New material of Cordaites baodeensis Sun from Lower Permian Shanxi Formation of Baode, Shanxi

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A new species and a new record subspecies of the genus

A new species and a new record subspecies of the genus Euops Schoenherr (Coleoptera:Attelabidae)from ChinaZhi-Qin Li,Cheng-De Li ⁎,Jue-Wen LiNortheast Forestry University,School of Forestry,Harbin,Heilongjiang,150040,ChinaA B S T R A C TA R T I C L E I N F O Article history:Received 9January 2008Revised 2April 2008Accepted 26April 2008Keywords:Attelabidae EuopsNew speciesNew record subspecies ChinaA new species,Euops pseudlespedezae Li.sp.nov.,is described from China,which was collected from Tianqiaoling,in the Jilin Province of China.The new species is closely related to Euops lespedezae lespedezae Sharp,which was also recorded for the ﬁrst time in China.©Korean Society of Applied Entomology,Taiwan Entomological Society and Malaysian Plant ProtectionSociety,2008.Published by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.IntroductionEuops Schoenherr is an Old World monophyletic genus of leaf-rolling weevils (Attelabidae).Its distribution extends from South Australia through Asia to Africa and Madagascar,with the majority of the species con ﬁned to wet tropical regions (Riedel,1998,2001).Riedel (1998)has recorded 37species belonging to a genus primarily distributed in the Oriental region (except Wallacea),and 7species from Palearctic region.Several years later,Riedel (2002)again reported 184species of a genus from Papuan region,accounting for approximately 58%of the world's fauna (320ascertained species).Liang and Li (2005)described 6new species along with a new subgenus from China and provided a key to 19species from China and Japan,of which 14species were distributed in China,and only one subspecies (Euops lespedezae koreanus Voss.)in Northeast China (Jilin Prov.).Up to now,326species were recognized worldwide and 14species were recorded from China.In this paper,Euops pseudolespedezae Li.sp.nov.,which was collected from Tianqiaoling,in the Jilin Province of China is described as a new species to science along with Euops lespedezae lespedezae Sharp as a new record species from China.All the type specimens were added to the insect collection at Northeast Forestry University,Harbin,China.Systematic accountsEuops pseudolespedezae Li.,sp.nov.Male.Body dark blue with slight metallic lustre.Prothorax,head,antennae and legs bluish black;eyes dark brown;scutellum metallic blue with green lustre.Abdominal surface dark blue (Figs.1–6).Head slightly constricted behind eyes,with ﬁne punctures on dorsum and transversely winkled at base of head,and with sparse ﬁne punctures on both sides.Rostrum 1.43times as long as the base,evenly dilated toward apex,with sparse punctures.Eyes large and moderately convex,contiguously contacted at a point,around eyes with blue lustre and coarse punctures.Antennae normal,scape and 1st segment of funicle thick but longer than broad,scape more longer;2nd and 3rd funicular segments long-trapezoid,longer than 4th;4th trapezoid,longer than 5th;5th and 6th subtrapezoid,6th longer than 5th and 7th;7th moniliform,a little longer than width.Club with densely yellow brown setae,1st and 2nd trapezoid,2nd longer than 1st and 3rd,and shorter than apical two segments combined,4th cone-shaped.Prothorax 1.03times as long as wide;broadest in the middle,not constricted near base,narrowed anteriorly.Dorsum not constricted,punctures roundly expanded in the middle and an oblique depression at middle of each side,with sparse and shallow punctures;winkled punctate on lateral surfaces,a ﬁne concave line in the middle at base.Scutellum slightly longer than broad,with more or less concaved longitudinal groove.Elytra at humeri simple (Fig.1),1.21times as long as wide;broadest at bases,then slightly narrowed and subparallel laterally,striae pun-ctate,weakly ﬁne toward apex;punctures of striae not de ﬁnitelyJournal of Asia-Paci ﬁc Entomology 11(2008)69–71⁎Corresponding author.Fax:+8645182190608.E-mail address:Heilongjiang_1981@ (C.-D.Li).1226-8615/$–see front matter ©Korean Society of Applied Entomology,Taiwan Entomological Society and Malaysian Plant Protection Society,2008.Published by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.aspen.2008.04.010Contents lists available at ScienceDirectJournal of Asia-Paci ﬁc Entomologyj o ur n a l h o m e p a g e :ww w.e l s e v i e r.c o m/l o c a t e /j a p eseparated anteriorly,striae slightly lower than intervals;intervals smooth,sometimes with inconspicuous transverse wrinkles;1st striae gradually approaching to the sutural ridge from base to declivity.Mesepisterna and mesepimera sparsely punctate mesosternum with punctures,microreticulate at sides;metepisterna densely and coarsely punctate.Metepimera punctate.Metasternum densely and ﬁnely punctate at sides,with short hair in them,sparsely punctate in middle.Ventral side of abdomen ﬂat (Fig.2),1st to 4th ventrites ﬂat and weakly concaved in the middle,each with a transverse row of hairs except 4th ventrite,hairs becoming longer outwards (Fig.3),sparsely punctuate on lateral surfaces,and with ﬁne hairs,ﬁnely punctate on the middle surface.Pygidium with dense punctures and ﬁne hairs.Outer margin of sternite VIII (Fig.4)weakly concave at apex;lateral margin in the middle concaved,near apex setose with long setae.Legs stout.Femora clavate,almost of the same length in three pairs.Tibiae each with an uncus;outer edges costate;fore tibiae slightly curved at base,a little longer than the others.Male genitalia.Tegminal plate and aedeagus as in Figs.5,6.Pedon without well-de ﬁned apical scoop;lateral margins weakly converging,evenly continuous to rounded apex.Tectum with arms of sclerotized frame leading converging from junctions with apodemes,halfway to midline weakly bent apically,apex of tectum subacute.Phallobasal apodeme round at apex,and with simple endophallic sclerites.Dorsal plate and basal sclerite lesssclerotized.Figs.1–6.Euops pseudlespedezae Li.,sp.nov.(♂).(1)Dorsal aspect of adult.(2)Male venter.(3)Tergite.(4)Sternite VIII.(5)Dorsal plate of tegmen in ventral aspect.(6)Aedeagus in dorsal aspect;(p:pedon;t:tectum;a:apodeme;d.pl.:dorsal plate;b.s.:basal sclerite;d.e.:ductus ejaculatorius;TA:transferapparatus).Figs. 7– 10 . Euops lespede z ae lespedezae Sharp, 1889. (♂). (7) Dorsal aspect of adult . (8) Male venter. (9) Dorsal plate of tegmen (ventral aspect). (10) Aedeagus (dorsal aspe c t). (p:pedon;t:tectum;a:apodeme;d.pl.:dorsal plate;b.s.:basal sclerite;d.e.:ductus ejaculatorius;TA:transfer apparatus).70Z.-Q.Li et al./Journal of Asia-Paci ﬁc Entomology 11(2008)69–71Female.Similar to the male.Elytra purple.Fore tibiae bisinuate internally,middle tibiae curved but without sharp apical projection. Abdomen with double rows of pubescence on each of basal three ventrites and a single row on the4th ventrite.Body length(excluding rostrum). 3.91–3.94mm and rostrum length about0.40–0.43mm in both sexes.Holotype.♂,Tianqiaoling,Jilin Province,China,5VIII2007 (Zhi-qin Li).Paratypes.2♂♂,1♀,same data as Holotype.Remark.The new species is similar to Euops lespedezae lespedezae Sharp,a new record subspecies to China,but can be distinguished from the latter by the following characters.1.Body smaller than the latter.2. Elytra withﬁne punctures.3.Oblique depression at middle on prono-tum.4.Middle tibiae of male scarcely laminated.5.Base of tegmen not fan-shaped(Fig.5).6.Ductus ejaculatorius of male genitalia(Fig.6) longer;apodeme shorter;dorsal plate and basal sclerite incompletely sclerotized.Euops lespedezae lespedezae Sharp,1889Euops lespedezae Sharp,1889,Trans.Ent.Soc.London1889:55(TL: Japan);Matoba,1975:19;Sawada and Morimoto,1985:179;Sawada and Morimoto1986:197,205;Yoon and Bae,1986:35;Morimoto, 1992:5(Figs.7–10).Attelabus lespedezae:Lewis,1879:22;Kôno,1927:40;Hirano,1954: 6;Yoon and Bae,1986:35.Attelabus(Euops)lespedezae:Schönfeldt,1891:264.Cyplus lespedezae:Schönfeldt,1887:147.Euops punctatostriatus:Djukin,1915:411.Euops splendens Var.b Schilsky,1903:61;Sawada and Morimoto, 1985:190.Euops splendens f.unicolorata Voss,1924,Deut.Ent Zschr.1924:43, 56(TL:Saga,Hakone);Voss,1925:297;Kôno,1927:39,41;Dalla Torre and Voss,1930:35;Hirano,1954:6;Matoba,1975:20;Sawada and Morimoto,1985:190;Yoon and Bae,1986:34.Euops splendida f.unicolorata:Yuasa and Kôno,1950:1285;Dalla Torre and Voss,1930:35;Iga,1955:143;Sawada and Morimoto,1985: 190.Diagnosis.Elytra generally dark blue,regularly punctate-striate. Head elongate,constricted behind eyes.Frons grooved longitudinally in female.Pronotum constricted in the middle and the punctates roundly expanded,with transverse depression at a little behind the middle(Fig.7).In male,eyes separated,at most contacted each other at a point; pronotum humped at middle and sides,partially wrinkled.Fore tibiae elongate and arcuate;middle tibiae strongly laminated.Middle ofﬁrst four ventrites concave with a longitudinal hair tuft in them(Fig.8).Genitalia as in Figs.9,10,ventral plate of penis almost as broad as apex of tegmen,base of tegmen fan-shaped,dorsal plate and basal sclerite strongly sclerotized.Body length(excluding rostrum).7.8–7.9mm.Distribution.China(new record—Heilongjiang),Japan(Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu).Host plant.Lespedeza bicolor Trucz.Materal examined:1♂,Suifenhe,Prov.Heilongjiang,22VII 2007(Zhi-qin Li);1♂,Maoer mountain,Prov.Heilongjiang,13VI 1959.Remarks.The species is reported for theﬁrst time from China in this study.It is similar to E.lespesezae koreanus Voss,1924which distributed in China,but differs in that the latter body dark violaceous,more thin;dorsum of elytra more convex;the male genitalia is different from the new record,especially the transfer apparatus(see the Diagram).ReferencesLiang,X.C.,Li,X.Y.,2005.Study on the genus Euops Schoenherr(Coleoptera: Attelabidae)from China,with descriptions of a new subgenus and six new species.Zool.Sci.22,257–268.Riedel,,A.,1998.Catalogue and bibliography of the genus Euops Schoenherr(Insecta, Coleoptera,Curculionoidea,Attelabidae).Spixiana21(2),97–124.Riedel,A.,2001.evision of the simulans-group of Euops Schoenherr(Coleoptera,Curcu-lionoidea,Attelabidae)from the Papuan region.Dtsch.Entomol.Z.48(2),137–221. Riedel,A.,2002.Revision of the subgenus Neosynaptops Voss of Euops Schoenherr (Coleoptera,Curculionoidea,Attelabidae)from the Papuan region.Zool.Scr.31, 135–165.。

国外天然产物化学成分实物库及数据库建设概况

国外天然产物化学成分实物库及数据库建设概况天然产物是新药发现的重要源泉，天然产物化学成分实物库和数据库的建设对天然产物的研究与开发具有重要意义。

目前国外建设的小分子化合物库多为合成或组合合成分子，天然产物实物获取较困难。

在信息数据库建设方面由于使用标准不同，信息不统一，开发规范、实用、智能型、综合型的大规模天然产物数据库还存在一定困难。

该文就目前国外可以公开查询到的有关天然产物的实物库及数据库建设情况进行了概述和分析，以期对天然产物研究与开发，特别是天然产物化学成分实物库和数据库的建设提供参考。

标签：天然产物;实物库;数据库2014-09-241实物库建设概况国外很多制药公司和研究机构都建有自己的化合物库，如美国辉瑞、德国拜耳、瑞士诺华、英国葛兰素史克、美国国立癌症研究所等，都在以多种方式大力扩建自己的化学成分库，占领新药研发的源头——分子资源，但多不公开共享，其库存成分多为合成或组合合成分子，分子结构多样性较少，其天然分子多从国外如中国大量收购或合作收集。

一方面，由于植物、微生物等天然产物的化学结构独特，一些人工很难合成的化合物在生物体内通过酶的作用就容易形成;另一方面，生物在不断进化的过程中其天然成分大多具有某些生物活性，从中寻找先导化合物比人工合成成功率更高。

因此天然产物备受世界各国医药研发者的青睐。

目前，美国、欧盟、日本、韩国等一些国家和地区的许多医药研究机构都在加紧进行有关天然植物药的研发工作。

不少大型制药公司正尽力把大量的植物物种送入实验室进行大规模筛选，以便从中发现任何可能的生物学功效。

如美国国立癌症研究所通过与世界各地的高校或研究所建立合作关系，收集大量的植物、海洋生物、真菌等样品，建立了其天然产物筛选库，据报道，到2009年末已收集并制备了230 000多个样品<sup>[3]</sup>。

虽然国外目前专门从事天然产物实物库建设的单位不多，但由于在世界各地都有不少从事天然产物的研究和开发的研究单位和公司，且其大多为微生物和海洋天然产物，表1列举了一些国外建有天然产物实物库或可提供天然产物的研究单位或公司。

静电纺丝

Carbohydrate Polymers 92 (2013) 1012–1017Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirectCarbohydratePolymersj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /c a r b p olAntimicrobial activity of carboxymethyl chitosan/polyethylene oxide nanoﬁbers embedded silver nanoparticlesMoustafa M.G.Fouda a ,b ,∗,M.R.El-Aassar c ,Salem S.Al-Deyab aaPetrochemical Research Chair,Chemistry Department,College of Science,King Saud University,P.O.Box 2455,Riyadh 11451,Saudi Arabia bTextile Research Division,National Research Center,Dokki,Cairo,P.O.Box 12622,Giza 12522,Egypt cPolymer Materials Research Department,Institute of Advanced Technology and New Material,City of Scientiﬁc Research and Technology Applications,New Borg El-Arab City 21934,Alexandria,Egypta r t i c l ei n f oArticle history:Received 22September 2012Received in revised form 10October 2012Accepted 19October 2012Available online 26 October 2012Keywords:ChitosanPolyethylene oxide Silver nanoparticles Electrospinning Antimicrobiala b s t r a c tA facile method to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)using carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCTS),which act as reducing agent for silver ions as well as protecting agent for the formed AgNPs,is reported.CMCTS embedded AgNPs are mixed with polyethylene oxide (PEO).The blend polymers containing AgNPs are electrospun resulting in blend nano-ﬁber mats.The formation of AgNPs has been conﬁrmed using UV–vis and TEM.The diameter range of 12–18nm of well-dispersed AgNPs with a concentration of 100ppm was obtained.The electrospun mats are characterized using SEM,EDX as well as TGA.Antimicrobial activity against different species of pathogenic/nonpathogenic;Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923,Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922in addition to the fungus Candida albicans ATCC 10231was studied.The results show excellent antimicrobial activity compared with nanoﬁbers without AgNPs and AgNPs alone.© 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.1.IntroductionIn electrospinning,the simplest and most cost-effective method of fabricating polymer nanoﬁbres,various polymers have been electrospun into ultraﬁne ﬁbers with diameters range of 20–400nm (Huang,Zhang,&Kotaki,2003).In electrospinning,the polymer solution is placed into syringe with millimeter size nozzle.Strong electric ﬁeld is applied on a droplet of polymer solution held by its surface tension at the tip of a syringe’s needle.As a result,the pendent drop becomes highly electriﬁed and the induced charges are distributed over its surface.Increasing the intensity of electric ﬁeld,the surface of the liquid drop will be distorted to a conical shape known as the Taylor cone (Taylor,1969).Once the electric ﬁeld strength exceeds a threshold value,the repulsive electric force dominates the surface tension of the liquid and a stable jet emerges from the cone tip.The charged jet is then accelerated toward the target and rapidly thins and dries as a result of elongation and sol-vent evaporation.As the jet diameter decreases,the surface charge density increases and the resulting high repulsive forces split the jet to smaller jets.Ultimately,solidiﬁcation occurs and ﬁbers are deposited on the surface of the collector as randomly oriented∗Corresponding author at:Petrochemical Research Chair,Chemistry Department,College of Science,King Saud University,P.O.Box 2455,Riyadh 11451,Saudi Arabia.E-mail addresses:m gaballa@ ,mmfoudah@.sa (M.M.G.Fouda).nonwoven mats (Derch,Greiner,&Wendorff,2004).Besides charge density and applied voltage other parameters also inﬂuence the ﬁnal nanoﬁbrous structure and its properties,for example:polymer types and concentration,type of solvent,presence of electrolyte,type and concentration of electrolyte,viscosity,surface tension,tip-to-collector distance,ﬂow rate of the polymer solution,inner diameter of the tip,material of the tip,etc.The ﬁeld of nanoparticle research has witnessed tremendous growth due to the unique chemical and physical properties from the bulk.Silver nanoparticles have gained considerable attention today due to their potential applications in medical ﬁeld,since it has been widely used in the production of biodegradable surgical sutures.Recently,electrospun nanoﬁbers embedded AgNPs have a great antimicrobial potential.Different methods have been used to prepare AgNPs,where one of these is chemical reduction method in which the polymer can be used as both reducing and stabilizing agents for the formed AgNPs (Abou-Okeil,2012;Abou-Okeil,Amr,&Abdel-Mohdy,2012;El-Raﬁe et al.,2011;Hebeish,El-Naggar,et al.,2011;Textor,Fouda,&Mahltig,2010).Chitosan is one of the most important biopolymers,obtained from chitin,the second most abundant natural polysaccharide present on the earth next to cellulose (El-Shafei,Fouda,Knittel,&Schollmeyer,2008;Hebeish,Abdel-Mohdy,et al.,2011).The poor solubility of chitosan in water,due to its rigid crystalline structure,limits its effective utilization in electrospinning process.To overcome this drawback,it is necessary to convert chitosan to water-soluble derivative (El-Shafei et al.,2008).Chemical0144-8617/$–see front matter © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved./10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.10.047M.M.G.Fouda et al./Carbohydrate Polymers92 (2013) 1012–10171013Fig.1.Schematic diagram of the typical electrospinning setup.modiﬁcation is anticipated to be quite promising.Carboxymethy-lation is one of the chemical methods to prepare water-soluble chi-tosan.This reaction takes place preferentially either at C-6hydroxyl groups or at the NH2-group resulting in N/O–carboxymethyl chi-tosan(CMCTS).Both products are water-soluble and contain an amino group either as the primary(NH2)or as secondary amine (NH CH2COOH).Polyethylene oxide(PEO)is one of the few biodegradable syn-thetic polymers approved for internal use in food,cosmetics, personal care products,and pharmaceutical.PEO is an effective ion conductive polymer(Morgado et al.,1999).Therefore,it is added in order to enhance the spinnability of the modiﬁed natural polymer.The objective of this research work is to synthesize well-stabilized AgNPs using CMCTS followed by electrospinning of CMCTS–AgNPs/PEO solution.The structure,morphology and the antimicrobial activity of the resulted nanoﬁber mats are character-ized.2.Experimental2.1.MaterialsPolyethylene oxide(PEO)(≥95%,average Mw124–186kg/mol) was obtained from Scientiﬁc Polymer Products,Inc.Silver nitrate (AgNO3)(99.998%)was purchased from Aldrich,Germany.Chi-tosan,DDA95%was obtained from Aldrich Chemical Co.,Germany. All other solvents and reagents were used as received without any further puriﬁcation.2.2.Synthesis of carboxymethyl chitosan(CMCTS)The experimental technique adopted for carboxymethylation of chitosan was as follows:certain volume of sodium hydroxide solution(30%,w/v)was added to16g chitosan suspended in iso-propyl alcohol.The mixture was left under stirring for30min at room temperature.To this mixture34g of monochloroacetic acid was added and the content of theﬂask was subjected to continuous stirring for3h.At the end,the excess alkali was neutralized using glacial acetic acid and chitosan was precipitated by adding acetone. Finally,modiﬁed chitosan wasﬁltered and washed with isopropyl alcohol/water(70:30)several times and dried at60◦C(El-Shafei et al.,2008).Theﬁnal product was soluble in water.2.3.Synthesis of silver nanoparticles(AgNPs)Silver nanoparticles(AgNPs)were prepared according to the procedure described by El-Raﬁe et al.(2011)and can be summa-rized as follows:0.5g of CMCTS is dissolved in100ml of distilled water,the temperature of the reaction is raised to60◦C and the pH is adjusted to11.5by using10M NaOH.1ml of AgNO3(1.7M) is added dropwise to the previous solution under continuous stir-ring for almost1h.The formation of silver nanoparticles solution was observed by monitoring the color change(visually,when the color of the solution started to change from its original color to the different degrees of the yellow color,then the reduction reac-tion started to work and silver nanoparticles started to seed).The AgNPs formed are characterized by(UV–vis),transmission electron microscope(TEM).2.4.Electrospinning of CMCTS–AgNPs/PEO solution2g of CMCTS is added to CMCTS solution containing sil-ver nanoparticles(0.5wt%)while stirring.To this solution,PEO (5wt%)is added slowly under continuous stirring till homogeneity occurs.Electrospinning of the prepared blend polymers solution containing AgNPs was carried out using two different methods; typical electrospinning technique and Nanospider technology as a modiﬁed electrospinning technique.A schematic diagram of the complete electrospinning apparatus is shown in Fig.1.It consisted of a syringe and stainless needle,a grounded electrode,an iron plate covered by aluminum foil as a collector,and an adjustable high voltage supply.2.5.Testing and analysisUV–vis spectrum was used to prove the formation of AgNPs (Hebeish,El-Naggar,et al.,2011).Particle shapes and sizes of AgNPs were obtained by transmission electron microscope(TEM); JEOL-JEM-1230.Scanning electron microscope(SEM)(JEOL GSM-6610LV)and(JEOL GSM-7600F)ﬁeld emission scanning electron microscope were used to study the surface characteristics of elec-trospun nanoﬁbers.Specimen in the form ofﬁlms was mounted on the specimen stabs and coated with thinﬁlm of gold by the sputtering method.The micrograph was taken at magniﬁca-tion of1000×using(KV)accelerating voltage.FT-IR spectra were obtained using FT-IR spectrometer,Bruker,TENSOR Series FT-IR1014M.M.G.Fouda et al./Carbohydrate Polymers 92 (2013) 1012–1017Fig.2.Solid state 13C NMR spectrum typical for O -carboxymethyl chitosan.Spectrometer,Germany,connected to a PC,and the data were analyzed by IR Solution software,where analytical methods are standard in OPUS TM software.2.6.Antimicrobial evaluation of electrospun nanoﬁbersIn order to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of electrospun nanoﬁber mats with/without AgNPs against microbial pathogens and to compare this effect with the commonly used antibiotics in addition to AgNPs alone as +ve control,the zone of inhibition test was performed against the gram positive bacterium Staphylococ-cus aureus ATCC 25923,the gram negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922in addi-tion to the fungus Candida albicans ATCC 10231.To perform the test,several colonies of each strain,obtained from a fresh cul-ture in blood agar plate,were suspended in 5ml of Mueller-Hinton broth to achieve turbidity equal to the 0.5Mac-Farland standards.The suspensions were inoculated with sterile swabs onto 150mm diameter Mueller-Hinton agar plates and after the agar surfaces were allowed to dry,tested disks were applied on each plate.Plates were incubated at 37◦C for 24h and the zones of inhibition (IZ)were measured.Same was performed for the Candida except that it was inoculated in Sabouraud dextrose agar medium and incu-bated for 2–3days at 37◦C.The antimicrobial agents tested in this study were CMCTS–PEO nano-ﬁber incorporated with silver nano-particles (CMCTS–AgNPs/PEO),the antibiotic Amikacin (AK),ampicillin/clavulinic acid (AMC),100ppm AgNPs solution (10␮L per disk)as a positive control,in addition to negative controls as empty disks of CMCTS–PEO nano-ﬁbers.3.Results and discussion3.1.Characterization of (CMCTS)by solid state 13C NMRCarboxymethylation of chitosan (CTS)is achieved with monochloroacetic acid and sodium hydroxide.According to El-Shafei et al.(2008)this reaction takes place preferentially either at C-6hydroxyl groups or at the NH 2-group resulting in N/O–carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCTS).The solid state 13C NMR spectrum for a typical N-carboxymethyl chitosan shows sig-nals attributed to the N-carboxymethyl substituent,at 47.7and 168.7ppm,for N CH 2and COOH,respectively (El-Shafei et al.,2008).But in case of our results,the solid state 13C NMR described in Fig.2shows signals at 73and 175ppm which attributed to O CH 2and COOH respectively.This downﬁeld shift of thecarbon indicates the formation of O -carboxymethyl chitosan.The formation of this product agrees with the higher reactivity of hydroxyl group of C 6in this heterogeneous reaction.The N -carboxymethyl substituent is not present because of the absence of peaks at 47and 168ppm for N CH 2and COOH respectively.3.2.Characterization of the synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)In this research work,CMCTS was used as reducing and as stabi-lizing agent too.The formation of AgNPs could be visualized from changes in the color of the solutions from colorless to light yellow.The reduction of Ag +could occur via the reduction effect of CMCTS at 60◦C and pH 11.5for 30min.Fig.3shows the UV–visible absorp-tion spectra of AgNPs.The surface plasmon absorption bands are centered around 409nm (El-Raﬁe et al.,2011).The absorption band at 405nm becomes stronger and narrower which means higher conversion of Ag +to Ag 0with smaller nanoparticles size.Fig.4a and b shows the TEM image and the histogram of the size and size distribution of the AgNPs.Results revealed that the size range of prepared AgNPs was between 12and 18nm.3.3.Morphology of the CMCTS–AgNPs/PEO-electrospun nanoﬁbersThe performance and morphology of the electrospun ﬁber were affected by the electrospinning process parameters.In the present study,two different electrospinning setups were used.In the ﬁrst setup,a typical electrospinning setup was used (Fig.1)alongwithFig.3.UV–vis spectra of silver nanoparticles embedded in CMCTS.M.M.G.Fouda et al./Carbohydrate Polymers92 (2013) 1012–10171015Fig.4.(a and b)TEM image and the histogram of the size and size distribution of the AgNPs.Nanospider technology.Both electrospinning setup and Nanospi-der are used in order to prepare nanoﬁber mats,but,Nanospider is used in large scale/sample production of the selected and best nanoﬁber mats from the results obtained,in addition,no differ-ence in morphology of the resulted mats for both techniques is observed.Generally,the electrospun mat is opaque due to light scattering from theﬁbrous structure.The obtainedﬁbers(Fig.5a and b)had cylindrical morphology and noﬁber bundles,indicat-ing that applied parameters were adequate for the formation of ﬁbers and proper evaporation of the solvent.On the other hand, the presence of AgNPs in CMCTS has little effect on the electrospun ﬁber morphology.Theﬁber diameter ranged from50to300nm. In addition,after the encapsulation of AgNPs into CMCTS–PEO nanoﬁber,theﬁber diameter decreases compared toﬁbers consist-ing of CMCTS–PEO without AgNPs,due to the high conductivity, which plays a key role in decreasing of theﬁber diameter during electrospinning(Sheikh et al.,2010).The presence of AgNPs results in high electric charge and subsequently high conductivity of the polymer solution which leads to high charge values during elec-trospinning process and possibly forming thinnerﬁber diameter (Nirmala et al.,2010;Nirmala,Navamathavan,Kang,El-Newehy, &Kim,2011;Nirmala,Park,et al.,2011).At the same timethe Fig.5.SEM images of electrospun nanoﬁbers containing AgNPs;(a)CMCTS;(b)CMCTS–Ag,(c)CMCTS/PEO–Ag and(d)CMCTS/PEO–Ag(EDX).1016M.M.G.Fouda et al./Carbohydrate Polymers 92 (2013) 1012–1017Fig.6.FT-IR spectra of electrospun nanoﬁbers;(a)PEO and (b)PEO–AgNPs.ﬁbrous structure assures much more loading of AgNPs into the ﬁbers.EDX was used to analyze the elemental constitution of solid samples.Elementary analysis of CMCTS–PEO/silver nanocompos-ite was carried out by using SEM–EDX.Fig.5c displays a spectrum of CMCTS–PEO/silver nanocomposite obtained by elemental micro-probe analysis of EDX.The results show that carbon,oxygen,and Ag were the principal element of CMCTS–PEO/silver nanocomposite.EDX analysis,as a result,provides direct evidence that AgNPs are embedded in the CMCTS–PEO composite.The quantitative analysis of CMCTS–PEO/silver nanocomposite is presented in Table 1.At the same time,Fig.5a and b shows SEM images of CMCTS–PEO/AgNPs nanoﬁbers,which revealed that the AgNPs were evenly distributed in the CMCTS–PEO ultraﬁne ﬁbers with an average size less than 12–18nm.This suggested that the AgNPs were well stabilized by CMCTS during the preparation of AgNPs.Table 1Stoichiometric ratio of CMCTS–AgNPs.ElementWeight%Atomic%(PEO)/Ag C K 83.9088.17O K 14.8111.68Ag L1.290.15Total100.003.4.FT-IR spectra of electrospun nanoﬁbersFT-IR spectra of electrospun CMCTS–PEO and CMCTS–AgNPs/PEO are shown in Fig.6.The frequencies and assignments for the pristine PEO are indicated asfollows:Fig.7.Diameter inhibition zone (cm)of electrospun nanoﬁbers against Staphylococcus aureus (Sa),Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ps)and Escherichia coli (Ec).M.M.G.Fouda et al./Carbohydrate Polymers92 (2013) 1012–101710172882cm−1due to the CH2group stretching vibration,1097cm−1 and841cm−1due to the C O C asymmetric stretch and bending vibrations.On the other hand,for the electrospun CMCTS–AgNPs nanoﬁber shows the same characteristic bands,in which the intensity of the bands at2882cm−1and at841cm−1was increased due to the CH2and C O C stretching vibration upon the presence of AgNPs.3.5.Antimicrobial of electrospun nanoﬁbersFig.7shows chart of inhibition zone of the tested antimicrobial samples and the corresponding plates(a,b,c).Results illustrated that S.aureus was the most sensitive microbe against antimicro-bial disk(AMC),CMCTS–PEO–AgNPs nanoﬁber,and AgNPs solution with inhibition zone30,22and15millimeters(mm)respectively.C.albicans was the least sensitive against all tested antimicrobial agents with IZ of0mm,except for CMCTS–PEO–AgNPs that showed IZ of12mm.It was found that the CMCTS–PEO–AgNPs nanoﬁbers were the most effective silver containing material with IZs of20, 18,15and12against S.aureus,P.aeruginosa,E.coli and C.albicans, respectively.In contrast,the AgNPs showed the least antimicro-bial activity among silver containing nanoﬁbers with IZ of13,7, 6and0mm against S.aureus,P.aeruginosa,E.coli and C.albicans, respectively.It was observed that CMCTS–PEO–AgNPs nanoﬁbers are the most effective silver containing material against all tested microbes.Also,it was found that CMCTS–PEO–AgNPs nanoﬁber was more than twofold strength of the positive control(AgNPs).How-ever,its efﬁcacy was less than any of the tested antibiotics,but this can be compensated with the less hazardous effect of antibi-otics and the less chance of resistance development compared with silver nanoparticles.4.ConclusionSilver nanoparticles(AgNPs)have been successfully prepared using carboxymethyl chitosan(CMCTS)which acts as both reduc-ing and stabilizing agent for the formed AgNPs.CMCTS–AgNPs with polyethylene oxide(PEO)are well mixed together and subjected to electrospinning process.The resulted nanoﬁber mats’embedded AgNPs are characterized using different analytical tools.The pres-ence of silver ions in the polymer structure was found to be strongly affecting the electrospun nanoﬁbers diameters due to enhance-ment of electrical conductivity of the nanoﬁbers.The obtained results indicated that the number of Ag+ions that were converted into Ag0increased with increasing the aging time.Antimicrobial activity of the prepared sample was evaluated against different types of microorganisms.It was observed that CMCTS–PEO–AgNPs nanoﬁbers are the most effective silver containing material against all tested microbes.Also,it was found that CMCTS–PEO–AgNPs nanoﬁber was more than twofold strength of the positive con-trol(AgNPs).Finally,the prepared CMCTS–AgNPs/PEO nanoﬁbers matrix could be properly employed as recommended candidate for many biological applications such as prolonged antimicrobial wound dressing materials.AcknowledgementThe authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scien-tiﬁc Research at King Saud University for funding this work through research group no.RGP-VPP-201.ReferencesAbou-Okeil,A.(2012).Ag nanoparticles growing onto cotton fabric using chitosan as a template.Journal of Natural Fibers,9,61–72.Abou-Okeil,A.,Amr,A.,&Abdel-Mohdy,F.A.(2012).Investigation of silver nanopar-ticles synthesis using aminated-beta-cyclodextrin.Carbohydrate Polymers,89, 1–6.Derch,R.,Greiner,A.,&Wendorff,J.H.(Eds.).(2004).Polymer nanoﬁbers prepared by electrospinning.Dekker encyclopedia of nanoscience and nanotechnology.New York:CRC.El-Raﬁe,M.H.,El-Naggar,M.E.,Ramadan,M.A.,Fouda,M.M.G.,Al-Deyab,S.S., &Hebeish,A.(2011).Environmental synthesis of silver nanoparticles using hydroxypropyl starch and their characterization.Carbohydrate Polymers,86(2), 630–635.El-Shafei,A.M.,Fouda,M.M.G.,Knittel,D.,&Schollmeyer,E.(2008).Antibacte-rial activity of cationically modiﬁed cotton fabric with carboxymethyl chitosan.Journal of Applied Polymer Science,110(3),1289–1296.Hebeish,A.,Abdel-Mohdy,F.A.,Fouda,M.M.G.,Elsaid,Z.,Essam,S.,Tammam,G.H.,et al.(2011).Green synthesis of easy care and antimicrobial cotton fabrics.Carbohydrate Polymers,86(4),1684–1691.Hebeish,A.,El-Naggar,M.E.,Fouda,M.M.G.,Ramadan,M.A.,Al-Deyab,S.S.,& El-Raﬁe,M.H.(2011).Highly effective antibacterial textiles containing green synthesized silver nanoparticles.Carbohydrate Polymers,86(2),936–940. Huang,Z.M.,Zhang,Y.Z.,&Kotaki,M.(2003).A review on polymer nanoﬁbers by electrospinning and their applications in posites Science and Technology,63(15),2223–2253.Morgado,J.,Friend,R.H.,Cacialli,F.,Chuah,B.S.,Moratti,S.C.,&Holmes,A.B.(1999).Journal of Applied Physics,86,6392.Nirmala,R.,Nam,K.T.,Park,S.J.,Shin,Y.S.,Navamathavan,R.,&Kim,H.Y.(2010).Formation of high aspect ratio polyamide-6nanoﬁbers via electrically induced double layer during electrospinning.Applied Surface Science,256,6318–6323. Nirmala,R.,Navamathavan,R.,Kang,H.-S.,El-Newehy,M.H.,&Kim,H.Y.(2011).Preparation of polyamide-6/chitosan composite nanoﬁbers by a single solvent system via electrospinning for biomedical applications.Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces,83,173–178.Nirmala,R.,Park,H.-M.,Navamathavan,R.,Kang,H.-S.,El-Newehy,M.H.,&Kim,H.Y.(2011).Lecithin blended polyamide-6high aspect ratio nanoﬁbers scaf-folds via electrospinning for human osteoblast cell culture.Materials Science and Engineering C,31,486–493.Sheikh, F. A.,Barakat,N. A.M.,Kanjwal,M. A.,Jeon,S.H.,Kang,H.S.,& Kim,H.Y.(2010).Self synthesize of silver nanoparticles in/on polyurethane nanoﬁbers:Nano-biotechnological approach.Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 115,3189–3198.Taylor,G.I.(1969).Proceedings of the Royal Society of London,313,453.Textor,T.,Fouda,M.M.G.,&Mahltig,B.(2010).Deposition of durable thin silver layers onto polyamides employing a heterogeneous Tollens’reaction.Applied Surface Science,256(8),2337–2342.。

Unit4 History and traditions Reading for Writing

By stopping by a village pub
and relaxing with a drink
and traditional meal while
listening to music and
watching dance.
恩信
实
traditions and culture
验
Read the content in blank together loudly and find sensory details.
smell
while birds greet the new day with their morning song.
touch
在山里宁静的早晨，感受阳光洒落在你身上，呼吸着鲜花的芬芳，而鸟儿则
用清晨的pe歌rs声on迎ifi接ca新tio的n 一天的到来。拟人
hearing
恩信实验
P44 Activity 2-2
(Beautiful Ireland)
No Image
恩信实验
Read the text and discuss the questions in pairs
2.What are the best ways to experience some Irish
traditions and culture?
Make the reader eager to read your writing.
It is believed in common that beauty exists everywhere on my campus as long as you have an eye for it.
恩信实验

Cordylactam,anew...

Cordylactam,a new alkaloid from the spider pathogenic fungus Cordyceps sp.BCC 12671Masahiko Isaka*,Panida Chinthanom,Pranee Rachtawee,Wiwat Somyong,J.Jennifer Luangsa-ard, Nigel L.Hywel-JonesNational Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology(BIOTEC),113Thailand Science Park,Phaholyothin Road,Klong Luang,Pathumthani12120,Thailand1.IntroductionCordyceps is a diverse genus of invertebrate pathogenic fungi inthe Cordycipitaceae(Ascomycota,Hypocreales)with more than100currently described species.Most species of Cordyceps are speciﬁcto certain groups of invertebrates with one group especiallyspeciﬁc to spiders.Several species in the genus have been sourcesof bioactive secondary metabolites(Paterson,2008;Molna`r et al.,2010)such as cordycepin(30-deoxyadenosine)from Cordycepsmilitaris(Cunningham et al.,1951;Bentley et al.,1951),cordypyridones(antimalarial N-hydroxypyridones)from Cordy-ceps nipponica BCC1389(Isaka et al.,2001),cicadapeptins(antibacterial peptaibol-type peptides)from Cordyceps heteropodaARSEF#1880(Krasnoff et al.,2005),and cordyheptapeptides(antimalarial and cytotoxic cycloheptapeptides)from Cordyceps sp.BCC1788(Rukachaisirikul et al.,2006)and BCC16176(Isaka et al.,2007).However,many rare species remain chemically unexplored.We have been conducting research on novel bioactive secondarymetabolites of invertebrate pathogenic fungi(Isaka et al.,2005).Recently we have focused on rare species,which are beingevaluated for taxonomic reclassiﬁcation,to demonstrate themetabolite diversity of speciﬁc groups of fungi,and for applicationto chemotaxonomy studies to support the fungal taxonomy(Isakaet al.,2009,2011;Luangsa-ard et al.,2009).Spider pathogenicCordyceps species are one group of interest with no previousreports of novel secondary metabolites.In this paper we report theisolation and structure elucidation of a new alkaloid,cordylactam(1),from a spider pathogen Cordyceps sp.strain BCC12671.Although a crude extract from small scale fermentation of thisfungus did not exhibit any activity in our several bioassayscreenings,it displayed a unique1H NMR spectroscopic proﬁlesuggesting the presence of one major secondary metabolite.2.Results and discussionCordylactam(1)was isolated as a pale yellow solid.Themolecular formula of1was established as C13H15NO4on the basisof the sodiated quasi-molecular ion peak at m/z272.0896(calcd forC13H15NO4Na,272.0893)in the HR-ESI–MS.Analysis of the1H and13C NMR,DEPT135,and HMQC spectroscopic data revealed thepresence of six sp2quaternary carbons,a trans oleﬁn(d C118.3/d H6.54and d C136.3/d H6.48;J=16.0Hz),an aliphatic methine,twomethylenes,and two methyl groups(Table1).In addition,the1HNMR spectrum exhibited resonances of two D2O-exchangeableprotons at d H9.61(s)and8.32(s).The g-lactam moiety wasdeduced from the COSY correlations of H-7with H3-8and amideNH(d H8.32),and the HMBC correlations from amide NH to C-4a,C-5,and C-7a,from H-7to C-4a,C-5,C-7a,and C-8,and from H3-8to C-7and C-7a,respectively(Fig.1).A weak4J correlation from NHto a downﬁeld quaternary carbon at d C169.6indicated theconnection of this carbonyl carbon(C-4)to C-4a.The COSY andHMBC correlations revealed the presence of a trans-1-pentenylPhytochemistry Letters6(2013)162–164A R T I C L E I N F OArticle history:Received22November2012Received in revised form13December2012Accepted20December2012Available online20January2013Keywords:CordycepsInvertebrate pathogenic fungiAlkaloidA B S T R A C TCordylactam(1),a new lactam-fused4-pyrone was isolated from the spider pathogenic fungus Cordycepssp.BCC12671.The structure was elucidated on the basis of NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometrydata,which was further conﬁrmed by the spectroscopic analyses of a semisynthetic derivative.This istheﬁrst report of a new compound from spider pathogenic Cordyceps species.ß2013Phytochemical Society of Europe.Published by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.*Corresponding author.Tel.:+6625646700x3554;fax:+6625646707.E-mail address:***************.th(M.Isaka).Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirectPhytochemistry Lettersj o u rn a l h om e p ag e:w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m/l o c a t e/p h y t ol1874-3900/$–see front matterß2013Phytochemical Society of Europe.Published by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved./10.1016/j.phytol.2012.12.009group(C-9–C-13).HMBC correlations from the enol OH(d H9.61) and the oleﬁnic protons H-9and H-10to a quaternary sp2carbon at d C146.1(C-2)indicated the connections C-3–C-2–C-9.Although the key HMBC correlation from3-OH to C-4was not observed,the molecular formula(HRMS)required the4-pyrone ring,fused with a g-lactam.To further conﬁrm the structure1and to determine the absolute conﬁguration(C-7)by X-ray crystallography,synthesis of the3-O-p-bromobenzyl derivative was examined.Unexpectedly,the reaction of1with excess p-bromobenzyl bromide(K2CO3,DMF,room temperature)gave a C-alkylation product2.The connection of a p-bromobenzyl group to C-7was revealed by the HMBC correlations from the benzylic methylene protons H2-100(d H3.06,2H,m)to C-7 and C-7a,and from H3-8(d H1.61,s)to C-7,C-7a,and C-100.The3-O-p-bromobenzyl group was indicated by the HMBC correlations from H2-10(d H5.18and5.13)to C-3(d C141.9),which conﬁrmed the3-OH functionality in1.This unique reactivity of1suggested that CH-7is acidic and epimerization at this position could occur under mildly basic conditions.The speciﬁc rotation of1,½a 25DÀ1.0Æ0.7(c0.21, MeOH),suggested that it was either a non-equal mixture of enantiomers or a50/50racemate due to the facile epimerization. Therefore,the absolute conﬁguration of1remains unassigned.The bicyclic skeleton,g-lactam-fused3-hydroxy-4-pyrone,as shown in cordylactam(1)is rare in natural products,but several related fungal metabolites have been reported.Pyranonigrins isolated from Aspergillus niger possess the closest structures (Schlingmann et al.,2007;Hiort et al.,2004).Curvupallides A–C from Curvularia pallescens(Abraham et al.,1995)and phaeo-sphaerides A and B from Phaeosphaeria avenaria(Maloney et al., 2006)also possess a similar bicyclic ring whose4-pyrone functionality is hydrogenated.These compounds should also be biogenetically related to the g-lactone valiants,massarilactones from Massarina tunicata(Oh et al.,2001).To our knowledge,this is theﬁrst report of a new compound from a spider pathogenic Cordyceps.There have been a few reports of new compounds from spider pathogens of other genera in the same family(Cordycipitaceae);torrubiellones(pyridone and tetramic acid derivatives)from a Torrubiella sp.(Isaka et al., 2010),and hirsutide(a cyclic tetrapeptide)from a Hirsutella sp. (Lang et al.,2005).3.Experimental3.1.General experimental proceduresMelting points were measured with an Electrothermal IA9100 digital melting point apparatus.Optical rotations were measured with a JASCO P-1030digital polarimeter.UV spectra were recorded on a GBC Cintra404spectrophotometer.IR spectra were taken on a Bruker ALPHA spectrometer.NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AV500D spectrometer.ESITOF mass spectra were measured with a Bruker micrOTOF mass spectrometer.3.2.Fungal materialThe fungus used in this study was isolated from a spider (Araneae)collected in Khao Yai National Park,Nakhon Nayok Province,Thailand.The fungus was deposited in the BIOTEC Culture Collection(BCC)on October28,2002as BCC12671.On the basis of its morphological characteristics and sequence data generated from the28S ribosomal RNA region(GenBank accession number,KC111883),the ITS rDNA(GenBank accession number, KC111884),and the18S ribosomal RNA region(GenBank accession number,KC111885),the strain was assigned to the genus Cordyceps within the family Cordycipitaceae.3.3.Fermentation,extraction,and isolationThe fungus BCC12671was maintained on potato dextrose agar at258C.The agar was cut into small plugs and inoculated intoTable1NMR data for cordylactam(DMSO-d6,500MHz).No.d C,mult.d H,mult.(J in Hz)2146.1,qC3142.1,qC3-O H9.61,s4169.6,qC4a112.4,qC5165.7,qC6(N H)8.32,s750.3,CH 4.58,q(6.8)7a177.9,qC817.8,CH3 1.37,d(6.8)9118.3,CH 6.54,d(16.0)10136.3,CH 6.48,dt(16.0,6.7)1135.1,CH2 2.24,m1223.0,CH2 1.47,m1314.0,CH30.91,t(7.3)Fig.1.Key HMBC correlations for1.M.Isaka et al./Phytochemistry Letters6(2013)162–1641633Â250ml Erlenmeyerﬂasks containing25ml of potato dextrose broth(PDB;potato starch4.0g/l,dextrose20.0g/l)and incubated at258C for7days on a rotary shaker(200rpm).Each primary seed culture was transferred into a1l Erlenmeyerﬂask containing 250ml of PDB,and incubated at258C for7days on a rotary shaker (200rpm).The secondary cultures were pooled and each25ml portion was transferred into20Â1l Erlenmeyerﬂasks containing 250ml of PDB,and theﬁnal fermentation was carried out at258C for12days under static conditions.The culture wasﬁltered to separate broth(ﬁltrate)and mycelia(residue).Theﬁltrate was extracted with EtOAc(2Â5l),and the combined organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a dark brown gum (550mg,broth extract).This extract was fractionated by Sephadex LH-20column chromatography(MeOH)to obtainﬁve pooled fractions.The third fraction(233mg)was triturated in MeOH and ﬁltered to afford1(80mg)as the insoluble residue.3.3.1.Cordylactam(1)Pale yellow solid;mp214–2168C;½a 25DÀ1.0Æ0.7(c0.21, MeOH);UV l MeOHmax(nm)(log e):217(4.18),251sh(3.96),309(4.17); IR n max ATR(cmÀ1):3188,3082,1709,1620;1H NMR(500MHz, DMSO-d6)and13C NMR(125MHz,DMSO-d6)data,Table1;HRESIMS (m/z):272.0896[M+Na]+(calc.for C13H15NO4Na,272.0893).3.4.Synthesis of compound2A mixture of compound1(6.1mg),p-bromobenzyl bromide (15mg),and K2CO3(22mg)in DMF(0.3ml)was stirred at room temperature for17h.The mixture was diluted with EtOAc and washed with H2O,and the organic layer was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was puriﬁed by preparative HPLC using a reversed-phase column(Phenomenex Luna C18,21.2mmÂ250mm, 10m m;mobile phase MeCN/H2O=75:25,ﬂow rate8ml/min)to furnish2(2.9mg,t R31min).pound2Pale yellow solid;IR n max ATR(cmÀ1):3294,1713,1650,1186, 1012,802;1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)d7.50(2H,d,J=8.1Hz,H-40 and H-60),7.34(2H,d,J=8.1Hz,H-400and H-600),7.29(2H,d, J=8.1Hz,H-30and H-70),6.89(2H,d,J=8.1Hz,H-300and H-800), 6.44(2H,m,H-9and H-10),5.18(1H,d,J=11.4Hz,Ha-10),5.13 (1H,d,J=11.4Hz,Hb-10),3.06(2H,m,H-100),2.23(2H,m,H-11), 1.61(3H,s,H-8),1.52(2H,m,H-12),0.97(3H,t,J=7.3Hz,H-13);13C NMR(100MHz,CDCl3)d178.1(C,C-7a),170.7(C,C-4),165.6 (C,C-5),155.1(C,C-2),141.9(C,C-3),139.7(CH,C-9),135.6(C, C-20),133.1(C,C-200),132.01and131.96(CH,C-40/C-60and C-400/ C-600),122.9(C,C-50),122.0(C,C-500),117.8(CH,C-9),114.6(C,C-4a),73.6(CH2,C-10),60.7(C,C-7),43.8(CH2,C-100),35.4(CH2,C-11), 23.7(CH3,C-8),22.0(CH2,C-12),14.0(CH3,C-13);HRESIMS (m/z):608.0046,610.0025and612.0008[M+Na]+(calc.for C27H25NO4Br2Na,608.0043,610.0024and612.0010).AcknowledgementsFinancial support from the Bioresources Research Network, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC),is gratefully acknowledged.Ms.Rungtip Nasit is thanked for collecting and isolating the fungus.We also thank Ms.Donnaya Thanakitpipattana for assistance in identiﬁcation of the fungus. ReferencesAbraham,W.-R.,Meyer,H.,Abate,D.,1995.Curvupallides,a new class of alkaloids from the fungus Curvularia pallescens.Tetrahedron51,4947–4952.Bentley,H.R.,Cunningham,K.G.,Spring,F.S.,1951.Cordycepin,a metabolic product from cultures of Cordyceps militaris(Linn.)Link.Part II.The structure of cordycepin.J.Chem.Soc.2301–2302.Cunningham,K.G.,Hutchinson,S.A.,Manson,W.,Spring,F.S.,1951.Cordycepin,a metabolic product from cultures of Cordyceps militaris(Linn.)Link.Part I.Isolation and characterisation.J.Chem.Soc.2299–2300.Hiort,J.,Maksimenka,K.,Reichert,M.,Perovic´-Ottstadt,S.,Lin,W.H.,Wray,V., Steube,K.,Schaumann,K.,Weber,H.,Proksch,P.,Ebel,R.,Mu¨ller,W.E.G., Bringmann,G.,2004.New natural products from the sponge-derived fungus Aspergillus niger.J.Nat.Prod.67,1532–1543.Isaka,M.,Tanticharoen,M.,Kongsaeree,P.,Thebtaranonth,Y.,2001.Structures of cordypyridones A–D,antimalarial N-hydroxy-and N-methoxy-2-pyridones from the insect pathogenic fungus Cordyceps .Chem.66, 4803–4808.Isaka,M.,Kittakoop,P.,Kirtikara,K.,Hywel-Jones,N.L.,Thebtaranonth,Y.,2005.Bioactive substances from insect pathogenic fungi.Acc.Chem.Res.38,813–823. Isaka,M.,Srisanoh,U.,Lartpornmatulee,S.,Boonruangprapa,T.,2007.ES-242 derivatives and cycloheptapeptides from Cordyceps sp.strains BCC16173 and16176.J.Nat.Prod.70,1601–1604.Isaka,M.,Hywel-Jones,N.L.,Sappan,M.,Mongkolsamrit,S.,Saidaengkham,S.,2009.Hopane triterpenes as chemotaxonomic markers for the scale insect pathogens Hypocrella t.and Aschersonia.Mycol.Res.113,491–497.Isaka,M.,Chinthanom,P.,Supothina,S.,Tobwor,P.,Hywel-Jones,N.L.,2010.Pyridone and tetramic acid alkaloids from the spider pathogenic fungus Torru-biella sp.BCC2165.J.Nat.Prod.73,2057–2060.Isaka,M.,Sappan,M.,Luangsa-ard,J.J.,Hywel-Jones,N.L.,Mongkolsamrit,S.,Chun-hametha,S.,2011.Chemical taxonomy of Torrubiella s lat.:zeorin as a marker of Conoideocrella.Fungal Biol.115,401–405.Krasnoff,S.B.,Rea´tegui,R.F.,Wagenaar,M.M.,Gloer,J.B.,Gibson, D.M.,2005.Cicadapeptins I and II:new Aib-containing peptides from the entomopatho-genic fungus Cordyceps heteropoda.J.Nat.Prod.68,50–55.Lang,G.,Blunt,J.W.,Cummings,N.J.,Cole,A.L.J.,Munro,M.H.G.,2005.Hirsutide,a cyclic tetrapeptide from a spider-derived entomopathogenic fungus Hirsutella sp.J.Nat.Prod.68,1303–1305.Luangsa-ard,J.J.,Berkaew,P.,Ridkaew,R.,Hywel-Jones,N.L.,Isaka,M.,2009.A beauvericin hot spot in the genus Isaria.Mycol.Res.113,1389–1395. 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不同因素对电沉积镁薄膜材料影响的研究进展

不同因素对电沉积儀傳膜材科彩响的研究迸展"陈转！，蒋秋娥2,樊建锋3,陈超！，苏永成"(!西安北方光电科技防务有限公司检测计量中心，陕西西安710043 #.江麓机电集团有限公司工艺研究院，湖南湘潭4111113.山西省新材料工程技术研究中心新材料界面科学与工程教育部重点实验室，山西太原030024)摘要#美是近年来可以制备并能够在自然环境中长期保存的轻质金属。

如今，材料的环保要求逐渐被重视起来，金属锾在各个行业内的应用也越来越广泛，很多国防产品、民用产品都在不同程度上用到了金属锾，但锾的制备工艺至今还不能实现工业化的大量生产，因此，对于锾的电沉积工艺的研究，分析其作为电池负极性材料的性能相当有意义。

在总结概括电解质溶液、沉积方法、沉积基体及添加剂对电沉积锾不同工艺的基础上，分析讨论了不同因素对沉积锾层的电化学性能和表面形貌的影响。

关键词：电沉积；锾；电解质溶液；沉积方法；添加剂；沉积基体中图分类号：T Q153 文献标志码：AResearch on E ffects o f V arious Factors on Electrodeposition M agnesium T h in-film M aterialsCHEN Zhuan1, JIANG Qiu?e2 , FAN Jianfeng3, CHEN Chao1, SU Yongcheng2(1. Calibrating and Measuring Center, North Electro-Optic Science L Technology Defense Co. , Ltd. ! Xi’an 710043，China;2. Institute of Process，Jianglu Machinery L Electronics GroupCo. ! Ltd. ! Xiangtang 4111New Materials Interface Science and Engineering of the Education Ministry of China , Shanxi Research Center of A Materials Science and Technology，Taiyuan 030024 , China)Ab str a ct: Magnesium i s a light metal that can be prepared and can be preserved in the natural environment for a longtime in recent years. Nowadays，the requirement of environmental protection of materials has been paid tention ，magnesium was more and more widely used in various industries , many national defense products and civilian industry products used Magnesium in varying degrees，but preparation technology of Magnesium did nottion ，so it had important value to study industrialization pcoess and anylyze it?s property as battery negative electrode materials. On the basis of summarize different process to electrodeposition Magnesium such method，sedimentation basal body，and additive，effects of different factors to electrochemical performance and surface appearance of electrodeposition magnesium were analyzed.Key wo r d s：electrodeposition，magnesium，electrolyte solution，sediment method，additive，sedimentation basal body铝和镁等轻质金属材料广泛用于国防产品和民用产品中，以满足多种物理化学性能的要求。

News Release For Immediate Release - 公司扩大无石棉纤维

News Release For Immediate Release新闻通告Interface Solutions Inc. Expands Fiber Gasket Production Capacity to Meet Volume Requirements and Cut Lead Time Interface公司扩大无石棉纤维密封材料生产产能用于满足不断增长的市场需求以及缩短交货周期LANCASTER, Pa.—July 07, 2010—In a move that will increase its fiber-based gasket production capacity by up to 7,000 lbs. per hour, Interface Solutions Inc. has added a new manufacturing line at its Fulton, N.Y. facility. The new line, which recently passed a rigorous internal certification process, is expected to shorten lead times for a variety of fiber gasket products.兰卡斯特市,宾夕法尼亚州－2010年7月7日－Interface公司在美国纽约州的Fulton工厂增加了一条全新的无石棉纤维密封材料的生产线,使得生产产能在现有的基础上每小时可以增加7,000磅(约3.2吨). 这条全新的生产线已经通过了公司内部严格的审核认证.预计通过这条全新的生产线可以缩短多种无石棉纤维密封材料的交货周期.According to ISI Chief Executive Officer Frank Fox, the system’s productivity will steadily increase to its maximum capacity over the next several months.根据Interface公司首席执行官 Frank Fox先生描述,新生产线的生产效率将逐步提升,在几个月后将达到最大产能."ISI's capital investment was based on needs for rapid turnaround as expressed by the marketplace and increasing global demand that ISI is enjoying for fiber-based gaskets," says Fox. “Lead times will decrease as orders are strategically channeled to the new forming line. Both existing and futurecustomers can turn to ISI with confidence that large volume fiber gasket orders will be met with quality production and increasingly rapid turnaround.”“Interface公司的资金投入是基于市场对加快交货周期的要求,以及来自于全球市场不断增长的订单需求,”Fox先生说.”通过新生产线的投入使用,部分订单的生产任务将转到新的生产线,这样可以大大缩短交货周期. 对于现有客户以及新客户的大宗的无石棉纤维密封材料的订单,我们有信心可以在保证产品质量的同时,不断提高交货速度.”The equipment installation comes at a time of global economic uncertainty but growing market share for ISI fiber gasket materials. The investment also reflects the Company’s long-term commitment to the fiber gasket business. In addition to reducing lead times, the line will help ISI achieve greater capacity balance, improve its contingency planning and increase production throughput.这条全新的生产线是在全球经济尚未明朗而Interface公司市场份额不断增长的情况下投入使用的.此次投资也充分表明了Interface公司将会长期致力于发展无石棉纤维密封材料业务的决心.在缩短交货周期的同时,新生产线也将有助于Interface公司更好的平衡现有的生产产能,提升生产计划的应变能力以及增加产量.About Interface Solutions, Inc.有关Interface公司Interface Solutions Inc. is a leading manufacturer of sealing systems and engineered composite materials, including a unique line of specialty papers. The organization enjoys long-established cooperative partnerships with customers in an array of worldwide markets. Recent acquisitions, expansions and capital investments in research facilities empower ISI to offer both OEM and aftermarket customers with unmatched technical and design support as well as application testing. ISI has an extraordinary depth of experience and engineering knowledge, with roots to predecessor companies dating back over 90 years. ISI was created as an independent, private corporation in 1999; formed from the organization previously known as Armstrong Industrial Specialties Inc. (AISI).Interface公司是一家以设计密封系统及密封材料包括特种纸张的全球领先的跨国公司.在全球范围内,公司与广大客户在各个行业中都建立起了长期良好的合作关系.近年来，公司更通过不断的扩张、收购、在科研设备上的大量投资，使我们无论是在垫片工艺、还是在密封系统设计、或是在应用试验领域，都能够向主机厂以及售后市场的客户提供一些其他同业无法比拟的技术支持与服务。

美国FDA《联邦规章典集》(CFR)第21篇目录中文版

美国FDA《联邦规章典集》（CFR）第21篇目录中文版发布时间：2010-5-11 13:44:12 发布方：奥咨达医疗器械咨询美国《联邦规章典集》（CFR）第21篇“食品与药品”总目概述：美国《联邦规章典集》（Code of Federal Regulations，CFR）第21篇“食品与药品”（Title 21―Food and Drugs）共有9卷（Volume）、3章（Chapter）、1499部（Parts）。

其中：第1―8卷第1章第1―1299部，为健康与人类服务部食品与药品管理局（Food and Drug Administration，Department of Health and Human Services）的规章；第9卷第2章第1300―1399部，为司法部毒品强制执行局（Drug Enforcement Administration，Department of Justice）的规章；第9卷第3章第1400―1499部，为毒品控制政策办公室（Office of National Drug Control Policy）的规章。

第21篇“食品与药品”（Tit le 21―Food and Drugs）的概况卷（Volume）章（Chapter）部（Parts）规制机关（Regulatory Entity）1 Ⅰ1-99 健康与人类服务部食品与药品管理局（FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES）2 100-1693 170-1994 200-2995 300-4996 500-5997 600-7998 800-12999 Ⅱ1300-1399 司法部毒品强制执行局（Drug Enforcement Administration，Department of Justice）Ⅲ1400-1499 毒品控制政策办公室（Office of National Drug Control Policy）第21篇“食品与药品”（Title 21―Food and Drugs）的章、部目录部(Part) 中译文原英文第Ⅰ章―健康与人类服务部食品与药品管理局（CHAPTER Ⅰ―FOOD AND DRUG ADMINIST RATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES）第A分章―总则（SUBCHAPTER A―GENERAL）1 一般强制执行规章GENERAL ENFORCEMENT REGULATIONS2 一般行政规则与决定GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE RULINGS AND DECISIONS3 产品管辖权PRODUCT JURISDICTION5 组织ORGANIZATION7 强制执行政策ENFORCEMENT POLICY10 行政规范与程序ADMINISTRATIVE PRACTICES AND PROCEDURES11 电子化记录；电子化签名ELECTRONIC RECORDS; ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES12 正式证据的公众听证FORMAL EVIDENTIARY PUBLIC HEARING13 在公众质询委员会前的公众听证PUBLIC HEARING BEFORE A PUBLIC BOARD OF INQUIRY14 在公众咨询委员会前的公众听证PUBLIC HEARING BEFORE A PUBLIC ADVISORY COMMITTEE15 在FDA局长前的公众听证PUBLIC HEARING BEFORE THE COMMISSIONER16 在FDA前的规制性听证REGULATORY HEARING BEFORE THE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION17 行政罚款听证CIVIL MONEY PENALTIES HEARINGS19 行为标准与利益冲突STANDARDS OF CONDUCT AND CONFLICTS OF INTEREST20 公共信息PUBLIC INFORMATION21 隐私保护PROTECTION OF PRIVACY25 环境影响考虑ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CONSIDERATIONS26 药品良好制造规范报告、医疗器械质量体系核查报告以及某些医疗器械产品评价报告的互认：美国与欧共体MUTUAL RECOGNITION OF PHARMACEUTICAL GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE REPORTS, MEDICAL DEVICE QUALITY SYSTEM AUDIT REPORTS, AND CERTAIN MEDICAL DEVICE PRODUCT EVALUATION REPORTS: UNITED STATES AND THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY50 人类受试者的保护PROTECTION OF HUMAN SUBJECTS54 临床试验者的财务公开FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE BY CLINICAL INVESTIGATORS56 机构审查委员会INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARDS58 对非临床实验室研究的良好实验室规范GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE FOR NONCLINICAL LABORATORY STUDIES60 专利期恢复PATENT TERM RESTORATION70 色素添加剂COLOR ADDITIVES71 色素添加剂申请COLOR ADDITIVE PETITIONS73 免除认证的色素添加剂的列表LISTING OF COLOR ADDITIVES EXEMPT FROM CERTIFICATION74 适用认证的色素添加剂的列表LISTING OF COLOR ADDITIVES SUBJECT TO CERTIFICATION80 色素添加剂认证COLOR ADDITIVE CERTIFICATION81 用于食品、药品和化妆品的临时性色素添加剂的一般规范和一般限制GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS AND GENERAL RESTRICTIONS FOR PROVISIONAL COLOR ADDITIVES FOR USE IN FOODS, DRUGS, AND COSMETICS82 经认证的临时性列表的色素和规范的列表LISTING OF CERTIFIED PROVISIONALLY LISTED COLORS AND SPECIFICATIONS83-98 [预留的] [Reserved]99 已上市的药品、生物制品和器械的未经批准的/新的用途的信息的发布DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION ON UNAPPROVED/NEW USES FOR MARKETED DRUGS, BIOLOGICS, AND DEVICES第B分章―用于人类消费的食品（SUBCHAPTER B―FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION）100 总则GENERAL101 食品标识FOOD LABELING102 非标准化食品的普通的或者通常的名称COMMON OR USUAL NAME FOR NONSTANDARDIZED FOODS104 食品的营养质量指南NUTRITIONAL QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR FOODS105 特殊膳食用途的食品FOODS FOR SPECIAL DIETARY USE106 婴儿配方母乳替代食品质量控制程序INFANT FORMULA QUALITY CONTROL PROCEDURES107 婴儿配方母乳替代食品INFANT FORMULA108 紧急许可控制EMERGENCY PERMIT CONTROL109 在人类食品与食品-包装材料中的不可避免的污染物UNAVOIDABLE CONTAMINANTS IN FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION AND FOOD-PACKAGING MATERIAL110 在制造、包装或者保存人类食品中的现行良好制造规范CURRENT GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE IN MANUFACTURING, PACKING, OR HOLDING HUMAN FOOD113 装在密封容器中的热加工低酸食品THERMALLY PROCESSED LOW-ACID FOODS PACKAGED IN HERMETICALLY SEALED CONTAINERS114 酸化食品ACIDIFIED FOODS115 带壳蛋SHELL EGGS119 存在显著或者不合理风险的膳食补充剂DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS THAT PRESENT A SIGNIFICANT OR UNREASONABLE RISK120 危害分析与关键控制点（HACCP）体系HAZARD ANALYSIS AND CRITICAL CONTROL POINT (HACCP) SYSTEMS123 鱼与渔业产品FISH AND FISHERY PRODUCTS129 饮用水加工与装瓶PROCESSING AND BOTTLING OF BOTTLED DRINKING WATER130 食品标准：总则FOOD STANDARDS: GENERAL131 乳与奶油MILK AND CREAM133 乳酪与相关乳酪产品CHEESES AND RELATED CHEESE PRODUCTS135 冷冻点心FROZEN DESSERTS136 烘焙产品BAKERY PRODUCTS137 谷物粉与相关产品CEREAL FLOURS AND RELATED PRODUCTS139 通心粉与面条产品MACARONI AND NOODLE PRODUCTS145 罐装水果CANNED FRUITS146 罐装水果汁CANNED FRUIT JUICES150 水果黄油、果冻、防腐剂以及相关产品FRUIT BUTTERS, JELLIES, PRESERVES, AND RELATED PRODUCTS152 水果馅饼FRUIT PIES155 罐装蔬菜CANNED VEGETABLES156 蔬菜汁VEGETABLE JUICES158 冷冻蔬菜FROZEN VEGETABLES160 蛋与蛋制品EGGS AND EGG PRODUCTS161 鱼与有壳的水生动物FISH AND SHELLFISH163 可可制品CACAO PRODUCTS164 树坚果与花生制品TREE NUT AND PEANUT PRODUCTS165 饮料BEVERAGES166 人造黄油MARGARINE168 增甜剂与餐桌糖浆SWEETENERS AND TABLE SIRUPS169 食品敷料与调味料FOOD DRESSINGS AND FLAVORINGS170 食品添加剂FOOD ADDITIVES171 食品添加剂申请FOOD ADDITIVE PETITIONS172 允许直接加入用于人类消费食品的食品添加剂FOOD ADDITIVES PERMITTED FOR DIRECT ADDITION TO FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION173 在用于人类消费的食品中允许的次直接的食品添加剂SECONDARY DIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES PERMITTED IN FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION174 间接食品添加剂：总则INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: GENERAL175 间接食品添加剂：胶粘剂与涂层的组分INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: ADHESIVES AND COMPONENTS OF COATINGS176 间接食品添加剂：纸与纸板组分INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: PAPER AND PAPERBOARD COMPONENTS177 间接食品添加剂：聚合体INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: POLYMERS178 间接食品添加剂：辅剂、生产助剂和消毒剂INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: ADJUVANTS, PRODUCTION AIDS, AND SANITIZERS 179 在食品生产、加工和处理中的辐照IRRADIATION IN THE PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND HANDLING OF FOOD180 在额外试验期间临时在食品或者在与食品接触中被允许的食品添加剂FOOD ADDITIVES PERMITTED IN FOOD OR IN CONTACT WITH FOOD ON AN INTERIM BASIS PENDING ADDITIONAL STUDY181 先前核准的食品配料PRIOR-SANCTIONED FOOD INGREDIENTS182 一般认为安全的物质SUBSTANCES GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE184 被确认为一般认为安全的直接食品物质DIRECT FOOD SUBSTANCES AFFIRMED AS GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE 186 被确认为一般认为安全的间接食品物质INDIRECT FOOD SUBSTANCES AFFIRMED AS GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE 189 禁止用于人类食品的物质SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN HUMAN FOOD190 膳食补充剂DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS191-199 [预留的] [Reserved]第C分章―药品：总则（SUBCHAPTER C―DRUGS: GENERAL）200 总则GENERAL201 标识LABELING202 处方药广告PRESCRIPTION DRUG ADVERTISING203 处方药销售PRESCRIPTION DRUG MARKETING205 对批发处方药销售商颁发州执照的指南GUIDELINES FOR STATE LICENSING OF WHOLESALE PRESCRIPTION DRUG DISTRIBUTORS206 人用固体口服剂型药品的印码IMPRINTING OF SOLID ORAL DOSAGE FORM DRUG PRODUCTS FOR HUMAN USE207 药品生产者的登记与商业销售的药品的列表REGISTRATION OF PRODUCERS OF DRUGS AND LISTING OF DRUGS IN COMMERCIAL DISTRIBUTION208 处方药的药物治疗指导MEDICATION GUIDES FOR PRESCRIPTION DRUG PRODUCTS210 制造、加工、包装或者保存药品的现行良好制造规范；总则CURRENT GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE IN MANUFACTURING, PROCESSING, PACKING, OR HOLDING OF DRUGS; GENERAL211 对完成的药品的现行良好制造规范CURRENT GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE FOR FINISHED PHARMACEUTICALS216 药房配药PHARMACY COMPOUNDING225 对含药饲料的现行良好制造规范CURRENT GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE FOR MEDICATED FEEDS226 对A型含药物品的现行良好制造规范CURRENT GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE FOR TYPE A MEDICATED ARTICLES 250 对特殊人用药品的特殊要求SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SPECIFIC HUMAN DRUGS290 管制的药品CONTROLLED DRUGS299 药品；正式名称与已确定的名称DRUGS; OFFICIAL NAMES AND ESTABLISHED NAMES第D分章―人用药品（SUBCHAPTER D―DRUGS FOR HUMAN USE）300 总则GENERAL310 新药NEW DRUGS312 试验用新药申请INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG APPLICATION314 为FDA批准上市新药的申请APPLICATIONS FOR FDA APPROVAL TO MARKET A NEW DRUG315 诊断用放射性药品DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS316 罕见病药ORPHAN DRUGS320 生物利用度与生物等效性要求BIOAVAILABILITY AND BIOEQUIVALENCE REQUIREMENTS328 含有酒精的预期用于口部摄入的非处方药品OVER-THE-COUNTER DRUG PRODUCTS INTENDED FOR ORAL INGESTION THAT CONTAIN ALCOHOL330 一般认为安全与有效以及不错误标识的非处方人用药品OVER-THE-COUNTER (OTC) HUMAN DRUGS WHICH ARE GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE AND EFFECTIVE AND NOT MISBRANDED331 用于非处方的人类使用的抗酸产品ANTACID PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER (OTC) HUMAN USE332 用于非处方的人类使用的抗胃肠气胀产品ANTIFLATULENT PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE333 用于非处方的人类使用的局部抗菌药品TOPICAL ANTIMICROBIAL DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE335 用于非处方的人类使用的止泻药品ANTIDIARRHEAL DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE336 用于非处方的人类使用的止吐药品ANTIEMETIC DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE338 用于非处方的人类使用的帮助夜间睡眠的药品NIGHTTIME SLEEP-AID DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE340 用于非处方的人类使用的兴奋药品STIMULANT DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE341 用于非处方的人类使用的感冒、咳嗽、过敏症药、支气管扩张以及平喘药品COLD, COUGH, ALLERGY, BRONCHODILATOR, AND ANTIASTHMATIC DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE343 用于非处方的人类使用的内服的止痛、退热以及抗风湿药品INTERNAL ANALGESIC, ANTIPYRETIC, AND ANTIRHEUMATIC DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE344 用于非处方的人类使用的局部的耳部药品TOPICAL OTIC DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE346 用于非处方的人类使用的肛肠药品ANORECTAL DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE347 用于非处方的人类使用的皮肤保护药品SKIN PROTECTANT DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE348 用于非处方的人类使用的外部的止痛药品EXTERNAL ANALGESIC DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE349 用于非处方的人类使用的眼科药品OPHTHALMIC DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE350 用于非处方的人类使用的止汗药品ANTIPERSPIRANT DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE352 用于非处方的人类使用的遮光药品SUNSCREEN DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE [STAYED INDEFINITELY]355 用于非处方的人类使用的防龋药品ANTICARIES DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE357 用于非处方的人类使用的其他内服药品MISCELLANEOUS INTERNAL DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE358 用于非处方的人类使用的其他外用药品MISCELLANEOUS EXTERNAL DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE361 一般认为安全与有效以及不错误标识的处方人用药品：用于研究的药品PRESCRIPTION DRUGS FOR HUMAN USE GENERALLYRECOGNIZED AS SAFE AND EFFECTIVE AND NOT MISBRANDED: DRUGS USED IN RESEARCH369 在用于非处方销售的药品与器械上关于警告的解释性声明INTERPRETATIVE STATEMENTS RE WARNINGS ON DRUGS AND DEVICES FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER SALE370-499 [预留的] [Reserved]第E分章―动物药品、饮料和相关产品（SUB CHAPTER E―ANIMAL DRUGS, FEEDS, AND RELATED PRODUCTS）500 总则GENERAL501 动物食品标识ANIMAL FOOD LABELING502 非标准化的动物食品的普通的或通常的名称COMMON OR USUAL NAMES FOR NONSTANDARDIZED ANIMAL FOODS509 在动物食品与食品-包装材料中的不可避免的污染物UNAVOIDABLE CONTAMINANTS IN ANIMAL FOOD AND FOOD-PACKAGING MATERIAL510 新动物药NEW ANIMAL DRUGS511 作为试验用途的新动物药NEW ANIMAL DRUGS FOR INVESTIGATIONAL USE514 新动物药申请NEW ANIMAL DRUG APPLICATIONS515 含药饲料厂执照MEDICATED FEED MILL LICENSE520 口服剂型的新动物药ORAL DOSAGE FORM NEW ANIMAL DRUGS522 植入或者注射剂型的新动物药IMPLANTATION OR INJECTABLE DOSAGE FORM NEW ANIMAL DRUGS524 眼科和局部剂型的新动物药OPHTHALMIC AND TOPICAL DOSAGE FORM NEW ANIMAL DRUGS526 乳房内的剂型INTRAMAMMARY DOSAGE FORMS529 某些其他剂型的新动物药CERTAIN OTHER DOSAGE FORM NEW ANIMAL DRUGS530 在动物中的特别标签药品使用EXTRALABEL DRUG USE IN ANIMALS556 在食品中新动物药残留的容许量TOLERANCES FOR RESIDUES OF NEW ANIMAL DRUGS IN FOOD558 用于动物饲料的新动物药NEW ANIMAL DRUGS FOR USE IN ANIMAL FEEDS564 [预留的] [Reserved]570 食品添加剂FOOD ADDITIVES571 食品添加剂申请FOOD ADDITIVE PETITIONS573 在动物饲料与饮用水中允许的食品添加剂FOOD ADDITIVES PERMITTED IN FEED AND DRINKING WATER OF ANIMALS579 在动物饲料和宠物食品的生产、加工和处理中的辐照IRRADIATION IN THE PRODUCTION, PROCESSING, AND HANDLING OF ANIMAL FEED AND PET FOOD582 一般认为安全的物质SUBSTANCES GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE584 在动物饲料与饮用水中被确认为一般认为安全的食品物质FOOD SUBSTANCES AFFIRMED AS GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE IN FEED AND DRINKING WATER OF ANIMALS589 禁止用于动物食品或者饲料的物质SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED590-599 [预留的] [Reserved]第F分章―生物制品（SUB CHAPTER F―BIOLOGICS）600 生物制品：总则BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS: GENERAL601 颁发执照LICENSING606 对血液与血液组分的现行良好制造规范CURRENT GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE FOR BLOOD AND BLOOD COMPONENTS607 对人类血液与血液制品的制造者的机构登记与产品列表ESTABLISHMENT REGISTRATION AND PRODUCT LISTING FOR MANUFACTURERS OF HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS610 普通生物制品标准GENERAL BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS STANDARDS630 对血液、血液组分和血液衍生物的一般要求GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR BLOOD, BLOOD COMPONENTS, AND BLOOD DERIVATIVES640 对人类血液和血液制品的附加标准ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS660 对用于实验室检测的诊断物质的附加标准ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR DIAGNOSTIC SUBSTANCES FOR LABORATORY TESTS680 对其他产品的附加标准ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS第G分章―化妆品（SUBCHAPTER G―COSMETICS）700 总则GENERAL701 化妆品标识COSMETIC LABELING710 化妆品机构的自愿登记VOLUNTARY REGISTRATION OF COSMETIC PRODUCT ESTABLISHMENTS720 化妆品配料构成声明的自愿存档VOLUNTARY FILING OF COSMETIC PRODUCT INGREDIENT COMPOSITION STATEMENTS740 化妆品警告声明COSMETIC PRODUCT WARNING STATEMENTS741-799 [预留的] [Reserved]第H分章―医疗器械（SUBCHAPTER H―MEDICAL DEVICES）800 总则GENERAL801 标识LABELING803 医疗器械报告MEDICAL DEVICE REPORTING806 医疗器械；改正与移动的报告MEDICAL DEVICES; REPORTS OF CORRECTIONS AND REMOVALS807 对器械的制造者与首次进口者的机构登记与器械列表ESTABLISHMENT REGISTRATION AND DEVICE LISTING FOR MANUFACTURERS AND INITIAL IMPORTERS OF DEVICES808 对州和地方医疗器械要求的联邦优先权的豁免EXEMPTIONS FROM FEDERAL PREEMPTION OF STATE AND LOCAL MEDICAL DEVICE REQUIREMENTS809 人用体外诊断产品IN VITRO DIAGNOSTIC PRODUCTS FOR HUMAN USE810 医疗器械召回权MEDICAL DEVICE RECALL AUTHORITY812 试验用器械豁免INVESTIGATIONAL DEVICE EXEMPTIONS813 [预留的] [Reserved]814 医疗器械的上市前批准PREMARKET APPROVAL OF MEDICAL DEVICES820 质量体系规章QUALITY SYSTEM REGULATION821 医疗器械跟踪要求MEDICAL DEVICE TRACKING REQUIREMENTS822 上市后监视POSTMARKET SURVEILLANCE860 医疗器械分类程序MEDICAL DEVICE CLASSIFICATION PROCEDURES861 性能标准制定程序PROCEDURES FOR PERFORMANCE STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT862 临床化学与临床毒理学器械CLINICAL CHEMISTRY AND CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY DEVICES864 血液学与病理学器械HEMATOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY DEVICES866 免疫学与微生物学器械IMMUNOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY DEVICES868 麻醉学器械ANESTHESIOLOGY DEVICES870 心血管器械CARDIOVASCULAR DEVICES872 牙科器械DENTAL DEVICES874 耳、鼻和咽器械EAR, NOSE, AND THROAT DEVICES876 胃肠病学-泌尿学器械GASTROENTEROLOGY-UROLOGY DEVICES878 普通与整形外科器械GENERAL AND PLASTIC SURGERY DEVICES880 普通医院与个人使用器械GENERAL HOSPITAL AND PERSONAL USE DEVICES882 神经学器械NEUROLOGICAL DEVICES884 产科与妇科学器械OBSTETRICAL AND GYNECOLOGICAL DEVICES886 眼科器械OPHTHALMIC DEVICES888 矫形外科器械ORTHOPEDIC DEVICES890 内科学器械PHYSICAL MEDICINE DEVICES892 放射学器械RADIOLOGY DEVICES895 禁止的器械BANNED DEVICES898 电极铅线与患者电缆的性能标准PERFORMANCE STANDARD FOR ELECTRODE LEAD WIRES AND PATIENT CABLES第I分章―乳房造影质量标准法（SUBCHAPTER I―MAMMOGRAPHY QUALITY STANDA RDS ACT）900 乳房造影法MAMMOGRAPHY第J分章―放射学的健康（SUBCHAPTER J―RADIOLOGICAL HEALTH）1000 总则GENERAL1002 记录与报告RECORDS AND REPORTS1003 缺陷与未能守法的通报NOTIFICATION OF DEFECTS OR FAILURE TO COMPLY1004 电子产品的回购、修理或者置换REPURCHASE, REPAIRS, OR REPLACEMENT OF ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS1005 电子产品的进口IMPORTATION OF ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS1010 电子产品的性能标准：总则PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS: GENERAL1020 电离辐射发生产品的性能标准PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR IONIZING RADIATION EMITTING PRODUCTS1030 微波与射电频率发生产品的性能标准PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR MICROWAVE AND RADIO FREQUENCY EMITTING PRODUCTS1040 发光产品的性能标准PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR LIGHT-EMITTING PRODUCTS1050 声波、次声波和超声波发生产品的性能标准PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR SONIC, INFRASONIC, AND ULTRASONIC RADIATION-EMITTING PRODUCTS第K分章―[预留的]（SUBCHAPTER K―[RESERVED]）第L分章―根据由食品与药品管理局行政执行的某些其他法的规章（SUBCHAPTER L―REGULATIONS UNDER CERTAIN OTHER ACTS ADMINISTERED BY THE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION）1210 根据《联邦进口乳法》的规章REGULATIONS UNDER THE FEDERAL IMPORT MILK ACT1230 根据《联邦腐蚀性毒物法》的规章REGULATIONS UNDER THE FEDERAL CAUSTIC POISON ACT1240 传染病的控制CONTROL OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES1250 州际运输卫生INTERSTATE CONVEYANCE SANITATION1251-1269 [预留的] [Reserved]1270 预期用于移植的人体组织HUMAN TISSUE INTENDED FOR TRANSPLANTATION1271 人体细胞、组织以及细胞的和基于组织的产品HUMAN CELLS, TISSUES, AND CELLULAR AND TISSUE-BASED PRODUCTS 1272-1299 [预留的] [Reserved]第Ⅱ章―司法部毒品强制执行局（CHAPTER Ⅱ―DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE）1300 定义DEFINITIONS1301 管制物质的制造者、分销者和调剂者的登记REGISTRATION OF MANUFACTURERS, DISTRIBUTORS, AND DISPENSERS OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES1302 对管制物质的标识与包装要求LABELING AND PACKAGING REQUIREMENTS FOR CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES1303 定额QUOTAS1304 登记者的记录与报告RECORDS AND REPORTS OF REGISTRANTS1305 令的格式ORDER FORMS1306 处方PRESCRIPTIONS1307 杂项MISCELLANEOUS1308 管制物质的表SCHEDULES OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES1309 表I化学品的制造者、分销者、进口者和出口者的登记REGISTRATION OF MANUFACTURERS, DISTRIBUTORS, IMPORTERS AND EXPORTERS OF LIST I CHEMICALS1310 列入表的化学品和某些机器的记录与报告RECORDS AND REPORTS OF LISTED CHEMICALS AND CERTAIN MACHINES 1311 [预留的] [Reserved]1312 管制物质的进口与出口IMPORTATION AND EXPORTATION OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES1313 前体与必要化学品的进口与出口IMPORTATION AND EXPORTATION OF PRECURSORS AND ESSENTIAL CHEMICALS1314-1315 [预留的] [Reserved]1316 行政职能、规范和程序ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS, PRACTICES, AND PROCEDURES第Ⅲ章―毒品控制政策办公室（CHAPTER Ⅲ―Office of National Drug Control Policy）1400 [预留的] [Reserved]1401 信息的公众可及性PUBLIC AVAILABILITY OF INFORMATION1402 强制性解密审查MANDATORY DECLASSIFICATION REVIEW1403 对给予州和地方政府资金和合作协议的统一行政要求UNIFORM ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS FOR GRANTS AND COOPERATIVE AGREEMENTS TO STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS1404 政府范围的排除与暂停（非获得）GOVERNMENTWIDE DEBARMENT AND SUSPENSION (NONPROCUREMENT)1405 对无毒品工作场所的政府范围的要求（财政援助）GOVERNMENTWIDE REQUIREMENTS FOR DRUG-FREE WORKPLACE (FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE)1406-1499 [预留的] [Reserved]。

欧盟新食品原料英文版

Novel Food. The European UnionThe Regulation No 2015/2283 introduces a comprehensive understanding about the definition and management procedures of Novel Foods within the European UnionFood business operators need to submit their applications in order to put the Novel Foods on the market. If the food is approved after the pre-market assessment as a Novel Food, it will be added to the Union list, and then can be sold and used within the EU.●What is a novel food?‘Novel f ood’ means any food that was not used for human consumption to a significant degree within the Union before 15 May 1997. In accordance with the definition given by the Regulation No 2015/2283, novel foods fall into the following categories:(1) food consisting of, isolated from or produced from plants, animals, micro-organisms, fungi, algae, and material of mineral origin.(2) food consisting of, isolated from or produced from cell culture or tissue culture.(3) food resulting from a new production process and food with a new structure (including: food consisting of engineered nanomaterials; food with a new or intentionally modified molecular structure, where that structure was not used as, or in, a food within the Union before 15 May 1997; and food, vitamins, as well as minerals that resulting from a production process not used for food production within the Union before 15 May 1997, which gives rise to significant changes in the composition or structure of a food, affecting its nutritional value, metabolism or level of undesirable substances).(4) food used exclusively in food supplements within the Union before 15 May 1997, where it is intended to be used in foods other than food supplements.In addition, novel f ood doesn’t include GMO food, food enzymes, food additives, food flavorings, and extraction solvents used or intended to be used in the production of foodstuffs or food ingredients.●What is a ‘traditional food from a third country’?‘Traditional food from a third country’ is a subset of Novel Food referring to foods that are traditionally consumed anywhere outside Europe. It means Novel Foods as defined under the Regulation No 2015/2283, other than Novel Foods as referred to in points 3. and 4. above, thereof which is derived from primary production, including hunting and fishing and the harvesting of wild products. The safety of the food in question has been confirmed with compositional data and from experience of continued use for at least 25 years in the customary diet of a significant number of people in at least one third country.●How ‘traditional food from a third country’ to enter the European market?According to the Article 14 of the Regulation No 2015/2283, an applicant, who intends to place on the market within the Union a traditional food from a third country, may opt to submit anotification of that intention to the Commission. The notification shall include the following information:(a) the name and address of the application;(b) the name and description of the traditional food;(c) the detailed composition of the traditional food;(d) the country or countries of origin of the traditional food;(e) documented data demonstrating the history of safe food use in a third country;(f) a proposal for the conditions of intended use and for specific labeling requirements, which do not mislead the consumer, or a verifiable justification why those elements are not necessary. Advance notice: Selerant will introduce the definition and pre-market procedures of Novel Foods of America and Canada.。

小学上册第11次英语第六单元暑期作业(有答案)

小学上册英语第六单元暑期作业(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.What is the name of the famous building in Paris that has a glass pyramid?A. Louvre MuseumB. Eiffel TowerC. Arc de TriompheD. Notre-Dame Cathedral答案:A2.The city of Pompeii was buried by a _____ eruption.3.What type of animal is a snake?A. MammalB. ReptileC. BirdD. Fish答案: B4.Did you know that a _____ (变色龙) can change colors?5.My favorite toy is a ________ that glows.6.I can _____ my shoes by myself. (tie)7.Which of these animals can be found in the Arctic?A. LionB. PenguinC. Polar bearD. Giraffe答案: C8.My friend loves to __________ (探索) new ideas.9.I have a robot _______ that can dance and sing.10. A _______ is a chemical that changes color in different pH levels.11.The coach, ______ (教练), trains us for competitions.12.The goldfinch has a cheerful ________________ (歌声).13.An electron has a ______ charge.14.She is a journalist, ______ (她是一名记者), reporting the news.15.The _______ (Amendments) to the Constitution are the changes made to the original document.16.I like to read ________ (漫画书).17.How many days are there in February during a leap year?A. 28B. 29C. 30D. 31答案:B.2918.The _______ (小金狮) roars softly when playing.19.The ancient Romans built large ______ (建筑) for public gatherings.20.What is the name of the famous Italian dish made with dough and toppings?A. PastaB. PizzaC. RisottoD. Lasagna答案:B.Pizza21.The capital of Barbados is __________.22.The _____ (森林) is full of wildlife.23.What is the capital of Bhutan?A. ThimphuB. ParoC. PunakhaD. Phuentsholing答案: A24.Plants need __________ to survive and grow.25.My brother likes to _____ (play/video games).26.The kangaroo jumps high and far. (远)27.The ______ is the largest bird that cannot fly.28. A _______ can measure the amount of energy produced by a wind turbine.29. A molecule with a net charge is called an ______.30.I am learning how to ________ (游泳) this summer.31.The process of condensation occurs when gas cools and becomes ______.32. A _______ (小刺猬) is a nocturnal animal.33.My favorite artist is _______ (名字). 她的作品很 _______ (形容词).34.The _______ (Glorious Revolution) occurred in England in 1688.35.The __________ (历史的纪录片) provide visual representations.36. A ____ is a small creature that enjoys exploring its environment.37.The chemical formula for sodium bicarbonate is ______.38.The chemical formula for strontium hydroxide is _____.39.My dog loves to play with its ______ (玩具).40.I have a collection of ___. (cards)41.The ______ is known for his magic tricks.42.The ancient culture of Mesopotamia is often referred to as the cradle of ______ (文明).43.The _______ (Lewis and Clark Expedition) explored the western territories of the US.44.What do we call a person who studies the behavior of animals?A. EthologistB. BiologistC. ZoologistD. Ecologist答案: A45.The __________ is known for its warm climate.46.We have a ______ (学校) trip next week.47. A chemical reaction can be classified as ______ or endothermic.48.The Great Plains are found in _______.49.In a chemical reaction, substances are transformed into new _____ (substances).50.The __________ (历史的多样性) enriches dialogue.51.Can you ___ me the book? (give, gives, giving)52.The __________ is a large area of land used for agriculture.53.The __________ (历史的影响因素) shape our understanding.54. A lunar eclipse happens when the Earth comes between the Sun and the ______.55.The process of oxidation involves __________ losing electrons.56.The rabbit's fur keeps it _________. (温暖)57.I brush my ___ (teeth/hair) every day.58. A shadow is formed when an object blocks _______.59. A solution that contains more solute than it can hold is called a _____ solution.60.The _______ (The Great Depression) brought economic hardship to millions.61. A ____ is often seen in gardens and has beautiful flowers.62.The country famous for chocolate is ________ (以巧克力闻名的国家是________).63.The stars are out at ___. (night)64.I saw a _______ (小松鼠) in the park.65.I love to draw pictures of my favorite ____. (玩具名称)66.My cousin is very __________ (创造性).67.The children are _______ (laughing).68.__________ (化学体系) can vary in composition depending on the reaction.69.I love to play ________ on the weekends.70.In _____ (98), there are many castles.71.What is the main ingredient in pancakes?A. FlourB. SugarC. MilkD. Eggs答案:A72. A solution that is uniform throughout is called a _______ mixture.73.I like to sing ______ songs with my friends.74.The kids are _____ in the park. (running)75.What is 2 x 3?A. 4B. 5C. 6D. 7答案:C76.The main product of fermentation is ______.77.What do you call the time it takes for the Earth to rotate once?A. YearB. MonthC. DayD. Hour答案:Cpounds can only be separated into their elements through a ________ reaction.79.The chemical symbol for tungsten is ________.anic compounds always contain ______.81.He _______ (总是) helps me with my homework.82. A rabbit's fur keeps it ______ in different weather.83.The puppy is very ________ (顽皮).84. A __________ can influence agricultural practices.85.The __________ (文化差异) can enrich social interactions.86.The first successful powered flight lasted _______ seconds. (12)87.The surface of water can create ______.88.An elephant has a long _______.89.My favorite fruit is _______ (苹果).90.What is the name of the river that runs through Egypt?A. NileB. AmazonC. YangtzeD. Mississippi答案: A91. A ______ is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.92. A chemical reaction that produces gas may cause bubbling or _____.93.My cat loves to curl up on my ______ (腿).94.My grandma makes the best ______. (cookies)95.The ________ (根) helps the plant absorb water.96.What do you call a person who fixes pipes?A. ElectricianB. PlumberC. CarpenterD. Mason答案: B97.The chemical properties of an element are determined by its ______.98.The city of Taipei is the capital of _______.99.在历史上，________ (documents) 记录了重要的事件与法律。

英语专业综合教程2unit13Focusonglobalwarming省名师优质课赛课获奖课件市赛课

Scientists in the United States have reported some good news about the ozone in the atmosphere. Recent findings suggest that the destruction of ozone by pollution is slowing. Ozone is a form of oxygen. Its presence above Earth protects us from radiation from the sun.
1.What are some of the environmental problems in today’s world?
air pollution water pollution forests disappearing/deforestation farmland shrinking noise greenhouse effect
My Thoughts on Environmental Protection
When faced with all kinds of environmental problem, many people seem to believe that we have to _c_h_o_o_s_e__ either economic prosperity or environmental protection. In my view, this is a _f_a_ls_e_ choice. I think that economic development and environmental protection can and must coexist.

1-s2.0-S0021967304015456-main[1]

Journal of Chromatography A,1055(2004)135–140An efﬁcient new method for extraction,separation and puriﬁcation of psoralen and isopsoralen from Fructus Psoraleae by supercriticalﬂuid extraction and high-speed counter-current chromatographyXiao Wang a,b,Yuqiang Wang c,Jinpeng Yuan b,Qinglei Sun b,Jianhua Liu b,Chengchao Zheng a,∗a College of Life Sciences,Shandong Agricultural University,18Daizong Street,Taian,Shandong271018,Chinab Test Center,Shandong Academy of Sciences,19Keyuan Street,Jinan,Shandong250014,Chinac Panorama Research Inc.,2462Wyandotte Street,Mountain View,CA94043,USAReceived23June2004;received in revised form18August2004;accepted1September2004AbstractPsoralen and isopsoralen were extracted from Fructus Psoraleae(Psoralea corylitolia L.)by supercritical CO2.The effect of various parameters,i.e.,pressure,temperature and sample particle size on yield was investigated with an analytical-scale supercriticalﬂuid extraction (SFE)system toﬁnd the optimal conditions.The process was then scaled up by50times with a preparative SFE system under the optimized conditions of pressure(26MPa),temperature(60◦C)and a sample particle size of40–60mesh.The yield of the preparative SFE was9.1% and the combined yield of psoralen and isopsoralen was2.5mg/g of dry seeds.Psoralen and isopsoralen in the extract were separated and puriﬁed by high-speed counter-current chromatography with a two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (1:0.7:1:0.8,v/v),and the fractions were analyzed by HPLC,MS,1H NMR and13C NMR.The structures of the products were further conﬁrmed by comparison with authentic samples(National Institute of the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products,Beijing,China).©2004Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.Keywords:Supercriticalﬂuid extraction(SFE);Counter-current chromatography;Psoralea corylitolia;Psoralen;Isopsoralen;Preparative chromatography1.IntroductionFructus Psoraleae(Psoralea corylitolia L.,Buguzhi in Chinese)is one of the most popular traditional Chinese medicines.This herb is used to treat a wide variety of hu-man diseases including impotence,seminal emission,cold pain in the loins and knees,frequent urination and enure-sis due to deﬁciency of the kidney[1].The major bioactive components of Buguzhi are psoralen and isopsoralen(Fig.1) [2].Psoralens and isopsoralen can be activated by light;as a result,they are widely used as diagnostic agents in biolog-ical systems,and are also used as photo-therapeutic agents [3].For example,psoralen is used as a treatment for top-∗Corresponding author.Tel.:+865388242894;fax:+865388226399.E-mail address:cczheng@(C.Zheng).ical skin diseases such as psoriasis and vitiligo[4–6]and as probes in nucleic acid research[7,8].Recently,psoralen and isopsoralen have been shown to be effective against cu-taneous T-cell lymphoma and other autoimmune diseases [6,9].The biological role of psoralens is due to their activity towards DNA.Psoralens bind to DNA covalently after ex-posure to UV light and induce DNA interstrand cross-links [10,11].The preparative separation and puriﬁcation of psoralen and isopsoralen from plant materials by classical methods are tedious and usually require multiple chromatographic steps on silica gel[12,13].Because of the important biological properties and broad applications,it is urgent to develop an efﬁcient method to extract,separate and purify psoralens. Psoralens can be chemically synthesized;however,in view of the increasing environmental and health concerns about0021-9673/$–see front matter©2004Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2004.09.011136X.Wang et al./J.Chromatogr.A 1055(2004)135–140Fig.1.Chemical structures of psoralen and isopsoralen.the use of organic solvents and the production of toxic waste in organic synthesis,there has been growing interest in us-ing supercritical ﬂuids for extraction and isolation of prod-ucts from natural sources since it requires less solvent,has a short extraction time and is capable of extracting thermally labile compounds under mild conditions.Although supercrit-ical CO 2has been used for extraction and isolation of valuable compounds from natural products over the past three decades [14–17],very little is known about the extraction and puriﬁ-cation parameters of psoralens by SFE.In the present study,the extraction condition was op-timized ﬁrst with an analytical-scale SFE system with an orthogonal test.Then,the extraction was scaled up by 50times with a preparative-scale SFE system.The crude extract obtained was then puriﬁed by high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC).HSCCC is a unique liquid–liquid partition chromatography technique that uses no solid sup-port matrix.HSCCC eliminates the irreversible adsorptive loss of samples onto the solid support matrix as used in the conventional chromatographic column.This method has been successfully applied to the analysis and separation of various natural products [18–20].However,no report has been pub-lished on the use of HSCCC for the separation and puriﬁca-tion of psoralens from the Chinese herbs.We herein report an efﬁcient new method for extraction,separation and puriﬁca-tion of psoralen and isopsoralen from the Chinese medicinal plant Psoralea corylitolia.Fig.2.SFE system:(1)carbon dioxide;(2)high-pressure cylinder and pres-sure control system;(3)compressed air;(4)thermostatic control system;(5)extraction vessel;(6)control and collection system;(7)collection vial;(8)ﬂow-meter;(9)pressure gauge;(10)valve;(11)rupture disk.2.Experimental 2.1.ReagentsCarbon dioxide (99.9%)was obtained from Tianhai Gas Company,Jinan,anic solvents including ethanol,hexane,ethyl acetate and methanol were all of analytical grade and were purchased from Beijing Chemical Factory,Beijing,China.HPLC-grade methanol was from Siyou Tian-jin Chemical Factory,Tianjin,China.Psoralen and isop-soralen were purchased from the National Institute of the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products,Ministry of Health,Beijing,China.The dry seeds of P .corylitolia L.were obtained from Linyi,Shandong,China.2.2.Optimization of SFE conditionsA Spe-ed SFE system (Applied Separations,Inc.,USA )is illustrated in Fig.2.A 50-ml extraction cell was used to optimize extraction conditions.In order to determine a suit-able extraction condition in a wide range with a minimum number of trials,An orthogonal test design L 9(3)3was em-ployed where temperature,pressure and the sample’s particle size were considered to be three major factors for effective binations of the three different levels of each factor were listed in Table 1.In each test,10g of the milled and sieved P .corylitolia L.seeds was placed into an extrac-tion cell.Carbon dioxide with a purity of 99.9%was used as a solvent.After 1h of static extraction (no liquid ﬂow),the sample was then subjected to dynamic extraction by ﬂowing gaseous carbon dioxide at a rate of 2l/min for 1h.The extract was trapped into a collection vessel containing about 100ml of ethanol,and the sample was then analyzed by HPLC.2.3.SFE scaling upAfter the extraction conditions were optimized,the ex-traction was then scaled up by approximate 50times with a preparative-scale SFE system.The seeds (500g,40–60mesh)were placed into a 1-l extraction vessel and were extracted statically for 1h followed by another 5h dynamically under the optimized conditions at 60◦C and 26MPa.The ﬂow-rateTable 1L 9(3)3orthogonal test design Test no.A(pressure,MPa)B(temperature,◦C)C(particle size,mesh)1A 126B 140C 110–202A 126B 250C 220–403A 126B 360C 340–604A 230B 140C 220–405A 230B 250C 340–606A 230B 360C 110–207A 334B 140C 340–608A 334B 250C 110–209A 334B 360C 220–40X.Wang et al./J.Chromatogr.A1055(2004)135–140137of carbon dioxide supercriticalﬂuid was set at2l/min,and the extract in the supercriticalﬂuid was depressed directly into a separate vessel.The extract was washed with petroleum ether and was then subjected to puriﬁcation by HSCCC.2.4.Measurement of partition coefﬁcientTwo millilitres of each phase of the equilibrated two-phase solvent system was added to approximately1mg of a test sample placed in a10-ml test tube.The test tube was caped, and was shaken vigorously for1min to equilibrate the sample thoroughly.An equal volume of each phase was then analyzed by HPLC to obtain the partition coefﬁcients(K).The K value was expressed as the peak area of the compound in the upper phase divided by the peak area of the compound in the lower phase.2.5.HSCCC separation procedureThe preparative HSCCC instrument employed in the present study is a Model GS10A-2multilayer coil planet centrifuge(Beijing Institute of New Technology Application, Beijing,China)equipped with a polytetraﬂuoroethylene mul-tilayer coil of110m×1.6mm i.d.with a total capacity of 230ml.Theβvalue of the preparative column varied from 0.5at internal to0.7at the external.The rotation speed is adjustable from0to1000rpm,and800rpm was used in the present study.The system was also equipped with a NS-1007 constantﬂow pump,a Model8823A-UV monitor operating at254nm,a Yakogawa3057recorder and a manual injection valve with a15-ml sample loop.The two-phase solvent system utilized in the present study was composed of n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (1:0.7:1:0.8,v/v).After the mixture in a separation funnel was thoroughly equilibrated at room temperature,the two phases were separated shortly before use,where the organic phase was used as the stationary phase,and the aqueous phase as the mobile phase.In each separation,the multiplayer coiled column wasﬁrst ﬁlled entirely with the upper organic phase as the stationary phase.Then,the lower aqueous phase was pumped into the head end of the column at a suitableﬂow-rate of1.5ml/min for Model GS10A-2,while the apparatus was rotated at an optimal speed of800rpm.After hydrodynamic equilibrium was reached,as indicated by a clear mobile phase eluting from the tail outlet,the sample solution was injected through the injection valve.The efﬂuent from the tail end of the col-umn was continuously monitored by UV detection at254nm, and the peak fractions were collected according to the chro-matogram.2.6.HPLC analyses and identiﬁcation of HSCCC fractionsThe HPLC system used throughout this study consisted of a Waters660pump,a Waters660controller(Waters,USA),a sample injector(Rheodyne,USA)with a10-␮l loop and a Waters996photodiode array detector.Evaluation and quan-tiﬁcation were made on a Millenium32workstation(Waters).The crude extract and each puriﬁed fraction from the preparative HSCCC separation were analyzed by HPLC with a Shim-pack VP-ODS column(250mm×4.6mm i.d.)at 247nm and at a column temperature of25◦C.The mobile phase,a solution of methanol and water(55:45,v/v),was set at aﬂow-rate of1ml/min.The efﬂuent was monitored by a photodiode array detector[21].All the calculations concern-ing the quantitative analysis were performed with external standardization by the measurement of peak areas.The identiﬁcation of HSCCC peak fractions was carried out,respectively,by MS on an Agilent5973N mass spec-trometer and by1H NMR and13C NMR spectra on a Varian 300MHz NMR spectrometer.3.Results and discussion3.1.Optimization of temperature,pressure and sample particle size for maximum SFE efﬁciencyThe products obtained from each L9(3)3test of the analyt-ical SFE were quantitatively analyzed,and the results were shown in Table2.The maximum extraction yield of psoralen and isopsoralen was1.100and1.344mg/g of dry seeds,re-spectively.In each test,the concentration of psoralen in the extract was lower than that of isopsoralen.Extraction efﬁciencies at different sets of temperature, sample particle size and pressure were examined under L9 (3)3test design.The results shown in Table2indicate that there are great yield differences among each set of SFE con-ditions.If the yield of psoralen and isopsoralen was expressed as a control index,the results in Table2are transformed to Table3after orthogonal analysis.The sample particle size was found to be the most impor-tant determinant of the yield.The yield of psoralen and isop-soralen signiﬁcantly increased as the particle size decreased Table2L9(3)3test resultsTest no.A,1B,2C,3Yield(%)aYield(mg/g)bPsoralen Isopsoralen 1A1B1C1 5.00.3800.4632A1B2C2 6.70.5800.7563A1B3C39.8 1.100 1.3444A2B1C27.30.5530.6785A2B2C39.30.956 1.1596A2B3C1 5.10.3610.4567A3B1C39.9 1.035 1.2448A3B2C1 5.80.4030.4989A3B3C28.90.6070.763a Extraction yield(%)=(the amount of extract/sample mass)×100.b Extraction yield(mg/g)=the amount of psoralen or isopsoralen in extract/sample mass.138X.Wang et al./J.Chromatogr.A 1055(2004)135–140Table 3Analysis of L 9(3)3test resultsPsoralen yield (mg/g)Isopsoralen yield (mg/g)AB C A B C K 1 2.060a 1.968 1.144 2.563 2.385 1.417K 2 1.870 1.939 1.740 2.293 2.413 2.197K 3 2.045 2.068 3.091 2.505 2.563 3.747k 10.687b 0.6560.3810.8540.7950.472k 20.6230.6460.5800.7640.8040.732k 30.6820.689 1.0300.8350.854 1.249R0.064c 0.0430.6490.0900.0590.777Optimal levelA 1B 3C 3A 1B 3C 3a K A i = extraction yield at A i .b k A i =K A i/3.cR A i =max {k A i }−min {k A i }.(Fig.3).Pressure and temperature have no signiﬁcant inﬂu-ence on the yield of psoralen and isopsoralen,the 26MPa ofpressure and 60◦C of temperature,however,seem favorable for the extraction of psoralens (Fig.3and Table 3).These results indicate that the optimal conditions for extraction of psoralen and isopsoralen by SFE were 26MPa of pressure,60◦C of temperature and 40–60mesh of sample particle size.3.2.Preparative-scale SFEUnder the optimal conditions,500g of dry seeds was extracted by SFE,affording 45.3g of extract.The extract contained 1.21%psoralen and 1.48%isopsoralen (Fig.4A).The combined yield of psoralen and isopsoralen was ap-proximately 2.5mg/g of dry seeds.We obtained 2.0g of crude psoralens after the extract was washed with petroleum ether,where psoralen and isopsoralen were present at 26.0%and 27.0%,respectively,according to the HPLC analysis (Fig.4B).Fig.3.Effects of pressure,temperature and sample particle size on yield of psoralen andisopsoralen.Fig.4.(A)HPLC chromatogram of the extract from preparative SFE;(B)HPLC chromatogram of the extract from preparative SFE after cleaning up with petroleum ether;(C)HPLC analyses and UV spectrum of the pso-ralen puriﬁed with HSCCC;(D)HPLC analyses and UV spectrum of the isopsoralen puriﬁed with HSCCC.Conditions—a Shim-pack VP-ODS col-umn (250mm ×4.6mm i.d.);column temperature:25◦C;mobile phase:methanol–water (55:45,v/v);ﬂow-rate:1.0ml/min;detection wavelength:247nm.3.3.Measurement of partition coefﬁcientsWith HSCCC,a successful separation necessitates a care-ful search for a suitable two-phase solvent system,which provides an ideal range of the partition coefﬁcient (K )for the applied sample.Generally,the two-phase solvent system needs to satisfy the following requirements [22,23]:(1)for ensuring a satisfactory retention of the stationary phase,the settling time of the solvent system should be considerably shorter than 30s;(2)for an efﬁcient separation,the parti-tion coefﬁcient (K )value of the target compounds should be close to 1,and the separation factor between the two com-ponents (α=k 2/k 1,k 2>k 1)should be greater than 1.5.A smaller K value may result in a loss of peak resolution,while a larger one produces excessive sample band broadening.In this case,the K value was determined after partitioning theX.Wang et al./J.Chromatogr.A 1055(2004)135–140139Table 4Partition coefﬁcients (K )and separation factors (a )of these compounds Solvent systemsPsoralen K 1Separation factors (a )Isopsoralen K 2Chloroform–methanol–water 4:4:20.101.20.12n -Hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water 1:0.4:1:0.40.16 1.500.241:0.5:1:0.50.650.980.641:0.6:1:0.60.58 1.120.651:0.7:1:0.80.98 1.511.48sample between the two solvent phases,and aliquots of the upper and lower layers were analyzed by HPLC.From these two chromatograms,the K value of each component was de-termined by computing the ratio of the peak heights (or areas)between the corresponding peaks.Firstly,we used chloroform–methanol–water (4:4:2,v/v),but the resulted K value was too small.Then we used a two-phase solvent system composed of n -hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water because the latter solvents provided a broad range of hydrophobicity by modifying the volume ra-tio of the four solvents [22].The solvents with n -hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water ratios ranging from 1:0.4:1:0.4,1:0.5:1:0.51:0.6:1:0.6and 1:0.7:1:0.8can be used to separate the samples (Table 4).The optimal solvent system for sepa-ration contained n -hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water in a ratio of 1:0.7:1:0.8(v/v)(Fig.5).3.4.Puriﬁcation of psoralen and isopsoralen by HSCCC The crude extract (160mg)was separated and puriﬁed by HSCCC.The retention of the stationary phase was 70.0%,and the separation time was about 180min in each sepa-ration run.Separation of the crude extract by theprepara-Fig. 5.Chromatogram of the crude extract by preparative HSCCC.Conditions—column:multilayer coil of 1.6mm i.d.,PTFE tube with a total capacity of 230ml;rotation speed:800rpm;solvent system:n -hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (1:0.7:1:0.8,v/v);stationary phase:upper organic phase;mobile phase:lower aqueous phase;ﬂow-rate:1.5ml/min;detection wavelength:254nm;sample size:160mg;injection volume:15ml;retention of stationary phase:70.0%;a:psoralen;b:isopsoralen.tive HSCCC with n -hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (1:0.7:1:0.8,v/v)as a solvent system was shown in Fig.5.The HSCCC fractions were analyzed by HPLC,and the ab-sorbance was measured at 254nm to draw an elution curve (Fig.5).As expected,the components were eluted in the order of peak a (psoralen)followed by peak b (isopsoralen).The fractions were pooled (Fig.4C and D).The separation pro-duced 39and 40mg of psoralen and isopsoralen with recov-ery of 94%and 93%,respectively.In the crude psoralens,the content of psoralen and isopsoralen was 26.0%and 27.0%,respectively (Fig.4B).After only one-step of operation by HSCCC,the purity of the components was increased to 99.2%(Fig.4C)and 99.0%(Fig.4D),respectively.These results demonstrate the high resolving power of HSCCC.3.5.Identiﬁcation of psoralen and isopsoralenThe structural identiﬁcation of the psoralen (peak a)was carried out by MS,1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra.The MS data are as follows:m /z :186(M +,100),158,130,102,76,51,50.1H NMR (300MHz,C 2HCl 3)δppm:6.37(1H,d,J =9.3,H-3),6.83(1H,m,H-11),7.48(1H,s,H-8),7.68(1H,s,H-5),7.69(1H,d,J =2.4,H-12),7.87(1H,d,J =9.9,H-4).13C NMR (300MHz,C 2HCl 3)δppm:161.0(C-2),114.6(C-3),144.1(C-4),119.8(C-5),124.9(C-6),156.4(C-7),99.9(C-8),152.0(C-9),115.4(C-10),106.3(C-11),146.9(C-12).The structural identiﬁcation of the isopsoralen (peak b)was similarly carried out as follows:m /z :158(M +,100),186,130,102,76,75,51,50.1H NMR (300MHz,C 2HCl 3)δppm:6.38(1H,d,J =9.3,H-3),7.13(1H,m,H-3 ),7.37(1H,d,J =8.4,H-5),7.43(1H,d,J =8.4,H-6),7.70(1H,m,H-2 ),7.80(1H,d,J =9.3,H-4).13C NMR (300MHz,C 2HCl 3)δppm:160.8(C-2),114.1(C-3),144.5(C-4),123.8(C-5),108.7(C-6),157.3(C-7),116.9(C-8),148.5(C-9),113.5(C-10),145.9(C-2 ),104.1(C-3 ).The structures of the products were further conﬁrmed by comparison with authentic samples.4.ConclusionPsoralen and isopsoralen from the traditional Chinese medicine P .corylitolia L.were extracted,separated and pu-riﬁed by the supercritical ﬂuid extraction technique.Under optimal conditions i.e.,a pressure of 26MPa,a temperature of 60◦C and a sample particle size of 40–60mesh,the com-bined yields of psoralen and isopsoralen were 2.5mg/g of dry seeds.From a crude SFE extract,psoralen and isopso-ralen were obtained with greater than 99%purity by HSCCC with a two-phase solvent system composed of n -hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (1:0.7:1:0.8,v/v)in one step.The re-sults of the present study demonstrate that SFE and HSCCC are very useful techniques for the extraction,separation and puriﬁcation of psoralen and isopsoralen from P .corylitolia L.140X.Wang et al./J.Chromatogr.A1055(2004)135–140AcknowledgementsFinancial support from Shandong Academy of Sciences is gratefully acknowledged.We also thank Dr.Xining Li of Beijing Institute of New Technology Application for his ex-cellent technical assistance.References[1]Z.Q.Lei(Ed.),The Chinese Materia Medica,Shanghai Science andTechnology Press,Shanghai,1995,p.289.[2]L.Ji,Z.L.Xu,J.Chin.Materia Med.20(1995)120.[3]V.Boyer,E.Moustacchi,E.Sage,Biochemistry27(1988)3011.[4]J.A.Parrish,R.S.Stem,M.Pathak,T.B.Fitzpatrick,in:J.D.Regan,J.A.Parrish(Eds.),The Science of Photomadicine,Plenum Press, New York,1982,p.595.[5]K.Danno,in:A.Shima(Ed.),Frontiers of Photobiology,Elsevier,New York,1993,p.97.[6]M.A.Pathak,T.B.Fitzpatrick,J.Photochem.Photobiol.B14(1992)3.[7]G.D.Cimino,H.B.Gamper,S.T.Isaacs,J.E.Hearst,Annu.Rev.Biochem.54(1985)1151.[8]M.E.Zolan,C.A.Smith,P.C.Hanawalt,Biochemistry23(1984)63.[9]J.Z.Wu,Z.Q.Situ,J.Y.Chen,F.Li,Y.Li,B.Liu,J.Fourth Mil.Med.Univ.21(2000)911.[10]E.J.Gunther,T.M.Yeasky,F.P.Gasparro,P.M.Glazer,Cancer Res.55(1995)1283.[11]E.Ben-Hur,A.C.Moor,H.Margolis-Nunno,P.Gottlieb,M.M.Zuk,S.Lustigman, B.Horowitz, A.Brand,J.Van Steveninck,T.M.Dubbelman,Transfus.Med.Rev.10(1996)15.[12]F.Huang,X.F.Huang,W.P.Liang,F.H.Ge,H.Q.Wu,Zhong YaoCai23(2000)266.[13]Y.Yang,J.Zhang,Y.T.Chen(Eds.),Handbook of Compositionsfrom Crude Drug,Extraction,Separation and Puriﬁcation,Chinese Traditional Medicine Press,Beijing,2002,p.410.[14]N.H.Mermelstein,Food Technol.53(1999)78.[15]E.Martinelli,K.Schulz,G.A.Mansoori,in:T.J.Bruno,J.F.Ely(Eds.),Supercritical Fluid Technology,CRC,Boca Raton,FL,1991, p.451.[16]R.Hartono,G.A.Mansoori,A.Suwono,Chem.Eng.Sci.56(2001)6949.[17]J.M.del Valle,J.M.Aguilera,Food Sci.Technol.Int.5(1999)1.[18]Y.Ito,CRC Crit.Rev.Anal.Chem.17(1986)65.[19]T.Y.Zhang,Y.Ito,W.D.Conway(Eds.),High-Speed Countercur-rent Chromatography,Chemical Analysis Series,vol.132,Wiley-Interscience,New York,1996,p.225.[20]X.Wang,Y.Wang,Y.Geng,F.Li,C.Zheng,J.Chromatogr.A1038(2004)171.[21]K.Y.Deng,Chin.Trad.Patent Med.23(2001)643.[22]H.Oka,K.I.Harada,Y.Ito,J.Chromatogr.A812(1998)32.[23]Y.Ito,in:N.B.Mandava,Y.Ito(Eds.),Countercurrent Chromatog-raphy:Theory and Practice,Marcel Dekker,New York,1988,p.443.。

ASTM D4000-01

Designation:D 4000–01An American National StandardStandard Classiﬁcation System forSpecifying Plastic Materials 1This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation D 4000;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon (e )indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.Scope *1.1This standard provides a classiﬁcation system for tabu-lating the properties of unﬁlled,ﬁlled,and reinforced plastic materials suitable for processing into parts.N OTE 1—The classiﬁcation system may serve many of the needs of industries using plastic materials.The standard is subject to revision as the need requires;therefore,the latest revision should always be used.1.2The classiﬁcation system and subsequent line callout (speciﬁcation)is intended to be a means of identifying plastic materials used in the fabrication of end items or parts.It is not intended for the selection of materials.Material selection should be made by those having expertise in the plastics ﬁeld after careful consideration of the design and the performance required of the part,the environment to which it will be exposed,the fabrication process to be employed,the inherent properties of the material not covered in this document,and the economic factors.1.3This classiﬁcation system is based on the premise that plastic materials can be arranged into broad generic families using basic properties to arrange the materials into groups,classes,and grades.A system is thus established which,together with values describing additional requirements,per-mits as complete a description as desired of the selected material.1.4In all cases where the provisions of this classiﬁcation system would conﬂict with the referenced ASTM speciﬁcation for a particular material,the latter shall take precedence.N OTE 2—When using this classiﬁcation system the two-letter,three-digit suffix system applies.N OTE 3—When a material is used to fabricate a part where the requirements are too speciﬁc for a broad material callout,it is advisable for the user to consult the supplier to secure callout of the properties to suit the actual conditions to which the part is to be subjected.1.5This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents 2.1ASTM Standards:D 149Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown V oltage and Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials at Commercial Power Frequencies 2D 150Test Methods for A-C Loss Characteristics and Permittivity (Dielectric Constant)of Solid Electrical Insu-lating Materials 2D 256Test Method for Determining the Izod Pendulum Impact Resistance of Notched Specimens of Plastics 3D 257Test Methods for D-C Resistance or Conductance of Insulating Materials 2D 395Test Methods for Rubber Property—Compression Set 4D 412Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermo-plastic Rubbers and Thermoplastic Elastomers—Tension 4D 471Test Method for Rubber Property—Effect of Liq-uids 4D 495Test Method for High-V oltage,Low-Current,Dry Arc Resistance of Solid Electrical Insulation 2D 569Method for Measuring the Flow Properties of Ther-moplastic Molding Materials 5D 570Test Method for Water Absorption of Plastics 3D 573Test Method for Rubber—Deterioration in an Air Oven 4D 575Test Methods for Rubber Properties in Compression 4D 618Practice for Conditioning Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials for Testing 3D 624Test Method for Tear Strength of Conventional Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers 4D 635Test Method for Rate of Burning and/or Extent and Time of Burning of Self-Supporting Plastics in a Horizon-tal Position 3D 638Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics 3D 648Test Method for Deﬂection Temperature of Plastics Under Flexural Load 31This classiﬁcation system is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.94on Government/Industry Standardization (Section D20.94.01).Current edition approved March 10,2001.Published June 2001.Originally published as D 4000–st previous edition D 4000–00a.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards ,V ol 10.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards ,V ol 08.01.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards ,V ol 09.01.5Discontinued —See 1994Annual Book of ASTM Standards ,V ol 08.01.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.Contact ASTM International () for the latest information.D695Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid Plastics3D706Speciﬁcation for Cellulose Acetate Molding and Extrusion Compounds3D707Speciﬁcation for Cellulose Acetate Butyrate Molding and Extrusion Compounds3D747Test Method for Apparent Bending Modulus of Plastics by Means of a Cantilever Beam3D785Test Method for Rockwell Hardness of Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials3D787Speciﬁcation for Ethyl Cellulose Molding and Extru-sion Compounds3D789Test Methods for Determination of Relative Viscos-ity,Melting Point,and Moisture Content of Polyamide (PA)3D790Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materi-als3D792Test Method for Density and Speciﬁc Gravity(Rela-tive Density)of Plastics by Displacement3D883Terminology Relating to Plastics3D955Test Method for Measuring Shrinkage from Mold Dimensions of Molded Plastics3D1003Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance of Transparent Plastics3D1149Test Method for Rubber Deterioration—Surface Ozone Cracking in a Chamber4D1203Test Methods for V olatile Loss from Plastics Using Activated Carbon Methods3D1238Test Method for Flow Rates of Thermoplastics by Extrusion Plastometer3D1248Speciﬁcation for Polyethylene Plastics Molding and Extrusion Materials3D1434Test Method for Determining Gas Permeability Characteristics of Plastic Film and Sheeting6D1435Practice for Outdoor Weathering of Plastics3D1499Practice for Filtered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Ex-posures of Plastics3D1505Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-Gradient Technique3D1525Test Method for Vicat Softening Temperature of Plastics3D1562Speciﬁcation for Cellulose Propionate Molding and Extrusion Compounds3D1600Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plastics3D1693Test Method for Environmental Stress-Cracking of Ethylene Plastics3D1709Test Methods for Impact Resistance of Plastic Film by the Free-Falling Dart Method3D1784Speciﬁcation for Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride)(PVC) Compounds and Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC)Compounds3D1822Test Method for Tensile-Impact Energy to Break Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials3D1898Practice for Sampling of Plastics7D1929Test Method for Ignition Properties of Plastics3D2116Speciﬁcation for FEP-Fluorocarbon Molding and Extrusion Materials3D2137Test Methods for Rubber Property—Brittleness Point of Flexible Polymers and Coated Fabrics4D2240Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hardness4D2287Speciﬁcation for Nonrigid Vinyl Chloride Polymer and Copolymer Molding and Extrusion Compounds3D2288Test Method for Weight Loss of Plasticizers on Heating3D2565Practice for Operating Xenon Arc-Type Light-Exposure Apparatus With and Without Water for Exposure of Plastics8D2583Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Rigid Plastics by Means of a Barcol Impressor8D2584Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced Resins8D2632Test Method for Rubber Property—Resilience by Vertical Rebound4D2843Test Method for Density of Smoke from the Burn-ing or Decomposition of Plastics8D2863Test Method for Measuring the Minimum Oxygen Concentration to Support Candle-Like Combustion of Plastics(Oxygen Index)8D2951Test Method for Resistance of Types III and IV Polyethylene Plastics to Thermal Stress-Cracking8D3012Test Method for Thermal Oxidative Stability of Propylene Plastics,Using a Biaxial Rotator8D3029Test Methods for Impact Resistance of Flat,Rigid Plastic Specimens by Means of a Tup(Falling Weight)9 D3294Speciﬁcation for PTFE Resin Molded Sheet and Molded Basic Shapes8D3295Speciﬁcation for PTFE Tubing8D3296Speciﬁcation for FEP-Fluorocarbon Tube8D3350Speciﬁcation for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings Materials8D3418Test Method for Transition Temperatures of Poly-mers by Thermal Analysis8D3595Speciﬁcation for Polychlorotriﬂuoroethylene (PCTFE)Extruded Plastic Sheet and Film8D3638Test Method for Comparative Tracking Index of Electrical Insulating Materials10D3713Test Method for Measuring Response of Solid Plastics to Ignition by a Small Flame11D3801Test Method for Measuring the Comparative Extin-guishing Characteristics of Solid Plastics in a Vertical Position8D3892Practice for Packaging/Packing of Plastics8D3895Test Method for Oxidative-Induction Time of Poly-oleﬁns by Differential Scanning Calorimetry86Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol15.09.7Discontinued—See1997Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol08.01.8Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol08.02.9Discontinued—See1994Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol08.02.Re-placed by Test Methods D5420and D5628.10Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol.10.02.11Discontinued—See1999Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol08.02.D3915Speciﬁcation for Poly(Vinyl Chloride)(PVC)and Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride)(CPVC)Compounds for Plastic Pipe and Fittings Used in Pressure Applications8 D3935Speciﬁcation for Polycarbonate(PC)Unﬁlled and Reinforced Material8D3965Speciﬁcation for Rigid Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene(ABS)Compounds for Pipe and Fittings8D3985Test Method for Oxygen Gas Transmission Rate Through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using a Coulometric Sensor6D4020Speciﬁcation for Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene Molding and Extrusion Materials8D4066Speciﬁcation for Nylon Injection and Extrusion Materials8D4067Speciﬁcation for Reinforced and Filled Polyphe-nylene Sulﬁde Injection Molding and Extrusion Materials8 D4101Speciﬁcation for Propylene Plastic Injection and Extrusion Materials8D4181Speciﬁcation for Acetal(POM)Molding and Extru-sion Materials8D4203Speciﬁcation for Styrene-Acrylonitrile(SAN)In-jection and Extrusion Materials8D4216Speciﬁcation for Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride(PVC) and Related Plastic Building Products Compounds8D4329Practice for Operating Light and Water Apparatus (Fluorescent UV Condensation Type)for Exposure of Plastics12D4349Speciﬁcaton for Polyphenylene Ether(PPE)Mate-rials12D4364Practice for Performing Accelerated Outdoor Weathering of Plastics Using Concentrated Natural Sun-light12D4396Speciﬁcation for Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride)(PVC) and Related Plastic Compounds for Nonpressure Piping Products12D4441Speciﬁcation for Aqueous Dispersions of Polytet-raﬂuorethylene12D4474Speciﬁcation for Styrenic Thermoplastic Elastomer Injection Molding and Extrusion Materials(TES)12D4507Speciﬁcation for Thermoplastic Polyester(TPES) Materials13D4549Speciﬁcation for Polystyrene Molding and Extru-sion Materials(PS)12D4550Speciﬁcation for Thermoplastic Elastomer-Ether-Ester(TEEE)12D4617Speciﬁcation for Phenolic Compounds(PF)12D4634Speciﬁcation for Styrene-Maleic Anhydride Mate-rials(S/MA)12D4673Speciﬁcation for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS)Molding and Extrusion Materials12D4745Speciﬁcation for Filled Compounds of Polytet-raﬂuoroethylene(PTFE)Molding and Extrusion Materi-als12D4812Test Method for Unnotched Cantilever Beam Im-pact Strength of Plastics12D4894Speciﬁcation for Polytetraﬂuoroethylene(PTFE) Granular Molding and Ram Extrusion Materials12D4895Speciﬁcation for Polytetraﬂuoroethylene(PTFE) Resins Produced from Dispersion12D4976Speciﬁcation for Polyethylene Plastics Molding and Extrusion Materials12D5021Speciﬁcation for Thermoplastic Elastomer–Chlori-nated Ethylene Alloy(TECEA)12D5046Speciﬁcation for Fully Crosslinked Elastomeric Al-loys(FCEAs)12D5138Speciﬁcation for Liquid Crystal Polymers(LCP)12 D5203Speciﬁcation for Polyethylene Plastics Molding and Extrusion Materials from Recycled Post-Consumer HDPE Sources12D5279Test Method for Measuring the Dynamic Mechani-cal Properties of Plastics in Torsion12D5420Test Method for Impact Resistance of Flat,Rigid Plastic Specimen by Means of a Striker Impacted by a Falling Weight(Gardner Impact)12D5436Speciﬁcation for Cast Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Plastic Rods,Tubes,and Shapes12D5628Test Method for Impact Resistance of Flat,Rigid Plastic Specimens by Means of a Falling Dart(Tup or Falling Weight)12D5676Speciﬁcation for Recycled Polystyrene Molding and Extrusion Materials12D5990Classiﬁcation System for Polyketone Injection and Extrusion Materials(PK)12D6339Speciﬁcation for Syndiotactic Polystyrene Molding and Extrusion(SPS)12D6358Classiﬁcation System for Poly(Phenylene Sulﬁde) Injection Molding and Extrusion Materials Using ISO Methods12D6360Practice for Enclosed Carbon-Arc Exposures of Plastics12D6457Speciﬁcation for Extruded and Compression Molded Rod and Heavy-Walled Tubing Made from Poly-tetraﬂuoroethylene(PTFE)12D6585Speciﬁcation for Unsintered Polytetraﬂuoroethyl-ene(PTFE)Extruded Film or Tape12E29Practice for Using Signiﬁcant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Speciﬁcations14E84Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials15E96Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Mate-rials16E104Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humidity by Means of Aqueous Solutions17E162Test Method for Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source15F372Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission of Flex-ible Barrier Materials Using an Infrared Detection Tech-nique612Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol08.03.13Discontinued—See1998Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol08.03. Replaced by Speciﬁcation D5927.14Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol14.02. 15Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol04.07. 16Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol04.06. 17Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol11.03.2.2Federal Standard:18Department of Transportation Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No.3022.3Underwriters Laboratories:19UL94Standards for Tests for Flammability for Parts in Devices and Appliances2.4IEC and ISO Standards:20IEC 93Recommended Methods of Tests for V olume and Surface Resistivities of Electrical Insulation Materials IEC 112Recommended Method for Determining the Com-parative Tracking Index of Solid Insulation Materials Under Moist ConditionsIEC 243Recommended Methods of Test for Electrical Strength of Solid Insulating Materials at Power Frequen-ciesIEC 250Recommended Methods for the Determination of the Permittivity and Dielectric Dissipation Factor of Electrical Insulation Materials at Power,Audio,and Radio Frequencies Including Metre WavelengthsIEC 60695-11-10:Fire Hazard Testing—Part 11-10:Test Flames—50W Horizontal and Vertical Flame Tests ISO 62Plastics—Determination of Water AbsorptionISO 75-1Plastics—Determination of Temperature of De-ﬂection Under Load—Part 1:General PrinciplesISO 75-2Plastics—Determination of Temperature of De-ﬂection Under Load—Part 2:Plastics and EboniteISO 178Plastics—Determination of Flexural Properties of Rigid PlasticsISO 179Plastics—Determination of Charpy Impact Strength of Rigid MaterialsISO 180Plastics—Determination of Izod Impact Strength of Rigid MaterialsISO 294-4Plastics—Injection Moulding of Test Specimens of Thermoplastic Materials—Part 4:Determination of Moulding ShrinkageISO 527–1Plastics—Determination of Tensile Properties—Part 1:General PrinciplesISO 527-2Plastics—Determination of Tensile Properties—Part 2:Test Conditions for Moulding and Extrusion PlasticsISO 604Plastics—Determination of Compressive Proper-tiesISO 868Plastics—Determination of Indention Hardness by Means of a Durometer (Shore Hardness)ISO 877Plastics—Determination of Resistance to Change Upon Exposure Under Glass to DaylightISO 974Plastics—Determination of the Brittleness Tem-perature by ImpactISO 1183Plastics—Methods for Determining the Density and Relative Density of Non-Cellular PlasticsISO 2039-2Plastics—Determination of Hardness—Part 2:Rockwell HardnessISO 3795Road Vehicles,Tractors,and Machinery for Agriculture and Forestry—Determination of Burning Be-havior of Interior MaterialsISO 4577Plastics—Polypropylene and Propylene—Copolymers—Determination of Thermal Oxidative Sta-bility in Air-Oven MethodISO 4589Plastics—Determination of Flammability by Oxygen IndexISO 4607Plastics—Method of Exposure to Natural Weath-eringISO 4892Plastics—Methods of Exposure to Laboratory Light SourcesISO 4892–4Plastics—Methods of Exposure to Laboratory Light Sources—Part 4:Open-ﬂame Carbon-arcISO 6603-1Plastics—Determination of Multiaxial Impact Behavior of Rigid Plastics—Part 1:Falling Dart Method ISO 6721-1Plastics—Determination of Dynamic Mechani-cal Properties—Part 1:General PrinciplesISO 6721-2Plastics—Determination of Dynamic Mechani-cal Properties—Part 2:Torsion-Pendulum Method ISO 11357-1Plastics—Differential Scanning Calorimetry—Part 1:General principles ISO 11357-3Plastics—Differential Scanning Calorimetry—Part 3:Determination of Temperature and Enthalpy of Melting and Crystallization18Available from Superintendent of Documents,ernment Printing Office,Washington,DC 20402.19Available from Underwriters Laboratories,Inc.,Publication Stock,333Pﬁngsten Rd.,Northbrook,IL 60062.20Available from American National Standards Institute,11W.42nd St.,13th Floor,New York,NY10036.TABLE1Standard Symbols for Generic Families With Referenced Standards and Cell TablesStandard Symbol Plastic Family Name ASTM A Standard Suggested Reference Cell Tables forMaterials Without an ASTM Standard BUnﬁlled Filled ABA acrylonitrile-butadiene-acrylate EABS acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene D3965D4673AMMA acrylonitrile-methyl methacrylate EARP aromatic polyester(see LCP)ASA acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate ECA cellulose acetate D706CAB cellulose acetate butyrate D707CAP cellulose acetate proprionate E DCE cellulose plastics,general E DCF cresol formaldehyde H HCMC carboxymethyl cellulose ECN cellulose nitrate E DCP cellulose propionate D1562CPE chlorinated polyethylene FCPVC chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride)D4396,D1784,D5260,D3915,D4216CS casein H HCTA cellulose triacetate E DEC ethyl cellulose D787E DE-CTFE ethylene-chlorotriﬂuoroethylene copolymer D3275EEA ethylene-ethyl acrylate FEMA ethylene-methacrylic acid FEP epoxy,epoxide H HEPD ethylene-propylene-dieneEPM ethylene-propylene polymer F D ETFE ethylene-tetraﬂuoroethylene copolymer D3159EVA ethylene-vinyl acetate FFCEA fully crosslinked elastomeric alloy D5046FEP perﬂuoro(ethylene-propylene)copolymer D2116FF furan formaldehyde D3296H HIPS impact polystyrene(see PS)LCP liquid crystal polymer D5138MF melamine-formaldehyde H HPA polyamide(nylon)D4066PAEK polyaryletherketone D__PAI polyamide-imide D5204G G PARA polyaryl amidePB polybutene-1FPBT poly(butylene terephthalate)(see TPES)PC polycarbonate D3935PCTFE polymonochlorotriﬂuoroethylene D1430,D3595PDAP poly(diallyl phthalate)H HPE polyethylene D1248,D4976,D3350,D4020,D5203PEBA polyether block amidePEEK polyetheretherketonePEI polyether-imide D5205PEO poly(ethylene oxide)D__PESV polyether sulfonePET poly(ethylene terephthalate),general(see TPES)PETG glycol modiﬁed polyethylene terephthalate comonomer(see TPES)PF phenol-formaldehyde D4617PFA perﬂuoro alkoxy alkane D3307PI polyimide G GPIB polyisobutylene FPK polyketone D5990PMMA Poly(methyl methacrylate)D788,D5436DPMP poly(4-methylpentene-1)FPOM polyoxymethylene(acetal)D4181POP polyphenylene oxide(see PPE)PP poly(propylene plastics)D4101PPA polyphthalamide D5336PPE polyphenylene ether D4349PPOX poly(propylene oxide)PPS poly(phenylene sulﬁde)D4067,D6358PPSU poly(phenyl sulfone)G GPS polystyrene D4549,D5676PSU polysulfone D6394PTFE polytetraﬂuoroethylene D3294,D3295,D4441,D4745,D4894,D4895,D6457,D6585PUR polyurethane F DTABLE1ContinuedStandard Symbol Plastic Family Name ASTM A Standard Suggested Reference Cell Tables forMaterials Without an ASTM Standard BUnﬁlled Filled PVAC poly(vinyl acetate)F D PVAL poly(vinyl alcohol)F DPVB poly(vinyl butyral)F DPVC poly(vinyl chloride)D2287F D PVDC poly(vinyl idene chloride)F D PVDF poly(vinyl ideneﬂuoride)D3222PVF poly(vinylﬂuoride)F D PVFM poly(vinyl formal)F DPVK poly(vinylcarbazole)F DPVP poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)F DSAN styrene-acrylonitrile D4203SB styrene-butadiene E DSI silicone plastics G GS/MA styrene-maleic anhydride D4634SMS styrene-methylstyrene E DSPS syndiotactic polystyrene D6339TECEA thermoplastic elastomer-chlorinated ethylene alloy D5021TEEE thermoplastic elastomer,ether-ester D4550TEO thermoplastic elastomer-oleﬁnic D5593TES thermoplastic elastomer-stryenic D4474TPE thermoplastic elastomer(see individual material)TPES thermoplastic polyester(general)D4507TPU thermoplastic polyurethane D5476UF urea-formaldehyde H HUP unsaturated polyester D__VDF vinylideneﬂuoride D5575A The standards listed are those in accordance with this classiﬁcation.D__indicates that a standard is being developed by the subcommittee responsible.B Cell Tables A and B have been reserved for the referenced standards and will apply to unﬁlled andﬁlled materials covered in those standards.3.Terminology3.1Deﬁnitions—The deﬁnitions used in this classiﬁcation system are in accordance with Terminology D883.4.Signiﬁcance and Use4.1The purpose of this classiﬁcation system is to provide a method of adequately identifying plastic materials in order to give industry a system that can be used universally for plastic materials.It further provides a means for specifying these materials by the use of a simple line call-out designation. 4.2This classiﬁcation system was developed to permit the addition of property values for future plastics.5.Classiﬁcation5.1Plastic materials shall be classiﬁed on the basis of their broad generic family.The generic family is identiﬁed by letter designations as found in Table1.These letters represent the standard abbreviations for plastics in accordance with Termi-nology D1600.N OTE4—For example:PA=polyamide(nylon).5.1.1The generic family is based on the broad chemical makeup of the base polymer.By its designation,certain inherent properties arespeciﬁed.TABLE 3Suffix Symbols and Requirements ASymbol CharacteristicAColor (unless otherwise shown by suffix,color is understood to be natural)Second letter A =does not have to match a standardB =must match standardThree-digit number 001=color and standard number on drawing002=color on drawingBFluid resistanceSecond letter A =reference fuel A,ASTM D 471,aged 70h at 2362°CB =reference fuel C,ASTM D 471,aged 70h at 2362°C C =ASTM #1oil,ASTMD 471,aged 70h at 10062°C D =IRM 902oil,ASTM D 471,aged 96h at 10062°CE =IRM 903oil,ASTM D 471,aged 70h at 10062°CF =Distilled water,ASTM D 471,aged 70h at 10062°CThree digit number is obtained from Suffix Table 1.It indicates change in hardness,tensile strength,elongation,and volume.Example:BC 132speciﬁes that material,after aging in ASTM #1oil for 70h at 100°C,can have changed no more than 2Shore D points,5%tensile strength,15%elongation,and 5%in volume.CMelting point—softening pointSecond letter B =ASTM D 1525,load 10N,Rate A (Vicat)C =ASTMD 1525,load 10N,Rate B (Vicat)D =ASTM D 3418(Transition temperature DSC/DTA)(ISO 11357-1and 11357-3)G =ISO 306,load 10N,heating rate 50°C/h (Vicat)H =ISO 306,load 10N,heating rate 120°C/h (Vicat)I =ISO 306,load 50N,heating rate 50°C/h (Vicat)J =ISO 306,load 50N,heating rate 120°C/h (Vicat)K =ASTM D 1525,load 50N,Rate A (Vicat)L =ASTM D 1525,load 50N,Rate B (Vicat)Three-digit number =minimum value°C EElectricalSecond letter A =dielectric strength (short-time),ASTM D 149(IEC 243)Three-digit number 3factor of 0.1=kV/mm,minB =dielectric strength (step by step),ASTM D 149(IEC 243)Three-digit number 3factor of 0.1=kV/mm,minC =insulation resistance,ASTMD 257(IEC 93)Three-digit number 3factor of 1014=V ,minD =dielectric constant at 1MHz,ASTM D 150,max (IEC 250)Three-digit number 3factor of 0.1=valueE =dissipation factor at 1MHz,ASTM D 150,max (IEC 250)Three-digit number 3factor of 0.0001=valueF =arc resistance,ASTM D 495,minThree-digit number =valueG =volume resistivity,ASTM D 257(IEC 93)Three-digit number 3factor of 1014=V -cm,minH =comparative tracking index,ASTM D 3638,ac frequency,50Hz,0.1%ammonium chloride (IEC 112)Three-digit number =V,minJ =volume resistivity,ASTM D 257(IEC 93),V -cmK =surface resistivity,ASTM D 257(IEC 93),V (per square)First digit indicates:1=minimum requirement 2=maximum requirementFinal two digits indicate the exponential value of the base 10Example:EJ206speciﬁes a maximum volume resistivity of 106V -cm FFlammabilitySecond letter A =ASTM D 635(burning rate)(IEC 60695-11-10)000=to be speciﬁed by userB =ASTM D 2863(oxygen index)(ISO 4589)Three-digit number =value %,maxC =ASTMD 1929,Procedure A (ﬂash-ignition)TABLE 2Reinforcement-Filler A Symbols B and TolerancesSymbol MaterialToleranceC Carbon and graphite ﬁber-reinforced 62percentage points G Glass-reinforced62percentage pointsL Lubricants (for example,PTFE,graphite,silicone,and molybdenum disulﬁde)depends upon material and process—to be speciﬁed.M Mineral-reinforced62percentage pointsRCombinations of reinforcements and ﬁllers63percentage points (based on the total reinforcements or ﬁllers,or both)A Ash content of ﬁlled or reinforced materials may be determined using Test Method D 2584where applicable.BAdditional symbols will be added to this table asrequired.Symbol CharacteristicThree-digit number=value,°C,minD=ASTM D1929,Procedure B(self-ignition)Three-digit number=value,°C,minE=ASTM D3713000=to be speciﬁed by userF=ASTM D3801000=to be speciﬁed by userG=ASTM E162First two digits indicate minimum specimen thickness00to be speciﬁed05 3.00mm010.25mm06 6.00mm020.40mm079.00mm030.80mm0812.70mm04 1.60mm09>12.70mmThird digit indicates theﬂame spread115max5100max225max6150max350max7200max475max8>200H=E84000=to be speciﬁed by userJ=FMVSS302(ISO3795)000=to be speciﬁed by userK=density of smoke,ASTM D2843000=to be speciﬁed by userL=UL94(IEC60695-11-10)First digit indicates minimum specimen thicknessMolding Materials Thin Filmsmmµm0to be speciﬁed to be speciﬁed10.2525.020.4050.030.8075.04 1.60100.05 2.50125.06 3.00150.07 6.00175.0812.70200.09>12.70>200.0Second digit indicates type ofﬂame test1=Vertical(94V)1=Horizontal(94H)3=125mmﬂame(94-5V)4=Vertical thin materials(94VTM)Third digit indicates theﬂame rating0=(94V/94VTM)0-refer to UL941=(94V/94VTM)1-refer to UL942=(94V/94VTM)2-refer to UL943=(94HB)1-burn rate<40mm/min4=(94HB)2-burn rate<75mm/min5=(94-5V)A no holes on plaques6=(94-5V)B with holes on plaques7=(94foam)1refer to UL948=(94foam)2refer to UL949=(94foam)H refer to UL94G Speciﬁc gravitySecond letter A=ASTM D792(tolerance60.02)(ISO1183Method A)B=ASTM D792(tolerance60.05)(ISO1183Method A)C=ASTM D792(tolerance60.005)(ISO1183Method A)D=ASTM D1505(tolerance60.02)E=ASTM D1505(tolerance60.05)F=ASTM D1505(tolerance60.005)H=ASTM D792/D1505(max)L=ASTM D792/D1505(min)Three-digit number3factor of0.010=requirement valueH Heat resistance,properties at temperatureSecond letter A=heat aged for70h at10062°C,ASTM D573B=heat aged for70h at15062°C,ASTM D573C=heat aged for70h at20062°C,ASTM D573Three-digit number is obtained from Suffix Table1.It indicates change in hardness,tensile strength,elongation and volume.Second letter D=tested at10062°CE=tested at12562°CF=tested at15062°CThree-digit numbers obtained from Suffix Table2.It indicates tensile strength,elongation,and tear strength.。

异丁酸酐室温均相改性甘蔗渣的研究

华南农业大学学报2014，35（4）：92-96Journal of South China Agricultural Universityhttp ：∥xuebao．scau．edu．cndoi ：10．7671/j．issn．1001-411X．2014．04．017收稿日期：2013-12-22优先出版时间：2014-06-03优先出版网址：http ：∥www．cnki．net /kcms /doi /10．7671/j．issn．1001-411X．2014．04．017．html 作者简介：张爱萍（1980—），女，教授，博士，E-mail ：aiping@scau．edu．cn 基金项目：教育部博士点新教师基金（20114404120011）；广东省自然科学基金（S2011040001097）；国家自然科学基金（31170555）张爱萍，谢君．异丁酸酐室温均相改性甘蔗渣的研究［J ］．华南农业大学学报，2014，35（4）：92-96．异丁酸酐室温均相改性甘蔗渣的研究张爱萍，谢君（华南农业大学新能源与新材料研究所，广东广州510642）摘要：【目的】建立一种室温均相改性农林废弃物的方法．【方法】选用甘蔗渣为原料，在室温下，将其溶解在二甲基亚砜/1－甲基咪唑溶剂体系中，利用异丁酸酐为改性剂，对甘蔗渣进行了均相改性研究．【结果和结论】保持反应时间为180min ，将酸酐与甘蔗渣质量比从1ʒ1提高到6ʒ1时，甘蔗渣均相衍生化的反应得率由10.3%增加到49.2%；保持酸酐与甘蔗渣质量比为3ʒ1，将反应时间由15min 提高到45min ，反应得率由25.1%增加到27.4%，但进一步延长反应时间，反应得率略有下降，反应时间240min 时，反应得率降低至24.7%．利用FT-IＲ和CP /MAS 13C-NMＲ分析发现，甘蔗渣与异丁酸酐发生了酯化反应，在甘蔗渣中引入了带有烷基的酯键基团．甘蔗渣中的碳水化合物和木质素分子均参与了化学反应．关键词：二甲基亚砜/1－甲基咪唑；室温；均相衍生化；甘蔗渣；异丁酸酐中图分类号：TQ353．423文献标志码：A文章编号：1001-411X （2014）04-0092-05Homogeneous modification of sugarcane bagasse with isobutyric anhydride at room temperatureZHANG Aiping ，XIE Jun（Institute of New Energy and New Material ，South China Agricultural University ，Guangzhou 510642，China ）Abstract ：【Objective 】A new method for homogeneous modification of agricultural and forest residues at room temperature was proposed．【Method 】Homogeneous derivatization of sugarcane bagasse with isobu-tyric anhydride in the dimethyl sulfoxide /1-methylimidazole （DMSO /NMI ）solvent system was investiga-ted at room temperature in the present study．【Ｒesult and conclusion 】Holding reaction time for 180min ，the mass percent gain （WPG ）of sugarcane bagasse increased from 10.3%to 49.2%with the increment of the mass ratio of isobutyric anhydride to ball-milled sugarcane bagasse from 1ʒ1to 6ʒ1．The increaseof reaction time from 15min to 45min resulted in an enhancement of WPG from 25.1%to 27.4%，keeping the mass ratio of isobutyric anhydride to ball-milled sugarcane bagasse at 3ʒ1．However ，furtherimprovement of reaction time led to a decrease in WPG ，and the WPG decreased to 24.7%within 240min under the given conditions．FT-IＲand CP /MAS 13C-NMＲanalyses indicated that the esterificationbetween sugarcane bagasse and isobutyric anhydride did occur at room temperature in DMSO /NMI．The esterification of carbohydrates and lignin with isobutyric anhydride were both confirmed．Key words ：dimethyl sulfoxide /1-methylimidazole ；room temperature ；homogeneous derivatization ；sug-arcane bagasse ；isobutyric anhydride 随着石油、煤炭等化石资源总量的日益减少，将农林废弃物等可再生木质纤维做为生物资源用于工业生产已经成为一种新的发展趋势．欧洲各国和日本农业及化学科学家正在积极探索以木质纤维等可再生资源为原料生产化工产品，越来越多的国家特别是发达国家已经把木质纤维等可再生资源的转化利用列入社会和经济可持续发展的重要战略［1-2］．木质纤维原料细胞壁中含有纤维素、半纤维素和木质素三大组分，这些组分中均含有丰富的羟基，易通过酯化、醚化、烷基化、交联或者氧化等反应制备生物质基化学品和材料［3］．目前，有关植物细胞壁分离组分纤维素、半纤维素和木质素改性制备生物质材料的研究得到了广泛的关注［4-13］．尽管纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的改性研究取得了很好的进展，但是由于细胞壁结构中三大组分纤维素、半纤维素和木质素本身结构复杂，而且还与其他组分存在交联结构，现有技术难以实现三大组分清洁高效分离，分离过程往往只能将其中一种组分分离出来，而其他组分结构受到破坏，难以被利用，造成了资源的浪费和环境的污染，这是限制木质纤维高值化利用的主要问题．在探索研究纤维素溶剂的基础上，Lu等［14］经过多次试验提出了一种新型溶剂体系———二甲基亚砜/1－甲基咪唑（DMSO/NMI），该溶剂体系在室温下可以完全溶解球磨后的木材原料，且不会造成细胞壁组分的降解．球磨后的木材分散在DMSO/NMI （体积比为2ʒ1）溶剂体系中，在室温条件下搅拌3 h，即可形成透明的棕色溶液．利用二维核磁技术对溶解后再生的木质纤维进行表征，发现植物细胞壁中的三大组分均未发生降解．这是目前在不造成组分降解的前提下，植物细胞壁全组分溶解最值得信赖和最简单的方法．与离子液体相比，DMSO/NMI体系作为细胞壁全溶体系具有室温、高效等优点，这一溶剂体系的发现为生物质资源的化学转化利用提供了新途径．甘蔗渣是蔗糖生产和加工过程中产生的副产品，具有价格低、产量大、可再生、再生周期短、可生物降解、环境友好等诸多优点，是重要的生物质资源．本研究选用甘蔗渣为原料，在DMSO/NMI溶剂体系中室温条件下利用异丁酸酐对甘蔗渣进行均相衍生化研究．这一研究将对以木质纤维为原料制备新型工业材料提供新思路．1材料与方法1．1试验原料与试剂甘蔗渣（SCB）由广东省韶关市翁源县糖厂提供．甘蔗渣常温晾干后，置于60ħ干燥箱中干燥24 h，粉碎机粉碎，过40目筛，然后采用甲苯/乙醇（体积比为2ʒ1）抽提，无抽出物的样品用震荡球磨机球磨36h，得到试验用球磨甘蔗渣．二甲基亚砜、1－甲基咪唑、异丁酸酐、棕榈酰氯、甲苯、乙醇和异丙醇均为分析纯，购于上海阿拉丁试剂厂．1．2球磨甘蔗渣的溶解和改性约250mg球磨甘蔗渣置于圆底烧瓶中，加入DMSO5mL并置于磁力搅拌器上搅拌，待甘蔗渣充分润涨后，再加入NMI2.5mL，将得到的悬浮液磁力搅拌5h，使甘蔗渣完全溶解．向甘蔗渣溶液中加入异丁酸酐进行衍生化反应，反应过程保持均匀搅拌．反应完成后，将得到的溶液缓慢滴加到150mL异丙醇中进行沉淀，并保持搅拌30min，采用0.2μm滤膜过滤，并用异丙醇洗涤3次以去除未反应的异丁酸酐、DMSO、NMI和副产物．将沉淀冷冻干燥，产物称质量，根据球磨甘蔗渣粉末的原始质量计算质量提高百分数（WPG），并定义为反应得率，计算公式如下：WPG=反应产物质量－反应前甘庶渣质量反应前甘庶渣质量ˑ100%．1．3产物的表征1．3．1红外吸收光谱（FT-IＲ）FT-IＲ分析在Vec-tor33型傅立叶变换红外光谱仪上进行，采用含质量分数为1%精磨样品的KBr研磨片测定改性前后甘蔗渣样品的红外光谱．1．3．2固体核磁碳谱（CP/MAS13C-NMＲ）固体CP/MAS13C-NMＲ分析在Bruker DＲX-400型核磁共振仪上进行．采用5mm MAS BBO固体探头，用交叉极化（CP）和魔角旋转（MAS）法在100.61MHz下对样品进行13C扫描，得到固体CP/MAS13C-NMＲ谱图．接受时间0.034s，延迟时间2s，1H共振频率400.13MHz，90ʎ脉冲，时间4.85μs，每个样品累积扫描5000次以上．2结果与分析2．1反应条件对反应得率的影响在DMSO/NMI体系中利用异丁酸酐对甘蔗渣进行均相改性，其反应方程式见图1．在室温条件下，影响该反应的主要因素为反应物的用量和反应时间．由表1可以看出，保持反应时间为180min，将异丁酸酐与甘蔗渣的质量比从1ʒ1提高到6ʒ1时，甘蔗渣均相衍生化的反应得率由10.3%增加到49.2%，这是因为酸酐用量增加，增大了甘蔗渣中活性羟基周围异丁酸酐的浓度，使异丁酸酐与活性羟基的反应几率增加．研究还发现，随着异丁酸酐与甘蔗渣质量比的提高，反应得率提高趋势减缓，当质量比达到6ʒ1时，反应得率已几乎不再增加，进入平台区，表明选定的室温条件下，反应得率达最高值．39第4期张爱萍，等：异丁酸酐室温均相改性甘蔗渣的研究从表1中还可以看出，保持异丁酸酐与甘蔗渣质量比为3ʒ1，将反应时间由15min 提高到45min 时，反应得率由25.1%提高到27.4%，这是由于增加反应时间有利于增大酸酐与甘蔗渣活性羟基的碰撞几率，从而提高了反应产率．但进一步延长反应时间，反应得率有所下降，反应时间240min 时反应得率降低至24.7%．这可能是因为随着时间的延长，生成的副产物酸造成了产物的降解，从而降低了反应得率．图1甘蔗渣与异丁酸酐反应方程式Fig．1The scheme of sugarcane bagasse and isobutyric anhydride表1不同反应条件下异丁酸酐改性蔗渣木质纤维的得率Tab．1Yield of modified sugarcane bagasse obtained under various conditions 样品编号m （异丁酸酐）ʒm （蔗渣）t 反应/min 反应得率/%11ʒ118010．322ʒ118021．733ʒ118025．144ʒ118036．255ʒ118048．766ʒ118049．273ʒ11525．183ʒ13026．293ʒ14527．4103ʒ16027．1113ʒ112026．3123ʒ124024．72．2FT-IＲ利用FT-IＲ对未改性的球磨甘蔗渣和异丁酸酐改性甘蔗渣的化学结构进行了分析，其FT-IＲ谱图如图2所示．从图2可以看出，与未改性的球磨甘蔗渣相比，改性甘蔗渣在3449cm －1处的羟基吸收峰强度降低，表明羟基与异丁酸酐发生了化学反应．在2924和2853cm －1处的吸收峰来自C —H 伸缩振动，反应后该处的吸收峰强度显著增大，表明甘蔗渣中引入了新的烷基基团．在1743cm －1处的吸收峰来自羰基伸缩振动，1168cm －1处的吸收峰来自酯键中的C —O 振动，改性甘蔗渣中这2个特征吸收峰强度的提高表明甘蔗渣发生了酯化反应，说明异丁酸酐通过酯键连接到甘蔗渣上［15-16］．改性前后甘蔗渣FT-IＲ谱图的这些变化表明甘蔗渣发生了图1所示的酯化反应，在甘蔗渣中引入了带有烷基的酯键基团．图2球磨甘蔗渣（a ）和异丁酸酐改性甘蔗渣样品3（b ）的红外谱图Fig．2FT-IＲspectra of unmodified sugarcane bagasse （a ）and modified sugarcane bagasse sample 3（b ）2．3CP /MAS 13C-NMＲ目前，核磁共振技术被认为是最有效的结构表征方法．本文采用固体CP /MAS 13C-NMＲ对未改性的球磨甘蔗渣和异丁酸酐改性的甘蔗渣样品3进行了结构分析，所得谱图如图3所示．谱图中主要碳信号的归属已有较多的文献报道［17-18］，其中，化学位移49华南农业大学学报第35卷为60 105的碳信号主要来自碳水化合物中的碳．其中化学位移为103.5处的碳信号来自于组分纤维素和半纤维素C-1，化学位移为81.1处的碳信号来自纤维素结晶区C-4，化学位移为77．6处的碳信号来自纤维素无定形区C-4和半纤维素C-4，化学位移为74.1处的碳信号来自纤维素的C-2、C-3、C-5和半纤维素的C-2、C-3，化学位移为62.7处的碳信号来自纤维素的C-6和木聚糖的C-5．与球磨甘蔗渣相比，改性甘蔗渣样品3在该区域的碳信号强度变化不大，仅在化学位移为74.1和62.7处碳信号强度有明显减弱，这可能是纤维素和半纤维素的羟基参与了化学反应，化学位移为62.7处碳信号强度减弱表明纤维素C-6羟基发生了酯化反应，而化学位移为74.1处的碳信号强度减弱表明纤维素C-2、C-3的羟基及半纤维素C-2、C-3的羟基发生了酯化反应．另外，在化学位移为55.5处的碳信号来自木质素芳环上连接的甲氧基，改性前后该信号无明显变化，表明在选定的试验条件下，没有发生脱甲氧基反应．化学位移为105 160处的碳信号来自于芳香碳，由于固体核磁对木质素碳信号分辨率较低，不能区分不同结构单元上的精细结构，但由图3可以看到，与未改性的球磨甘蔗渣相比，改性甘蔗渣在该区域的碳信号增强，这可能是由于木质素因参加化学反应而改变了部分碳原子的化学环境，从而导致碳信号增强．该区域木质素碳信号的变化表明木质素参与了化学反应．化学位移为0 50的碳信号来自脂肪族碳，未改性的球磨甘蔗渣在化学位移为20.7处的碳信号来自半纤维素乙酰基的CH3．改性后蔗渣样品3在化学位移为18.6和33.5处出现强的碳信号，这2个碳信号分别来自甲基和次甲基碳信号，对应于异丁酰基上的甲基与次甲基，这与FT-IＲ分析结果一致．化学位移为160 180的碳信号来自羰基碳，未改性的球磨甘蔗渣在化学位移为171.2处的碳信号来自半纤维素乙酰基的羰基碳信号．与球磨甘蔗渣相比，改性甘蔗渣样品3在化学位移为174.7处出现强的碳信号，在化学位移为168.5处也出现小的碳信号，这些碳信号均来自羰基碳信号，其区别可能是化学环境略有不同，有的与芳香环相连，有的与糖环相连．这些羰基碳信号表明甘蔗渣上连接了新的酯键基团，这与FT-IＲ分析结果一致．固体CP/MAS13C-NMＲ分析表明，甘蔗渣与异丁酸酐发生了化学反应，在甘蔗渣中引入了带有烷基的酯键基团———异丁酰基，甘蔗渣的组分纤维素、半纤维素和木质素均参与了化学反应．这表明DM-SO/NMI体系在室温条件下是木质纤维全组分的高效衍生化介质．图3异丁酸酐改性甘蔗渣样品3（a）和球磨甘蔗渣（b）的CP/MAS13C-NMＲ谱图Fig．3CP/MAS13C-NMＲspectra of modified sugarcane bagasse sample3（a）and unmodified sugarcane bagasse（b）3讨论与结论利用未经组分分离的木质纤维全组分直接改性制备生物质基材料，可以回避组分分离过程中关键技术欠缺带来的难题．但是，由于各组分结构复杂性以及组分间交联结构的存在，木质纤维全组分不能熔融加工，细胞壁全溶长期以来也被认为是不可能实现的难题，木质纤维全组分改性只能在异相条件下进行，并且需要催化剂催化，例如木质纤维酰化反应通常需要在吡啶中进行［19］，弱碱性的吡啶作为反应介质、催化剂和碱剂促进异相酰化反应的顺利进行．但是，异相反应存在产物得率低、效率差、产物不均一等缺点，而且所得产物稳定性偏低，应用前景受到限制．近年来，各种新型溶剂的不断涌现为木质纤维的全组分溶解和衍生化带来了新的契机．离子液体作为极具应用前景的绿色溶剂，在众多行业引起了广泛的关注．现有研究已经表明，离子液体不仅可以溶解纤维素等细胞壁单一组分，而且还可以溶解未经组分分离的木质纤维，这引起了广大研究者的极大兴趣，以离子液体为介质进行木质纤维转化利用研究也受到了普遍关注［20-22］．与传统的木质纤维异相改性相比，离子液体中木质纤维均相改性的产物均一性和稳定性更好．但是，离子液体中木质纤维的均相衍生化反应只能在高温条件下进行，不仅对设备要求高、能耗大，而且还容易造成木质纤维组分的59第4期张爱萍，等：异丁酸酐室温均相改性甘蔗渣的研究降解、产物回收困难、得率低等问题．低温高效的木质纤维衍生化体系是科技工作者的追求目标．室温条件下即可溶解植物细胞壁全组分的DM-SO/NM1溶剂体系的提出，为农林废弃物的高值化利用提供了新的思路．在室温条件下DMSO/NMI体系中，无需添加催化剂，球磨甘蔗渣即可与异丁酸酐发生均相化学反应，研究发现，保持反应时间为180 min，将酸酐与甘蔗渣质量比从1ʒ1提高到6ʒ1时，甘蔗渣均相衍生化的反应得率由10.3%增加到49.2%；保持酸酐与甘蔗渣质量比为3ʒ1，将反应时间由15min提高到45min，反应得率由25.1%增加到27.4%，但进一步延长反应时间，反应得率出现略有下降，反应时间240min时反应得率降低至24.7%．采用FT-IＲ和固体CP/MAS13C-NMＲ对产物进行了结构表征，发现组分纤维素、半纤维素和木质素均参与了化学反应，在甘蔗渣中进入了异丁酰基．研究证实，在室温条件下DMSO/NMI体系是木质纤维全组分的高效衍生化介质．参考文献：［1］MOHANTY A K，MISＲA M，HINＲICHSEN G．Biofibres，biodegradable polymers and biocomposities：An overview［J］．Macromol Mater Eng，2000，276/277（1）：1-24．［2］MOHANTY A K，MISＲA M，DＲZAL L T．Sustainable bio-composites from renewable resources：Opportunitiesand challenges in the green materials world［J］．J PolymEnviron，2002，10（1/2）：19-26．［3］GELLEＲSTEDT F，GATENHOLM P．Surface properties of lignocellulosic fibers bearing carboxylic groups［J］．Cel-lulose，1999，6（2）：103-121．［4］SWATLOSKIＲP，SPEAＲS K，HOLBＲEY J D，et al．Dissolution of cellose with ionic liquids［J］．J Am ChemSoc，2002，124（18）：4974-4975．［5］ZHANG Hao，WU Jin，ZHANG Jun，et al．1-Allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride room temperature ionic liquid：A new and powerful nonderivatizing solvent for cellulose［J］．Macromolecules，2005，38（20）：8272-8277．［6］LIU Chuanfu，SUNＲuncang，ZHANG Aiping，et al．Preparation and characterization of phthalated cellulose de-rivatives in room-temperature ionic liquid without catalysts［J］．J Agric Food Chem，2007，55（6）：2399-2406．［7］LIU Haoyu，ILEVBAＲE G A，CHEＲNIAWSKI B P，et al．Synthesis and structure-property evaluation of celluloseomega-carboxyesters for amorphous solid dispersions［J］．Carbohydr polym，2014，100（S1）：116-25．［8］K HNKE T，ELDEＲT，THELIANDEＲH，et al．Ice tem-plated and cross-linked xylan/nanocrystalline cellulose hy-drogels［J］．Carbohydr polym，2014，100（S1）：24-30．［9］HAJEETH T，VIJAYALAKSHMI K，GOMATHI T，et al．Adsorption of copper（II）and nickel（II）ions from aque-ous solution using graft copolymer of cellulose extractedfrom the sisal fiber with acrylic acid monomer［J］．ComposInterfaces，2014，21（1）：75-86．［10］AYOUB A，VENDITTIＲA，PAWLAK J J，et al．Novel hemicellulose-chitosan biosorbent for water desalinationand heavy metal removal［J］．ACS Sustainable Chem Eng，2013，1（9）：1102-1109．［11］ZOLDNEＲS J，KISELEVA T．Modification of hemicellulo-ses with polycarboxylic acids［J］．Holzforschung，2013，67（5）：567-571．［12］ASO T，KODA K，KUBO S，et al．Preparation of novel lignin-based cement dispersants from isolated lignins［J］．J Wood Chem Technol，2013，33（4）：286-298．［13］BHATＲ，ABDULLAH N，DINＲH，et al．Producing no-vel sago starch based food packaging films by incorporatinglignin isolated from oil palm black liquor waste［J］．J FoodEng，2013，119（4）：707-713．［14］LU Fachuang，ＲALPH J．Non-degradative dissolution and acetylation of ball-milled plant cell walls：High-resolutionsolution-state NMＲ［J］．Plant J，2003，35（4）：535-544．［15］JAYAKUMAＲＲ，BALAJIＲ，NANJUNDAN S．Studies on copolymers of2-（N-phthalimido）ethyl methacrylatewith methyl methacrylate［J］．Eur Polym J，2000，36（8）：1659．［16］MA Sen，XUE Xiaoli，YU Shujuan，et al．High-intensity ultrasound irradiated modification of sugarcane bagassecellulose in an ionic liquid［J］．Ind Crops Prod，2012，35（1）：135-139．［17］LIU Chuanfu，SUNＲuncang，QIN Menghua，et al．Succi-noylation of sugarcane bagasse under ultrasound irradiation［J］．Bioresour Technol，2008，99（5）：1465-1473．［18］LIU Chuanfu，ZHANG Aiping，LI Weiying，et al．Homo-geneous modification of cellulose in ionic liquid with suc-cinic anhydride using N-bromosuccinimide as a catalyst［J］．J Agric Food Chem，2009，57（5）：1814-1820．［19］XIE Haibo，KING A，KILPELAINEN I，et al．Thorough chemical modification of wood-based lignocellulosic materi-als in ionic liquids［J］．Biomacromolecules，2007，8（12）：3740-3748．［20］WEN Jialong，SUN Yongchang，MENG Lingyan，et al．Homogeneous lauroylation of ball-milled bamboo in ionicliquid for bio-based composites production：Part I：Modifi-cation and characterization［J］．Ind Crops Prod，2011，34（3）：1491-1501．［21］YUAN Tongqi，ZHANG Liming，XU Feng，et al．En-hanced photostability and thermal stability of wood bybenzoylation in an ionic liquid system［J］．Ind CropsProd，2013，45：36-43．［22］YUAN Tongqi，SUN Shaoni，XU Feng，et al．Homogene-ous butyrylation and lauroylation of poplar wood in the ion-ic liquid1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride［J］．Biore-sour Technol，2011，102（6）：4590-4593．【责任编辑李晓卉】69华南农业大学学报第35卷。

材料类英文期刊汇总

材料类英文期刊简介Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells《太阳能材料和太阳能电池》荷兰ISSN:0927-0248，1979年创刊，全年20期，Elsevier Science 出版社出版，SCI、EI收录期刊，SCI 2003年影响因子1.188，2003年EI收录302篇。

刊载光电、光热和光化太阳能转换的材料科学问题，以及太阳能电池的理论、技术、应用、相关经济问题的研究论文，涉及有关的固体物理学、冶金学、陶瓷学、光学和电化学等。

Solid State Ionics《固体离子》荷兰ISSN:0167-2738，1980年创刊，全年40期，Elsevier Science 出版社出版，SCI、EI收录期刊，SCI 2003年影响因子1.599，2003年EI收录372篇。

刊载与固体中的扩散及反应性有关的物理、化学、材料科学问题的理论与实验研究论文和评论，涉及固体中缺陷的物理和化学问题、固体中或固体间的反应（掺杂、腐蚀、氧化、烧结）及离子迁移的理论、机理及量测等。

Solid State Sciences《固体科学》法国ISSN:1293-2558，1964年创刊，全年12期，Elsevier Science 出版社出版，SCI、EI收录期刊，SCI 2003年影响因子1.327，2003年EI收录185篇。

1999年前刊名为European Journal of Solid State and Inorganic Chemistry，刊载固体化学和无机化学领域的研究论文和简讯。

文章用英文发表。

Surface Science《表面科学》荷兰ISSN:0039-6028，1964年创刊，全年78期，Elsevier Science 出版社出版，SCI、EI收录期刊，SCI 2003年影响因子2.063，2003年EI收录990篇。

（包括《表面科学快报》）刊载界面物理和界面化学的基础理论和实验研究论文。

The Ethics of Gene Editing A Brave New World

The Ethics of Gene Editing A Brave NewWorld?Gene editing has become a controversial topic in the realm of science and ethics. With the advancement of technology allowing for precise manipulation of genetic material, the possibilities seem endless. However, the ethicalimplications of gene editing have sparked debates worldwide. On one hand, proponents argue that gene editing has the potential to eradicate genetic diseases and improve the quality of life for future generations. On the other hand, critics raise concerns about the ethical dilemmas surrounding the manipulation of human genes, including questions of consent, equity, and the potential for unintended consequences. One of the main arguments in favor of gene editing is its potential to eliminate genetic diseases. By correcting faulty genes that cause hereditary disorders, gene editing could prevent suffering and improve the health outcomes of individuals affected by these conditions. Diseases such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Huntington's disease could potentially be eradicated through gene editing techniques. This has the potential to revolutionize healthcare and significantly reduce the burden on healthcare systems worldwide. Additionally, gene editing has the potential to enhance human capabilities and traits. Proponents of gene editing argue that by editing genes, we could potentially enhance intelligence, physical abilities, and even lifespan. This raises questions about the ethical implications of creating "designer babies" with specific traits chosen by parents. While some argue that this could lead to a more advanced and healthier human population, others raise concerns about the potential for discrimination and inequality based on genetic traits. Another perspective to consider is the issue of consent and autonomy in gene editing. The ability to manipulate genes raises questions about who has the right to make decisions about genetic modifications. Should parents have the right to edit the genes of their children to prevent diseases or enhance certain traits? What about theindividual's right to make decisions about their own genetic makeup? These questions highlight the complex ethical considerations surrounding gene editing and the need for regulations to ensure that genetic modifications are madeethically and responsibly. Furthermore, the potential for unintended consequences and long-term effects of gene editing cannot be ignored. While gene editing holds promise for treating genetic diseases and improving human capabilities, there is also the risk of unforeseen consequences. Genetic modifications could have unintended effects on future generations, leading to unforeseen health issues or genetic mutations. The long-term effects of gene editing on the human gene pool are still unknown, raising concerns about the potential risks and ethical implications of altering the genetic code. In conclusion, the ethics of gene editing present a complex and multifaceted issue that requires careful consideration and thoughtful debate. While gene editing holds promise for eradicating genetic diseases and enhancing human capabilities, it also raises concerns about consent, equity, and unintended consequences. As we continue to advance in the field of genetics and gene editing, it is essential to approach these technologies with caution and ethical considerations to ensure that they are used responsibly and ethically for the betterment of humanity.。

小学下册T卷英语第四单元期中试卷

小学下册英语第四单元期中试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.My brother is a __________ (电气工程师).2.Did you see a _______ (小狐猴) in the zoo?3.The classroom is _______ (clean).4.The owl has exceptional ______ (视力) at night.5.Which one is a fruit?A. CarrotB. AppleC. PotatoD. Broccoli6.I enjoy ___ (reading) before bed.7.How do you say "mouse" in Spanish?A. RatónB. SourisC. MausD. Mus8. A ______ (鸟) can be very colorful and beautiful.9.My cousin, ______ (我的表姐妹), loves to sing.10. A ______ (生态友好的) approach benefits the planet.11. A compass shows _______.12.Astronomical observations have been made for thousands of ______.13.The __________ is important for understanding Earth's natural resources.14.I found a ________ in my pocket.15.The ____ has soft, fuzzy fur and loves to cuddle.16.The capital of Chile is __________.17.What is the term for the distance around a circle?A. AreaB. DiameterC. CircumferenceD. Radius答案:C18. A __________ (反应过程) is the series of steps in a chemical reaction.19.I like to collect ______ (漫画书) featuring my favorite superheroes.20.What color is grass?A. BlueB. YellowC. GreenD. Red21.I want to _____ (go/stay) home now.22.The boy likes to play ________.23.What do we call the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution?A. Bill of RightsB. PreambleC. DeclarationD. Articles of Confederation答案:A24.The ______ shares tips on healthy living.25.My ________ (玩具名称) is a perfect companion.26. A __________ is formed when water collects in a low-lying area.27.The ________ (生态系统动态监测) is important for health.28.The best time to see stars is when it's ______.29. A ________ (海滩) is a great place for vacation.30.What do we call the study of stars and planets?A. BiologyB. ChemistryC. AstronomyD. Geology31.The _______ (鸭子) likes to quack and waddle.32.My brother loves to learn about __________ (技术).33.The _______ (蛇) is often misunderstood.34.Heat makes some materials _______.35.My _____ (外婆) loves to bake.36.I have a toy ________ that can walk.37.The ancient Chinese invented _______ during the Han dynasty. (火药)38.I want to learn how to ______ (dance) salsa.39. A sound's pitch is determined by its frequency, while its loudness is determined by its ______.40.Did you know that a _______ (小海马) is a gentle creature?41. A balanced chemical equation shows that matter is _____.42.What do we call a baby goat?A. KidB. CalfC. CubD. Lamb答案:A43.I enjoy attending workshops to learn new __________.44.The __________ (历史的交互影响) shape our experiences.45.What is the name of the famous American holiday celebrated on the last Monday of May?A. Memorial DayB. Labor DayC. ThanksgivingD. Independence Day答案:A46. A ____(smart city) uses technology to improve urban life.47.I like to explore new places and try new ________ (食物) when I travel.48.My friend is a ______. He loves to explore new ideas.49.The car is ___ (red/blue).50.The ancient Romans had a complex system of ______ (法律).51.We play ______ (volleyball) during gym class.52.The ancient Greeks are known for their _____ and philosophy.53.Acids react with bases to form ________ and water.54.What do you call a person who travels into space?A. PilotB. AstronautC. ScientistD. Engineer55. A wave can undergo refraction when it passes from one medium to ______.56.Which month comes after March?A. JanuaryB. FebruaryC. AprilD. May57.I want to _____ (visit/see) my grandma.58.My dad is very ________.59.What is the capital of Angola?A. LuandaB. BenguelaC. HuamboD. Lubango答案:A60.The __________ is a large desert located in southern Africa. (卡拉哈里沙漠)61.What do we call the process of transforming raw materials into finished products?A. ProductionB. DistributionC. ConsumptionD. Marketing答案:A62.My sister loves ________ (跳绳).63.What is the process of changing from liquid to gas called?A. MeltingB. FreezingC. EvaporationD. Condensation答案:C64.ts have thick leaves to store ______. (某些植物有厚厚的叶子来储存水分。

211188580_双酚类化合物对机体影响的研究进展

兰天，段国珍，刘娜，等. 双酚类化合物对机体影响的研究进展[J]. 食品工业科技，2023，44（10）：444−453. doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2022080072LAN Tian, DUAN Guozhen, LIU Na, et al. Research Progress on the Effects of Bisphenol Compounds on Human Beings and Animals[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2023, 44(10): 444−453. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2022080072· 专题综述 ·双酚类化合物对机体影响的研究进展兰　天1,2,3,4，段国珍2，刘　娜1,3,4，樊光辉2，赵成周3，杨仕兵4，祁有朝1,2,3,4,*（1.青海大学农牧学院，青海西宁 810016；2.青海大学农林科学院，青海西宁 810016；3.青海大学藏医学院，青海西宁 810016；4.青海大学医学院，青海西宁 810016）摘　要：双酚类化合物（Bisphenol compounds ，BPs ）是合成高分子材料的重要原材料之一。

目前，常见的双酚类化合物主要包括双酚A 、双酚B 、双酚F 以及双酚AF 等。

现如今，双酚类化合物主要应用于塑料制品、食品包装、饮用水添加剂、海鲜等方面。

大量的研究发现，双酚类化合物通过物理迁移、化学迁移、生物迁移途径侵入人类和动物体内，甚至在深海哺乳动物体内也检测到了该物质，从而影响了机体的生殖系统、神经系统、消化系统、心血管系统、行为、发育和代谢性疾病的发生发展。

因此，双酚类化合物引起了更多的关注。

因此，本文主要从BPs 的分类、侵入机体的途径以及对机体的影响方面进行了综述，以期对BPs 的进一步研究以及安全性和毒理学评价提供参考依据。

福州24年小学第三次英语第2单元期末试卷

福州24年小学英语第2单元期末试卷考试时间：90分钟（总分:120）B卷一、综合题(共计100题)1、听力题：The capital city of Latvia is __________.2、填空题：A ____(watershed) is an area that drains into a river.3、听力题：The rainbow is _____ in the sky. (bright)4、填空题：I like to spend my evenings ______.5、填空题：The __________ is often full of life in spring. (大自然)6、What is the term for a baby seal?A. PupB. KitC. CalfD. Kid7、填空题：We will go to the ________ (博物馆) tomorrow.8、Which shape has three sides?A. SquareB. TriangleC. CircleD. Rectangle9、听力题：The _______ of a balloon can change when it is cooled.10、听力题：The bird builds a _____ nest.11、填空题：We have ______ (很多) books at home.12、听力题：My grandma loves to bake ____ (bread).13、What do we call the device used to take photographs?A. CameraB. PhoneC. ComputerD. Tablet14、Which of these is a common household pet?A. SnakeB. ParrotC. CatD. Hamster答案：C15、What is the name of the famous waterfall on the border of the USA and Canada?A. Niagara FallsB. Angel FallsC. Victoria FallsD. Yosemite Falls答案:A16、填空题：My dream is to have a room full of ____. (玩具名称)17、填空题：We saw a _____ (蛇) slithering through the grass.18、填空题：My toy ____ helps me learn new things. (玩具名称)19、填空题：A dog wags its _______ (尾巴) when happy.20、How do you say "book" in Spanish?A. LibroB. LibriD. Libros21、What is the capital of Cuba?a. Havanab. Santiagoc. Camagüeyd. Holguín答案:a22、填空题：My cousin always visits us during ____.23、What is the name of the famous artist known for his paintings of flowers?A. Pablo PicassoB. Vincent van GoghC. Claude MonetD. Georgia O'Keeffe答案: D. Georgia O'Keeffe24、听力题：__________ are often used as catalysts in chemical reactions.25、What do you call a baby cow?A. CalfB. KidC. PuppyD. Chick答案: A26、听力题：The chemical symbol for titanium is __________.27、What do we call the imaginary line that divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres?A. EquatorB. Prime MeridianC. Tropic of CancerD. Tropic of Capricorn答案:A28、填空题：________ (生物多样性保护) is essential for ecosystems.29、What do bees produce?A. MilkC. SugarD. Butter30、听力题：The United Nations was formed after ________ War II.31、How many legs does an octopus have?A. SixB. EightC. TenD. Twelve32、填空题：I can ______ (积极参与) in discussions.33、What do we call a person who studies the relationship between humans and their environment?A. Environmental ScientistB. EcologistC. BiologistD. Anthropologist答案: A34、填空题：I saw a _______ (小鸭子) swimming in the pond.35、填空题：I like to take my toy ____ on adventures. (玩具名称)36、听力题：The museum is _____ (interesting/boring).37、听力题：The process of breaking down water into hydrogen and oxygen is called _______.38、填空题：The capital of the Marshall Islands is ________ (马朱罗).39、听力题：A buffer solution helps maintain a stable _____ level.40、Which part of the plant absorbs water?A. LeafB. StemC. Root答案:C41、选择题：What do we call a picture made by sticking various materials together?A. CollageB. MosaicC. PaintingD. Sculpture42、How many months have 28 days?A. OneB. TwoC. AllD. Twelve答案:C43、What is the freezing point of water?A. 0 degrees CelsiusB. 32 degrees FahrenheitC. Both A and BD. 100 degrees Celsius答案:C44、听力题：The chemical formula for arachidonic acid is ______.45、What do you call a place where you can see wild animals?A. ZooB. AquariumC. FarmD. Sanctuary答案:A46、What is the name of the largest desert in the world?A. SaharaB. GobiC. ArcticD. Antarctic47、填空题：My sister wants a pet ______ (小狗).48、What do we call the water cycle's process of water vapor turning into liquid?A. EvaporationB. CondensationC. PrecipitationD. Collection答案: B49、听力题：He likes to __________ video games.50、听力题：The ______ is known for her support of the arts.51、听力题：A _______ is a reaction that produces a gas as a product.52、听力题：They play _____ (football) after school.53、填空题：A ______ (刺猬) can curl up into a ball for protection.54、小果子) is sweet and delicious. 填空题：The ___55、填空题：Certain herbs are known for their ______ (美容效果).56、填空题：My dog greets me with a wagging ______ (尾巴).57、填空题：The _____ (小狗) barks happily when it sees its owner. 小狗看到它的主人时高兴地叫。

“PEP”24年小学六年级下册F卷英语第二单元测验试卷

“PEP”24年小学六年级下册英语第二单元测验试卷考试时间：80分钟（总分:120）A卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 填空题：The ______ (老虎) is a powerful and beautiful animal.2. 选择题：What do you call a person who explores caves?A. ExplorerB. CaverC. AdventurerD. Mountaineer答案:B3. 填空题：We visit the ______ (科学中心) to explore new ideas.4. 选择题：What is the capital city of Fiji?A. SuvaB. NadiC. LautokaD. Labasa答案: A5. 听力题：The chemical symbol for manganese is _______.6. Barrier Reef is found in ________ (澳大利亚) waters. 填空题：The Grea7. 填空题：The _____ (蜜蜂) is crucial for pollinating flowers.8. 选择题：What do you call a large body of freshwater?A. LakeB. OceanC. RiverD. Sea9. 听力题：I like to ride my ______ (scooter).10. 选择题：What do you call a place where you can buy books?A. LibraryB. StoreC. SchoolD. Park答案:B11. 选择题：How many days are in a year?A. 365B. 366C. 360D. 364答案:A12. 听力题：The chemical symbol for palladium is ______.13. 选择题：What is 3 + 5?A. 6B. 7C. 8D. 9答案:C14. 填空题：The playground is _______ with children.15. 填空题：The park is _______ (很美丽).16. 选择题：What is the capital of Brazil?A. Sao PauloB. BrasiliaC. Rio de JaneiroD. Salvador答案:B. Brasilia17. 填空题：My sister's favorite animal is a ______ (海豹).18. 填空题：My _____ (遥控车) can go really fast.19. 选择题：Which beverage is made from leaves?A. JuiceB. CoffeeC. TeaD. Soda答案:C20. 选择题：What do we call the part of a flower that produces pollen?A. StamenB. PistilC. SepalD. Petal答案:A21. 听力题：My uncle is a fantastic ____ (storyteller).22. 填空题：My dad enjoys __________ (下棋).23. 听力题：The ______ has a strong family bond.24. 选择题：What is the capital of Indonesia?A. JakartaB. BaliC. SurabayaD. Medan25. 听力题：The process of drying out a wet substance is called ______.26. 选择题：What is the capital of the Philippines?A. MalacañangB. ManilaC. CebuD. Davao27. 选择题：What type of tree produces acorns?A. PineB. OakC. MapleD. Birch28. 听力题：I have a _____ (favorite) toy.29. 填空题：The __________ is a major city located along the coast. (旧金山)30. 选择题：What is the name of the largest ocean on Earth?A. Atlantic OceanB. Indian OceanC. Arctic OceanD. Pacific Ocean答案: D. Pacific Ocean31. 听力题：The _______ can add color to any landscape.32. 填空题：We go to school by ________ (自行车).33. 听力题：The capital of Puerto Rico is __________.34. 选择题：What is the hardest natural substance on Earth?A. GoldB. DiamondC. IronD. Silver答案: BThe element with the symbol Pb is __________.36. 选择题：What sound does a cow make?A. MeowB. BarkC. MooD. Quack答案:C37. 听力题：The ________ (hologram) is a D image.38. 填空题：古代的________ (traditions) 在不同的文化中有着独特的表现。