]n.花蜜pollen[ˈpɔlən]n.花粉23. pollinated[ˈpɔləˌneɪtid]v.授粉24.bird band[bə:d][bænd]n.鸟足识别环，鸟足带beled['leibld]adj.被贴标签的26.nesting sites[nestiŋ][saits]n.筑巢区27.trail[treil]vt.追踪；拖28.migrate[maiˈgreit]vi.移动；使移居；使移植29. immigrate[ˈimigreit]vi.使移居入境30.emigrate[ˈemigreit]vi.移居外国31.migration routes[maiˈgreiʃən][ru:ts]n.迁徙路线32.cease to exist[si:s][tu:,tu,tə][igˈzist]=extinct[ikˈstiŋkt]=die out[dai][aut]v.灭绝8BIOLOGY生物evolution进化Darwinism 达尔文学说species物种specimen样本，标本natural selection自然选择biological vacuum生物演变真空期survival生存block;obstruct阻碍reverse 逆向；倒退alga(复数algae)藻类invertebrate无脊椎动物aquatic(life)水生动物reptile爬行动物amphibian(amph ibious an imal)两栖动物dinosaur恐龙bird鸟类extinction灭绝mammal哺乳动物primates灵长目动物class纲order目family科genus属suborder亚目species种insect昆虫antenna(复数antennae)触须larva 幼虫，幼体camouflage伪装pest害虫worm虫，蠕虫hibernate冬眠lizard蜥蜴chameleon变色蜥蜴regeneration再生turtle龟beast野兽domesticate驯养predatory(carnivorous)食肉的predator捕食者prey（动词）捕食migrate迁移wing 翅膀，翼bill（鸟）嘴beak（鹰等的）嘴nest筑巢dolphin海豚whale鲸鱼bat蝙蝠gorilla大猩猩chimpanzee黑猩猩habitat栖息地rodent 啮齿动物（如松鼠）primate灵长动物plankton浮游生物shrimp小虾prawn对虾lobster对虾crab螃蟹clam蛤蜊coral珊瑚canary金丝雀chirp (鸟，虫的叫声) 唧唧sloth树懒slothful懒惰的parasite寄生虫moth蛾caterpillar毛虫hordes(昆虫等)群swarms (昆虫等) 群flock（鸟，羊等）群herd兽群bunch（花等）束，捧community 动物的群落或人的部落trapper诱捕动物者oyster牡蛎fertilizer 使…受精larvae幼虫tentacle触角homotherm恒温动物metabolism新陈代谢breed(名词)品种，（动词）繁殖multiply（reproduce）繁殖hatch孵spawn (鱼、虾、蛙等) 孵offspring(young)子女后代anatomy解剖学appetite食欲creature生物microbe微生物herbivorous食草的carnivorous食肉的9omnivorous 杂食的insect昆虫antenna(复数antennae)触须compound eye 复眼wing 翅膀larva 幼虫；幼体camouflage伪装beneficial 有益的pest害虫pesticide worm 虫；蠕虫parasite寄生虫beast野兽domesticate驯养domestication(carnivorous) 食肉的prey（动词）捕食；（名词）被捕食的动物migrate 迁移wing 翅膀；翼bill（鸟）嘴beak（鹰等的）嘴nest筑巢nestle flock to habitat molt （鸟）脱羽毛dolphin 海豚whale 鲸鱼bat 蝙蝠echolocation 声波定位anthropoid ape类人猿gorilla 大猩猩chimpanzee黑猩猩baboon 狒狒primitive(men)原始的civilized (men) 文明的diversity 品种多样gregarious(social)群居的habitat 栖息地reproduce 繁殖, 复制, 使...在脑海中重现offspring (young) 后代botany 植物学botanist 植物学家botanical (botanic) 植物的plant 植物alpine plant 高山植物marsh plant 沼泽植物host plant 寄主植物root 根stem茎stalk杆shoot (sprout)嫩芽；抽枝flower 花bud 花蕾blossompetal 花瓣wilt, fade 枯萎，凋谢flesh 果肉stone果核core果心kernel 果仁peel (skin)果皮shell ( 硬) 果壳trunk 树干branch 树枝bough 大或粗树枝twig 小树枝bark 树皮jungle 丛林lawn 草坪meadow 草地；牧场prairie 大草原shrub(bush)灌木cluster 一簇（灌木）fern 蕨类植物herb 芳草herbal tea凉茶photosynthesis光合作用symbiosis 共生微生物学microbiology bacteriabacterium(pl.bacteria)enzymes 酵母fermentation 发酵inflection 传染( 感染)microbe 微生物toxin 毒素virus 病毒生物化学amino acids氨基酸carbohydrate 碳水化合物carbon dioxide 二氧化碳organism 有机物oxidation 氧化protein 蛋白质10pre’datory 细菌细菌。
SAT词汇之生物
SAT词汇之生物SAT词汇各处可见，这些SAT词汇中的生物术语你们知道长什么样吗？下面三立小编为你带来新SAT词汇题备考有妙招，让你学到技巧，减少分数的丢失，希望对你有所帮助，更多资讯请访问三立在线教育，专业老师为你在线解答相关疑问。
Biomass(生物量)The amount of living matter in a given ecosystem. Because only 10 percent of energy is transferred between trophic levels, the biomass of lower trophic levels is greater than the biomass of subsequent trophic levels: biomass of producers > biomass of primary consumers > biomass of secondary consumers > biomass of tertiary consumers.Biome(生物社会)A particular geographic area with a common climate and characteristic plant and animal life. There are six major terrestrial biomes and two aquatic biomes. The six terrestrial biomes are tropical rain forest, savanna, desert, temperate deciduous forest, taiga, and tundra. The two aquatic biomes are marine and freshwater. Each biome is characterized by specific climax communities.Blood(血)The liquid that carries nutrients and oxygen to the cells and carries carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes away. The liquid fluid of blood is called plasma. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, an iron-containingprotein that binds oxygen. White blood cells fight disease. Platelets clot to prevent extreme blood loss resulting from injury.Bone(骨)Rigid structures composed of living cells rooted in a matrix of calcium, phosphate salts, and collagen fibers. Bones are the primary component of most vertebrate skeletons.Brain(脑)The center of the central nervous system. The brain coordinates the processes of the body. It is composed of various distinct regions, all of which have different functions, including the cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and hypothalamus.Bryophyte(苔藓植物)A lower terrestrial plant (often a moss or liverwort) that lacks a vascular system and is dependent on environmental moisture for reproductive and nutritive functions.Budding(萌芽)Asexual reproductive process in which a small portion of the cell membrane and cytoplasm receive a nucleus and pinch off from the parent cell.Buffer(缓冲液)Solutions that resist change in pH even when acids and bases are added.Bulb(球茎)Roughly spherical underground bud containing additional buds that can develop asexually into new plants.以上相关信息由三立在线为你提供，希望阅读完以上文章后，你能有所收获，对学习有一定的帮助，更多资讯请访问三立在线，专业老师为你指导讲解相关疑惑，为你的考试之路保驾护航。