Theories and perspectives on intercultural communication
GRE阅读笔记No5-3
SECTION 1The belief that art originates inintuitive rather than rational faculties > <was worked out historically andphilosophically in the somewhat(5) wearisome volumes of Benedetto Croce, BCwho is usually considered theoriginator of a new aesthetic. Crocewas, in fact, expressing a very old态度idea. Long before the Romantics stressed R(10) intuition and self-expression, thefrenzy of inspiration was regarded asfundamental to art, but philosophers had TSalways assumed it must be controlled bylaw and by the intellectual power of(15) putting things into harmonious order.This general philosophic concept of artwas supported by technical necessities.It was necessary to master certain laws 略读举例and to use intellect in order to build(20) Gothic cathedrals, or set up the stained GCglass windows of Chartres. When this Cbracing element of craftsmanship ceasedto dominate artists' outlook, newtechnical elements had to be adopted to(25) maintain the intellectual element inart. Such were linear perspective and P & Aanatomy.文章结构类型：新观点推翻旧观点型，推翻艺术来源于知觉的旧观点，建立艺术要建立在理性基础上的新观点TS：Long before the Romantics stressed intuition and self-expression, the frenzy of inspiration was regarded a fundamental to art, but philosophers had always assumed it must be controlled by law and by the intellectual power of putting things into harmonious order.态度：historically and philosophically，old单词：阅读专用词汇：linear perspective and anatomy积累抽象词汇intuitive,faculty, bracing,艺术源自直觉的而非理性的能力，这一信念是由贝内代托·克罗齐（Benedetto Groce）在其令人略感厌倦乏味的着作中从历史和哲学的角度阐述建立起来的，而克罗齐一般也被视作一种全新美学体系的创始人。
理性主义的英语作文
理性主义的英语作文Rationalism is a philosophical belief that knowledge can be gained through reason and logic, rather than just through sensory experience. It is the idea that the human mind can understand the world through rational thought and that this knowledge is superior to any other form of knowledge. This belief has had a profound impact on philosophy, science, and society as a whole.One of the most influential rationalists was René Descartes, who believed that the only way to achieve true knowledge was through reason. He famously said, "I think, therefore I am," arguing that the very act of thinking proved one's existence. Descartes also believed in the power of mathematics to describe the physical world, and he developed the Cartesian coordinate system, which is still used today.Another important rationalist was Immanuel Kant, who argued that certain aspects of knowledge were innate, orbuilt into the human mind. He believed that reason was necessary for understanding the world, but that it had to be tempered by experience. Kant's ideas had a major impact on the development of modern science, particularly in the fields of physics and biology.Rationalism has also had a significant impact on society. The Enlightenment, a period of intellectual and cultural growth in the 18th century, was heavily influenced by rationalist ideas. Enlightenment thinkers believed in the power of reason to solve social and political problems, and they advocated for individual rights, democracy, and the separation of church and state.Today, rationalism continues to play a role in many fields, from philosophy to science to politics. It is the foundation of the scientific method, which relies on reason and empirical evidence to test hypotheses and theories. In politics, rationalist ideas have led to the development of democratic institutions and the protection of individual rights.However, rationalism is not without its critics. Some argue that it can lead to a narrow, overly logical view of the world that ignores the complexities of human experience. Others argue that it can be used to justify oppressive systems and ideologies.Despite these criticisms, rationalism remains an important and influential philosophical belief. Its emphasis on reason and logic has led to many advances in science, technology, and society, and it continues to shape the way we think about the world.。
理性与情感英语读书笔记
理性与情感英语读书笔记### 理性与情感英语读书笔记Chapter 1: Introduction to Rationality and EmotionIn the opening chapter, the author introduces the central theme of the book, exploring the dichotomy between rational thought and emotional response. It discusses how both elements are integral to the human experience and how they interact to shape our decisions and actions.Key Points:- Rationality is often associated with logic and reason, guiding us to make decisions based on evidence and analysis. - Emotion, on the other hand, is a powerful force that can drive us to act on instinct and feelings, sometimesoverriding rational thought.- The balance between the two is crucial for effective decision-making.Chapter 2: Historical PerspectivesThis chapter delves into the historical context of how rationality and emotion have been viewed across different cultures and time periods. It highlights the philosophical debates and societal norms that have shaped our understanding of these concepts.Key Points:- Ancient Greek philosophers like Plato and Aristotle debated the role of reason and emotion in human life.- The Enlightenment period emphasized the importance ofreason and logic as the basis for knowledge and progress.- Different cultures have varying perspectives on the relationship between rationality and emotion.Chapter 3: The Role of Rationality in Decision MakingThe author examines the role of rationality in decision-making processes, discussing how it can lead to moreobjective and calculated choices.Key Points:- Rational decision-making involves weighing pros and cons, analyzing data, and predicting outcomes.- It is often used in professional and academic settingswhere precision and accuracy are paramount.- However, relying solely on rationality can sometimes leadto a lack of empathy and creativity.Chapter 4: The Impact of Emotion on Human BehaviorThis chapter explores how emotions influence our behavior, often in ways that are not immediately apparent.Key Points:- Emotions can be both a source of strength and a source of bias in decision-making.- They can motivate us to act and can also cloud our judgment.- Emotional intelligence is the ability to recognize, understand, and manage our own and others' emotions.Chapter 5: Integrating Rationality and EmotionThe book suggests that the most effective approach to life and decision-making is to integrate both rationality and emotion.Key Points:- A balanced approach allows for a more nuanced understanding of situations and people.- It encourages empathy and creativity while maintaining a level of critical thinking.- Strategies for achieving this balance include mindfulness, self-reflection, and emotional regulation.Chapter 6: Case StudiesThe author presents various case studies from differentfields to illustrate the interplay between rationality and emotion in real-life scenarios.Key Points:- Examples from business, politics, and personalrelationships demonstrate how decisions can be influenced by both rational and emotional factors.- Case studies show the consequences of imbalance, such as poor decision-making or emotional burnout.Chapter 7: ConclusionIn the final chapter, the author summarizes the importance of understanding and integrating both rationality and emotion in our lives.Key Points:- Recognizing the value of both elements is essential for personal growth and societal progress.- Encourages readers to reflect on their own decision-making processes and strive for a balanced approach.- The book ends with a call to action for readers to embrace both their rational and emotional sides to lead morefulfilling lives.Reflections:Reading this book has been an enlightening experience, providing a deeper understanding of the complex relationship between rationality and emotion. It has challenged my own biases and encouraged me to consider how I make decisions in both my personal and professional life. The insights gained from the historical and case study perspectives have been particularly valuable in appreciating the nuances of human behavior and decision-making.。
关于人文学科的看法英语作文
关于人文学科的看法英语作文The Essence of Humanities.Humanities, often considered as the study of human values, beliefs, and cultures, occupy a pivotal position in academic circles. They offer a comprehensive understanding of our past, present, and future, providing insights into the complexities of human life and civilization. In today's world, where technology and machines are evolving rapidly, the need for humanistic perspectives becomes even more crucial.First and foremost, humanities enable us to appreciate the diversity of human thought and experience. Through the study of literature, history, philosophy, and other humanities disciplines, we gain access to a range of perspectives and narratives that reflect the rich tapestry of human existence. This diverse array of ideas and perspectives cultivates empathy and understanding, enabling us to comprehend and respect the beliefs and values ofothers.Moreover, humanities help us to gain a deeper understanding of our own identity and place in the world. By examining our historical context, cultural heritage, and social norms, humanities provide a mirror to reflect on our own values, beliefs, and biases. This self-reflection is crucial for personal growth and development, as it allows us to question our assumptions, challenge our prejudices, and seek a more nuanced understanding of the world.In addition, humanities contribute to the development of critical thinking skills. By analyzing primary sources, evaluating arguments, and synthesizing information from multiple perspectives, students of humanities are trained to think critically and independently. This skill is invaluable in today's world, where information is constantly flooding in from various sources, and theability to sift through and make sense of it is paramount.Furthermore, humanities play a vital role in addressing contemporary issues such as social injustice, environmentaldegradation, and global conflicts. By examining these issues through a humanistic lens, we can gain a deeper understanding of their root causes and potential solutions. Humanities provide a framework for ethical decision-making, enabling us to consider the impact of our actions on others and the environment.Moreover, humanities foster creativity and innovation. They encourage us to question existing paradigms, think outside the box, and explore new ideas and perspectives. This creative thinking is essential for progress and development in all fields, from science and technology to art and design.In conclusion, humanities are fundamental to our understanding of human life and civilization. They provide a bridge between the past and the future, enabling us to learn from our historical mistakes and shape a better world for future generations. By fostering empathy, critical thinking, and creativity, humanities contribute to the overall development of society and its members. In a world that is increasingly interconnected and complex, the roleof humanities in shaping our understanding and response to these challenges cannot be overstated.。
关于诚信的英语作文模板
Integrity is a fundamental value that plays a crucial role in both personal and professional life.Here is a template for an English essay on the topic of integrity:Title:The Importance of IntegrityIntroduction:Hook:Start with a quote,a story,or a thoughtprovoking statement about integrity. Thesis statement:Clearly state the main idea of the essay,which is that integrity is essential for building trust and credibility in society.Body Paragraph1:Definition of IntegrityExplain what integrity means,including its synonyms and antonyms.Discuss the moral and ethical dimensions of integrity.Body Paragraph2:Personal Benefits of IntegrityDiscuss how integrity can lead to selfrespect and inner peace.Provide examples of how maintaining integrity can positively affect ones personal life.Body Paragraph3:Professional Benefits of IntegrityExplore the advantages of integrity in the workplace,such as building trust with colleagues and clients.Discuss how integrity can lead to career advancement and professional success.Body Paragraph4:Social Benefits of IntegrityExplain the role of integrity in fostering a sense of community and social harmony. Discuss how integrity can contribute to a more just and equitable society.Body Paragraph5:Challenges to IntegrityAddress the pressures and temptations that can compromise ones integrity. Discuss strategies for maintaining integrity in the face of these challenges.Body Paragraph6:Historical and Cultural PerspectivesProvide examples from history or different cultures that illustrate the importance of integrity.Discuss how the concept of integrity has evolved over time or varies across cultures.Conclusion:Restate the thesis and summarize the main points discussed in the body paragraphs. End with a call to action or a thoughtprovoking statement that encourages readers to reflect on their own integrity.Word Bank:Honesty,trustworthiness,reliability,credibility,moral compass,ethical behavior, selfrespect,inner peace,professional reputation,career advancement,social harmony, community,justice,equity,temptation,pressure,historical precedent,cultural values,call to action.Example Sentences:Integrity is the cornerstone of trust,the bedrock upon which relationships are built.An individual with integrity stands firm in their principles,even when faced with adversity.In the professional realm,integrity is the currency that buys respect and opens doors to opportunities.A society that values integrity is one where citizens can rely on each other and work together for the common good.The challenge of maintaining integrity is not just a personal struggle but a societal one, requiring collective effort and awareness.Remember to use this template as a guide and adapt it to fit the specific requirements of your assignment.Include relevant examples,anecdotes,and evidence to support your arguments and make your essay engaging and persuasive.。
大学各专业名称英文翻译—文科方面ARTS
大学各专业名称英文翻译——文科方面ARTS澳门历史研究Study of the History of Macao办公管理Office Management办公设备运用Using Desktop Publishing in Business比较管理学Comparative Management比较诗学Comparative Poetics比较文化学Comparative Cult urology比较文学研究Study of Comparative Literature必修课4－10学分Restricted (4-10 Credits needed)病理生理学Pathological Physiology财务报告介绍An Introduction to Financial Accounting Statements财务报告运用Using Financial Accounting Statements财务管理学Financial Management财务会计学Financial Accounting财务理论与方法Finance Theory & Methods财政与金融Finance财政与金融学研究Study of Finance财政预算Preparing Financial Forecasts产业经济学Industrial Economics传统文化与现代化Tradition Culture and Modernization当代国际关系研究Contemporary International Relations Studies当代世界发展研究Contemporary World Development Studies当代中国外交与侨务专题研究Monographic Studies of Diplomacy and Overseas C hinese Affairs of Contemporary China德语(第二外语) German (2nd foreign language)第一外语(英语) English (1st foreign language)电力系统Power Electronic Systems电子数据Digital Electronics电子通信Electronic Communications电子原理Electrical Principles断代文化史研究Study of Dynastic History of Culture多媒体：多媒体应用开发Multimedia: Developing Multimedia Application多用户操作系统Multi-User Operating Systems耳鼻喉科学Otolaryngology发展经济学Economics of Development放射生态学Radioecology分布式应用程序的设计与开发：概况Distributed application Design and Developme nt: An Introduction分子细胞与组织生物学Molecular, Cellular and Tissue Biology分子遗传学Molecular Genetics妇产科学Gynecology & Obstetrics高级生物化学Advanced Biochemistry高级水生生物学Advanced Hydrobiology工程实践与应用沟通（提升行业沟通技能）Communication (Developing a Commun ication Strategy for Vocational Purposes)沟通：实用技能Communication: Practical Skills管理经济学Management Economics管理决策Management Decision-Making管理理论研究|| Management Theory Studies管理理论与实践|| Management Theory & Practice管理学研究|| Management Research光化学|| Photochemistry国际关系案例分析|| Case Studies of International Affairs国际关系学导论|| Introduction of International Relations国际金融市场研究|| International Financial Market Study国际金融研究|| Study of International Finance国际经济关系研究|| International Economic Relations国际经济环境|| The International Economic Environment国际经济政治制度比较研究|| Comparative Researches on International Economic & Political Structure国际音标的应用|| Application of International Phonetic Alphabet国际战略与大国关系|| International Strategy国际政治经济学|| International Political Economy国际组织与国际制度|| International organization and International System海外汉学|| Sinology Abroad海外华侨华人概论|| Researches on Overseas Chinese海外华人文学研究|| Study of Overseas Chinese Literature汉语词汇学|| Chinese Lexicology汉语方言调查|| Survey of Chinese Dialects汉语方言概要|| Outline of Chinese Dialects汉语方言学专书选读|| Selected Reading of Chinese Dialectology汉语方言研究|| Studies of Chinese Dialects汉语史名著选读|| Selected Reading of Chinese History汉语音韵学|| Chinese Phonology汉语语法史|| History of Chinese Grammar汉语语法学名著选读|| Selected Reading of Chinese Grammar宏观经济环境|| The Macro Economic Environment宏观经济学|| Macro-economics互联网：WEB服务器的管理|| Internet: Web Server Management互联网：电子商务入门|| Internet : Introducing E Commerce互联网：网络客户服务|| Internet : Internet Client Service互联网：网络配制与管理|| Internet: Configuration and Administration of Internet Services华侨华人史|| History of Overseas Chinese华侨华人与国际关系|| Ethnic Chinese and International Relations环境生物学|| Environmental Biology回族史|| History of Chinese Muslims会计基本理论与方法|| Basic Theories & Approaches of计算数学1 || Mathematics of Computing 1计算数学2 || Mathematics of Computing 2解剖生理学|| Anatomical Physiology金融工程学|| Financial Engineering金融机构风险管理|| Risk Management by Financial Institution金融热点及前沿问题专题研究|| Research on Financial l Central & Up-to-date Iss ues经济数量分析方法|| Methods of Economic & Mathematic Analysis经济数量分析方法|| Methods of Economic Quantitative Analysis跨文化管理学|| Cross-Cultural Management临床血液病学|| Clinical Hematology马克思主义与当代科技革命|| Marxism & Contemporary Science & Technology R evolution马克思主义与当代社会思潮|| Marxism & Contemporary Social Trends o f Thoug ht美术理论|| Theory of Fine Art美术史|| History of Fine Art蒙古史|| History of the Mongols免疫生物学|| Immunobiology免疫学|| Immunology免疫学|| Immunology民族政策与民族理论研究|| Study of Policies and Theories on Nation laities明清档案|| Archives in Ming and Qing Dynasties模拟电路|| Analogue Electronics南海诸岛史研究|| Study of the History of Islands in the South Chi na Sea企业财务与资本营运|| Company Finance & Capital Operation企业管理理论与实务|| Theory & Practice of Business Management企业应用软件的开发：概况|| Enterprise Application Development: An Introduction 全球化研究|| Globalization Studies人工器官|| Artificial organs人力资源管理研究方法|| Study Methods of Human Resource Management人体解剖学|| Human Anatomy人文地理文化学|| Cult urology of Humane Geography日常交流（法语/德语/意大利语/西班牙语1、2、3级）|| Basic communication in Fr ench/German/Italian/Spanish(Levels 1,2&3)日语(第二外语) || Japanese (2nd foreign language)软件开发：抽象数据结构|| Software Development: Abstract Data Structure软件开发：第四代开发环境|| Software Development: Fourth Generation Environm ent软件开发：高级编程|| Software Development: Advanced Programming软件开发：过程式程序设计|| Software Development: Procedural Programming软件开发：汇编语言和编程|| Software Development: Assembly Language and Int erface Programming软件开发：结构设计方法|| Software Development: Structure Design Methods软件开发：开发计划|| Software Development: Program Planning软件开发：快速应用开发和原型技术|| Software Development: Rapid Applications Development and Prototyping软件开发：面向对象编程|| Software Development: Object oriented Programming 软件开发：面象对象设计|| Software Development: Object oriented Design软件开发：事件驱动程序设计|| Software Development:: Event Driven Programmin g 软件开发：网站开发|| Software Development: Developing the WWW软件开发：应用软件开发|| Software商业法规|| Law for Business商业模式|| Structure of Business商业情报管理|| Business Information Management商业统计1 || Business Statistics 1商业统计2 || Business Statistics 2商业信息技术运用（电子数据表和Word处理应用软件）|| Using Information Technol ogy in Business（Spreadsheets &Word Processing Applications）商业信息技术运用（数据库和Word处理应用软件）|| Using Information Technology in Business (Database & Word Processing Applications)社会语言学|| Sociolinguistics审计学|| Auditing生物材料|| Biomaterials生物材料测试技术|| Modern Testing Methods of Biomaterials生物分子的探测和操纵|| Signals Bimolecular Detection and Manipulation生物力学|| Biomechanics生物流变学|| Biorheology生物信息学|| Bioinformatics物医学工程前沿|| Advances in Biomedical Engineering生物医学信号处理与建模|| Biomedical Signal Processing and Modeling生物制片及电镜技术|| Biological Section and Electronic Microscope Technique 生物制片及电镜技术|| Biological Section and Electronic Microscope Technique生殖工程|| Reproductive Engineering世界经济与政治研究|| World Economy & Politics Studies水生动物生理生态学|| Physiological Ecology of Aquatic Animal水生生物学研究进展|| Study Progress on Aquatic Biology水域生态学|| Aquatic Ecology思想道德修养|| Understand of Ideology and Morality宋代政治制度研究|| Study of the Political System of Song Dynasty宋明理学史研究|| Study of the History of Neo-Confucianism in Son g and Ming Dynasties提高个人成效|| Developing Personal Effectiveness通信工程|| Communication and Industry网络会计研究|| Network Accounting Studies微观经济环境|| The Micro Economic Environment微观经济学与宏观经济学|| Micro-economics & Macro-economics微型计算机系统|| Microcomputer Systems文化语言学|| Cultural Linguistics文献学|| Bibliography文学与文化|| Literature and Culture文艺美学|| Aesthetics of Literature and Art文艺学专题研究|| Special Study of Literature Theory西方史学理论|| Historical Theories in the West西方文论|| Western Literary Theories系统开发：关系数据库|| Systems Development: Rational Database Systems 系统开发概论|| Systems Development Introduction系统生态学|| System Ecology细胞超微结构|| Cell Ultra structure细胞超微生物学|| Cell Ultra microbiology细胞生长因子|| Cell Growth Factor现代公司会计研究|| Study of Modern Company Accounting现代汉语诗学|| Modern Chinese Poetics现代汉语语法研究|| Studies of Modern Chinese Grammar现代经济与金融理论研究|| Study of Modern Economy & Finance Theory现代商业复合信息|| Presenting complex Business Information现代商业信息|| Presenting Business Information现代审计理论与方法研究|| Study of Modern Audit Theories & Approaches香港历史研究|| Study of the History of Hong Kong项目管理|| Project Management项目设计|| Project Studies新制度经济学|| New Institutional Economics新制度经济学|| New Institutional Economics信息工程：应用软件|| Information Technology: Applications Software 1信息技术和信息系统|| Information Technology Information Systems and Service s信息技术应用软件|| Information Technology Applications Software选修课总学分|| Total optional credits required血液分子细胞生物学|| Hematological Cell and Molecular Biology训诂学史|| History of Chinese Traditional Semantics亚太经济政治与国际关系|| Economy, Politics and International Relations in Asia n-Pacific Region眼科学|| Ophthalmology医学分子生物学|| Medical Molecular Biology医学基因工程|| Gene Engineering in Medicine医学统计学|| Medical Statistics医学图像处理|| Image Processing医学物理学|| Medical Physics医学信息学|| Medi-formatics医学遗传学|| Medical Genetics医学影像技术|| Medical Imaging Technique医学影像诊疗与介入放射学|| Medical Imaging Diagnosis & Treatment and Interve ning Radiology译介学|| Medio-Translatology音韵学史|| History of Chinese Phonology应用统计|| Applied Statistics应用统计|| Applied Statistics用户支持|| Providing Support to Users语义学|| Semantics藻类生理生态学|| Ecological Physiology in Algae增强团队合作意识|| Developing the Individual Within a Team政治学研究|| Politics Studies中国古代历史文献的考释与利用之一：宋史史料学之二：元史史料学之三：港澳史料学之四：边疆民族史料学|| Utilization and Interpretation of Ancient Chinese Hist orical Literature 中国古代史的断代研究之一：宋史研究之二：元史研究之三：明清史研究|| Dynastic History of China中国古代史的专题研究之一：宋元明清经济史之二：二十世纪宋史研究评价之三：中国文化史之四：中西文化交流史之五：港澳史研究之六：中国边疆民族史之七：西域史研究|| Studies of History of China中国古代文化史|| History of Chinese Ancient Culture中国古代文论|| Ancient Chinese Literary Theories中国古典美学研究|| Study of Chinese Classical Aesthetics中国教育史|| History of Education in China中国经济问题研究|| Economic Problems Research in China中国区域文化研究之一：岭南文化史之二：潮汕文化史|| Re search on Chinese Re gional Culture中国少数民族文化专题研究|| Study of Special Subjects on Cultures of Chinese Minority Nationality中国思想史|| History of Chinese Ideologies中国与大国关系史之一：中美关系史之二：中俄关系史之三：中英关系史之四：中日关系史|| History of Relations Between China and Major Powers中国与世界地区关系史之一：与中亚地区关系史之二：与东南亚地区关系史之三：与东北亚地区关系史之四：与南亚地区关系史|| History of Relations Between China an d Other Regions o f the World中国语言文学与文化|| Chinese Languages, Literatures and Cultures中外关系史名著导读|| Reading Guide of Famous Works on the History of Sino-Foreign Relations中外关系史史料学|| Science of Historical Data on the History of S info-Foreign Relations中外关系史研究|| Researches on the History of Sino-Foreign Relations中外史学理论与方法研究|| Researches on Theory and Method About Si no-Forei gn History Science中外文化交流史|| History of Sino-Foreign Cultural Exchanges中外文论|| Chinese and Western Literature Theories中西交通史|| History of Communication Between China and the West资本市场研究|| Study of Capital Market资本营运、财务与管理会计理论和方法研究|| Study of Theories & Appr oaches of Capital Operation, Financial Management Accounting资本运营与财务管理研究|| Capital Operation and Financial Management Researc h组织工程进展|| Advances in Tissue Engineering组织行为理论|| organizational Behavior Theory《中华人民共和国学位条例》“Regulations Concerning Academic Degrees in the People's Republic of Chin a”结业证书Certificate of Completion毕业证书Certificate of Graduation肄业证书Certificate of Completion/Incompletion/Attendance/Study教育学院College/Institute of Education中学Middle[Secondary] School师范学校Normal School[upper secondary level]师范专科学校Normal Specialized Postsecondary College师范大学Normal[Teachers] University公正书Notaries Certificate专科学校Postsecondary Specialized College广播电视大学Radio and Television University中等专科学校Secondary Specialized School自学考试Self-Study Examination技工学校Skilled Workers[Training] School业余大学Spare-Time University职工大学Staff and Workers University大学University(regular, degree-granting)职业大学Vocational University。
论艺术里的精神英文版作文
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文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!Art is the expression of the soul, the innermost thoughts and emotions brought to life through various mediums. It is the essence of creativity, a reflection of the human experience, and a celebration of individuality.In art, there is a sense of freedom and liberation, a space where boundaries are pushed and rules are broken. It is a realm where imagination knows no limits, and where the unconventional is embraced.Art is a form of communication, a language that transcends words and speaks directly to the heart. It has the power to provoke, inspire, and evoke deep emotions within the viewer.The beauty of art lies in its ability to challenge perspectives and provoke thought. It encourages us to question, to explore, and to seek meaning beyond the surface.Art is a mirror of society, a reflection of the times in which it is created. It captures the essence of culture, history, and the human condition, serving as a visual record of our collective experiences.In the world of art, there is no right or wrong, no strict guidelines or formulas to follow. It is a realm of endless possibilities, where mistakes are embraced and imperfections are celebrated.Art is a celebration of diversity, a showcase of different perspectives and experiences. It is a reminder that there is beauty in our differences, and that every individual has a unique story to tell.In essence, art is the embodiment of the human spirit, a testament to our capacity for creativity, expression, and connection. It is a universal language that speaks to the soul and unites us in our shared humanity.。
新思路大学英语作文
新思路大学英语作文In the era of rapid technological advancements, thetraditional approach to learning English has been challenged by innovative methodologies. The "New Perspectives on College English Composition" course aims to equip students with the skills necessary to excel in the globalized world by embracing modern educational techniques.1. Integration of Technology:The course will incorporate digital tools such as language learning apps, online dictionaries, and collaborative platforms to enhance the learning experience. Students will be encouraged to use these tools to improve their vocabulary, grammar, and writing skills.2. Cultural Immersion:Understanding the cultural context is crucial for effective communication. The course will include exposure to English-speaking cultures through films, literature, and guest lectures from native speakers. This will help students to grasp the nuances of the language and use it more naturally.3. Interactive Learning:Interactive activities such as debates, role-plays, and group discussions will be a regular part of the curriculum. These activities will foster critical thinking and improvestudents' ability to express their thoughts in English.4. Focus on Writing Skills:The course will emphasize the development of writing skills through various exercises, including descriptive writing, narrative essays, argumentative essays, and research papers. Students will learn how to structure their thoughts logically and present them coherently.5. Peer Review and Feedback:Peer review sessions will be an integral part of the course. Students will learn to provide constructive feedback to their peers and to incorporate such feedback into their own work to improve their writing.6. Real-World Application:Students will be given assignments that simulate real-world scenarios, such as writing a business proposal or a travel blog. This will help them understand the practical applications of English writing skills.7. Self-Paced Learning:Recognizing that every student has a unique learning pace, the course will offer a mix of self-paced and instructor-led sessions. This flexibility will allow students to learn at their own pace while still receiving guidance from the instructor.8. Assessment and Progress Tracking:Regular assessments will be conducted to track the progress of each student. These assessments will be designed to befair and comprehensive, covering all aspects of English composition.9. Encouragement of Creativity:The course will encourage students to be creative with their writing. They will be given the freedom to explore different styles and topics, fostering a love for the English language.10. Preparation for Advanced Studies and Careers:Finally, the course is designed to prepare students for further studies or careers that require proficiency in English. By the end of the course, students will be able to write effectively in English and will have the confidence to communicate in various professional settings.This new approach to teaching college English composition is designed to be engaging, practical, and forward-thinking, ensuring that students are well-prepared for the challenges and opportunities of the 21st century.。
GRE阅读笔记No5-3
SECTION 1The belief that art originates inintuitive rather than rational faculties > <was worked out historically andphilosophically in the somewhat(5) wearisome volumes of Benedetto Croce, BCwho is usually considered theoriginator of a new aesthetic. Crocewas, in fact, expressing a very old态度idea. Long before the Romantics stressed R(10) intuition and self-expression, thefrenzy of inspiration was regarded asfundamental to art, but philosophers had TSalways assumed it must be controlled bylaw and by the intellectual power of(15) putting things into harmonious order.This general philosophic concept of artwas supported by technical necessities.It was necessary to master certain laws 略读举例and to use intellect in order to build(20) Gothic cathedrals, or set up the stained GCglass windows of Chartres. When this Cbracing element of craftsmanship ceasedto dominate artists' outlook, newtechnical elements had to be adopted to(25) maintain the intellectual element inart. Such were linear perspective and P & Aanatomy.文章结构类型：新观点推翻旧观点型，推翻艺术来源于知觉的旧观点，建立艺术要建立在理性基础上的新观点TS：Long before the Romantics stressed intuition and self-expression, the frenzy of inspiration was regarded a fundamental to art, but philosophers had always assumed it must be controlled by law and by the intellectual power of putting things into harmonious order.态度：historically and philosophically，old单词：阅读专用词汇：linear perspective and anatomy积累抽象词汇intuitive,faculty, bracing,艺术源自直觉的而非理性的能力，这一信念是由贝内代托·克罗齐（Benedetto Groce）在其令人略感厌倦乏味的著作中从历史和哲学的角度阐述建立起来的，而克罗齐一般也被视作一种全新美学体系的创始人。
艺术和人文和自然科学一样重要英语作文
艺术和人文和自然科学一样重要英语作文Art, humanities, and natural sciences are all essential aspects of human knowledge and understanding. Each discipline offers a unique perspective on the world around us, and together they provide a comprehensive view of the complexities of life.Art plays a crucial role in expressing human emotions, creativity, and culture. Through painting, sculpture, music, dance, literature, and other forms of artistic expression, artists convey their thoughts and feelings to the world. Art allows us to explore different cultures, histories, and perspectives, fostering empathy and understanding among people of diverse backgrounds. It also serves as a means of self-expression and personal growth, allowing individuals to connect with their innermost thoughts and emotions.Humanities encompass a wide range of disciplines, including philosophy, history, literature, religion, and languages. These subjects help us explore the human experience, understand the values and beliefs that shape societies, and grapple with the big questions of existence. By studying the humanities, we gain insight into the complexities of human nature, the evolution of societies, and the way people have interpreted the world throughout history. Humanities encourage critical thinking,analysis, and reflection, challenging us to consider different perspectives and question our assumptions about the world.Natural sciences, on the other hand, focus on the study of the physical world and its natural phenomena. Fields such as biology, chemistry, physics, astronomy, and geology help us understand the laws that govern the universe and the mechanisms that drive natural processes. Natural sciences provide us with the tools to solve practical problems, make informed decisions about our environment, and develop new technologies to improve our quality of life. They also inspire a sense of wonder and awe at the beauty and complexity of the natural world, encouraging us to explore and preserve the planet's biodiversity and ecosystems.While each discipline has its unique methods, goals, and contributions, they are all interconnected and mutually enriching. The arts and humanities provide a humanistic perspective on the world, fostering creativity, empathy, and emotional intelligence. Natural sciences offer a systematic and empirical approach to understanding the physical world, promoting logical reasoning, observation, and experimentation. Together, these disciplines help us make sense of the world and our place in it, offering different ways of knowing and experiencing reality.In today's rapidly changing and complex world, it is more important than ever to appreciate the value of art, humanities, and natural sciences. By embracing a holistic and interdisciplinary approach to education and research, we can cultivate well-rounded individuals who are equipped to tackle the challenges of the 21st century. Art inspires creativity and imagination, humanities foster critical thinking and empathy, and natural sciences promote knowledge and innovation. To truly understand the world and ourselves, we must embrace the diversity of human knowledge and experience embodied in these three essential pillars of human understanding.。
研究伦理态度的英语作文
研究伦理态度的英语作文标题，Exploring Ethical Attitudes: An Inquiry into Moral Principles。
In the contemporary world, the significance of ethical attitudes cannot be overstated. Ethical considerations form the bedrock of human interactions, societal structures, and the very essence of civilization. Therefore, it becomes imperative to delve into the depths of ethical inquiry, understanding the principles that guide our actions and decisions. This essay embarks on a journey to explore ethical attitudes, analyzing their importance, origins, and implications in our lives.Ethical attitudes encompass a wide array of values, beliefs, and principles that dictate what is considered right or wrong in a given context. These attitudes serve as moral compasses, guiding individuals in their interactions with others and shaping their behavior. Whether it's honesty, integrity, fairness, or compassion, ethicalattitudes provide the framework for evaluating the consequences of our actions and making ethical choices.The origins of ethical attitudes can be traced back to various sources, including religious teachings, philosophical doctrines, cultural traditions, and personal experiences. For centuries, religious texts such as the Bible, the Quran, and the teachings of Buddha have provided moral guidelines for adherents, emphasizing virtues such as love, kindness, and righteousness. Philosophers like Aristotle, Kant, and Mill have offered profound insights into ethics, proposing theories such as virtue ethics, deontology, and utilitarianism, which continue to influence moral discourse to this day. Moreover, cultural norms and societal values play a crucial role in shaping ethical attitudes, as they vary across different societies and civilizations.One of the fundamental questions in ethical inquiry revolves around the nature of morality itself. Is morality objective or subjective? Are ethical principles universal or culturally relative? These questions have sparkedintense debates among philosophers, ethicists, and scholars throughout history. While some argue for the existence of objective moral truths grounded in reason or divine command, others contend that morality is subjective, varying according to individual beliefs and cultural contexts. The challenge lies in reconciling these differing perspectives and arriving at a coherent understanding of ethical attitudes.Regardless of the philosophical debates surrounding ethics, the practical implications of ethical attitudes are undeniable. In personal life, ethical attitudes shape our relationships with family, friends, and colleagues,fostering trust, respect, and cooperation. In professional settings, adherence to ethical principles is essential for maintaining integrity, accountability, and credibility. Ethical lapses can have far-reaching consequences, leadingto legal liabilities, reputational damage, and loss ofpublic trust. Therefore, organizations often establishcodes of ethics and conduct to guide the behavior of employees and ensure ethical practices.Furthermore, ethical attitudes play a crucial role in addressing pressing societal issues and promoting social justice. From environmental conservation and human rights to economic inequality and healthcare access, ethical considerations are at the heart of policy debates andsocial movements. Ethical leaders and activists advocatefor change based on moral imperatives, challenging unjust systems and advocating for the marginalized and vulnerable. In this way, ethical attitudes serve as catalysts forsocial progress and collective well-being.In conclusion, ethical attitudes constitute the moral foundation of human civilization, guiding our actions, decisions, and interactions with others. While theirorigins may vary, from religious teachings to philosophical doctrines, ethical principles remain central to our understanding of right and wrong. Despite philosophical debates about the nature of morality, the practical implications of ethical attitudes are evident in personal relationships, professional conduct, and societal issues. As we navigate the complexities of the modern world,fostering ethical attitudes becomes essential for promoting integrity, justice, and the common good.。
去世了英语作文
The concept of passing away is a profound and sensitive topic that can be approached with a variety of perspectives in an English composition.Here is a detailed essay on the subject:The Inevitability of Lifes Journey:A Reflection on DepartureLife,as we know,is a journey filled with countless experiences,emotions,and memories. It is a voyage that begins with birth and,inevitably,ends with death.The concept of passing away,while often shrouded in mystery and apprehension,is an integral part of the human experience,a natural conclusion to the story of life.The Cycle of LifeEvery living being,from the mightiest oak tree to the tiniest ant,is subject to the cycle of life.This cycle,a beautiful and inevitable process,is a testament to the continuity of existence.The passing of an individual is not merely an end but a transition,a transformation into another form of being,perhaps returning to the earth to nourish new life.Coping with LossThe departure of a loved one can be a deeply emotional and challenging experience.It is common to feel a range of emotions,from profound sadness to a sense of loss.Grieving is a personal journey,and each individual copes with the loss in their own unique way. Some find solace in remembering the departed through stories,photographs,or by celebrating their lifes achievements.Cultural Perspectives on DeathDifferent cultures have diverse beliefs and rituals surrounding death.In some societies, death is celebrated as a reunion with ancestors or a transition to an afterlife.For instance, the Day of the Dead in Mexico is a vibrant and colorful festival where families remember their deceased relatives with offerings and festivities.In contrast,other cultures may view death with solemnity and quiet reflection,focusing on the impermanence of life and the importance of cherishing the moments we have.The Role of Religion and SpiritualityReligion and spirituality often provide a framework for understanding and coping with the concept of death.Many religious beliefs include an afterlife,offering comfort to the bereaved by suggesting that their loved ones continue to exist in another realm.Spiritual practices can also provide a sense of connection and peace,helping individuals to navigate the complex emotions associated with loss.The Celebration of LifeWhile the act of passing away is often associated with sorrow,it can also be a time to celebrate the life that was lived.Eulogies,memorial services,and other forms of remembrance serve to honor the individuals impact on the world and the lives they touched.These celebrations can be a source of comfort,allowing those left behind to share stories,laughter,and tears in a collective acknowledgment of the persons existence.The Legacy Left BehindThe legacy of a person who has passed away is often their most enduring presence.This legacy can take many forms,from the memories they leave in the hearts of those who knew them to the tangible contributions they made to society,whether through their work, their art,or their acts of kindness.The legacy serves as a reminder of the individuals influence and a testament to the enduring nature of human spirit.ConclusionIn conclusion,the concept of passing away is a complex and deeply personal experience. It is a reminder of the finite nature of life and an opportunity to reflect on the value of the time we have.By understanding and embracing the inevitability of death,we can perhaps find a deeper appreciation for the moments we share with those we love and the impact we have on the world around us.。
从新的角度阐释物有本末英语作文
从新的角度阐释物有本末英语作文Rethinking the Dichotomy of Roots and Tips: A Holistic Perspective on the Interdependence of Beginnings and Endings.In the tapestry of life, every object, entity, and concept exists within an intricate web of relationships, where beginnings and endings are inextricably intertwined. The ancient Chinese adage "物有本末" encapsulates this profound interconnectedness, suggesting that all things possess both a root (本) and a tip (末). While this maxim has traditionally been interpreted as a hierarchical relationship, where the root represents the foundation and the tip the outgrowth, a more holistic understanding reveals a dynamic and fluid interplay between these two poles.From a scientific standpoint, the concept of beginnings and endings is often approached through the lens of thermodynamics and entropy. The first law of thermodynamicsdictates that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed. Thus, every process or event is a manifestation of energy flowing through a system. The second law of thermodynamics introduces the concept of entropy, which measures the degree of disorder or randomness in a system. As a system undergoes change, its entropy tends to increase.In the context of object permanence, the root can be seen as the initial state of an object's existence, while the tip represents its current state. As time progresses, the object's original form may undergo various transformations, but its essence remains unaltered. The root, in this sense, provides a stable foundation for the object's identity, while the tip embodies its evolutionary journey.The root-tip dichotomy also finds resonance in the realm of human experience. Our lives are marked by countless beginnings and endings: the birth of a child, the graduation from school, the commencement of a new career, the end of a relationship, and ultimately, the conclusionof our own mortal journey. Each of these milestones represents a transition, a shifting of perspectives, and a redefinition of our selfhood.As we navigate these transitions, it is essential to acknowledge the interconnectedness of beginnings and endings. The root of our past experiences shapes our present and future aspirations, while the tips of our current endeavors hold the seeds of our potential growth. By embracing this holistic view, we cultivate a sense of continuity and purpose amidst the flux of life.Furthermore, the root-tip relationship can be extended to the broader concept of interconnectedness within the natural world. Every organism, from the smallest microbe to the largest whale, is part of a vast ecological tapestry. The roots of one species provide sustenance for others, while the tips of their branches create habitats and foster biodiversity. In this intricate web of life, each element plays a vital role in maintaining the delicate balance of the ecosystem.In conclusion, the adage "物有本末" offers a profound insight into the interconnectedness of beginnings and endings. By transcending the traditional hierarchical view, we recognize the dynamic and fluid interplay between these two poles. Whether in the realm of physics, biology, or human experience, the root-tip dichotomy reminds us thatall things are interconnected, and that the seeds of our future are sown in the soil of our past. By embracing this holistic perspective, we cultivate a deeper appreciationfor the journey itself and the profound unity that underlies all existence.。
伦理学家思想总结英文作文
伦理学家思想总结英文作文Ethics, the branch of philosophy that deals with moral principles and values, has been a subject of contemplation for philosophers throughout history. These thinkers have sought to unravel the fundamental questions of human existence, such as what is right and wrong, how should we act, and what is the ultimate goal of life. In this essay, I will provide a summary of the thoughts of some renowned ethicists and explore the diverse perspectives they bring to the field of ethics.One of the most influential ethical theories is consequentialism, which asserts that the morality of an action is determined by its consequences. Jeremy Bentham, an English philosopher, is considered one of the founders of this approach. Bentham advocated for the principle of utilitarianism, which suggests that one should strive to maximize overall happiness and minimize suffering. According to Bentham, actions should be evaluated based on their ability to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. This principle emphasizes the importance of considering the consequences of our actions and assessing their impact on the well-being of others.John Stuart Mill, a disciple of Bentham, expanded on the concept of utilitarianism by introducing the idea of qualitative pleasures. He argued that not all pleasures are equal and that some are of higher quality than others. Mill believed that intellectual and moral pleasures have more value than physical pleasures, and that individuals should strive to cultivate these higher pleasures. Additionally, Mill introduced the Harm Principle, which suggests that the only valid reason to limit an individual's freedom is toprevent harm to others. This principle upholds the importance of personal autonomy and individual liberties.While consequentialism focuses on the outcomes of actions, deontological ethics takes a different approach by emphasizing ethical duties and principles that should guide our behavior. Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, is a prominent figure in this school of thought. According to Kant, morality is based on rationality and the concept of the categorical imperative. The categorical imperative dictates that one should act according to principles that can be universally applied without contradiction. Kant believed in the inherent value of every person, arguing that individuals should always be treated as ends in themselves, rather than as mere means to an end. This principle underscores the significance of respecting the autonomy and dignity of others.Another ethical theory that diverges from consequentialism and deontological ethics is virtue ethics. Virtue ethicists, such as Aristotle, focus on the cultivation of virtuous character traits as the foundation of morality. Aristotle contended that the ultimate goal of human life is eudaimonia – flourishing or living well. He argued that eudaimonia is achieved through the development of virtues, such as courage, wisdom, and justice. Virtue ethicists place great importance on the cultivation of moral character and the integration of virtues into one's daily life. They believe that virtuous actions stem from virtuous dispositions that have been internalized over time.These are just a few key ideas from the vast field of ethics. Through the centuries, countless philosophers have contributed tothe development of ethical theories, each offering unique insights into how we can navigate the complexities of moral decision-making. While consequentialism focuses on the consequences of actions, deontological ethics stresses universal duties and principles, and virtue ethics prioritizes the cultivation of virtuous character. By exploring these diverse perspectives, we can gain a deeper understanding of ethics and apply this knowledge to lead more moral and fulfilling lives.。
对人文学科的理解的英语作文
对人文学科的理解的英语作文英文回答：The humanities, a diverse and multifaceted field of study, encompass a wide range of disciplines that explore the human experience, thought, and culture. Rooted in the Latin word "humanus," meaning "human," the humanities focus on understanding the nature of humanity, our place in the world, and the meaning of our existence.The humanities include disciplines such as history, literature, philosophy, art history, music, and linguistics. Each discipline brings a unique perspective to the study of human life, offering insights into our past, present, and future.For example, historians investigate the past, examining the events, people, and ideas that have shaped the human experience. They analyze historical documents, artifacts, and remains to reconstruct the past and understand how ithas influenced the present.Literary scholars explore the power and artistry of language, analyzing literary texts to uncover their themes, characters, and literary devices. They interpret the meaning and purpose of literature, shedding light on human emotions, experiences, and perspectives.Philosophers grapple with fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, and morality. They propose theories and arguments to explore the nature of reality, the limits of human understanding, and the ethical principles that guide our actions.Art historians study the history, theory, and interpretation of art. They examine artworks from different cultures and time periods, analyzing their aesthetics, symbolism, and the cultural contexts in which they were created.Musicologists investigate the history, theory, and performance of music. They study musical styles,instruments, and composers, exploring the emotional, cultural, and societal significance of music.Linguists focus on the study of language, examining its structure, usage, and evolution. They analyze how language shapes human communication, thought, and culture.Collectively, the humanities provide a comprehensive understanding of humanity by exploring the full spectrum of human experiences, creations, and ideas. They fostercritical thinking, creativity, and empathy, equipping us with the knowledge and skills to navigate the complexities of the human world.中文回答：人文学科是一个多元化且复杂的多学科领域，涵盖了广泛的学科，探索人类体验、思想和文化。
西方经济学与东方的道德价值观英语作文
西方经济学与东方的道德价值观英语作文Western economics and Eastern moral values are two distinct philosophies that have shaped the world in different ways. Western economics, with its focus on individualism, competition, and profit maximization, has dominated the global economy for centuries. On the other hand, Eastern moral values, with their emphasis on harmony, community, and balance, have been the foundation of cultural and social norms in countries such as China, Japan, and India.Western economics, as espoused by thinkers like Adam Smith and Milton Friedman, is based on the idea of free markets and laissez-faire capitalism. The invisible hand of the market, according to Smith, guides individuals to act in their ownself-interest, leading to the greater good for society as a whole. Profit maximization is the primary goal of businesses, and competition is seen as a driving force for innovation and efficiency. This perspective has led to unprecedented economic growth and prosperity in the West, but it has also resulted in income inequality, environmental degradation, and social unrest.In contrast, Eastern moral values, as reflected in philosophies like Confucianism and Buddhism, prioritize the well-being of the community over individual desires. Harmony and balance are keyprinciples that guide behavior, and filial piety, respect for elders, and loyalty to one's family are highly valued. These values have fostered stable and cohesive societies in the East, but they have also been criticized for stifling innovation, limiting individual freedom, and perpetuating traditional gender roles.The clash between Western economics and Eastern moral values is evident in many aspects of modern society. In the global economy, Western corporations often exploit cheap labor in Eastern countries to maximize profits, leading to poor working conditions and environmental degradation. In politics, Western-style democracies are criticized for promoting individual rights at the expense of social harmony, while Eastern authoritarian regimes are criticized for suppressing dissent and limiting freedom of expression.Despite these differences, there are also opportunities for synergy between Western economics and Eastern moral values. By incorporating principles of sustainability, social responsibility, and ethical governance into economic decision-making, businesses can create value for both shareholders and society. Similarly, by embracing innovation, entrepreneurship, and individual freedom, Eastern societies can adapt to the challenges of globalization and technological advancement.In conclusion, the interaction between Western economics and Eastern moral values is a complex and dynamic process that continues to shape the world in profound ways. By understanding and respecting the strengths and weaknesses of both perspectives, we can create a more inclusive and sustainable global economy that benefits everyone. Only through dialogue, collaboration, and mutual respect can we bridge the gap between these two vital aspects of human civilization.。
Intercultural Communication- Its Importance to Various Career Fie
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION:ITS IMPORTANCE TO VARIOUS CAREER FIELDS AND PERSPECTIVE BY VARIOUS AUTHORSPriscilla N. GitimuDoctoral StudentSouthern Illinois University Carbondale Department of Workforce Education and Development311G Quigley HallSouthern Illinois University at CarbondaleCarbondale, IL 62901-4605618-453-1982ukic@ABSTRACTGlobalization has made intercultural communication inevitable. Communicating with other cultures characterizes today’s business, classroom, and community. Technology especially the internet has increased the probability that whatever is documented online will be read by someone from another culture. Intercultural communication is of importance in any career field thus the art of knowing how to communicate with other cultures should be a work place skill that is emphasized.This is a conceptual paper whose purpose is two fold. First the paper gives a synopsis of the importance of efficient and competent intercultural communication in various career fields; namely, education, business, medicine and in counseling. Secondly, the paper presents studies and perspectives that various authors have on intercultural communication.INTRODUCTIONGlobalization has made intercultural communication inevitable. Communicating with other cultures characterizes today’s business, classroom, and community. Hence, the art of knowing how to communicate with other cultures should be a work place skill that is emphasized. Various authors have studied about intercultural communication; however their studies have diverse perspectives and emphasis. The various views give a balanced approach to intercultural communication. This paper outlines the various facets that authors have on importance of intercultural communication in the field of education, business, medicine and counseling. In addition, perspectives that various authors have on intercultural communicate are described.PURPOSE OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION The primary purpose of intercultural communication is to increase understanding of culturally mediated communication phenomena. Within this goal, there are three distinct research avenues: culture specific, culture general and intercultural interaction. The “culture specific” focuses on identifying the communication behaviors of a specific culture. The “culture general” seeks to identify commonalities or universalities across cultures. A combination of both culture-specific and culture general integrates different cultures interacting hence called intercultural interaction (Zaharna, 2000).IMPORTANCE OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION TO VARIOUSCAREER FIELDSEducation relies on effective interaction between the teacher and the learners. Intercultural communication has become important because the schools are becoming more diverse culturally. In his paper, Roux (2002) argued that successful educators are effective communicators and thus culturally competent in cross-cultural encounters. Teachers should therefore be sensitive to the potentially problematic outcomes of intercultural communication in the culturally diverse class. Communication can be a useful source of intercultural knowledge and mutual enrichment between culturally diverse students if managed proactively by the teacher. Otherwise, communication could be a source of frustration, misapprehensions, intercultural conflict and ultimately school failure. Thus cross-cultural communication is complex and potentially problematic in education.Successful communication is a prerequisite of effective transfer of knowledge in school. A rich repertoire of verbal and nonverbal behaviors appropriate to the intercultural situation as well as affective capabilities to react sensitively to fellow communicators from other cultures is a necessity in education. Obstacles to effective intercultural communication include attitudes and dispositions, stereotyping, and ethnocentrism. A rich repertoire of verbal and nonverbal behaviors appropriate to the intercultural situation as well as affective capabilities to react sensitively to fellow communicators from other cultures is a necessity in education (Linde, 1997).The business sector is probably most affected with the issues of intercultural communication. Today with emergence of multi-national companies and global companies, it is unlikely to do business without communicating cross culturally. Targowski and Metwalli (2003) viewed this millennium as era that global organizations will increasingly focus on the critical value of cross-cultural communication process, efficiency and competence and cost of doing business. In order to successfully communicate cross culturally, knowledge and understanding of cultural factors such as values, attitudes, beliefs and behavior should be acquired. Effective cross-cultural communication in global economy provides pragmatic tools about how to define a communication strategy, train representatives and conduct business talks in order to achieve success.Intercultural communication is also an essential component in medicine. For instance, little is known whether health care professionals communicate effectively with the ethnic minority patients. Not only language difficulties, but also cultural differences in beliefs and understanding of disease may result in problems in interculturalcommunication. (Van, Harmsen and Bruijnzeels, 2002). Prasad and Darrad (2003) noted that communication with non-English speaking patients was still unsatisfactory and there is need for more research to overcome some of the barriers in the intercultural communication. Some recommendations that Prasad and Darrad suggested to health care workers is that one should have training on appropriate use of an interpreter, use pictures to explain concepts to patients, demonstrate via body language but avoid use of common gestures as they may have different cultural meanings, and schedule longer appointment with patients who may have language or cultural barriers so that the interaction is not rushed.Interpersonal communication skills are essential to all helping relationships of cross-cultural counseling. It has been observed that ethnically distinct clients often showed therapeutic improvements when a counselor effectively acknowledged and validated clients’ inner world of experiences, which was previously un communicated to others. Consequently, in counseling, communication process has been viewed as an intervention for client change, in and itself, and not just the medium by which a counselor applies his or her counseling approaches.PERSPECTIVES AND STUDIES ON INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION Various authors have studied about intercultural communication; however their studies have diverse perspectives and emphasis. This section gives a synopsis of various views that authors have presented. Some authors emphasize the issue of anxiety, others the importance of nonverbal cues in intercultural communication, others on counseling, others on power and its relation to intercultural communication. There has been conflicton how to approach intercultural communication research and some authors have focused on this and recently the issue of technology, especially the internet, has had an impact on intercultural communication. Not much study has been done in this area but it is an interesting area to research. Looking at the various views makes one more competent and balanced in their approach to intercultural communication.Interacting with people from different cultures or ethnic groups may involve a high degree of strangeness and a low degree of familiarity. Gudykunst (1995) argues that effective intercultural communication is partly based by one’s ability to manage anxiety and uncertainty. Anxiety has to do with feeling of discomfort while uncertainty deals with an inability to predict the behavior of others. Neuliep and Ryan (1998) investigated the influence of intercultural communication apprehension, social-communicative orientation, and uncertainty. Prior to interacting with unknown partners from another culture, participants completed measures of intercultural communication apprehension and social-communicative orientation. After interrracting with their partners, participants completed measures of uncertainty. It was found that intercultural communication apprehension was positively associated with uncertainty while intercultural communication apprehension was negatively correlated with social-communicative orientation.Herring (1990) presented that nonverbal communication was really part of communication itself. Cultural misunderstandings and miscommunications can be greatly reduced by an increased awareness of cultural differences in nonverbal communication patterns. He defined nonverbal communication as behavior that transcends verbal and written words. Herring noted that many ethnic groups use nonverbal communicationsmore extensively than they use verbal communication especially in expressions of feeling and attitudes. Thus, counselors would enhance and clarify counseling interaction with proper identification and assessment of client’s nonverbal communication. This understanding would be beneficial, for example, counselors can avoid unintentional cultural value conflicts within the counseling session. The incorporation of nonverbal communication in current and new counseling techniques could result in more appropriate and effective cross-cultural counseling.Intercultural communication has aroused great interest in scholars over the years and some empirical studies have been done on the same. For example, Chen (2002), explored perceptions of intercultural interaction. The study addressed the connection between perceptions of intercultural interaction and intercultural communication satisfaction. Data was collected from U.S. undergraduate students shortly after they had a face-to-face conversation with an international student. A 15-item instrument was used to measure perceptions of intercultural interaction. One common aspect that was realized was the inability of the students to identify mutual topics of mutual interest. This was probably due to mutual lack of familiarity with the partner’s culture. The factor was labeled “common ground” to reflect this characteristic of intercultural communication. Communication satisfaction was seen as an affective construct that reflected participant’s emotional reaction toward their interaction in terms of the degree it had met or failed to meet their expectation. High communication satisfaction was predicted by competent intercultural communication.Westwood and Ishiyama (1990) presented that effective communication alters the framework and depths of understanding of self. To illustrate this, they provided aculturally embedded model of communication and also gave the barriers that hinder effective communication and suggested ways to over come such barriers. Some of the practical suggestion Westwood and Ishiyama gave for overcoming some frequently occurring obstacles in cross cultural communication are: Encourage one to speak in their own language (word and phrases) to best illustrate how they feel at the moment for ease of expression. Because non-verbal expressions are often culturally based, check with clients for accuracy of your interpretation when in doubt. Make use of other models of communication other than verbal exchange. Other examples are acting, drawing, music, and story telling. Learn culturally meaningful expressions used by clients. Pay attention to, or invite the discussion of, client’s dreams and fantasies. Plan a time when clients can bring items to show, for example photos. Change the meeting place to help break monotony of just meeting in the office.Practical considerations to better cross cultural communication include being patient with an individual’s lack of language fluency and avoid correcting linguistic errors. Persons should be encouraged to use their mother tongue to express their feelings whenever they felt limited in the host’s language. It is also helpful to use a translator. Non-verbal communication like use of imagery and photos should be encouraged. Allowing patrons to teach aspects of their language and culture assists them to clarify and secure cultural identity e.g. a Chinese can be encouraged to teach Chinese painting to host culture members at a community center. This facilitates recognition of skills and accomplishments, inner strengths and positive personal qualities, humor and potential for learning new skills (Ishiyama &Westwood, 1992).It is important for the intercultural theorist and educators to pay attention to the cultural power relations in which intercultural communication took place. According to Shi-Xu (2001), what has been overlooked is the essential power saturation of intercultural encounters. Shi-Xu observed that mainstream pedagogy of intercultural contact and communication has tended to give precedence to linguistics and cultural knowledge. Shi-Xu provided three important points that should comprise a meaningful dimension of intercultural communication. First, intercultural communication should be considered at the level of social action and not just language interpretation. Consequently it is not the understanding of words and sentences that is so important, but the social dimension that deserves critical attention.Secondly, that intercultural communication is a socially organized activity or interaction so the meaning of communication cannot be reduced to individual’s words. Thirdly, intercultural communication does not take place in a power vacuum, or equal-power relations. “Intercultural communication was situated in the context of imbalance of power and inequality in resources between the east and the west, the north and the south, men and women, the majority and the minority, etc “pg 286. Shi-Xu argued that to pretend that such power dimensions are not there, or to reduce them to just linguistic issues is to render intercultural communication research and training as a mere abstract exercise. Worse still this lead to perpetuation of the western position of power and all this led to domination over and prejudice against the cultural other.One challenge in intercultural communication emerged in the tension between cultural universalism and the issue of relativity and the role that ethnocentrism played in clouding the distinction between the two. Universalism represents the obvious similarities shared by people whatever their culture while relativism represents the unique differencesthat distinguish one culture from another. The problem of ethnocentrism is that one culture views itself as better than the other culture and this hampers intercultural communication (Zaharna, 2000).Zaharna (2000) presented that most clashes in perspectives in intercultural communication evolved around methodology or the question of the way to study this phenomenon. This has caused much debate between quantitative and qualitative researchers. The quantitative researchers sought to conquer cultural ambiguity through precision, objectivity, and reliability. The qualitative researchers on the other hand tackled cultural ambiguity through introduction of innovative methods such as narrative analysis and metaphor analysis. Only recently has contemporary intercultural communication authors recognized the complementary nature of quantitative and qualitative methods.An area that needs to be explored is whether Internet communication has faced any cross-cultural communication difficulties. Dop (2001) did a study whose main purpose was to find out the effect that cross-cultural relations had on communicating across the internet. Dop noted that today with most offices now wired for both internet and extranet communication, email seems to be taking over most other forms of communication. Hence Dop’s study was dealt with the use of email as a means of communication cross culturally and whether this form of communication had any cross cultural barrier that could be identified. The subjects of the study were Foreign Service Nations (FSN) who were citizens of a particular country, and were employed by the US government to fill positions within the American embassy in that country. The FSNs used the email frequently to communicate to Americans as part of their daily roles. The overallconclusion of the study was that there seemed to be no problems with cross-cultural communication and relations via internet among the Foreign Service nationals. The FSNs preferred communicating via the internet than face to face communication. From the study it seems that internet communication lessened the cross cultural communication problems.CONCLUSIONIn today’s workplace, the issue of intercultural communication is definitely of importance in different career fields as described in this paper. It is essential to encourage cultural and personal systems of language metaphors, worldviews and meanings in the present diversified workplace. Intercultural communication has aroused great interest in scholars over the years and some empirical studies have been done on the same. However, authors have varied perspectives and emphasis about intercultural communication. Most clashes in perspectives evolve around methodology or the question of the way to study this phenomenon. To have a balanced view of the issue, it is important to read from various authors and this paper has attempted to do so. However there is more research needed on the effect of technology on intercultural communication especially communication via Internet.ReferencesChen, L. (2002). Perceptions of intercultural interaction communication satisfaction: A study on initial encounters. Communication Reports, 15(2), 133-148. RetrievedFebruary 27, 2004, from EBSCO database.Dop, T. M. (2001). Unexplored territory or a cross-cultural communications nightmare: the internet and business communication. Journal of International SecurityAssistance Managment 23(3), 74-80.Retrieved March 1, 2004, from EBSCOdatabase.Gudykust, W. B. (1995). Anxiety/uncertainty management (AUM) theory. In R.Wisemen (Ed.), Intercultural communication theory (pp.8-58). Thosand Oaks,CA: Sage.Herring, R. D. (1990). Nonverbal communication: a necessary component of cross- cultural counseling. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 18(4), 1-7. Retrieved February 27, 2004, from EBSCO database.Ishiyama, F. I. & Westwood, M. J.(1992). Enhancing client-validating communication: discouraged clients in cross-cultural adjustment [Electronic Version]. The Journal of Multicultural Counseling Development, 20(2), 50-64.Linde, V. D. (1997). Intercultural communication within multiculturalschools:Educational management insights[Electronic Version]. Education 118(2), 191-205.Neuliep, J. W., & Ryan J. (1998). The influence of intercultural communication apprehension and social-communication orientation on uncertainty reductionduring initial cross-cultural interraction. Communication Quarterly, 46(1), 88-99.Retrieved February 27, 2004, from First Search database.Prasad, V. & Darrad, K. (2003). A touch of spice-General practitioner views about cross cultural communication. Education for Health: Change in Learning andPractice, 16(2),222-227. Retrieved March 1, 2004, from EBSCO database. Roux, J. L. (2002). Effective educators are culturally competentcommunicators[Electronic Version].Intercultural Education, 13(1), 37-47Shi-Xu. (2001). Critical pedagogy and intercultural and intercultural communication: creating discourses of diversity, equality, common goals and rational-moralmotivation[Electronic Version]. Journal of Intercultural studies, 22(3),281-290. Targowski, A. & Metwalli, A. (2003). A framework for asymmetric communication among cultures[Electronic Version]. Dialogue and Universalism, 13(7/8),49-67. Van, W. J., Harmsen, J. & Bruijnzeels, M. (2002). Intercultural communication ingeneral practice. European Journal of Public Health, 12(1),63-68. Retrieved March1, 2004, from Ovid: Bibliographic records.Westwood, M. J. & Ishiyama, F. I. (1990). The communication process as a critical intervention for client change in cross-cultural counseling[Electronic Version].The Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 18(4),1-6. Zaharna, R. S. (2000). Intercultural communication and international public relations: Exploring parallels. Communication Quarterly. 48(1), 85-99. Retrieved March1, 2004, from First Search database.。
实践与理论的二元思辨性作文素材
实践与理论的二元思辨性作文素材英文回答：Practise and theory are two essential components in any field of study or profession. While theory provides the foundation and framework for understanding a subject, practice allows for the application and testing of theoretical knowledge. Both are necessary for a comprehensive and well-rounded approach to learning and development.In the realm of science, for example, theoretical knowledge is gained through research, experimentation, and analysis. This knowledge forms the basis for understanding natural phenomena and the laws that govern them. However, it is through practical application that these theories are put to the test and validated. In this way, theory and practice work hand in hand to advance scientific knowledge and technological innovation.Similarly, in the field of education, theoretical principles and pedagogical approaches provide the framework for teaching and learning. Educators rely on established theories of learning and development to design curriculum and instructional strategies. However, it is in the classroom, through the practical application of these theories, that educators can truly gauge their effectiveness and make necessary adjustments.In the business world, theoretical concepts of management, marketing, and finance form the basis for decision-making and strategic planning. However, it is through the practical implementation of these concepts that businesses can measure their success and adapt to changing market conditions.In conclusion, the dichotomy between theory andpractice is not a matter of choosing one over the other, but rather recognizing the symbiotic relationship between the two. Theory provides the knowledge and understanding, while practice allows for the testing and refinement ofthat knowledge. It is through the integration of theory andpractice that true mastery and innovation are achieved.中文回答：实践与理论是任何学科或职业领域中两个重要的组成部分。
Perspectives, theories and dimensions of culture
Cf. Dealing with national institutions.
Figure 5.1
Cross-cultural business contexts
National stereotypes and key dimensions of culture
Two approaches to culture
Two different approaches to looking at culture:
The psychic or psychological level, which focuses on the “internalized” norms, attitudes and behavior of individuals from a particular culture; The institutional level, which looks at national (or group) culture embodied in institutions (government, education, economic institutions as well as in business organizations).
Culture and strategic management
Cross-cultural management issues arise in a number of situations, including:
• Within a firm: Work attitudes, achievement motivation, time and future and ethics, etc. • Between firms: M&As, joint ventures, alliances and buyer–supplier relationships. • Between a firm and customers: Dealing with customers.
世界末日英语作文
The concept of the end of the world has fascinated and terrified people for centuries. In English compositions,this topic can be approached from various angles,such as scientific predictions,religious beliefs,or even personal reflections on the human condition.Here is a detailed outline for an essay on the topic of the worlds end:Title:The Final Curtain:Contemplating the End of the WorldIntroductionIntroduce the topic by mentioning the perennial fascination with the end of the world. Briefly mention some of the reasons why this topic has been a subject of interest,such as fear,curiosity,and philosophical inquiry.Historical and Cultural PerspectivesDiscuss how different cultures and religions have envisioned the end of the world, including examples from Christianity,Islam,Hinduism,and indigenous cultures. Mention the various symbols and narratives associated with these apocalyptic visions, such as the Rapture,the Day of Judgment,and the renewal of the world.Scientific Theories and PredictionsExplore scientific theories that predict the end of the world,such as the Big Crunch or the heat death of the universe.Discuss the role of astronomy in predicting celestial events that could lead to the end of life on Earth,such as a gammaray burst or a supernova explosion. Environmental and Societal ConcernsAddress the impact of human activities on the planet,such as climate change, deforestation,and pollution,which could potentially lead to a global catastrophe. Discuss the concept of the Anthropocene and how human actions have accelerated the potential for an environmental apocalypse.Technological and Artificial IntelligenceConsider the role of technology in both creating and mitigating the risks of the worlds end,including the potential for AI to either save or doom humanity.Reflect on the ethical implications of creating advanced AI and the responsibility of ensuring its safe development.Personal Reflections and Philosophical InquiryDelve into personal thoughts and feelings about the end of the world,exploring the existential questions it raises about the meaning of life and the human condition. Discuss the philosophical implications of the end of the world,such as the concepts ofmortality,legacy,and the impermanence of all things.ConclusionSummarize the main points discussed in the essay,emphasizing the complexity and multifaceted nature of the topic.Conclude with a reflection on the importance of understanding and preparing for potential global catastrophes,both as a species and as individuals.Word Count:Approximately1000wordsThis essay would provide a comprehensive exploration of the concept of the worlds end, offering insights from various disciplines and perspectives.It would encourage readers to think deeply about the future of our planet and our role in shaping it.。
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raised b y the spread o f English as a n international language w h i c h relate to w h e t h e r t h i s is a l e g a c y o f c o l o n i a l d o m i n a t i o n , e v i d e n c e o f t h e p o i s o n o u s g l o b a l i z a t i o n o f A n g l o - A m e r i c a n culture, or an indispensable tool to facilitate trade a n d friendship a m o n g peoples. F r o m a n intercultural perspective, a central question c o n c e r n s w h o ' o w n s ' E n g l i s h a n d w h e t h e r it c a n e v e r b e u s e d a s a n e u t r a l f o r m o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n free o f t h e c u l t u r a l b a g g a g e w h i c h a s s o c i a t e s it w i t h p a r t i c u l a r n a t i o n a l g r o u p s . T h e e m e r g i n g s t u d y o f English as a Lingua Franca ( E L F ) is d e v o t e d t o t h e w a y s t h a t p e o p l e w h o d o n o t share another l a n g u a g e c o m m u n i c a t e i n E n g l i s h a n d this is beginning to reveal a great deal about the w a y s that non-native English speakers ' a p p r o p r i a t e ' the l a n g u a g e t o m a k e it theirs in intercultural e n c o u n t e r s . A n o t h e r k e y d e v e l o p m e n t in studies o f intercultural c o m m u n i c a t i o n is that t h e concept of culture has b e e n refined and broadened. Genders, generations, occupations, professions, social classes, and religions h a v e c o m e to b e seen as distinctive cultural groups as a result o f h a v i n g d e v e l o p e d cultural s y s t e m s o f communication through a shared history, values, world v i e w or life-style. T a n n e n ( 1 9 9 4 ) , for i n s t a n c e , s h o w s h o w g e n d e r s o c i a l i z a t i o n i n t o d i f f e r e n t p a t t e r n s o f t a l k influences workplace relationships and opportunities. H y l a n d (2000), o n the other hand, focuses o n disciplinary cultures and traces the w a y s that a c a d e m i c s u s e l a n g u a g e a n d h o w t h e s e u s e s b o t h reflect a n d c o n s t r u c t w h a t it m e a n s t o b e a biologist, a n engineer or a linguist. A c a d e m i c discourse relies h e a v i l y o n a s h a r e d social world, a culture o f practical and social beliefs a n d practices without w h i c h scientific investigations a n d discoveries w o u l d b e impossible. I n b o t h o f these c a s e s w e see h o w experience is e n c o d e d in language a n d u s e d to distinguish m e m b e r s h i p o f social groups. A s a result o f w o r k in applied linguistics, theorists w o r k i n g in the field o f intercultural c o m m u n i c a t i o n are n o w also operating w i t h a m o r e sophisticated u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e n o t i o n o f discourse a n d w h a t i t i s t h a t p e o p l e a c t u a l l y do w h e n they communicate. Scollon and Scollon (2001) argue that intercultural c o m m u n i c a t i o n is b e s t seen as instances o f social action rather t h a n a r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of broadly conceived 'values' or 'beliefs'. While people bring these broad m e a n i n g systems to actual encounters, w e should not a s s u m e that these necessarily drive the interactions that take place. Contemporary intercultural c o m m u n i c a t i o ne n c o u r a g e s us to focus not o n the underlying hidden m e a n i n g s o f cultures b u t o n the actions that p e o p l e t a k e . A s a r e s u l t S c o l l o n a n d S c o l l o n i n t r o d u c e t h e t e r m discourse system a n d o t h e r s h a v e d i s c u s s e d t h e n o t i o n o f discourse community to refer to such local
Xntercultural Communication explores the impact o f culture o n human communication and examines the patterns o f verbal and nonverbal communication t h a t are e x h i b i t e d b y s o c i a l , c u l t u r a l , a n d e t h n i c g r o u p s . I t s e e k s t o p l a y a p o s i t i v e and constructive role in these encounters b y continuously inviting u s to reflect o n our own l i v e s a n d o u r r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h e a c h o t h e r . T h i s s h o r t p a p e r o f f e r s a p e r s o n a l v i e w of intercultural c o m m u n i c a t i o n a n d s e e k s to raise s o m e o f t h e k e y i s s u e s in current u n d e r s t a n d i n g s o f t h e field. A n i m p o r t a n t fir