测控技术与仪器专业英语 Unit 2
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– electrical potential difference 电势差 – electrical current 电流
• Electrical parameters
– – – – electrical resistance 电阻 capacitance 电容 inductance 电感 frequency 频率
– 出于这样的原因，通常不能够采用与测量无生命对象（放 入自动调温器，调节至确定的电压等）同样的方式构造独 立的测量。
15
2 M- of non-physical quantities
– It is, for example, not very practicable to isolate a 2.11 section of the population from the rest of the world, for the sake of an economic measurement conducted to verify the relationship between the scarcity and the price of consumer goods. – 例如，出于进行检验稀缺资源和消费商品价格之间 关系的经济测量的原因，从世界人口中独立出一个 部分是行不通的。 – Also, the repetition of an experiment is often not 3.1 possible when dealing with such complex measurement objects. – 当处理这类复杂测量对象时，实验通常是无法重复 的。 16
1 Measurement of Physical Quantity • Electrical current
– This device measures the electromagnetic force 1.2 between two current carrying coils (one fixed, one moving) by balancing it with the force of gravity, acting on a known mass. – 这个设备通过与之平衡的重力测量两个载流线 圈之间的电磁力，这是一种通用的方式。 – The force between the coils is given by F = I2 1.4 dM/dx, in which M is the known mutual induction of the coils and x is the known distance between them. – M是已知线圈间的互感， x是已知线圈间的距离。
• Q8
– What stages will the data go through after it is collected? 数据被收集后将进入什么处理阶段？
3
Words and Expressions
– – – – – – physical quantity 物理量 electrical potential difference 电势差 mutual induction 互感 random errors 随机误差 oscilloscope 示波器 gravity 重力
2
Questions before reading
• Q5
– What do people mean with the term „data‟?
• Q6
术语数据
– What are qualitative data and quantitative 质量数据 data? 数量数据
• Q7
– How do people categorize numerical data? 分类数值数据
• Q2
– What energy system do physical quantities attribute to? 归属于
• Q3
– How do people make standards for these physical quantities? 标准
• Q4
– What important usages are there for the quantities? 重要用途
6
1 Measurement of Physical Quantity
– Usually the sensors receive the information of 2.1 quantities under measurement (QUM) and convert it into variation of electrical parameters or electrical potential, which will normally be conditioned, and then converted into the electrical quantities, specially the current, and sent to the A/D converters. – 通常，传感器接收被测量的信息并将其转换为 待调理的电参数或电压，继而转换成电量，特 别是电流，后送入A/D转换器。
2 M- of non-physical quantities
– With non-physical measurements, however, the 3.3
object often behaves differently the second time, because it has either learned from the first measurement, or it is no longer motivated to cooperate, has become tired, etc.
– 电势差的基本标准曾经是由一个电化学标准电池 （韦斯顿标准电池）提供的。 – The voltage of a Weston cell is approximately 1.01860V at 20℃, with an inaccuracy of 3×10-6 under optimal conditions. 不确定度 – 在最优条件下，20℃时韦斯顿电池的电压接近 1.01860± 3×10-6 V。
fields are very difficult or even impossible to measure, mainly because they are part of very complex systems (people, organizations, societies, etc.) .
8
1 Measurement of Physical Quantity
• Electrical potential difference
– Optimal conditions mean a variation of temperature less than 10-3 K, no load, no vibrations or jolting. – 最优条件是指温度变化在10-3 K以内，并且无负载， 无振动或震击。 – A Weston standard cell has a very long thermal after-effect. After the cell has been heated to 30℃ it can take 6 months before it is totally stable within 0.3μV of the original value at 20 ℃. – 韦斯顿电池有很长的热后效应。 – Furthermore, a Weston cell will age, …… 老化 9
Chapter 1 Introduction to Measurement
Unit 2 Measurement of Quantities and Measurement Data
测控技术与仪器专业英语
Questions before reading • Q1
– What physical quantities are often used in test and measure technology? 物理量
7
1 Measurement of Physical Quantity
• Electrical potential difference
– The primary standard for electrical potential difference used to be provided by an electrochemical standard cell (the Weston standard cell).
4
Main content
1
Measurement of Physical Quantity
2
Measurement of non-physical quantities The Nature of Data
3
5
1 Measurement of Plectrical quantities
– 出现在非技术领域的非物理量的测量是困难的 甚至不可能的，主要是因为它们一般是复杂系 统（人群、组织、社会等）的一部分。
13
2 M- of non-physical quantities
– Furthermore, these parasitic quantities, which 2.3
influence the measurement result, are not constant during the measurement, making it impossible to correct any errors in the measurement.
11
Main content
1
Measurement of Physical Quantity
2
Measurement of non-physical quantities The Nature of Data
3
12
2 M- of non-physical quantities
– Non-physical quantities found in non-technical 1.1
10
1 Measurement of Physical Quantity
• Electrical resistance
1.1 – Standards of electrical resistance are resistors
wound of special alloy wire giving a minimal temperature effect. An example of such an alloy is evanohm, consisting of 74% nickel, 20% chromium and 6% aluminium and iron. – 电阻的标准要求电阻由特殊合金缠绕而成，并 且最小的温度效应（系数）。这样的合金比如 evanohm，它由74%的镍、20%的铬、6%铝和 铁组成。
– 而且，这些影响测量结果的附加量在测量过程 中并非常数，在测量中产生的误差很难得到修 正。
14
2 M- of non-physical quantities
– It is essential to the nature of an organism or an 2.7 organization that they maintain (social, cultural, political) interactions with their environment. – 保持与周围环境的交互对于生命体或组织的性质是非常必 要的。 – For this reason, it is usually not possible to perform an 2.8 isolated measurement in the same way we can with inanimate things (putting in a thermostat, hooking up to a fixed supply voltage, etc. )
• Electrical parameters
– – – – electrical resistance 电阻 capacitance 电容 inductance 电感 frequency 频率
– 出于这样的原因，通常不能够采用与测量无生命对象（放 入自动调温器，调节至确定的电压等）同样的方式构造独 立的测量。
15
2 M- of non-physical quantities
– It is, for example, not very practicable to isolate a 2.11 section of the population from the rest of the world, for the sake of an economic measurement conducted to verify the relationship between the scarcity and the price of consumer goods. – 例如，出于进行检验稀缺资源和消费商品价格之间 关系的经济测量的原因，从世界人口中独立出一个 部分是行不通的。 – Also, the repetition of an experiment is often not 3.1 possible when dealing with such complex measurement objects. – 当处理这类复杂测量对象时，实验通常是无法重复 的。 16
1 Measurement of Physical Quantity • Electrical current
– This device measures the electromagnetic force 1.2 between two current carrying coils (one fixed, one moving) by balancing it with the force of gravity, acting on a known mass. – 这个设备通过与之平衡的重力测量两个载流线 圈之间的电磁力，这是一种通用的方式。 – The force between the coils is given by F = I2 1.4 dM/dx, in which M is the known mutual induction of the coils and x is the known distance between them. – M是已知线圈间的互感， x是已知线圈间的距离。
• Q8
– What stages will the data go through after it is collected? 数据被收集后将进入什么处理阶段？
3
Words and Expressions
– – – – – – physical quantity 物理量 electrical potential difference 电势差 mutual induction 互感 random errors 随机误差 oscilloscope 示波器 gravity 重力
2
Questions before reading
• Q5
– What do people mean with the term „data‟?
• Q6
术语数据
– What are qualitative data and quantitative 质量数据 data? 数量数据
• Q7
– How do people categorize numerical data? 分类数值数据
• Q2
– What energy system do physical quantities attribute to? 归属于
• Q3
– How do people make standards for these physical quantities? 标准
• Q4
– What important usages are there for the quantities? 重要用途
6
1 Measurement of Physical Quantity
– Usually the sensors receive the information of 2.1 quantities under measurement (QUM) and convert it into variation of electrical parameters or electrical potential, which will normally be conditioned, and then converted into the electrical quantities, specially the current, and sent to the A/D converters. – 通常，传感器接收被测量的信息并将其转换为 待调理的电参数或电压，继而转换成电量，特 别是电流，后送入A/D转换器。
2 M- of non-physical quantities
– With non-physical measurements, however, the 3.3
object often behaves differently the second time, because it has either learned from the first measurement, or it is no longer motivated to cooperate, has become tired, etc.
– 电势差的基本标准曾经是由一个电化学标准电池 （韦斯顿标准电池）提供的。 – The voltage of a Weston cell is approximately 1.01860V at 20℃, with an inaccuracy of 3×10-6 under optimal conditions. 不确定度 – 在最优条件下，20℃时韦斯顿电池的电压接近 1.01860± 3×10-6 V。
fields are very difficult or even impossible to measure, mainly because they are part of very complex systems (people, organizations, societies, etc.) .
8
1 Measurement of Physical Quantity
• Electrical potential difference
– Optimal conditions mean a variation of temperature less than 10-3 K, no load, no vibrations or jolting. – 最优条件是指温度变化在10-3 K以内，并且无负载， 无振动或震击。 – A Weston standard cell has a very long thermal after-effect. After the cell has been heated to 30℃ it can take 6 months before it is totally stable within 0.3μV of the original value at 20 ℃. – 韦斯顿电池有很长的热后效应。 – Furthermore, a Weston cell will age, …… 老化 9
Chapter 1 Introduction to Measurement
Unit 2 Measurement of Quantities and Measurement Data
测控技术与仪器专业英语
Questions before reading • Q1
– What physical quantities are often used in test and measure technology? 物理量
7
1 Measurement of Physical Quantity
• Electrical potential difference
– The primary standard for electrical potential difference used to be provided by an electrochemical standard cell (the Weston standard cell).
4
Main content
1
Measurement of Physical Quantity
2
Measurement of non-physical quantities The Nature of Data
3
5
1 Measurement of Plectrical quantities
– 出现在非技术领域的非物理量的测量是困难的 甚至不可能的，主要是因为它们一般是复杂系 统（人群、组织、社会等）的一部分。
13
2 M- of non-physical quantities
– Furthermore, these parasitic quantities, which 2.3
influence the measurement result, are not constant during the measurement, making it impossible to correct any errors in the measurement.
11
Main content
1
Measurement of Physical Quantity
2
Measurement of non-physical quantities The Nature of Data
3
12
2 M- of non-physical quantities
– Non-physical quantities found in non-technical 1.1
10
1 Measurement of Physical Quantity
• Electrical resistance
1.1 – Standards of electrical resistance are resistors
wound of special alloy wire giving a minimal temperature effect. An example of such an alloy is evanohm, consisting of 74% nickel, 20% chromium and 6% aluminium and iron. – 电阻的标准要求电阻由特殊合金缠绕而成，并 且最小的温度效应（系数）。这样的合金比如 evanohm，它由74%的镍、20%的铬、6%铝和 铁组成。
– 而且，这些影响测量结果的附加量在测量过程 中并非常数，在测量中产生的误差很难得到修 正。
14
2 M- of non-physical quantities
– It is essential to the nature of an organism or an 2.7 organization that they maintain (social, cultural, political) interactions with their environment. – 保持与周围环境的交互对于生命体或组织的性质是非常必 要的。 – For this reason, it is usually not possible to perform an 2.8 isolated measurement in the same way we can with inanimate things (putting in a thermostat, hooking up to a fixed supply voltage, etc. )