Recombinants for Enhanced Productivity and Drought Tolerance in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
刘毅教授-国外化妆品活性添加剂研发新趋势
中草药提取ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ应用的范例
2015年10月5日北京时间17时30分，瑞典卡罗琳医 学院在斯德哥尔摩宣布将2015年诺贝尔生理学或医 学奖授予中国女药学家屠呦呦。 “青蒿素是传统中医药送给世界人民的礼物，对防 治疟疾等传染性疾病、维护世界人民健康具有重要 意义。青蒿素的发现是集体发掘中药的成功范例， 由此获奖是中国科学事业、中医中药走向世界的一 个荣誉。也是唯一能与国外相比美的功能化妆品活 性添加剂的天然资源。将有利于中国和世界认识中 药是尚未充分开发的宝库。
仿生化学和生物工程技术的应用
利用仿生化学和生物工程 技术，开发活性物作为化 妆品添加剂原料，已成为 世界功能化妆品发展的主 流方向。
如：利用此技术开发的： 磷脂聚合物应用于：希思
汀植物保湿修复水、劳斯莱 斯保湿修复系列、芳妮滋养 系列化妆品
仿细胞膜的磷脂聚合物结构示意图
磷脂聚合物分子结构式
应用以上综合技术，在世界上首次开发具有抗衰 老，保护细胞外基质不受肽酶的降解 【 Protection of ECM proteins against peptidases degradation】，促进毛发生长的-环5肽（RonaCare Cyclopeptide-5）。
国外功能化妆品活性添加剂 研究开发新趋势
北京大学医学部 北京耐确生化技术研究所
刘毅
化妆品活性添加剂分为5大类
1、植物提取物类 [Botanical extracts/Plant-based actives] 2、生物技术类，如：透明质酸、神经酰胺
【ceramides】、表皮生长因子类、 磷脂聚合物【Phospholipid polymer】
化妆品中应用的4种磷脂聚合物结构图
维生素E酯、维生素C酯和维生素A酯
剂型中英文对照
1. Adj：药用辅料（Pharmaceutic Adjuvant）稀释剂（Diluent Agent)黏合剂（Binder）崩解剂（Disintegrating Agent）润滑剂（Lubricant）基质（Base）芳香剂（Flavoring Agent）甜味剂(Sweetening Agent）着色剂（Coloring Agent）防腐剂（Preservative or Antiseptics）抗氧化剂（Antioxidant）包衣剂（Coating Materials)成膜材料(Film-Forming Materials)溶剂（Solvent）增溶剂（Solubilizer）润湿剂（Wetting Agent or Moistening Agent）吸附剂(Absorbent）助滤剂(Filtering Aid)乳化剂（Emulsifying Agent)表面活性剂（Surfactant）助悬剂（Suspending Agent）增稠剂（Viscosity Increasing Agent）增塑剂(Plasticizer）螯合剂（Chelating Agent）透皮促进剂（Transdermal Enhancer）气雾抛射剂（Aerosol Propellant）起泡剂（Foaming Agent)酸碱调节剂（Acidifying or Alkalizing Agent）缓冲剂（Buffering Agent)2. Aer：气雾剂(Aerosol)吸入气雾剂（Inhalation Aerosol）吸入粉雾剂（Powder for Inhalation）非吸入气雾剂(Non—Inhalation Aerosol）非吸入粉雾剂（Non-Inhalation Aerosol Powder）外用气雾剂（Topical Aerosol，Skin Aerosol）喷雾剂（Spray）药用泡沫剂（Medicated Foam, Cutaneous Foam）鼻腔用喷雾剂(Nasal Spray）3。
检测金属离子营养强化剂对磁场辅助冷冻鱼糜品质的影响
检测金属离子营养强化剂对磁场辅助冷冻鱼糜品质的影响孟 嫚1，陈新文1，吕泳棋1，孙宝林1，高 颖2，杨 哪3*（1.利诚检测认证集团股份有限公司，广东中山 528437；2.辽宁大学 轻型产业学院，辽宁沈阳 110036；3.江南大学 食品学院，江苏无锡 214122）摘 要：为探究金属离子营养强化剂对冷冻鱼糜品质的影响，以草鱼鱼糜为原料，在4 mT磁场环境下辅助冷冻，添加柠檬酸镁、柠檬酸锌和柠檬酸亚铁3种不同金属离子营养强化剂，分析鱼糜冷冻及冻融过程中相对磁导率、水分、质构等品质指标的变化。
结果表明，金属离子营养强化剂可改善冷冻鱼糜的品质，与对照组相比，柠檬酸亚铁组的相对磁导率提高13.59%，持水性提高7.08%，硬度提高26.60%。
本研究为添加金属离子营养强化剂改善鱼糜冷冻品质提供了理论指导。
关键词：营养强化剂；磁场辅助冷冻；鱼糜；品质改良Detection of the Effect of Metal Ion Nutrient Fortification on the Quality of Magnetic Field-Assisted Frozen Surimi MENG Man1, CHEN Xinwen1, LYU Yongqi1, SUN Baolin1, GAO Ying2, YANG Na3*(1.Licheng Detection & Certification Group Co., Ltd., Zhongshan 528437, China;2.College of Light Industry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China;3.School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China)Abstract: In order to explore the effect of metal ion nutritional fortifiers on the quality of frozen surimi, we used grass carp surimi frozen in a 4 mT magnetic field assisting environment as raw material, added three different metal ion nutrient fortifiers, namely, magnesium citrate, zinc citrate, and ferrous citrate, and analyzed the changes in quality characteristics such as relative magnetic permeability, water holding ability and texture of surimi. The results showed that metal ion nutrient fortification could improve the quality of frozen surimi, and the relative magnetic permeability increased by 13.59%, water holding capacity by 7.08%, and hardness by 26.60% in the ferrous citrate group compared with the control group. This study provides theoretical guidance for the addition of metal ion nutritional enhancers to improve the frozen quality of surimi.Keywords: nutrient fortification; magnetic field assisted freezing; surimi; quality improvement鱼糜是一种烹饪简便、口感细腻美味的水产调理原料，常采用冷冻的方法保存[1]。
剂型英语
1. Adj：药用辅料（Pharmaceutic Adjuvant）稀释剂（Diluent Agent）黏合剂（Binder）崩解剂（Disintegrating Agent）润滑剂（Lubricant）基质（Base）芳香剂（Flavoring Agent）甜味剂（Sweetening Agent）着色剂（Coloring Agent）防腐剂（Preservative or Antiseptics）抗氧化剂（Antioxidant）包衣剂（Coating Materials）成膜材料（Film-Forming Materials）溶剂（Solvent）增溶剂（Solubilizer）润湿剂（Wetting Agent or Moistening Agent）吸附剂（Absorbent）助滤剂（Filtering Aid）乳化剂（Emulsifying Agent）表面活性剂（Surfactant）助悬剂（Suspending Agent）增稠剂（Viscosity Increasing Agent）增塑剂（Plasticizer）螯合剂（Chelating Agent）透皮促进剂（Transdermal Enhancer）气雾抛射剂（Aerosol Propellant）起泡剂（Foaming Agent）酸碱调节剂（Acidifying or Alkalizing Agent）缓冲剂（Buffering Agent）2. Aer：气雾剂（Aerosol）吸入气雾剂（Inhalation Aerosol）吸入粉雾剂（Powder for Inhalation）非吸入气雾剂（Non-Inhalation Aerosol）非吸入粉雾剂（Non-Inhalation Aerosol Powder）外用气雾剂（Topical Aerosol, Skin Aerosol）喷雾剂（Spray）药用泡沫剂（Medicated Foam, Cutaneous Foam）鼻腔用喷雾剂（Nasal Spray）3. Cap：胶囊剂（Capsules）硬胶囊剂（Hard Capsules）软胶囊剂（Soft Capsules）肠溶胶囊剂（Enteric-coated Capsules, Enteric-Microencapsulated Capsules, Gastro-resistant Capsules, Delayed-release Capsules）缓释胶囊剂（Sustained-release Capsules, Extended-release Capsules）控释胶囊剂（Controlled-release Capsules, Modified-release Capsules）直肠用胶囊（Rectal Capsules）4. EarD：滴耳剂（Ear Drops）分为溶液型滴耳液（Otic Solution）混悬型滴耳液（Otic Suspension）洗耳剂（Ear Washes）5. EyeD：滴眼剂（Eye Drops）溶液型滴眼剂（Ophthalmic Solution）混悬型滴眼剂（Ophthalmic Suspension）眼内注射溶液（Intraocular Solution）眼用洗剂（Eye Lotion）6. EyeO：眼膏剂（Eye Ointment , Ophthalmic Ointment）眼用乳膏（Ophthalmic Cream）眼用凝胶（Ophthalmic Gel）7. Gel：凝胶剂（Gel）混悬凝胶剂（Otic Gel）局部用凝胶剂（Topical Gel）胶浆剂（Mucilage , Jelly）火棉胶剂（Collodion）8. Gran：颗粒剂（Granules）细粒剂（Fine Granules, Micro-Granules）可溶颗粒剂（Soluble Granules）混悬颗粒剂（Suspension Granules）泡腾颗粒剂（Effervescent Granules）肠溶颗粒剂（Gastro-resistant Granules）缓释颗粒剂（Sustained-release Granules）控释颗粒剂（Controlled-release Granules）9. Inj：注射剂（Injection）乳状液（Injectable Emulsion）混悬液（Injectable Suspension）静脉滴注用输液（Intravenous Infusion）注射用灭菌粉末（Powder for Injection）注射用浓溶液（Concentrated Solution for Injection）植入剂（Implants , Inserts）10. Lin：搽剂（Liniment）11. Lot：洗剂（Lotion）12. NasD：滴鼻剂（Nasal Drops），鼻腔用溶液（Intra-nasal Solution）鼻腔用混悬液（Intra-nasal Suspension）洗鼻液（Nasal Wash）鼻用胶浆（Nasal Jelly）13. Oint：软膏剂（Ointment），乳膏剂（Cream）糊剂（Paste）阴道霜（Vaginal Cream）14. OraL：口服制剂口服液体制剂（Oral Liquid）口服溶液剂（Oral Solution）口服混悬剂（Oral Suspension）口服乳剂（Oral Emulsion）口服滴剂（Oral Drops）口服干混悬剂（for Oral Suspension）合剂（Mixture）酏剂（Elixir）乳浆剂（Magma）15. Pat：贴剂（Patches）透皮贴剂（Transdermal Patches）16. Pel：膜剂（Pellicles）口服膜剂（Oral Pellicles）黏膜外用药膜（Film）牙周条（Strips）17. Pil：丸剂（Pills）滴丸（Dripping Pills）糖丸（Sugared Pills）耳丸（Ear Pellets,Otic Pellets）眼丸（Eye Pellets, Ophthalmic Pellets, Ocular System）小丸（Pellets）缓释小丸（Sustained-release Pellets）18. Powd：散剂（Powder）内服散剂（Oral Powder）局部用散剂（Topical Powder）撒布剂（Dusting Powder）口服泡腾散剂（Effervescent Oral Powder）19. Sol：溶液剂（Solution）局部用溶液（Topical Solution）灌肠剂（Enema）直肠用溶液（Rectal Solution）灌洗液（Irrigation Solution）透析液（Dialysis Soution）含漱液（Gargle, Oral Rinse, Mouthwash）吸入溶液剂（Inhalation Solution）雾化用溶液（Solution for Nebulisation）20. Sup：栓剂（Suppositories），直肠栓（Rectal Suppositories）阴道栓（Vaginal Suppositories , Pessaries）耳栓（Aurisuppositories）21. Syr：糖浆剂（Syrup）干糖浆（Dry Syrup）舐剂（或称润喉止咳糖浆Linctus）。
新滋养保养新概念
润肤/防护 润肤 防护 MOISTURISE/PREVENT 滋养日间防护乳霜/液 滋养日间防护乳霜 液 SPF15/PA+++
TIME DEFIANCE Day Protect Crème/Lotion SPF 15/PA+++
Youthful Skin with Derma Cell Exchange
表皮和 真皮间 结合层
表皮层
真皮层
日间
晚间
活化 STIMULATE 活肤脂类基质 HLM+:
• 重新平衡养分与脂质。Rebalances Moisture and Lipid Levels 重新平衡养分与脂质。 • 促进皮肤内部脂质的生成。Encourages Lipid Production from Within 促进皮肤内部脂质的生成。 • 重新启动细胞间的信息交流。Restarts the Communication Process 重新启动细胞间的信息交流。
西柚GRAPEFRUIT
保护PROTECT 保护 防晒保护 SPF 15/PA+++:
• 为皮肤提供对抗紫外线的侵害 为皮肤提供对抗紫外线的侵害。
Skin’s Best Defense Against UV Damage
帮助抑制自由基。 • 帮助抑制自由基
Protects & Neutralizes Free Radical Damage
抗氧化复合成分 4.0 主要成分
Defense Complex 4: Ingredients
第一阶段： 第一阶段：超氧化物歧化酶
STAGE 1: Superoxide Dismutase
超声增强的输送的物料进入并通过皮肤翻译
超声增强的输送的物料进入并通过皮肤翻译Ultrasound-enhanced delivery of materials into and through the skinA method for enhancing the permeability of the skin or other biological membrane to a material such as a drug is disclosed. In the method, the drug is delivered in conjunction with ultrasound having a frequency of above about 10 MHz. The method may also be used in conjunction with chemical permeation enhancers and/or with iontophoresis.图片(11)权利要求(21)We claim:1. A method for enhancing the rate of permeation of a drug medium into a selected intact area of an individual's body surface, which method comprises:(a) applying ultrasound having a frequency of above 10 MHz to said selected area, at an intensity and for a period of timeeffective to enhance the permeability of said selected area;(b) contacting the selected area with the drug medium; and(c) effecting passage of said drug medium into and through said selected area by means of iontophoresis.2. The method of claim 1, wherein said ultrasound frequency is in the range of about 15 MHz to 50 MHz.3. The method of claim 2, wherein said ultrasound frequency is in the range of about 15 to 25 MHz.4. The method of claim 1, wherein said period of time is in the range of about 5 to 45 minutes.5. The method of claim 4, wherein said period of time is in the range of about 5 to 30 minutes.6. The method of claim 1, wherein said period of time is less than about 10 minutes.7. The method of claim 1, wherein said intensity of said ultrasound is less than about 5.0W/cm.sup.2.8. The method of claim 7, wherein said intensity of said ultrasound is in the range of about 0.01 to 5.0 W/cm.sup.2.9. The method of claim 8, wherein said intensity of said ultrasound is in the range of about 0.05 to 3.0 W/cm.sup.2.10. The method of claim 1, wherein said area of the stratum corneum is in the range of about 1 to 100 cm.sup.2.11. The method of claim 10, wherein said area of the stratum corneum is in the range of about 5 to 100 cm.sup.2.12. The method of claim 11, wherein said area of the stratum corneum is in the range of about 10 to 50 cm.sup.2.13. The method of claim 1 wherein said drug medium comprises a drug and a coupling agent effective to transfer said ultrasound to the body from an ultrasound source.14. The method of claim 13 wherein said coupling agent is a polymer or a gel.15. The method of claim 13 wherein said coupling agent is selected from the group consisting of glycerin, water, and propylene glycol.16. The method of claim 1 wherein said drug medium further comprises a chemical permeation enhancer.17. The method of claim 1, wherein steps (a) and (b) are carried out approximately simultaneously.18. The method of claim 1, wherein step (b) is carried out before step (a).19. The method of claim 1, wherein step (a) is carried out before step (b).20. The method of claim 1, wherein the ultrasound is applied continuously.21. The method of claim 1, wherein the ultrasound is pulsed.说明This application is a division of application Ser. No. 07/844,732 filed Mar. 2, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,231,975 which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 07/484,560, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,115,805, filed Feb. 23, 1990.TECHNICAL FIELDThis invention relates generally to the field of drug delivery. More particularly, the invention relates to a method of enhancing the rate of permeation of topically, transmucosally or transdermally applied materials using high frequency ultrasound.BACKGROUNDThe delivery of drugs through the skin ("transdermal drug delivery" or "TDD") provides many advantages; primarily, such a means of delivery is a comfortable, convenient and non-invasiveway of administering drugs. The variable rates of absorption and metabolism encountered in oral treatment are avoided, and other inherent inconveniences--e.g., gastrointestinal irritation and the like--are eliminated as well. Transdermal drug delivery also makes possible a high degree of control over blood concentrations of any particular drug.Skin is a structurally complex, relatively impermeable membrane. Molecules moving from the environment into and through intact skin must first penetrate the stratum corneum and any material on its surface. They must then penetrate the viable epidermis, the papillary dermis, and the capillary walls into the blood stream or lymph channels. To be so absorbed, molecules must overcome a different resistance to penetration in each type of tissue. Transport across the skin membrane is thus a complex phenomenon. However, it is the stratum corneum, a layer approximately 5-15 micrometers thick over most of the body, which presents the primary barrier to absorption of topical compositions or transdermally administered drugs. It is believed to be the high degree of keratinization within its cells as well as their dense packing and cementation by ordered, semicrystalline lipids which create in many cases a substantially impermeable barrier to drug penetration. Applicability of transdermal drug delivery is thus presently limited, because the skin is such an excellent barrier to the ingress of topically applied materials. For example, many of the new peptides and proteins now produced as a result of the biotechnology revolution cannot be delivered across the skin in sufficient quantities due to their naturally low rates of skin permeability.Various methods have been used to increase skin permeability, and in particular to increase the permeability of thestratum corneum (i.e., so as to achieve enhanced penetration, through the skin, of the drug to be administered transdermally). The primary focus has been on the use of chemical enhancers, i.e., wherein drug is coadministered with a penetration enhancing agent (or "permeation enhancer"). While such compounds are effective in increasing the rate at which drug is delivered through the skin, there are drawbacks with many permeation enhancers which limit their use. For example, many permeation enhancers are associated with deleterious effects on the skin (e.g., irritation). In addition, control of drug delivery with chemical enhancement can be quite difficult.Iontophoresis has also been used to increase the permeability of skin to drugs, and involves (1) the application of an external electric field, and (2) topical delivery of an ionized form of drug (or of a neutral drug carried with the water flux associated with ion transport, i.e., via "electroosmosis"). While permeation enhancement via iontophoresis has, as with chemical enhancers, been effective, there are problems with control of drug delivery and the degree of irreversible skin damage induced by the transmembrane passage of current.The presently disclosed and claimed method involves the use of ultrasound to decrease the barrier function of the stratum corneum and thus increase the rate at which a drug may be delivered through the skin. "Ultrasound" is defined as mechanical pressure waves with frequencies above 20,000 Hz (see, e.g., H. Lutz et al., Manual of Ultrasound: 1. Basic Physical and Technical Principles (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1984)).As discussed by P. Tyle et al. in Pharmaceutical Research 6(5):355-361 (1989), drug penetration achieved via "sonophoresis" (the movement of drugs through skin under theinfluence of an ultrasonic perturbation; see D. M. Skauen and G. M. Zentner, Int. J. Pharmaceutics 20:235-245 (1984)), is believed to result from thermal, mechanical and chemical alteration of biological tissues by the applied ultrasonic waves. Unlike iontophoresis, the risk of skin damage appears to be low.Applications of ultrasound to drug delivery have been discussed in the literature. See, for example: P. Tyle et al., supra (which provides an overview of sonophoresis); S. Miyazaki et al., J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 40:716-717 (1988) (controlled release of insulin from a polymer implant using ultrasound); J. Kost et al., Proceed. Intern. Symp. Control. Rel. Bioact. Mater.16(141):294-295 (1989) (overview of the effect of ultrasound on the permeability of human skin and synthetic membranes); H. Benson et al., Physical Therapy 69(2):113-118 (1989) (effect of ultrasound on the percutaneous absorption of benzydamine); E. Novak, Arch. Phys. Medicine & Rehab. 45:231-232 (1964) (enhanced penetration of lidocaine through intact skin using ultrasound); J. E. Griffin et al., Amer. J. Phys. Medicine 44(1):20-25 (1965) (ultrasonic penetration of cortisol into pig tissue); J. E. Griffin et al., J. Amer. Phys. Therapy Assoc.46:18-26 (1966) (overview of the use of ultrasonic energy in drug therapy); J. E. Griffin et al., Phys. Therapy 47(7):594-601 (1967) (ultrasonic penetration of hydrocortisone); J. E. Griffin et al., Phys. Therapy 48(12):1336-1344 (1968) (ultrasonic penetration of cortisol into pig tissue); J. E. Griffin et al., Amer. J. Phys. Medicine 51(2):62-72 (1972) (same); J. C. McElnay, Int. J. Pharmaceutics 40:105-110 (1987) (the effect of ultrasound on the percutaneous absorption of fluocinolone acetonide); and C. Escoffier et al., Bioeng. Skin 2:87-94 (1986) (in vitro study of the velocity of ultrasound in skin).In addition to the aforementioned art, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,767,402 and 4,780,212 to Kost et al. relate specifically to the use of specific frequencies of ultrasound to enhance the rate of permeation of a drug through human skin or through a synthetic membrane.While the application of ultrasound in conjunction with drug delivery is thus known, results have for the most part been disappointing, i.e., enhancement of skin permeability has been relatively low.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThe present invention provides a novel method for enhancing the rate of permeation of a given material through a selected intact area of an individual's body surface. The method comprises contacting the selected intact area with the material and applying ultrasound to the contacted area. The ultrasound preferably has a frequency of above about 10 MHz, and is continued at an intensity and for a period of time sufficient to enhance the rate of permeation of the material into and through the body surface. The ultrasound can also be used to pretreat the selected area of the body surface in preparation for drug delivery, or for diagnostic purposes, i.e., to enable non-invasive sampling of physiologic material beneath the skin or body surface.In addition to enhancing the rate of permeation of a material, the present invention involves increasing the permeability of a biological membrane such as the stratum corneum by applying ultrasound having a frequency of above about 10 MHz to the membrane at an intensity and for a period of time sufficient to give rise to increased permeability of the membrane. Once the permeability of the membrane has been increased, it is possible to apply a material thereto and obtain an increased rate of flowof the material through the membrane.It is accordingly a primary object of the invention to address the aforementioned deficiencies of the prior art by providing a method of enhancing the permeability of biological membranes and thus allow for an increased rate of delivery of material therethrough.It is another object of the invention to provide such a method which is effective with or without chemical permeation enhancers.It is still another object of the invention to minimize lag time in such a method and provide a relatively short total treatment time.It is yet another object of the invention to provide such a method in which drug delivery is effected using ultrasound.It is a further object of the invention to enable sampling of tissue beneath the skin or other body surface by application of high frequency (>10 MHz) ultrasound thereto.A further feature of the invention is that it preferably involves ultrasound of a frequency greater than about 10 MHz.Additional objects, advantages and novel features of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following, or may be learned by practice of the invention.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSFIGS. 1A, 1B and 1C are theoretical plots of energy dissipation within the skin barrier versus frequency of applied ultrasound.FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 are graphic representations of the amount of salicylic acid recovered from the stratum corneum after ultrasound treatment at different frequencies.FIGS. 5 and 6 represent the results of experiments similar to those summarized in FIGS. 2, 3 and 4, but with a shorter treatment time.FIGS. 7, 8, 9 and 10 are plots of enhancement versus "tape-strip number," as described in the Example.FIG. 11 illustrates the effect of ultrasound on the systemic availability of salicylic acid following topical application.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTSBefore the present method of enhancing the rate of permeation of a material through a biological membrane and enhancing the permeability of membranes using ultrasound are disclosed and described, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to the particular process steps and materials disclosed herein as such process steps and materials may, of course, vary. It is alto to be understood that the terminology used herein is used for purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting since the scope of the present invention will be limited only by the appended claims.It must be noted that as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to "a drug" includes mixtures of drugs and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, reference to "an ultrasound device" includes one or more ultrasound devices of the type necessary for carrying out the present invention, and reference to "the method of administration" includes one or more different methods of administration known to those skilled in the art or which will become known to those skilled in the art upon reading this disclosure.In one aspect of the invention a method is provided forenhancing the permeation of a given material such as a drug, pharmacologically active agent, or diagnostic agent into and/or through a biological membrane on an individual's body surface, which method comprises: (a) contacting the membrane with the chosen material in a pharmacologically acceptable carrier medium; and (b) applying ultrasound of an intensity and for a treatment time effective to produce delivery of the material through the membrane. The material is preferably a drug and it is preferable to obtain a desired blood level of the drug in the individual. The ultrasound is of a frequency and intensity effective to increase the permeability of the selected area to the applied drug over that which would be obtained without ultrasound. The ultrasound preferably has a frequency of more than 10 MHz, and may be applied either continuously or pulsed, preferably continuously. The ultrasound may be applied to the skin either before or after application of the drug medium so long as administration of the ultrasound and the drug medium is relatively simultaneous, i.e., the ultrasound is applied within about 6, more preferably within about 4, most preferably within about 2 minutes of drug application.The invention is useful for achieving transdermal permeation of pharmacologically active agents which otherwise would be quite difficult to deliver through the skin or other body surface. For example, proteinaceous drugs and other high molecular weight pharmacologically active agents are ideal candidates for transdermal, transmucosal or topical delivery using the presently disclosed method. In an alternative embodiment, agents useful for diagnostic purposes may also be delivered into and/or through the body surface using the present method.The invention is also useful as a non-invasive diagnostictechnique, i.e., in enabling the sampling of physiologic material from beneath the skin or other body surface and into a collection (and/or evaluation) chamber.The present invention will employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional pharmaceutical methodology and more specifically conventional methodology used in connection with transdermal delivery of pharmaceutically active compounds and enhancers.In describing the present invention, the following terminology will be used in accordance with the definitions set out below.A "biological membrane" is intended to mean a membrane material present within a living organism which separates one area of the organism from another and, more specifically, which separates the organism from its outer environment. Skin and mucous membranes are thus included."Penetration enhancement" or "permeation enhancement" as used herein relates to an increase in the permeability of skin to a material such as a pharmacologically active agent, i.e., so as to increase the rate at which the material permeates into and through the skin. The present invention involves enhancement of permeation through the use of ultrasound, and, in particular, through the use of ultrasound having a frequency of greater than 10 MHz."Transdermal" (or "percutaneous") shall mean passage of a material into and through the skin to achieve effective therapeutic blood levels or deep tissue therapeutic levels. While the invention is described herein primarily in terms of "transdermal" administration, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the presently disclosed and claimed methodalso encompasses the "transmucosal" and "topical" administration of drugs using ultrasound. "Transmucosal" is intended to mean passage of any given material through a mucosal membrane of a living organism and more specifically shall refer to the passage of a materialfrom the outside environment of the organism, through a mucous membrane and into the organism. "Transmucosal" administration thus includes delivery of drugs through either nasal or buccal tissue. By "topical" administration is meant local administration of a topical pharmacologically active agent to the skin as in, for example, the treatment of various skin disorders or the administration of a local anaesthetic. "Topical" delivery can involve penetration of a drug into the skin but not through it, i.e., topical administration does not involve actual passage of a drug into the bloodstream."Carriers" or "vehicles" as used herein refer to carrier materials without pharmacological activity which are suitable for administration with other pharmaceutically active materials, and include any such materials known in the art, e.g., any liquid, gel, solvent, liquid diluent, solubilizer, or the like, which is nontoxic and which does not interact with the drug to be administered in a deleterious manner. Examples of suitable carriers for use herein include water, mineral oil, silicone, inorganic gels, aqueous emulsions, liquid sugars, waxes, petroleum jelly, and a variety of other oils and polymeric materials.By the term "pharmacologically active agent" or "drug" as used herein is meant any chemical material or compound suitable for transdermal or transmucosal administration which can either (1) have a prophylactic effect on the organism and prevent an undesired biological effect such as preventing aninfection, (2) alleviates a condition caused by a disease such as alleviating pain caused as a result of a disease, or (3) either alleviates or completely eliminates the disease from the organism. The effect of the agent may be local, such as providing for a local anaesthetic effect or it may be systemic. Such substances include the broad classes of compounds normally delivered through body surfaces and membranes, including skin. In general, this includes: anti-infectives such as antibiotics and antiviral agents; analgesics and analgesic combinations; anorexics; antihelminthics; antiarthritics; antiasthmatic agents; anticonvulsants; antidepressants; antidiabetic agents; antidiarrheals; antihistamines; antiinflammatory agents; antimigraine preparations; antinauseants; antineoplastics; antiparkinsonism drugs; antipruritics; antipsychotics; antipyretics; antispasmodics; anticholinergics; sympathomimetics; xanthine derivatives; cardiovascular preparations including potassium and calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, and antiarrhythmics; antihypertensives; diuretics; vasodilators including general coronary, peripheral and cerebral; central nervous system stimulants; cough and cold preparations, including decongestants; hormones such as estradiol and other steroids, including corticosteroids; hypnotics; immunosuppressives; muscle relaxants; parasympatholytics; psychostimulants; sedatives; and tranquilizers. By the method of the present invention, both ionized and nonionzed drugs may be delivered, as can drugs of either high or low molecular weight.Proteinaceous and polypeptide drugs represent a preferred class of drugs for use in conjunction with the presently disclosed and claimed invention. Such drugs cannot generally be administered orally in that they Are often destroyed in the G.I.tract or metabolized in the liver. Further, due to the high molecular weight of most polypeptide drugs, conventional transdermal delivery systems are not generally effective. It is also desirable to use the methodof the invention in conjunction with drugs to which the permeability of the skin is relatively low, or which give rise to a long lag-time (application of ultrasound as described herein has been found to significantly reduce the lag-time involved with the transdermal administration of most drugs).By a "therapeutically effective" amount of a pharmacologically active agent is meant a nontoxic but sufficient amount of a compound to provide the desired therapeutic effect. The desired therapeutic effect may be a prophylactic effect, in preventing a disease, an effect which alleviates a system of the disease, or a curative effect which either eliminates or aids in the elimination of the disease.As noted above, the present invention is a method for enhancing the rate of permeation of a drug through an intact area of an individual's body surface, preferably the human skin. The method involves transdermal administration of a selected drug in conjunction with ultrasound. Ultrasound causes thermal, mechanical and chemical alterations of biological tissue, thereby enhancing the rate of permeation of a given material therethrough.While not wishing to be bound by theory, applicants propose that the use of higher frequency ultrasound as disclosed herein specifically enhances the permeation of the drug through the outer layer of skin, i.e., the stratum corneum, by causing momentary and reversible perturbations within (and thus short-term, reversible reduction in the barrier function of) the layer ofthe stratum corneum. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art of transdermal drug delivery that a number of factors related to the present method will vary with the drug to be administered, the disease or injury to be treated, the age of the selected individual, the location of the skin to which the drug is applied, and the like.As noted above, "ultrasound" is ultrasonic radiation of a frequency above 20,000 Hz. As may be deduced from the literature cited above, ultrasound used for most medical purposes typically employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to about 10 MHz. The present invention, by contrast, employs ultrasound frequencies of greater than about 10 MHz, preferably in the range of about 15 to 50 MHz, most preferably in the range of about 15 to 25 MHz. It should be emphasized that these ranges are intended to be merely illustrative of the preferred embodiment; in some cases higher or lower frequencies may be used.The ultrasound may be pulsed or continuous, but is preferably continuous when lower frequencies are used. At very high frequencies, pulsed application will generally be preferred so as to enable dissipation of generated heat.The preferred intensity of the applied ultrasound is less than about 5.0 W/cm.sup.2, more preferably is in the range of about 0.01 to 5.0 W/cm.sup.2, and most preferably is in the range of 0.05 to 3.0 W/cm.sup.2. The total treatment time, i.e., the period over which drug and ultrasound are administered, will vary depending on the drug administered, the disease or injury treated, etc., but will generally be on the order of about 30 seconds to 60 minutes, preferably 5 to 45 minutes, more preferably 5 to 30 minutes, and most preferably 5 to 10minutes. It should be noted that the aforementioned ranges represent suggested, or preferred, treatment times, but are not in any way intended to be limiting. Longer or shorter times may be possible and in some cases desirable. Virtually any type of device may be used to administer the ultrasound, providing that the device is callable of producing the higher frequency ultrasonic waves required by the present method. A device will typically have a power source such as a small battery, a transducer, a reservoir in which the drug medium is housed (and which may or may not be refillable), and a means to attach the system to the desired skin site.As ultrasound does not transmit well in air, a liquid medium is generally needed to efficiently and rapidly transmit ultrasound between the ultrasound applicator and the skin. As explained by P. Tyle et al., cited above, the selected drug medium should contain a "coupling" or "contacting" agent typically used in conjunction with ultrasound. The coupling agent should have an absorption coefficient similar to that of water, and furthermore be nonstaining, nonirritating to the skin, and slow drying. It is clearly preferred that the coupling agent retain a paste or gel consistency during the time period of ultrasound administration so that contact is maintained between the ultrasound source and the skin. Examples of preferred coupling agents are mixtures of mineral oil and glycerine and propylene glycol, oil/water emulsions, and a water-based gel. A solid-state, non-crystalline polymeric film having the above-mentioned characteristics may also be used. The drug medium may also contain a carrier or vehicle, as defined alone.A transdermal patch as well known in the art may be used in conjunction with the present invention, i.e., to deliver the drugmedium to the skin. The "patch", however, must have the properties of the coupling agent as described in the preceding paragraph so as to enable transmission of the ultrasound from the applicator, through the patch, to the skin.As noted earlier in this section, virtually any chemical material or compound suitable for transdermal, transmucosal or topical administration may be administered using the present method. Again, the present invention is particularly useful to enhance delivery of proteinaceous and other high molecular weight drugs.The method of the invention is preferably carried out as follows. The drug medium, i.e., containing the selected drug or drugs in conjunction with the coupling agent and optionally a carrier or vehicle material, is applied to an area of intact body surface. Ultrasound preferably having a frequency greater than about 10 MHz may be applied before or after application of the drug medium, but is preferably applied immediately before application of the drug so as to "pretreat" the skin prior to drug administration.It should also be pointed out that the present method may be used in conjunction with a chemical permeation enhancer as known in the art, wherein the ultrasound enables the use of much lower concentrations of permeation enhancer--thus minimizing skin irritation and other problems frequently associated with such compounds--than would be possible in the absence of ultrasound. The permeation enhancer may be incorporated into the drug medium or it maybe applied in a conventional transdermal patch after pretreatment of the body surface with ultrasound.The present invention may also be used in conjunction with。
全量化工艺处理垃圾填埋场后期及封场渗滤液实例
DOI ：10.19965/ki.iwt.2023-0072第 44 卷第 1 期2024年 1 月Vol.44 No.1Jan.，2024工业水处理Industrial Water Treatment 全量化工艺处理垃圾填埋场后期及封场渗滤液实例陈俊（武汉森泰环保股份有限公司，湖北武汉 430000）[ 摘要 ] 针对国内垃圾填埋场后期及封场渗滤液可生化性低、无法采用生化进行有效处理、膜浓缩液长期回灌、渗滤液累积盐分越来越高得不到解决等问题，提出一种全量化处理组合工艺，即“软化预处理+高压碟管式反渗透（DTRO ）+特种分离膜+低温负压蒸发技术+三相固化技术”，适合盐分高、氨氮高、生化性低的终端渗滤液处理。
运行结果表明，清水回收率可达到90%~95%，固化后填埋物仅为5%~10%。
液相和固相处理系统优势互补，系统运行稳定，能耗较低，脱盐率达到99.5%以上；出水COD≤60 mg/L ，BOD 5≤20 mg/L ，氨氮≤8 mg/L ，总氮≤20 mg/L ，SS≤6 mg/L ，产水符合《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》（GB 16889—2008）表3规定的限值要求。
［关键词］ 后期及封场渗滤液；全量化工艺；特种分离膜；低温负压蒸发技术；三相固化技术［中图分类号］ X703 ［文献标识码］B ［文章编号］ 1005-829X （2024）01-0198-09A case of treatment of landfill leachate in late stage andclosure stage by full quantification processCHEN Jun（Wuhan Sentai Environmental Protection Co.， L td.， W uhan 430000，China ）Abstract ：In view of the low biodegradability of the leachate in the late stage of domestic landfills and closures ，it cannot be effectively treated by biochemistry. Furthermore ， the membrane concentrate is recharged for a long time ，and the increasingly accumulated salinity of the leachate cannot be solved. Aiming to these problems ，they proposed a combined process of full quantitative treatment ，namely “softening pretreatment ， DTRO ， special separation mem ⁃brane ， low temperature negative pressure evaporation technology and three -phase curing technology ”，which is suit⁃able for terminal leachate with high salinity ，high ammonia nitrogen and low biochemical properties. The operation results showed that the recovery rate of clean water can reach 90%-95%，and the landfill after solidification was only 5%-10%. The advantages of liquid and solid phase treatment systems complemented each other ，and the sys⁃tem run stably ，with low energy consumption. The desalination rate reached more than 99.5%，effluent COD≤60 mg/L ，BOD 5≤20 mg/L ，ammonia nitrogen≤8 mg/L ，total nitrogen≤20 mg/L ，SS≤6 mg/L. And the produced water met the limit requirements specified in Table 3 of the Standards for Pollution Control of Domestic Waste Landfills （GB 16889—2008）.Key words ：late stage and closure leachate ；full quantification process ；special separation membrane ；low tempera⁃ture negative pressure evaporation technology ；three -phase curing technology近年来，随着我国城市化程度的加快和居民生活消费水平的提高，我国城市生活垃圾的产生量增长迅速〔1〕。
化妆品专业术语
化装品专业术语2021-06-07 21:53L-Ascorbic Acid Phosphate Magnesiom Salt N-nydrate(MAP) 维他命C 磷酸镁复合物维他命C 衍生物，具有美白成效，为卫生署公布之有效美白成份L-Ascorbic acid 左旋维他命C 抗氧化作用Lactic Acid 乳酸角质软化及保湿作用Laminaria Digtatitat 海藻萃取液柔软肌肤、提升肌肤免疫力、加强肌肤弹力与光泽Laniline Alcohol 蜂蜡醇天然油脂，可作为基质Lanolin 羊毛脂滋润Lanoline Alcohol 羊毛脂醇乳化剂Lappa Extract 牛蒡萃取预防粉刺、抗菌，抑制头皮屑Lauroyl Lysine 氨基酸月桂醇酯一种改质剂，轻滑、柔顺、高亮泽度，除可使粉体较亲油、增强保湿性外，亦可增加产品的稳定性Lauryl Betaine 界面活性剂，起泡剂Lauryl Diethanolamide 界面活性剂，起泡剂Lavender Extract 熏衣草萃取抗菌、消炎、镇静皮肤Lecithin 卵磷脂保湿及抗氧化功能Lemon Extract 柠檬萃取美白、滋润、抗炎Lemongrass Essential Oil 柠檬香茅精油缓和肌肤不适感、抑菌、消除肌肉酸痛、可作为防菌剂Lesser Celandine Extract 白屈菜萃取预防过敏，增加抵抗力Licorice Extract 甘草萃取保护敏感肌肤Licorice Root 甘草根预防发炎Ligusticum Chuanxiong Hort Extract 川芎萃取增加细胞代谢Lily Extract 百合萃取镇静、抗炎Lime Extract 莱姆树萃取含丰富的植物氨基酸，能活化细胞组织及再生能力Lime Fruit Extract 莱姆萃取平衡油脂分泌Linden Extract 菩提萃取具安抚、舒缓肌肤成效Linoleic Acid 亚麻仁油酸，维他命F 不饱和脂肪酸，防止表皮水份流失，滋润皮肤Lipase 脂肪脢，酵素增加肌肤新陈代谢Liposome 微脂体构造与人体细胞类似，可以非常容易被人体所吸收同时也不会引起副作用，可增加皮肤之保湿平滑性Liquid Paraffin 液态石腊润肤Luffa Cylindrica 丝瓜萃取保湿、镇静MMacadamia Nut Oil 澳洲胡桃油对皮肤的血液循环及毒素排除有一定的效果，防止自由基生成，抗老化、紫外线Magnesium Aluminum Silicate 乳化剂安定剂，可加强溶液浓度Magnesium Ascorbylphosphate(MAP) 维他命C 磷酸镁复合物维他命C 衍生物，具有美白成效，为卫生署公布之有效美白成份Malic Acid 苹果酸由频果中萃取出来，为果酸的一种，可加速皮肤代谢老废角质Mallow Extract 锦葵萃取含丰富的植物氨基酸，能活化肌肤细胞组织及再生能力Marigold Oil 金盏花油抗发炎、清洁、收敛、活血散瘀，增加皮肤愈合力Marjoram Extract 马郁兰萃取对扩X动脉、微血管扩X、散瘀有帮助Marshmallow Extract 药蜀葵萃取含粘质美容成份；可放松肌肤，安抚日晒后的各种不适现象Matricaria Extract 洋甘菊萃取抗炎、防过敏Meadowfoam Seed Oil 小白花，绣线菊籽油滋润、抗敏Meadowsweet Extract 绣线菊萃取液具有预防刺激、舒缓、收敛肌肤成效Melawhite 美拉白抑制黑色素沉淀及淡化色斑Melissa Extract 香蜂草萃取肌肤油水平衡，增强抵抗力，预防感染Menaquinones 维他命K 去瘀、消肿Menthol 薄荷脑清洁、杀菌Meristem Extract 被子植物萃取预防发炎过敏Methyl Anthranilate 化学性防晒成分Methyl Hydroxybenzoate 甲基羟苯酸酯防腐剂Methyl Paraben 苯甲酸甲脂防腐剂Methyl Parahydroxybenzoate(Methyl Paraben) 苯甲酸甲酯防腐剂Methyl Salicylate 水杨酸甲酯，冬青油抗发炎Mexoryl 麦光素滤光环化学性防晒成分Mica 云母通常参加化装品中增加使用后的质感与肤触Microcrystalline Wax 微粒蜡微粒化之蜡，用做基质Milk Protein 牛奶蛋白具保湿、嫩白作用Mineral Oil 矿物油基质Monoethanolamine Lauryl Sulfate 界面活性剂，清洁力过强，常导致皮肤枯燥Montmorillonite(green) 绿土可吸收过多油脂到达收敛、抗菌及抗炎等作用Mulberry Extract 桑椹萃取含氨基酸及黄碱素，捕捉自由基，对于肌肤有抗氧化及白晰作用Musk Extract 麝香萃取液减少过多油脂分泌，收缩粗大毛孔，柔细肌肤Myricl Alcohol 羊毛脂醇天然油脂Myristyl Alcohol 蜂蜡醇乳化剂Myristyl Lactate 合成油脂剂，可使肌肤触感柔软NNA-PCA(NaPCA ，Sodium Pyrrolidone Carboxylate) 钠羟基皮酪烷酮为一自然水溶性亲子基因子，用来作为保湿剂Natural Moisturising Factor(N.M.F.) 为一自然水溶性亲子基因子，用来作为保湿剂Neroli Extract 橙花萃取促进细胞再生，预防敏感Nicotinamide 烟碱醯胺，维他命B3 衍生物防止皮肤对阳光有过烈的反响，修补阳光对皮肤造成的伤害。
高效餐具洗涤剂
HR--201 高效餐具洗涤剂本品是一种浓缩清洁剂，易溶于水，适用于厨房、餐厅里的各类器皿、餐具、炊具等设备的洗涤。
本品为中性，对皮肤无刺激，泡沫丰富，去油污能力强，用量少，过水容易，且适用于任何硬度水质。
主要成份多种表面活性剂、助剂、防腐剂物化特性外观：琥珀色透明液体气味：菠萝味PH（1％）：8.0±0.5密度：1.0±0.03包装规格净含量：4L*4/箱储存条件及储存期限储存时要防晒防潮，存放于阴凉干燥处。
储存期限为一年。
使用说明手洗：按1：6比例稀释使用浸泡：按1：10比例稀释使用注意事项切勿触及眼睛，如不小心触及眼睛，应立即用大量水冲洗。
Powerful dishware detergent HR-201This product is a kind of concentrated detergent soluble in water to wash various vessels,dishware,cookers in kitchen and dining room.It causes no irritation to skin as it is neutral, and can produce plenty of foams to effectively remove oil stains.This product can be used in small amount and be easily washed away by water,besides, it can be used in hard water.Main ingredients: surface active matter, antiseptic agent and auxiliary.Physical and chemical properties:Appearance: amber transparent liquidOdor: pineapple odorDensity:1Packing specification: 4×4L/boxStorage condition: It shall be stored in a cool and dry place away from the sun.Instruction for use: Wash by hand, to be diluted with water according to the ratio of 1 to 6. Immerse: To be diluted with water with the ratio of 1 to 10.Attention:Avoid eye contact, in case of contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water.HR—202 去油污剂本品是由特殊的配方制成的，可去除较重程度的乃至严重程度的油垢。
面料减量的英语
面料减量的英语Fabric Reduction: A Sustainable Approach to FashionThe fashion industry has long been a significant contributor to environmental degradation, with the production and disposal of textiles generating massive amounts of waste and greenhouse gas emissions. In recent years, however, a growing awareness of the need for sustainable practices has led to the emergence of a new trend: fabric reduction. This approach aims to minimize the use of raw materials in the manufacturing process, ultimately reducing the environmental impact of the fashion industry.One of the primary drivers behind fabric reduction is the recognition that the traditional model of fashion production is unsustainable. The industry's reliance on fast fashion, with its emphasis on churning out new styles at a rapid pace, has led to an overabundance of clothing and a significant waste problem. According to the United Nations Environment Programme, the fashion industry is responsible for approximately 10% of global carbon emissions and is the second-largest consumer of the world's water supply.Fabric reduction seeks to address these issues by focusing on the efficient use of materials. This can be achieved through a variety of strategies, including:1. Design optimization: Fashion designers are increasingly exploring ways to create garments that require less fabric, without compromising on style or functionality. This may involve the use of innovative pattern-making techniques, the incorporation of modular designs, or the exploration of alternative materials.2. Waste reduction: In the traditional manufacturing process, a significant amount of fabric is often discarded as waste. Fabric reduction initiatives aim to minimize this waste by optimizing cutting patterns, reusing leftover materials, and implementing closed-loop recycling systems.3. Material selection: The choice of raw materials can have a significant impact on the environmental footprint of a garment. Fabric reduction advocates for the use of sustainable, biodegradable, or recycled materials, which can reduce the demand for virgin resources and minimize the carbon footprint of the production process.4. Garment longevity: By creating garments that are designed to last,fabric reduction can help to reduce the overall consumption of clothing. This may involve the use of higher-quality materials, the incorporation of timeless designs, and the provision of repair and maintenance services.One of the most prominent examples of fabric reduction in action is the work of sustainable fashion brands such as Reformation and Eileen Fisher. These companies have made a concerted effort to minimize the use of raw materials in their production processes, while also prioritizing the use of eco-friendly and recycled fabrics.Reformation, for instance, has developed a proprietary fabric-reduction technique that allows them to create garments with up to 75% less fabric than traditional methods. This not only reduces waste but also lowers the brand's carbon footprint and water usage. Similarly, Eileen Fisher has implemented a closed-loop recycling program, where customers can return their used Eileen Fisher garments, which are then broken down and repurposed into new clothing.The benefits of fabric reduction extend beyond the environmental realm, as it can also have a positive impact on the social and economic aspects of the fashion industry. By reducing the demand for raw materials, fabric reduction can help to alleviate the exploitation of garment workers, who often toil in poor workingconditions to meet the needs of the fast-fashion industry. Additionally, the creation of circular, closed-loop systems can generate new job opportunities in the areas of recycling, repair, and sustainable manufacturing.Despite the promising potential of fabric reduction, there are still significant challenges that must be overcome. One of the primary hurdles is the need for widespread consumer education and behavioral change. Many consumers have become accustomed to the fast-paced, disposable nature of the fashion industry, and shifting these mindsets will require a concerted effort by brands, policymakers, and sustainability advocates.Furthermore, the implementation of fabric reduction strategies can be complex and resource-intensive, requiring significant investment in research, development, and infrastructure. Smaller and independent brands may face particular challenges in adopting these practices, as they often lack the financial and logistical resources of larger, established companies.Despite these challenges, the momentum behind fabric reduction is steadily growing, as the fashion industry and consumers alike recognize the urgent need for more sustainable practices. As more brands and designers embrace the principles of fabric reduction, it is likely that we will see a significant shift in the way that clothing isproduced, consumed, and disposed of.In conclusion, fabric reduction represents a promising approach to addressing the environmental and social impacts of the fashion industry. By minimizing the use of raw materials, reducing waste, and promoting the longevity of garments, this strategy has the potential to transform the fashion landscape and pave the way for a more sustainable future. As the industry continues to evolve, it is crucial that all stakeholders – from designers and manufacturers to consumers and policymakers – work together to support and amplify the fabric reduction movement.。
香菇多糖提高免疫力的原理
香菇多糖提高免疫力的原理英文回答：Mushrooms are known for their immune-boosting properties, and one of the key reasons behind this is their high content of polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates that have been shown to have immunomodulatory effects in the body.When we consume mushrooms, the polysaccharides present in them interact with our immune cells, such as macrophages and natural killer cells. These immune cells play a crucial role in defending our body against pathogens and foreign invaders. The polysaccharides help to activate and enhance the function of these immune cells, thereby improving our immune response.One of the ways in which polysaccharides boost our immune system is by increasing the production of cytokines. Cytokines are signaling molecules that regulate the immuneresponse. They help to coordinate the activities of different immune cells and promote inflammation when necessary to fight off infections. By stimulating the production of cytokines, polysaccharides help to strengthen our immune system and improve its ability to fight off diseases.Another mechanism through which polysaccharides enhance immunity is by increasing the production of antibodies. Antibodies are proteins produced by our immune system in response to the presence of antigens, such as bacteria or viruses. They help to neutralize and eliminate these antigens from our body. Polysaccharides have been found to stimulate the production of antibodies, thereby enhancing our immune defense.Additionally, polysaccharides have been shown to have antioxidant properties. Oxidative stress, caused by an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the body's antioxidant defenses, can weaken the immune system. By acting as antioxidants, polysaccharides help to reduce oxidative stress and protect our immune cells from damage,thus improving immune function.In summary, the polysaccharides found in mushrooms play a significant role in enhancing our immune system. They activate and enhance the function of immune cells, increase the production of cytokines and antibodies, and provide antioxidant protection. By incorporating mushrooms into our diet, we can harness these immune-boosting benefits and support our overall health.中文回答：香菇以其提高免疫力的特性而闻名，其中的关键原因之一是其高含量的多糖。
食品的营养素强化与保健食品
20
改善生长发育的保健食品
生长发育和分化 生长：指特定类型细胞的数目和大小增加 发育：指组织和器官的进行性分化 分化：孕早期，受精卵的多次分裂，分化形成不同类
型细胞形成不同器官，与功能的完善 影响因素：膳食营养因素，遗传因素
保健食品改善生长发育的原理 促进骨骼生长 影响细胞分化
12
1995年FAO(联合国世界粮农组织)食物营养强化专 家咨询会议呼吁各国将食物营养强化作为当前控 制微量营养素缺乏的一项重要政策，特别是在发 展中国家。
1997年12月5日，经国务院批准(国办法〈1997〉 45号)，下达全国各省市的《中国营养改善行动计 划》重要文件中明确提出：要尽一切努力在2000 年以前消除饥饿和营养不良。为实现这一目标， 尽快改善我国居民的营养状况，要求增加生产符 合国家标准的富含微量营养素的粮食加工品和营 养强化食品。
一个强化面粉的标准和实施办法，并从次年开始 生效，与此同时公布了食品强化的法规。在此法 规中，食品强化的定义、范围和强化标准等都做 了明确的规定。此后，美国对其他谷类制品的强 化标准随之而起， 1943年对玉米粉的强化， 1953年对面包的强化，1958年对大米的强化等， 到1969年食用的谷类产品中已经有约11％进行了 强化。 今天，美国大约有92％以上的早餐谷类食物是强 骨基质由胶原，蛋白多糖组成，然后不溶性羟磷灰石
[3Ca3(PO4)2·Ca(OH)2]沉积于骨基质
成骨细胞和破骨细胞。 骨峰值、骨质疏松及其后果 我 国患骨质疏松症状况，症状，原因？ 防治骨质疏松及增加骨密度原理：
补钙，增加维生素D 调整内分泌（雌激素或大豆异黄酮、大豆皂苷）
9
（3）营养素的标准化 适应特定条件的需要，使 一种食品尽可能满足食用者对营养的全面需要， 而添加各种营养素，如配方奶粉（formulation milk powder ）、宇航食品、某种军粮、病人用要 素膳（elemental diet）等均有这种性质，有时用 standardization 一词概括之，即使食品在营养价 值上达到某种标准之意。
可再生纤维素粉末硬碳负极材料
可再生纤维素粉末硬碳负极材料英文回答:Renewable cellulose powder is a promising material for use as a hard carbon negative electrode in energy storage devices such as lithium-ion batteries. This material is derived from renewable sources such as plant biomass, making it an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional carbon-based materials.One of the key advantages of renewable cellulose powder as a negative electrode material is its high specific capacity. Specific capacity refers to the amount of charge that can be stored per unit mass of the material. In the case of renewable cellulose powder, it has been found to exhibit a high specific capacity due to its unique nanostructure and high surface area. This means that a smaller amount of the material can store a larger amount of charge, leading to higher energy density in the battery.Another advantage of renewable cellulose powder is its excellent cycling stability. Cycling stability refers tothe ability of the material to maintain its performanceover multiple charge-discharge cycles. In the case of renewable cellulose powder, it has been shown to have along cycle life with minimal capacity degradation. This is important for practical applications, as it ensures thatthe battery can be used for a longer period of time without significant loss of performance.Furthermore, renewable cellulose powder has good rate capability. Rate capability refers to the ability of the material to deliver and accept charge at high rates. In the case of renewable cellulose powder, it has been found to exhibit good rate capability, allowing for fast chargingand discharging of the battery. This is especiallyimportant for applications that require high power output, such as electric vehicles.In addition to its excellent electrochemical properties, renewable cellulose powder also offers advantages in termsof cost and sustainability. As mentioned earlier, thismaterial is derived from renewable sources, making it a more sustainable alternative to traditional carbon-based materials. Moreover, the production process for renewable cellulose powder is relatively simple and cost-effective compared to other carbon materials. This makes it a viable option for large-scale production and commercialization.In conclusion, renewable cellulose powder is a promising material for use as a hard carbon negative electrode in energy storage devices. Its high specific capacity, excellent cycling stability, and good rate capability make it an attractive option for applications such as lithium-ion batteries. Furthermore, its cost-effectiveness and sustainability make it a viable alternative to traditional carbon materials. With further research and development, renewable cellulose powder has the potential to revolutionize the field of energy storage.中文回答：可再生纤维素粉末是一种有望用作硬碳负极材料的材料，可用于储能设备如锂离子电池。
剂型中英文对照
1.Adj ：药用辅料（ Pharmaceutic Adjuvant ）稀释剂（ Diluent Agent ）黏合剂（ Binder ）崩解剂（ Disintegrating Agent ）润滑剂（ Lubricant ）基质（ Base）芳香剂（ Flavoring Agent ）甜味剂（ Sweetening Agent ）着色剂（ Coloring Agent ）防腐剂（ Preservative or Antiseptics ）抗氧化剂（ Antioxidant ）包衣剂（ Coating Materials ）成膜材料（ Film-Forming Materials ）溶剂（ Solvent ）增溶剂（ Solubilizer ）润湿剂（ Wetting Agent or Moistening Agent ）吸附剂（ Absorbent ）助滤剂（ Filtering Aid ）乳化剂（ Emulsifying Agent ）表面活性剂（Surfactant ）助悬剂（ Suspending Agent ）增稠剂（ Viscosity Increasing Agent ）增塑剂（ Plasticizer ）螯合剂（ Chelating Agent ）透皮促进剂（Transdermal Enhancer ）气雾抛射剂（Aerosol Propellant ）起泡剂（ Foaming Agent ）酸碱调节剂（Acidifying or Alkalizing Agent ）缓冲剂（ Buffering Agent ）2.Aer ：气雾剂（ Aerosol ）吸入气雾剂（ Inhalation Aerosol ）吸入粉雾剂（ Powder for Inhalation ）非吸入气雾剂（ Non-Inhalation Aerosol ）非吸入粉雾剂（Non-Inhalation Aerosol Powder ）外用气雾剂（Topical Aerosol, Skin Aerosol ）喷雾剂（ Spray ）药用泡沫剂（Medicated Foam, Cutaneous Foam）鼻腔用喷雾剂（Nasal Spray ）3.Cap：胶囊剂（ Capsules ）硬胶囊剂（ Hard Capsules ）软胶囊剂（ Soft Capsules ）肠溶胶囊剂（Enteric-coated Capsules, Enteric-Microencapsulated Capsules, Gastro-resistant Capsules, Delayed-release Capsules ）缓释胶囊剂（Sustained-release Capsules, Extended-release Capsules ）控释胶囊剂（Controlled-release Capsules, Modified-release Capsules ）直肠用胶囊（Rectal Capsules ）4.EarD ：滴耳剂（ Ear Drops ）分为溶液型滴耳液（ Otic Solution ）混悬型滴耳液（ Otic Suspension ）洗耳剂（ Ear Washes ）5.EyeD ：滴眼剂（ Eye Drops ）溶液型滴眼剂（ Ophthalmic Solution ）混悬型滴眼剂（ Ophthalmic Suspension ）眼内注射溶液（ Intraocular Solution ）眼用洗剂（ Eye Lotion ）6.EyeO ：眼膏剂（ Eye Ointment , Ophthalmic Ointment ）眼用乳膏（ Ophthalmic Cream ）眼用凝胶（ Ophthalmic Gel）7.Gel：凝胶剂（ Gel）混悬凝胶剂（Otic Gel）局部用凝胶剂（Topical Gel）胶浆剂（ Mucilage , Jelly ）火棉胶剂（ Collodion ）8.Gran ：颗粒剂（ Granules ）细粒剂（ Fine Granules, Micro-Granules ）可溶颗粒剂（ Soluble Granules ）混悬颗粒剂（ Suspension Granules ）泡腾颗粒剂（Effervescent Granules ）肠溶颗粒剂（Gastro-resistant Granules ）缓释颗粒剂（Sustained-release Granules ）控释颗粒剂（Controlled-release Granules ）9.Inj ：注射剂（ Injection ）乳状液（ Injectable Emulsion ）混悬液（ Injectable Suspension ）静脉滴注用输液（Intravenous Infusion ）注射用灭菌粉末（ Powder for Injection ）注射用浓溶液（ Concentrated Solution for Injection ）植入剂（ Implants , Inserts ）10.Lin：搽剂（ Liniment ）11.Lot ：洗剂（ Lotion ）12.NasD ：滴鼻剂（ Nasal Drops ），鼻腔用溶液（Intra-nasal Solution ）鼻腔用混悬液（Intra-nasal Suspension ）洗鼻液（ Nasal Wash ）鼻用胶浆（ Nasal Jelly ）13.Oint ：软膏剂（ Ointment ），乳膏剂（ Cream ）糊剂（ Paste）阴道霜（ Vaginal Cream ）14.OraL ：口服制剂口服液体制剂（ Oral Liquid ）口服溶液剂（Oral Solution ）口服混悬剂（Oral Suspension ）口服乳剂（ Oral Emulsion ）口服滴剂（ Oral Drops ）口服干混悬剂（for Oral Suspension ）合剂（ Mixture ）酏剂（ Elixir ）乳浆剂（ Magma ）15.Pat：贴剂（ Patches ）透皮贴剂（ Transdermal Patches ）16.Pel：膜剂（ Pellicles ）口服膜剂（ Oral Pellicles ）黏膜外用药膜（ Film ）牙周条（ Strips ）17.Pil：丸剂（ Pills）滴丸（ Dripping Pills）糖丸（ Sugared Pills）耳丸（ Ear Pellets,Otic Pellets ）眼丸（ Eye Pellets, Ophthalmic Pellets, Ocular System ）小丸（ Pellets ）缓释小丸（ Sustained-release Pellets ）18.Powd ：散剂（ Powder ）内服散剂（ Oral Powder ）局部用散剂（ Topical Powder ）撒布剂（ Dusting Powder ）口服泡腾散剂（ Effervescent Oral Powder ）19.Sol：溶液剂（Solution ）局部用溶液（ Topical Solution ）灌肠剂（ Enema ）直肠用溶液（ Rectal Solution ）灌洗液（ Irrigation Solution ）透析液（ Dialysis Soution ）含漱液（ Gargle, Oral Rinse, Mouthwash ）吸入溶液剂（Inhalation Solution ）雾化用溶液（Solution for Nebulisation ）20.Sup ：栓剂（ Suppositories ），直肠栓（ Rectal Suppositories ）阴道栓（ Vaginal Suppositories , Pessaries ）耳栓（ Aurisuppositories）21.Syr：糖浆剂（ Syrup ）干糖浆（ Dry Syrup ）舐剂（或称润喉止咳糖浆Linctus ）。
一般用语done
abaisse 烤饼的底皮；压扁的面团，面皮。
abatage 屠宰abatis 家禽内脏abattoir （法）屠宰场abattoir block 屠宰场肉脂车间ablactational food 断奶食品，离乳食品。
abnormal fermentation 异常发酵above the salt 坐上席，盐瓶在长桌中央，以它为界，靠近主人的一端乃是上席，即为above the salt。
abrosia 禁食；绝食；断食；饥饿。
abundance of food 食物量accessory pigment 辅（助）色素accessory substance 营养增补剂accommodation （美，常复数）坐位；适合量；招待设备；膳宿供应。
account statement 帐目清单accountant 会计员aceptic canning 无菌灌装；无菌装罐。
acid flesh 酸（性）果肉acid foods 酸性食品acinus 葡萄核add-water-only dehydrated food 冲水后吃的脱水食品。
ADI = Acceptable Daily Intake for Man 人体每日允许摄入量。
adjuvant 辅料，配料，佐料。
aerate 充气；使疏松；用气体饱和。
aerating agent 疏松剂aerating mixture （面团）疏松剂after dinner 餐后after-dinner speech 饭后讲话aged meat 已经排酸的肉。
aging of beef 牛肉的排酸。
aging of flour 面粉的老化。
aide de cuisine （法）助理厨师air catering 航空用的膳食。
air-tight seal 密封airpillow-dry 气垫干燥；沸腾干燥。
airsol food 气密包装食品。
àl’（法）式，菜式，用于响音字母前。
杀孢子剂的储存要求
杀孢子剂的储存要求英文回答：Storage requirements for fungicides vary depending on the specific type of fungicide and its formulation. However, there are some general guidelines that can be followed to ensure proper storage and handling of fungicides, including sporicides.1. Temperature: Fungicides should be stored in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and extreme temperatures. High temperatures can cause degradation ofthe active ingredients in fungicides, reducing their effectiveness. It is recommended to store fungicides at temperatures between 10°C and 25°C.2. Moisture: Fungicides should be kept in a dry environment to prevent moisture absorption. Moisture can lead to clumping or caking of the fungicide, making it difficult to measure and apply accurately. Additionally,moisture can also promote microbial growth, potentially reducing the efficacy of the fungicide. It is advisable to store fungicides in airtight containers or original packaging to protect them from moisture.3. Ventilation: Adequate ventilation is crucial when storing fungicides. Proper ventilation helps prevent the buildup of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that may be emitted by some fungicides. VOCs can be harmful if inhaled in high concentrations. Therefore, it is recommended to store fungicides in a well-ventilated area, preferably with access to fresh air.4. Separate Storage: Fungicides should be stored separately from other chemicals, particularly those that are incompatible. Mixing fungicides with incompatible chemicals can lead to chemical reactions, potentially resulting in the release of toxic gases or other hazardous situations. It is essential to read the product labels and follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper storage and handling.5. Child and Pet Safety: Fungicides, like any other chemical, should be kept out of reach of children and pets. They should be stored in a secure location, preferably in a locked cabinet or storage area. This precaution helps prevent accidental ingestion or exposure to the fungicide, which can be harmful.中文回答：杀孢子剂的储存要求因具体种类和配方而异。
中考英语生物工程的前沿技术单选题40题
中考英语生物工程的前沿技术单选题40题1. The new material in bioengineering can be used to make artificial organs. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of this new material?A. BiocompatibleB. DurableC. CheapD. Flexible答案：C。
本题考查对生物工程新型材料特点的理解。
A 选项“biocompatible”（生物相容的）是新型材料用于制作人造器官的重要特点之一；B 选项“durable”（耐用的）对于人造器官来说也很重要；D 选项“flexible”（（灵活的、有弹性的）也可能是新型材料的特点。
而C 选项“cheap”（便宜的）通常不是生物工程新型材料用于制作人造器官时首要考虑的特征。
2. The new bioengineering material is very important for medical research. It can _____.A. only be used in surgeryB. be used in many fieldsC. not be used for treatmentD. be used for decoration答案：B。
本题考查对生物工程新型材料应用领域的理解。
A 选项“only be used in surgery”（（只能用于外科手术）太局限；C 选项“not be used for treatment”（不能用于治疗）错误；D 选项“be used fordecoration”（用于装饰）与新型材料在生物工程中的主要用途不符。
B 选项“be used in many fields”（（可用于很多领域）符合实际情况，因为新型材料对医学研究很重要，可能在多个领域发挥作用。
天然植物化妆品防腐剂分析报告
天然植物化妆品防腐剂分析报告天然植物化妆品防腐剂简介目前，化妆品原料行业内防腐剂技术并无太大突破，主流防腐剂供应商目前推出新产品主要有两种方式：专利技术和天然防腐剂。
所谓专利技术，也就是防腐剂供应商将几种不同的防腐剂复配后，若能取得好的防腐杀菌性能，则申请专利保护，并作为一个防腐剂新产品来卖。
而另一种新产品供给方式就是推出天然防腐剂。
当然，不少植物提取物的原料供应商也有这类产品。
天然植物防腐剂是以天然植物中提取出的抑菌有效成分为主要活性成分，配以起到协同抑菌作用的辛二醇、乙基己基甘油等，组成不含常规化学防腐剂但具有良好防腐抑菌效果的产品。
例如：茶树精油类，具有抗发炎抗菌功效，抑制细菌生长，不会对人体造成伤害，也是市面上常看到的天然防腐剂。
国内外市场现状日本的MARUZEN KASEI KK（丸善化成株式会社）早在1986年申请专利“Natural preservative”（天然防腐剂），该发明天然防腐剂组合物主要是由甘草萃取物以及蜂胶提取物作为活性成分，该防腐剂应用于食物、药物、化妆品中。
韩国的“Biospectrum，Inc.”成立于2000年，是一家创新专业化妆品成分的主要开发商和供应商，于2007年4月3日申请专利“Natural composite preservatives”，公开号：US20070231403A1。
本发明公开了一种天然复合防腐剂，由茶树，洋甘菊、柑橘，辛夷、蜂胶、罗汉柏、白柳或其组合的萃取物组成，该天然复合防腐剂具有强大的广谱抗菌活性，且对身体无害，无毒无刺激性，可以在化妆品、医药，食品中应用。
科丝美诗（COSMAX）是韩国第一大的化妆品制造厂居世界前10位，于2004年4月7日在韩国申请发明名称为“Natural antiseptic agent”的专利，公开号：KR1020050098548A，本发明涉及艾属科植物提取液包含的天然防腐剂，应用于食品、化妆品、医药和木材等方面。