conveying equipment for fluids
Parker Food and Beverage产品介绍说明书
Steam and Sterile Air Filters
For eliminating particulate contamination of food products caused by direct contact with dirty steam and removal of all viable organisms in the air. Complies with USFDA, USDA and 3-A requirements.
Liquid Process Filters
Compressed Air and Gas Filters
A complete line of membrane, pleated, depth, and bag filters for filtration of water, juices, soft drinks, beer, wine, vegetable oils, canned food, chocolate, tomato paste, etc.
Nitrogen Generation Systems
Standard or custom systems for generating pure, sterile nitrogen either from a compressed air supply or using built-in compressors
Engineering Expertise
The development of new products and the constant upgrading of existing lines is key to our success. These ongoing research and development efforts keep Parker products on the cutting edge of technology.
液压传动的英文翻译
1.1 HISTORY OF FLUID POWER1.1.1 Definition of Fluid PowerA whole machine consists of prime mover, transmission section, control section and end-use device. There are several types of prime movers, such as electrical motor, internal combustion engine etc. End-use device means direct part completing this machine's mission, such as machine knives of shearing machine, compound rest of lathes, tool of lathes, chuck, etc. Because the range of prime movers' power and rotational rate is limited, transmission section is set between prime mover and end-use device for covering the large range of end use device's output force and work rate. The transmission section converts prime mover's out-put power and transmits power between prime mover and end-use device.There are three basic methods for transmitting power: electrical, mechanical, and fluid power. Fluid power is that energy transmitted and controlled by means of a pressurized fluid, either liquid or gas. It should be realized that there are actually two types of fluid systems: fluid transport, fluid power (including hydraulics and pneumatics).Fluid power and fluid transport use liquid to transmit and control energy. Fluid transport system has the sole objective of delivering fluid from one location to another to accomplish some useful purpose. Fluid power system is designed specifically to perform work. Today fluid power is used extensively in practically every branch of industry because of advantages. Some typical applications are in mechanical engineering, construction, transportation, marine, military, agriculture, and aerospace.流体力学历史流体动力的定义一个完整的机器由原动机,变速箱,控制部分和终端装置组成。
我要听英语作文的眼睛
我要听英语作文的眼睛英文回答：Eyes, the windows to the soul, grant us a glimpse into the depths of our own consciousness and the vastness of the world around us. These intricate organs, composed of a marvelously complex blend of tissues, cells, and fluids, are responsible for the remarkable gift of sight.The anatomy of the eye is a testament to the wonders of human physiology. The cornea, the transparent outer layer of the eye, acts as a protective shield, deflecting harmful ultraviolet rays while admitting light. Behind the cornea lies the pupil, a circular opening that contracts and dilates to regulate the amount of light entering the eye. The iris, the colored part of the eye, contains musclesthat control the size of the pupil.Beneath the iris rests the lens, a flexible structure that changes shape to focus light on the retina, theinnermost layer of the eye. The retina is lined with specialized photoreceptor cells, rods, and cones, which convert light into electrical signals that are transmittedto the brain via the optic nerve. These signals are interpreted by the brain, creating the perception of sight.The diversity of eye color among humans is afascinating aspect of human biology. Eye color isdetermined by the amount and distribution of melanin, a pigment produced by cells in the iris. Brown eyes are the most common, with hazel, green, blue, and gray eyesfollowing in prevalence. Rare eye colors, such as amber, violet, and red, can be attributed to genetic variations or medical conditions.The eyes play a crucial role in nonverbal communication, conveying a wide range of emotions and intentions. Eye contact can establish trust, indicate interest, or signal dominance. Dilated pupils, often a sign of attraction or fear, can alter the perceived message conveyed through the eyes.However, the eyes are not merely functional organs. They are also a source of beauty and inspiration. Artists throughout history have depicted the eyes as portals to the inner soul, capturing the essence of human emotions and experiences. Poets have celebrated the eyes as symbols of love, longing, and wisdom.In addition to their aesthetic and communicative value, the eyes are essential for overall well-being. Regular eye exams can detect and treat a variety of conditions, including cataracts, glaucoma, and macular degeneration. Protecting the eyes from harmful ultraviolet radiation by wearing sunglasses and maintaining a balanced diet rich in antioxidants can help preserve vision and reduce the risk of developing eye diseases.中文回答：眼睛，心灵的窗户，让我们得以窥见自身意识的深处以及周围世界的广阔。
腐蚀性手册
2Chemical resistancePage General information regarding chemical resistance--Introduction4 --Instructions for the use of the chemical resistance list4 List of chemical resistanceChemical resistance73Chemical resistanceGeneral information regarding chemical resistance IntroductionPlastic materials are now widely used in pipeline construction.Pipes made from plastics are used not only for drinking water,water for general use and waste water,but also for the conveyance of aggressive liquids and gases.Expensive pipe materials such as lined metal,ceramic or glass,have largely been replaced by plastic pipes.It is,however,important that the most suitable plastic material is selected for each application. The Chemical Resistance List in this section serves as a useful guide in this respect.The list is periodically revised to include the latest findings.It contains all the plastics and elastomers in the GF product range which can come into direct contact with the media.The information is based on experiments,immersion and, when available,on data from tests which include temperature and pressure as stress factors.The results achieved in immersion experiments cannot be applied without reservation to pipes under stress,i.e.internal pressure,as the factor stress corrosion cracking is often not taken into consideration.In certain cases it can be of advantage to test the suitability under the planned working conditions.The tests referred to have been carried out partly by GF and partly by the Internal Standardisation Organisation(ISO)or national standards organisations.Pure chemicals were used for the tests.If a mixture of chemicals is to be conveyed in practice,this may affect the chemical resistance of the plastic.It is possible in special cases to carry out appropriate tests with the specific mixture.Suitable test equipment is available at GF for this purpose,which we regard as part of our service to the customer.We are always willing to give individual advice at any time.In this connection it is worth mentioning that GF already possesses information concerning the behaviour towards plastics of a number of chemicals or mixtures of chemicals which are not yet included in this list.Instructions for the use of the chemical resistance list GeneralFollowing the assertions outlined in the introduction the attached list should be regarded as a valuable tool for finding the most suitable material for a given application. Note:The list has been compiled based on ideal and mostly simplified conditions of laboratory testing;real life and field applications are subjected to working conditions that might be defined by more complex factors. Consequently any statement quoted in our chemical resistance list should be regarded as a guiding value.In particular,we would like to emphasize that such a list-by nature- cannot supply the following information:ÏAll relevant details of the respective experiment thathas been the source for a given set of dataÏPossible influence of dynamic effectsÏLong-term effectsÏPossible influence due to the method of processing, the thermal history as well as the exact formulation of the respective samplesÏBehaviour of mixtures of different media or effects based on discontinuous serviceÏ(Detailed)characterisation of the corrosion phenomenon/deterioration observedÏDerivation of the max.applicable service pressure ÏConsideration of all chemicalsContacting your GF representative Thus,if it comes to material decisions and there is aneed for selecting the proper polymer(grade),please do not hesitate to contact GF;based on decades of practical experience with polymer piping systems applied in industry and chemical engineering,GF has acquired an outstanding knowledge in:ÏPractical field testing,case studiesÏTheoretical background(corrosion science,polymer formulations,possible influences of processing,etc.)ÏRelevant literature Apart from that,GF is a very active member in a global network for all aspects of corrosion regarding polymers; all this enables us to support the individual enquiries of our customers efficiently.However,we cannot exclude situations where the stock of available data will not completely answer a customer s enquiry.In such cases,a simple laboratory test installation under field test conditions is strongly recommended.4ClassificationThe customary classifications:Ïresistant Ïconditionallyresistant andÏnot recommended are depicted by the signs:+,0and -,which allowsimple presentation and application.These classifications aredefined as:Resistant:+Within the acceptable limits of pressure and temperature the material is unaffected or only insignificantly affected.Conditionally resistant:0The medium can attack the material or cause swelling.Restrictions must be made as regards pressure and/or temperature,taking the expected service life into account.The service life of the installation can be noticeably shortened.Further consultations with GF are recommended in any case.Not recommended:-The material cannot be used with the medium at all,or only under special conditions.Solvent cement joints with Tangit/DytexSolvent cementjointson ABS,PVC-U or PVC-C madewith Tangit cement are generally as resistant as thematerial of the piping system itself.The use of Dytex solvent cement isrecommended forcement jointing of PVC-U or PVC-C in connection with the following acids:Medium Upto%concentrationSulphuric acid e 70%H 2SO 4Chromic-sulphuric acid mixture e 70%H 2SO 4+5%K 2Cr 2O 7/Na 2Cr 2O 1Chromic acid d 10%CrO 3Hydrochloric acid e 25%HClNitric acid e 20%HNO 3Sodium hypochlorite (potassium hypochlorite)e 6%NaOCl Hydrogen peroxide e 5%H 2O 2Hydrofluoric acid e 0%HF For all the media mentioned above in lower concentrations,Tangit solvent cement should be used.Due to the effects of these acids on the pipe material,we recommend using pipes with a pressure rating PN 16.For the expected life time and compressive strength,please contact your GF representative.Attention !Usually the allowable pressure must be decreased by one pressure rating (thus PN16to PN10).When using Dytex in PVC-C piping construction with the above mentioned acids,the pressure and temperature requirements for PVC-U must be adhered to.Because Dytex is not gap-filling,a special cement jointing procedure is required and is described in the chapter on jointing technology.Fusion jointsIn the case of PE,PP and PVDF (SYGEF®)heat fusionjoints have practically the same chemical resistance asthe respective material.In conjunction with media which could cause stress cracking,the fused joints can besubjected to an increased risk due to residual stress from the jointing process.In such cases a professionally executed weldingis absolutely necessary.The sensitivity against tension fracture formation can be reduced substantially by a thermal retreatment (tempering).Sealing materialsDepending upon the working conditions and the stressinvolved,the life span of the sealing materials can differfrom that of thepipelinematerial.Seals in PTFE,which is not included in this list,are resistant to all the chemicals listed.The greater permeability of PTFEshould,however,be considered.Under certain working conditions,for example when conveying highly aggressive media such as hydrochloric acid,thismaterial characteristic must be taken into account.General summary and limits of applications 5The following table includes all the materials contained in the GF product range,and their abbreviations.The summary gives preliminary information regarding the general behaviour of the materials and the temperature limits.Abbreviation MaterialRemarks Maximum permissible temperature Constant Short term PTFEPolytetrafluoro-ethylene (e.g.Teflon®)Resistant to all chemicals in this list 250°C 300°C NBRNitrile Rubber Good resistance to oil and petrol.Unsuitable for oxidising media 90°C 120°C EPDM Ehtylene Propylene Rubber Good resistance to ozone and weather.Especially suitable for aggressive chemicals.Unsuitable for oils and fats 90°C 120°C CRChloroprene Rubber (e.g.Neoprene®)Chemical resistance very similar to that of PVC-U and between that of Nitrile and Butyl Rubber 80°C 110°C FPM FFKM Fluorine Rubber (e.g.Viton®,Kalrez®)Has best chemical resistance to solvents of all elastomers 150°C 200°C CSM Chlorine sulphonyl Polyethylene (e.g.Hypalon®)Chemical resistance similar to that of EPDM 100°C 140°CCompressible mediaWhen defining allowable operating conditions,special care is required in choosing chemically resistant piping and sealing materials when transporting compressible operating media (gases)or solutions of gases in fluids which have low boiling points (high vapour pressures)through plastic piping systems.Suitable materials for compressible media are those that under standard conditions and at low temperatures do not tend toward brittle fractures owing to their ductility.Such materials include polyethylene (PE)and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS).All other raw materials such as polypropylene (PP-H),polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U/-C)or polyvinyliden fluoride (PVDF)are to be limited to d 0.1bar with respect to the operating pressure of gases.Higher pressures are possible if secondary containment piping systems are used (for environmental protection,brittle effects,gas shocks,intoxication)For low boiling point fluids,such as liquid gas or solutions of gases in liquids,for example,hydrochloric acid,the associated vapour pressure of the media has to be taken into account.Furthermore,outgassing (due to changes in the media composition)or vaporisation (due to an inadmissible,high pressure increase)are to be prevented by relevant limitation of the operating temperature or by preventing the vapour pressure from exceeding the operational pressure.It is important to point out that,in such cases of leakage,the sudden escape of large gas or vapour volumes is to be considered a dangerous condition.Relatively high flow velocities must be assumed when transporting humid gases (aerosols)or following pressure drops in plasticpiping systems carrying fluids having high vapour pressures.These can cause the development of high levels of electrostatic charge.Such a condition exhibits an additional source of danger if flammable media or mixtures which can explode when mixed with air are involved.NoteThe data are provided as is and there is no warranty or representation,neither express nor implied,that they are free from errors.We shall not be liable for any damages of any kind that may result from the use of this data.The successful operation of valves does not only depend on the chemical resistance of their materials and the seals,but a multiplicity of further factors are to be considered.Therefore it is not possible to transfer these data without restrictions also to the operation of valves made of same materials and/or material combinations.This document serves only to provide technical information.We refer to our General Sales Terms.Subject to change without notice.6List of chemical resistance Aggressive mediaChemical resistanceMediumFormula B o i l i n g p o i n t °C Concentration T e m p e r a t u r e °C P V C -U P V C -C A B S P E P P -H P V D F E P D M F P M N B R C RC S M Acetaldehyde CH 3-CHO 40%,aqueous 20O --++-++-++solution 40-+O O +++60O O O O O O 80O O --O 100-120140Acetaldehyde CH 3-CHO 21technically pure 20---+O -+O --O 40O -O --60-80100120140Acetic acid CH 3COOH 50%,aqueous 20++-++++O -O O 40++++O 60O +++80O 100O 120140Acetic acid CH 3COOH 118technically pure,20O --++++--O O glacial 40-++O O 60O O -80-100120140Acetic acid (CH 3-CO)2O 139technically pure 20---++-O ---+anhydride 40O O 6080100120140Acetic acid CH 3COOC 2H 57720---++++O O O O ethylester 406080100120140Acetic acid (CH 2)2-CH-(CH 2)2-CO 2H 117technically pure 20---++++---+isobutyl ester 406080100120140Acetone CH 3-CO-CH 3up to 10%,20--O ++O +O -+O aqueous 40++O +O O O 60++O +--O 80100120140Acetone CH 3-CO-CH 356technically pure 20---++-+---O 40+++O 60+++O801001201407Aggressive mediaChemical resistanceMediumFormula B o i l i n g p o i n t °C Concentration T e m p e r a t u r e °C P V C -U P V C -C A B S P EP P -H P V D F E P D M F P M N B R C R C S M Acetonitrile CH 3CN 82100%20---O O -O -O O O 406080100120140Acetophenone CH 3-CO-C 6H 5202100%20---O O -+---+406080100120140Acrylic acid CH 2=CHCOOCH 380technically pure 20---O -O O methyl ester 406080100120140Acrylicethyl CH 2=COOC 2H 5100technically pure 20---O -O O --O O 406080100120140Acrylonitrile CH 2=CH-CN 77technically pure 20---++-+O -+O 40+O +O +O 60+O -+-80100120140Adipic acid HOOC-(CH 2)4-COOH Fp.,saturated,20++-++++++++153aqueous 40++++++++++60-+++++++++80+++100120140Allyl alcohol H 2C=CH-CH 2-OH 9796%20O O -+++O +O +40-+++-+-+60+O O ++80-+-100120140Aluminium salts,AlCl 3,Al(NO 3)3,saturated 20++aqueous,Al(OH)3,Al(SO 4)340++inorganic 60++80+100120140Ammonia NH 3-33gaseous,20+--++++++++technically pure 40++++O 60++++80+100-1201408Aggressive mediaChemical resistanceMediumFormula B o i l i n g p o i n t °C Concentration T e m p e r a t u r e °C P V C -U P V C -C A B S P EP P -H P V D F E P D M F P M N B R C R C S M Ammonium CH 3COONH 4aqueous,all 20++O ++++++++acetate 40+++++++O ++60O ++++++O 80+++O 100++120140Ammonium (NH 4)2S 2O 820+++O +++O ++persulphate 40+O +60O O +80O +100+120140Amonium salts,saturated 20++++++++++aqueous,40++++++++++inorganic 60++++++++++80+++100+120140Amyl acetate CH 3(CH 2)4-COOCH 3141technically pure 20---+O +O ----40+O O 60+-O 80100120140Amyl alcohol CH 3(CH 2)3-CH 2-OH 137technically pure 20+--++++O ++O 40+++++++60O ++++++80++100+120O 140Aniline C 6H 5NH 2182technically pure 20---++++O ---40O +O +O 60O -+O 80100120140Antimony SbCl 390%,aqueous 20++-+++++-++trichloride 40+++++60++++80100120140Aqua regia HNO 3+HCl mixing ratio 20++---O -O --O 40O 6080100120140Arsenic acid H 3AsO 480%,aqueous 20+++++++++++40+++++++++++60O ++++++++++80+++++O ++100++120+1409Aggressive mediaChemical resistanceMediumFormula B o i l i n g p o i n t °C Concentration T e m p e r a t u r e °C P V C -U P V C -C A B S P E P P -H P V D F E P D M F P M N B R C R C S M Barium salts,saturated 20+++++++++++aqueous,40++++++++inorganic 60+++++++80++++100++120140Beer usual 20++++++++++commercial 406080100120140Benzaldehyde C 6H 5-CHO 180saturated,20---+++++O --aqueous 40+O O ++60O -O +80100120140Benzene C 6H 680technically pure 20---O O +-+O --40O -O 60-80100120140Benzene sulfonic C 6H 5SO 3H technically pure 20+++++++acid 40+++++60O O +O 80+100+120140Benzine C 5H 12to C 12H 2680-free of lead and 20++-+O +-++-O (Gasoline)130aromatic 40++++++-compounds 6080100120140Benzoic acid C 6H 5-COOH Fp.,aqueous,all 20+++++++++++12240++++++++60O +++++80O +++100++O 120+140Benzyl alcohol C 6H 5-CH 2-OH 206technically pure 20O --+++++-+O 40+++++60O O O O +80-100120140Beryllium salts,20++++++++++aqueous,40+++++++inorganic 60+++++++80++++100+12014010Medium Formula B o i l i n g p o i n Concentration T e m p e r a t u r P V C -UP V C -CA B SP EP P -HP V D FE P D MF P MN B RC RC S M BoraxNa 2B 4O 7aqueous,all20+++++++++++40+++++++++++60O ++++++++O 80++++100++120140Boric acid H 3BO 3all,aqueous20+++++++++++40+++++++++++60O ++++++++++80+++++100+++120+140Brine,containing NaCl-Cl 2depressurised 20++-+O+O +O OO chlorinewith GFK-40+++reinforcing up to 60++O95°C 80+100120140Bromine water Br-H 2Osaturated,20+O ---+-+---aqueous406080100120140Butadiene H 2C=CH-CH=CH 2-4technically pure 20++-O O +-+O --406080100120140Butane C 4H 100technically pure 20++++++-+O OO 406080100120140Butanediol HO-(CH 2)4-OH 230aqueous,10%20++-+++++O +40O ++++++-+60++++++80100120140Butanol C 4H 9OH 117technically pure 20+--++++++++40+++++O +++60O +O ++-+O+80-+100O 120140Butyl acetate CH 3COO(CH)3CH 2CH 2CH 3126technically pure 20---+O++O -O O 40O ----60-80100120140Medium FormulaB o i l i n g p o i n ConcentrationT e m p e r a t u r P V C -UP V C -CA B SP EP P -HP V D FE P D MF P MN B RC RC S M Butyl phenol,(CH 3)3C-C 6H 4-OH237technically pure20O O -O ++-O ---p-tertiary40--+60+80+100120140Butylene glycol HO-CH 2-CH=CH-CH 2-OH 235technically pure20+++++++-+O 40++++++++-60O +++++O+80+100120140Butylene liquid C 4H 851technically pure 20+--+O +++O 406080100120140Butyric acid CH 3-CH 2-CH 2-COOH 163technically pure 20++-+++O O -OO 406080100120140Cadmium salts,d saturated acid20++++++aqueous,40++++++inorganic60++++++80++100120140Caesium salts,d Saturated acid20++++++++++aqueous,40+++++++inorganic60+++++++80++++100+120140Calcium acetate (CH 5COO)2Ca saturated20++++++++++40+++++++60+++++++80++100120140Calcium Ca(OH)2100saturated,20+O++O +++++hydroxidaqueous40+++-+++++60+++++O ++80++++100++120140Calcium lactate (CH 3COO)2Ca saturated20++++++++++40+++++++60+++++80+++100+120140Medium Formula B o i l i n g p o i n Concentration T e m p e r a t u r P V C -UP V C -CA B SP EP P -HP V D FE P D MF P MN B RC RC S M Calcium salts,d Saturated acid20+++++++++++aqueous,40++++++++inorganic60+++++++80++++100+120140Carbon dioxide CO 2technically pure,20++++++++++anhydrous40++++++++++60++++++++++80++++++100+120140CarbonCCl 477technically pure 20-----+-+---tetrachloride406080100120140Carbonic acid H 2CO 320++++++++++40+++++++60+++++++80+++++100120140Caro's acid H 2SO 520+O -+406080100120140Caustic potash KOH 13150%,aqueous20+O++-+-O O+solution 40++++-O (potassium 60O +O+O hydroxide)80O-100120140Caustic soda NaOH 50%,aqueous20+O ++-+-O -+solution40+-+++60++O+80100120140Chloric acid HClO 310%,aqueous20++-+-+++--+40+++++++60O ++++80100120140Chloric acid HClO 320%,aqueous20++-O -+O +--+40++O++60O ++80100120140Medium Formula B o i l i n g p o i n Concentration T e m p e r a t u r P V C -UP V C -CA B SP EP P -HP V D FE P D MF P MN B RC RC S M ChlorineCl 2moist,97%,20-+-----+--O gaseous40+60+80+100120140Chlorine Cl 2liquid,technically 20-----+-O ---pure,as double 40pipe system6080100120140Chlorine Cl 2anhydrous,20---O -+O +--O technically pure,40O +as double pipe 60-+system80+100O 120140Chlorine water Cl 2-H 2O saturated20++OO O OO +-O-40++O60O O 80-100120140Chloroacetic ClCH 2COOH 50%,aqueous 20+--+++O ---O acid,mono40+++O 60O O -80100120140Chloroacetic ClCH 2COOH 188technically pure 20+--+++O ---O acid,mono40+++O60O O O80100120140Chlorobenzene C 6H 5Cl 132technically pure 20---O O+----O 40+60O 80-100120140Chloroethanol ClCH 2-CH 2OH 129technically pure 20---+++O ---O 40++O 60++O 80-100120140Chlorosulphonic ClSO 3H 158technically pure 20O ----O -----acid40-6080100120140Medium Formula B o i l i n g p o i n Concentration T e m p e r a t u r P V C -UP V C -CA B SP EP P -HP V D FE P D MF P MN B RC RC S M Chromic acidCrO 3H 2Oall,aqueous20O O -O O++--O 40O ++O 60+OO 80O 100O 120140Chromic acid CrO 350g 20++---+O +--O +sulphuric acid H 2SO 415g 40+++O+O +water H 2O 35g 60O OO80100120140Chromium (II)-d Saturated acid20++salts,aqueous,40++inorganic60++80+100+120140Compressed air,20---+O+-++++containing oil40++60+80100120140Copper salts,d Saturated acid20+++++++++++aqueous 40+++++++++++inorganic60O ++++++O +O 80++++100+120140Cresol HO-C 6H 4-CH 3cold saturated,20O --+++O+O -O aqueous40+OO +O60OO 80O100120140Crotonic CH 3-CH=CH-CHO 102technically pure 20---++++++++aldehyde40O 60-80100120140Cyclohexane C 6H 1281technically pure 20---+++-++--40++60++80+100120140Cyclohexanol C 6H 12O 161technically pure20++-+++-+O ++40+++++60+++OO 80OO 100-120140Medium Formula B o i l i n g p o i n ConcentrationT e m p e r a t u r P V C -UP V C -CA B SP EP P -HP V D FE P D MF P MN B RC RC S M CyclohexanoneC 6H 10O155technically pure20---+++O ----40O O O 60O O -80100120140Dextrine (C 6H 10O 5)nusual20+++++++++++commercial40++++++++++60++++++++++80++100+120+140Di isobutyl [(CH 3)2CHCH 2]2CO 124technically pure 20---+++O ----ketone40O O OO6080100120140Dibrombenzene C 6H 5Br 2d Saturated acid 20---O O +O +---406080100120140Dibuthyl ether C 4H 9OC 4H 9142technically pure 20---O O +-++-O 406080100120140Dibutyl phthalate C 6H 4(COOC 4H 9)2340technically pure 20---+++O O ---40O O +60O O O80100120140Dichloroacetic Cl 2CHCOOH 50%,aqueous 20+--++++O -+O acid40+++O+O 60O O O+-80100120140Dichloroacetic Cl 2CHCOOH 194technically pure 20+--++++O --O acid40+++O+-60O O O+-80100120140Dichloroacetic Cl 2CHCOOCH 3143technically pure 20---++O+---+acid methyl 40++++ester60++OO80100120140Medium Formula B o i l i n g p o i n ConcentrationT e m p e r a t u r P V C -UP V C -CA B SP EP P -HP V D FE P D MF P MN B RC RC S M DichlorobenzeneC 6H 4Cl 2180technically pure20---O O +O +O OO 406080100120140Dichloroethylene ClCH=CHCl 60technically pure 20-----+-O ---40+6080100120140Diesel oil20++-+O+-++OO 40+++++-6080100120140Diethyl ether H 5C 2-O-C 2H 53520-----------406080100120140Diethylamine (C 2H 5)2NH 56technically pure 20--+++O ----40O 60-80100120140Dimethyl (CH 3)2CHNO 153technically pure 20---++-O -O ++formamide40++60O +80100120140Dimethylamine (CH 3)2NH 7technically pure 20---+--O ----406080100120140Dioxane C 4H 8O 2101technically pure 20---+O -O -O --40+O 60+O 80-100120140Ethanolamine C 2H 7NO 20---++O +O O OO406080100120140Medium Formula B o i l i n g p o i n ConcentrationT e m p e r a t u r P V C -UP V C -CA B SP EP P -HP V D FE P D MF P MN B RC RC S M Ethyl alcohol CH 3-CH 2-OH78technically pure,20+O -+++++O ++(Ethnause)96%40+++O +O 60O ++-+O80+100120140Ethyl benzene C 6H 5-CH 2CH 3136technically pure 20---O O O -+---406080100120140Ethyl chloride C 2H 5Cl 12technically pure 20---O O O -O ---(G)406080100120140Ethyl ether CH 3CH 2-O-CH 2CH 335technically pure 20---+O +-----406080100120140Ethylene diamine H 2N-CH 2-CH 2-NH 2117technically pure 20O --++O +O ++O 40++O O O O O 60++-----80100120140Ethylene glycol HO-CH 2-CH 2-OH 198<50%20+OO ++++++++40+O++++++++60++++++O O+80+++OO 100+120+140Ethylene glycol HO-CH 2-CH 2-OH 198technically pure 20+O -++++++++40+++++++++60++++++O O+80+++OO 100+120+140Ethylenediamine-C 10H 16N 2O 820++++tetraacetic acid 40(EDTA)6080100120140Fluorine F 2technically pure20-----------406080100120140Medium Formula B o i l i n g p o i n Concentration T e m p e r a t u r P V C -UP V C -CA B SP EP P -HP V D FE P D MF P MN B RC RC S M Fluorosilicic acidH 2SiF 632%,aqueous20++++++OO O +40+++++--O 60+O +++-80+100+120140Formaldehyde HCHO 40%,aqueous20++++++++++40++++++++++60++++O OO 80+100120140Formamide HCONH 2210technically pure 20---+++O ++40++60++80100120140Formic acid HCOOH d 25%20++++++40++++++60++++++80++100120140Formic acid HCOOHup to 50%,20+-O+++++-++aqueous40++++++++60O +O+OO O+80+-O 100+120140Formic acid HCOOH 101technically pure 20+--+++++-++40O +O ++O +60-+-+O -+80+OO 100+120140Frigen 12(Freon CCl 2F 2-30technically pure 20+----OO O O +O 12)406080100120140Fuel oil20++-+O +-++OO 40++-+++-6080100120140Furfuryl alcohol C 5H 6O 2171technically pure20---+++O --OO40++60+OO 80-100120140Medium Formula B o i l i n g p o i n Concentration T e m p e r a t u r P V C -UP V C -CA B SP EP P -HP V D FE P D MF P MN B RC RC S M Gelatinall,aqueous20+++++++++++40+++++++++++60+++++80+100120140Glucose C 6H 12O 6Fp.,all,aqueous 20++++++++++14840++++++++++60O +++++++++80++++++++100++120140Glycerol HO-CH 2-CH(OH)-CH 2OH 290technically pure20++++++++++40+++++O ++++60+++++OO +++80+++-O++100++O O 120+140Glycin NH 2-CH 2-COOHFp.,10%,aqueous 20++++++++++23340+++++++O+O 60++80+100120140Glycolic acid HO-CH 2-COOHFp.,37%,aqueous 20+-+++++++8040++60++80+100+120140Heptane C 7H 1698technically pure20++-+O+-++-O 40++++++-6080100120140Hexane C 6H 1469technically pure20++-+O+-++-O 40++++++-6080100120140Hydrazine H 2N-NH 2-H 2O 113aqueous 20+--++-+O --+hydrate40++60++80100120140Hydrochloric HClup to 30%,20+++++++--+acidaqueous40+++O +++O 60+++O +O O-80+-+100+120140Medium Formula B o i l i n g p o i n Concentration T e m p e r a t u r P V C -UP V C -CA B SP EP P -HP V D FE P D MF P MN B RC RC S M Hydrochloric HCl38%,aqueous20++-+O+++--+acid40++++O +60+++80O+100+120140Hydrocyanic HCN 26technically pure20++-+++++O O +acid40+++++O O --O 60O ++++80+100120140Hydrofluoric acid HF 40%20+--+++-+--+40O +++++60O O ++OO 80+100+120140Hydrogen H 2-25technically pure 20+++++++++++340+++++++++++60+++++++++++80+++++++100-+++120140Hydrogen HCl-85technically pure,20++-+++++O O O chloridegaseous40+++++++--O 60O ++++++-80O++100+120140Hydrogen H 2O 210530%,aqueous 20++-++OO +--+peroxide406080100120140Hydrogen H 2O 213990%,aqueous 20+--O -O --O peroxide406080100120140Hydrogen H 2Ssaturated,20+++++++-++sulphideaqueous40+++++-+--+60O +++++O 80+O-100+120140Hydrogen H 2S technically pure20++++++++O +sulphide40+++++-+O -O 60++O ++O -O 80+--100+120140Medium Formula B o i l i n g p o i n Concentration T e m p e r a t u r P V C -UP V C -CA B SP EP P -HP V D FE P D MF P MN B RC RC S M HydroquinoneC 6H 4(OH)230%20+++++40++++60++80+100120140Iodine-potassium I-KI 20+--+++++OO iodide solution 40(Lugol's solution)6080100120140Iron salts,d Saturated acid20+++++++++++aqueous,40+++++++inorganic60+++++++80+++++100++120140Isooctane (CH 3)3-C-CH 2-CH-(CH 3)299technically pure 20++-++++++O 406080100120140Isopropyl alcohol (CH 3)2-CH-OH 82technically pure 20+-++++++++(ESC)40+++++60O O O+80O100120140Isopropyl ether (CH 3)2-CH-O-CH-(CH 3)268technically pure 20---O O +O ----406080100120140Lactic acid CH 3CHOHCOOH 10%,aqueous20++++++++--O 40O +O ++++O O 60-+-++O O O O 80++O -O100-120140Lead acetate Pb(CH 3COO)2aqueous,20+++++++++++saturated40+++++++++++60+++++++++++80++100+120140Lead salts,d Saturated acid20++++++++++aqueous,40+++++++inorganic60+++++++80+++100+120140。
介绍眼睛的使用英语作文
介绍眼睛的使用英语作文Title: The Marvels of the Eyes: A Comprehensive Exploration。
Introduction:The eyes, often referred to as the windows to the soul, are one of the most fascinating and complex organs in the human body. In this essay, we will delve into the remarkable functions and capabilities of the eyes, exploring their anatomy, physiology, and the vital role they play in our daily lives.Anatomy of the Eyes:The eyes consist of several intricate components working together seamlessly to provide us with vision. At the forefront are the cornea and the lens, which focus incoming light onto the retina located at the back of the eye. The iris, a colored muscular structure, regulates theamount of light entering the eye through its central aperture, the pupil. Surrounding the eye are muscles responsible for its movement, allowing us to scan our surroundings effortlessly.Visual Processing:Once light enters the eye and strikes the retina, a complex process of visual perception begins. The retina contains millions of light-sensitive cells known as rods and cones. Rods are responsible for detecting light intensity and are crucial for vision in low-light conditions, while cones are responsible for color perception and visual acuity. Signals from these cells are then transmitted via the optic nerve to the brain, where they are interpreted, allowing us to perceive the world around us.Functions of the Eyes:Vision is undoubtedly the most prominent function of the eyes, enabling us to navigate our environment,recognize faces, and appreciate the beauty of the world. However, the eyes serve other essential purposes beyond sight. They play a crucial role in non-verbal communication, conveying emotions, intentions, and reactions throughsubtle movements and expressions. Moreover, the eyes contribute to our sense of balance and spatial awareness, aiding in coordination and mobility.Protective Mechanisms:To safeguard their delicate structures, the eyes are equipped with several protective mechanisms. Blinking, for example, helps spread tears across the surface of the eye, keeping it moist and free from debris. The eyelashes act as barriers, preventing foreign particles from entering the eye, while the eyebrows help divert sweat and other fluids away from the eyes. Additionally, tears produced by the lacrimal glands serve as a natural lubricant and possess antimicrobial properties, further protecting the eyes from infection.Impact of Vision Impairment:The importance of vision becomes evident when considering the impact of vision impairment on anindividual's life. Those with visual disabilities face numerous challenges, from difficulties in performing everyday tasks independently to limitations in accessing education and employment opportunities. Therefore, preserving and protecting vision is paramount, underscoring the importance of regular eye examinations and proactive eye care practices.Conclusion:In conclusion, the eyes are remarkable organs that afford us the gift of sight and facilitate countless aspects of our daily lives. From their intricate anatomy to their indispensable functions, the eyes exemplify the complexity and beauty of the human body. By understanding and appreciating the marvels of the eyes, we can cultivate a deeper appreciation for the wondrous capabilities bestowed upon us.。
流体力学专业英语
流体力学专业英语Fluid Mechanics: A Comprehensive ExplorationFluid mechanics is a captivating field of study that delves into the intricate behavior of fluids, encompassing both liquids and gases. This discipline is of paramount importance in numerous industries, from aerospace engineering to biomedical applications, and its principles are fundamental to our understanding of the natural world. As a specialized area of study, fluid mechanics requires a deep understanding of the underlying principles and the ability to apply them effectively in various contexts.One of the core concepts in fluid mechanics is the study of fluid statics, which focuses on the behavior of fluids at rest. This includes the analysis of pressure distributions, buoyancy, and the application of the hydrostatic equation. Understanding fluid statics is crucial in the design of hydraulic systems, underwater structures, and even in the study of atmospheric phenomena, such as weather patterns and ocean currents.In contrast, fluid dynamics explores the motion of fluids, examining the forces and principles that govern their behavior. This domainencompasses the study of viscosity, boundary layers, and the various types of fluid flow, including laminar, turbulent, and compressible flow. The application of fluid dynamics principles is essential in the design of aircraft, ships, and various engineering systems that involve the movement of fluids.Another important aspect of fluid mechanics is the concept of dimensional analysis and similarity. This approach allows researchers and engineers to draw parallels between different fluid systems, enabling the extrapolation of experimental data and the development of scaled models. By understanding the dimensionless parameters that govern fluid behavior, professionals can optimize the design and performance of a wide range of systems, from hydraulic turbines to wind tunnels.The field of fluid mechanics also encompasses the study of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), which utilizes advanced numerical techniques to simulate and analyze the behavior of fluids. CFD has become an indispensable tool in the design and optimization of various engineering systems, as it allows for the prediction of fluid flow patterns, pressure distributions, and other critical parameters without the need for extensive physical experimentation.In addition to its technical applications, fluid mechanics also plays acrucial role in the understanding of natural phenomena. The study of fluid mechanics has contributed to our understanding of meteorology, oceanography, and even the dynamics of the human circulatory system. By examining the behavior of fluids in these complex systems, researchers can better predict and mitigate the impact of natural disasters, improve the efficiency of renewable energy systems, and enhance our understanding of the human body.As a specialized field of study, fluid mechanics requires a strong foundation in mathematics, physics, and engineering principles. Professionals in this discipline must possess a deep understanding of the governing equations, such as the Navier-Stokes equations, and the ability to apply them in various contexts. Additionally, the ability to interpret experimental data, design and conduct fluid mechanics experiments, and effectively communicate findings to interdisciplinary teams is essential for success in this field.In conclusion, fluid mechanics is a dynamic and multifaceted discipline that plays a crucial role in a wide range of industries and scientific endeavors. From the design of aircraft and ships to the understanding of natural phenomena, the principles of fluid mechanics are fundamental to our ability to harness the power of fluids and improve the world around us. As technology continues to advance, the field of fluid mechanics will undoubtedly continue toevolve, offering new challenges and opportunities for researchers, engineers, and innovators alike.。
单体可装胶电动泵系列CN CNF CNK产品介绍说明书
FunctionCNThe partial flow for cooling the motor and lubricatingthe slide bearings will be branched off at the periphery of the impeller and, after having passed through the motor, is carried back again through the hollow shaft to the suction side of the impeller. This design is suitable for the delivery of uncritical fluids at low vapour pressure values.CNFThe partial flow for cooling the motor and lubricating the slide bearings will be branched off at the periphery of the impeller and, after having passed through the motor, is carried back again to the pressure side. An auxiliary impeller serves to overcome the hydraulic losses encountered along the way. The return of the partial flow towards discharge side ensures that the heated motor cooling flow has sufficient pressure reserves over the boiling point curve of the medium during its return to the pump. This model of pump can be used for liquefied petroleum gases with an extremely steep vapour pressure diagram.CNKThe medium is delivered through the suction chamber into the impeller and then through this to the discharge nozzle.A thermal barrier avoids the direct heat transfer from the pump to the motor part. The motor heat loss is dissipated by a secondary cooling-/lubricating circuit via a separate heat exchanger. This cooling-/lubricating circuit also supplies the slide bearings. Thus the fluids at temperature up to +400 °C can be delivered on the discharge side while the secondary cooling cycle is at low temperature level. This construction is also suitable for conveying polluted liquids or liquids charged with solids, if necessary, pure process liquid needs to be dosed into the motor circuit.Application sectorCNFor the delivery of aggressive, toxic, explosive, precious, inflammable, radioactive and slightly volatile fluids e.g. sulphuric acid, nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid, hydrocyanic acid, ethanoic acid, formic acid, NaOH, KOH, D2O solvent, etc. CNFLiquid gases, e.g. ammonia, freone, carbon dioxide, amines, propane, butane, vinyl chloride, ethylene oxide, chlorine, phosgene, propylene, carbon bisulphide, hydrocarbon, diphenyl (> 250 °C) etc.CNKFor the delivery of hot organic heat transfer oil, as wellas heat bath liquids. These models can also be usedfor aggressive, toxic, explosive, precious, inflammable, radioactive and slightly volatile fluids.Application rangesCN: –120 °C to +360 °CCNF: –120 °C to +360 °CCNK: –120 °C to +400 °CCanned motorsPower: up to 300 kW at 1450 rpm [50 Hz]up to 400 kW at 2900 rpm [50 Hz]up to 336 kW at 1750 rpm [60 Hz]up to 448 kW at 3500 rpm [60 Hz] Operation: S1 to S10Voltage: 400 / 690 V(special tensions possible)Heat class: H – 180C – 220 / C – 400Frequenzy: 50 or 60 Hz(plus frequency converter operationon request)Protections: motor IP 68terminal box IP 55Motor protection: thermistor e.g.KL 180 (for H-winding)PT 100 (for C-winding) Pump and hydraulic denominatione.g.CN 40 – 25 – 160 Bpump generationimpeller diameter in mmdischarge nozzle diameter in mmsuction nozzle diameter in mmdesign rangeExplosion protectionaccording to EC design test certificate in line with Directive 94/9/EG ATEX II 2 G EEx de II C T1 to T6 / II 2 G ck II C TxDocumentationDigital standard documents (CD-ROM) adapted to CE requirements include:sectional drawing■■dimensional drawing■■EC conformity declaration■■operating instructions■■Inspections and guaranteesStandard inspectionsHydraulic inspection:each pump is subject to a test run and the operating■■point is guaranteed according to ISO 9906 – class 2 (5 measuring points)pressure test■■axial thrust measurement■■leak test■■Additional inspectionsThe following inspections can be carried out and certified against additional price (e.g. NPSH test, Helium leakage test, vibration test, ultrasonic test, PMI test). Any further inspec-tions and tests are according to the technical specification. The guarantees are effected according to the valid conditions of supply.Application and insertionMaterialsMaterials and pressure ratingsspecial materials / higher pressure ratings are possible on demand(1) parts only for CNF...B and CNK...B(2) denotes Tungsten carbide coatingPressure and temperature limitsBearing arrangementThe bearing in hermetically designed pumps must be located and immersed in the operating liquid. Therefore, in most cases, only the use of hydrodynamic slide bearings is required. The correct operating method ensures the advantage that no contact may be created between the bearing lining. Thus, they are constantly running free from wear and maintenance. Service life of 8 to 10 years can be easily achieved by using HERMETIC pumps.The almost universal bearing combination based on tungsten carbide (W5) and silicon carbide (SiC30) has to be proved to be the best choice. These combinations consist of metallic shaft sleeves made of stainless steel (1.4571) and coatedby tungsten carbide according to the “High Velocity Oxygen Fuel Procedure“. Furthermore, they consist of a firm bearing bush made of ceramic material (SiC30) that is surrounded by a sleeve made of stainless steel. SiC30 is a mixed material of silicon carbide and graphite, combining the product advantages of both materials. Conditions of mixed friction, as they may arise for example during start-up and stopping phase of pumps, can be easily handled with SiC30. Moreover, this material is deemed to be thermal shock resistant (high resistance against changes in temperature), as well as chemically stable and blister resistant (no formation of bubbles at material surface) and abrasion resistant.Axial thrust balancingThe development of HERMETIC pump systems depended on the solution of a central problem, namely the elimina-tion of axial thrust at the rotor equipment. The various fluid properties exclude the possibility of using mechanical axial bearings. The only generally valid solution to this problem thus lay in hydraulic balance of the rotor.The functional principle of the hydraulic balancing device of range CN / CNF / CNK is based on the combination of a firm throttling device (labyrinth clearance) to the outer diameter of the impeller and a variable throttle in the range of theimpeller hub. According to the axial position of the rotor, the pressure within the pressure compensation chamber is changed due to the valve effect of the variable throttling clearance. Therefore, it works against the axial thrust of the impeller. The pressure on backside of the impeller consequently changes due to the axial position of the rotor. The axial position of the pump shaft is automatically regulated during operation in order that a balanced condition is created by itself and thus, there are no effects by axial forces on the axial bearing collar.discharge sidefirm throttlepressure compansion chambervariable throttleshaftimpelleraxial thrustMS PS motor sidepump sidesuction sideMotor output > 41 kWConstruction of pump range CN and CNF with a motoroutput of more than 41 kW (from building size 80 rm) does not require the use of an intermediate lantern.Construction without coolingWhen there is lack of cooling liquid, it is allowed to use special windings of insulation class C – 220 or C – 400 for conveying liquids up to +360 °C. This construction is characterised by ribs used for convection cooling and by a displaced terminal box.Cooled constructionAs an option to the plate heat exchanger, also tubular coolers can be used. Cleaning and maintenance can be effected more easily.Design optionsHigh system pressuresHigh system pressures (up to 1200 bar) can be handled by canned motor pumps in a technically simple manner. The wall thickness of the outer components corresponds to the required pressure rate.Pressure gases / liquefied gasesDue to the low viscosity and the resulting reduced capacity of the slide bearings, the pump can be erected vertically. In this case, the slide bearings do not have support properties, but only a leading function. The rotor weight is hydrostatically supported here.The most part of HERMETIC pumps are designed according to explosion protection requirements. The pumps comply with the requirements of the electrical as well as mechanical explosion protection.Level monitoringOn condition that the rotor cavity as part of the process system is steadily filled with liquid, no explosive atmosphere may arise. In this case, no accepted explosion protection is required for the rotor cavity. If the operator is not able to guarantee for a steady filling, it is necessary to install level monitoring devices.Temperature monitoringThe observance of the temperature class and the maximum admissible surface temperature of the canned motor, respectively, is ensured via thermistor in the stator winding and/or via a measuring point on the bearing cover (liquid temperature). Monitoring of rotor positionThe axial thrust balancing is mainly influenced by the operating method of the pump, plant conditions and by various physical data of the liquid to be conveyed. For early detection of the source of errors, it is recommended to install a rotor-position-monitoring device. This electronic protective gear monitors the axial shaft clearance of the rotor, as well as its direction of rotation during operationin a hermetic and seal-less way. Together with the level and temperature monitoring, an effective and automatic early detection of failures may be achieved.Monitoring systemsCharacteristics diagram 2900 rpm 50 Hz Characteristics diagram1 40-25-1602 40-25-2003 50-32-1254 50-32-1605 50-32-2006 50-32-2507 65-40-1608 65-40-2009 65-40-25010 65-40-31511 80-50-16012 80-50-20013 80-50-25014 80-50-31515 100-65-16016 100-65-20017 100-65-25018 100-65-31519 125-80-20020 125-80-25021 125-80-31522 125-100-20023 125-100-25024 125-100-315Hydraulikbezeichnungen zu den Kennfeldern Kennfelder 2900 U/min 50 Hz1 40-25-1602 40-25-2003 50-32-1254 50-32-1605 50-32-2006 50-32-2507 65-40-1608 65-40-2009 65-40-25010 65-40-31511 80-50-16012 80-50-20013 80-50-25014 80-50-31515 100-65-16016 100-65-20017 100-65-25018 100-65-31519 125-80-20020 125-80-25021 125-80-31522 125-100-20023 125-100-25024 125-100-315Hydraulikbezeichnungen zu den Kennfeldern Denomination of hydraulics to the characteristics diagramCharacteristics diagram 1450 rpm 50 Hz Kennfelder 1450 U/min 50 Hz1 40-25-1602 40-25-2003 50-32-1254 50-32-1605 50-32-2006 50-32-2507 65-40-1608 65-40-2009 65-40-25010 65-40-31511 80-50-16012 80-50-20013 80-50-25014 80-50-31515 100-65-16016 100-65-20017 100-65-25018 100-65-31519 125-80-20020 125-80-25021 125-80-31522 125-100-20023 125-100-25024 125-100-31525 100-40026 125-25027 125-31528 125-40029 150-25030 150-31531 150-40032 150-50033 200-25034 200-31535 200-40036 200-50037 250-31538 250-40039 250-50040 300-40041 300-500Hydraulikbezeichnungen zu den KennfeldernKennfelder 1450 U/min 50 Hz1 40-25-1602 40-25-2003 50-32-1254 50-32-1605 50-32-2006 50-32-2507 65-40-1608 65-40-2009 65-40-25010 65-40-31511 80-50-16012 80-50-20013 80-50-25014 80-50-31515 100-65-16016 100-65-20017 100-65-25018 100-65-31519 125-80-20020 125-80-25021 125-80-31522 125-100-20023 125-100-25024 125-100-31525 100-40026 125-25027 125-31528 125-40029 150-25030 150-31531 150-40032 150-50033 200-25034 200-31535 200-40036 200-50037 250-31538 250-40039 250-50040 300-40041 300-500Hydraulikbezeichnungen zu den Kennfeldern Denomination of hydraulics to the characteristics diagramCharacteristics diagram 3500 rpm 60 Hz1 40-25-1602 40-25-2003 50-32-1254 50-32-1605 50-32-2006 50-32-2507 65-40-1608 65-40-2009 65-40-25010 65-40-31511 80-50-16012 80-50-20013 80-50-25014 80-50-31515 100-65-16016 100-65-20017 100-65-25018 100-65-31519 125-80-20020 125-80-25021 125-80-31522 125-100-20023 125-100-25024 125-100-315Denomination of hydraulics to the characteristics diagramCharacteristics diagram 1750 rpm 60 Hz Kennfelder 1750 U/min 60 Hz1 40-25-1602 40-25-2003 50-32-1254 50-32-1605 50-32-2006 50-32-2507 65-40-1608 65-40-2009 65-40-25010 65-40-31511 80-50-16012 80-50-20013 80-50-25014 80-50-31515 100-65-16016 100-65-20017 100-65-25018 100-65-31519 125-80-20020 125-80-25021 125-80-31522 125-100-20023 125-100-25024 125-100-31525 100-40026 125-25027 125-31528 125-40029 150-25030 150-31531 150-40032 150-50033 200-25034 200-31535 200-40036 200-50037 250-31538 250-40039 250-50040 300-40041 300-500Hydraulikbezeichnungen zu den Kennfeldern Kennfelder 1750 U/min 60 Hz1 40-25-1602 40-25-2003 50-32-1254 50-32-1605 50-32-2006 50-32-2507 65-40-1608 65-40-2009 65-40-25010 65-40-31511 80-50-16012 80-50-20013 80-50-25014 80-50-31515 100-65-16016 100-65-20017 100-65-25018 100-65-31519 125-80-20020 125-80-25021 125-80-31522 125-100-20023 125-100-25024 125-100-31525 100-40026 125-25027 125-31528 125-40029 150-25030 150-31531 150-40032 150-50033 200-25034 200-31535 200-40036 200-50037 250-31538 250-40039 250-50040 300-40041 300-500Hydraulikbezeichnungen zu den Kennfeldern Denomination of hydraulics to the characteristics diagramPRODUKTINFOCN-CNF-CNK/E/08/2009Convincing service.Important features are readiness, mobility, flexibility, availability and reliability. We are anxious to ensure a pump operation at best availability and efficiency to our customers.Installation and commissioning service effected on site by own ■■service techniciansSpare part servicingprompt and longstanding ■■availabilitycustomized assistance in spare ■■part stockkeepingRepair and overhaulingprofessional repairs including test ■■run executed by the parent factory or executed by one of our service ■■stations worldwideMaintenance and service agreementconcepts individually worked ■■out to increase the availability of your production facilities Training and workshops extra qualification of your ■■staff to ensure the course of your manufactureHERMETIC-Pumpen GmbHGewerbestrasse 51 · D-79194 Gundelfingenphone +49-761-5830-0 · fax +49-761-5830-280*****************************。
中英文流体机械设备翻译词汇大全
towerreactorfluidfluid characteristicsgas-holderbibbPiping componentPipeFittingBendFlangeGasketPiping SpecialtyEnd ConnectionWeldingVarieties of WeldingType of WeldingWelding PositionDefects of WeldingHeat TreatmentConventional Heat Treatment Surface Heat Treatment InspectionTestFerrous MetalNon-metallic MaterialPiping Material Specification Material Take-off45°lateralEquipment NameVesselPipe Supports and Hangers Attachment of SupportType of Pipe Support spectacle blindquarter bendlong radius elbowdouble bevel grooveL-type supportO-ring“S”bendT-boltT-type strainerT-barcombination U and V grooveU-bolt“U”bendX-ray radiographydouble V groovey-type strainergamma radiographysafety factorerectionammonia gasreinforcing saddlessaddlefemale faceAustenitic stainless steel austenitic stainless steel pipe octagonal ring gasketdrawingcrateissueofficehalf couplingsemi-killed steeltracing pipetracing steampackingsaturated steamcold insulationhot insulationinsulation blockquoted pricequotationrupture diskexplosive weldinglimit of explosionnorthspare partsstand-byback to backstyrene-rubberpump housescalespecific heatspecific gravitywall thicknessschedule numbergratelightning preventeritemizeditemized equipmentflat nuttransmittertransformer roomelevationtitle blockstandardstandard pipe supportstandard drawingsurface preparationacrylonitrile-butadiene-styreneacrylic resinwave crestwave troughcorrugated metal gasket with asbestos inserted corrugated metal gasketbellow expansion jointglassglass clothglass tubeglass woo1gage glassBirmingham wire gagePoisson ratiomake-upreinforcement padstainless steelstainless steel pipeBrinell hardnessdepartmentbill of materialmaterial status reportProcurement; Purchasepurchase specificationpurchasing specification summary sheet referencereference drawingresidual stresschannelslot weldinggroove facegrooved metal gasketsketchthermo-paintblanklong radius returnslotnormally closednormally openvendor quotationvendor coordinative meeting future areafree on truckover-dimension cargo ultrasonic test superimposed loadclarifiersettlercountersunk screwlined pipeproductproduction design phase package unitcontractionsocket weldedsocket welding endsocket welding flange sockoletbell endgravity settlerorange colourendurance limitserratedfinshock loadimpact testimpact valueflush valveevacuationoutletcenter line of discharge preliminary stagefree on boardwindowblow-offsoot blowerpurgeperpendicularvertical installafion verticalalkyd enamelenamelmagnetic particle test roughnessstrainercoarseexpeditingbrittlenessquenchingextractoralignment tolerancemismatchlap weldinglapped jointlarge end threadlarge end plainbarometric legatmospheric pollutionatmosphereover haulcode numberside outlet elbowasbestos rope with inconeleye rodhinged expansion jointtied expansion jointpin with holebase teebase elbowstrap clampholdsingle bellowbendsingle U groovemonomersingle actionpacked slip joint spring washerspring hangerspring steelspring constant hangerresting type spring constant support spring supportresting type spring supportspring constantspring bracingelastic limitmodulus ofelasticitylightnitrogencanduitthermal conductivity factorconduit tubeguideroadstraight teestraight crossplasma weldingisothermal quenchingisothermal annealinglow alloy steellow-carbon steellow pressurelow pressure steambase plateflat on bottomprimary coatanchor boltfloor drainground levelabove ground pipingsloptankunder ground pipingearthquakeseismic loadseismic co emc ientprimary valvespot weldingpittingelectrical tracingarc weldingelectro corrosiontelephoneelectric heatercable trenchcurrentelectrical panelcapacitanceelectric-fusionelectric fusion weldingwirevoltageelectroslag weldingresistanceelectric resistance weldingelectric-resistance welded steel pipe backing weldspacertype of gasketwasherlifting lughangerhoisting beamdaviterection openingregulating valvequenching and temperingwing nutnitrile butadiene rubbertop plateJack screwflat on toppurchasing orderlocationtack weldpreset piecesdowel pindirectional stoplimit stopeastdynamic loaddynamic analysisplugplatingchromium-plated, chrome-plated galvanized steel pipe galvanized plain sheet galvanized wiregalvanized wire meshshort radius returnshort radius elbowshort codenipoletnipplereduction of areasection modulusslack quenchingforged steelwrought-iron pipeswageforgingforged valveforged steel clevisreducing swagebuild up weldingsymmetricbutt weldingbutt weldedbutt welded end welding neckflange welding neck collar convection section alignmentmultiple bellow multiport valve trunnionsecondary stresstwo-axis stopfoaminghair feltvalve pitflanged endblind flange, blind protective discflange facingfacing finishflangedlapped pipe end reactionsquare washersquare barsquare nutsquare head bolt orientationdirectionexplosion door moisture-proof packing winterizingcorrosion inhibitor anti-corrosive paint fire-proofingfire dooranti-sweatwater-proof packing rust-proof packing antirust paintventvent valvevent holenon-metallic gasket unpaved area nonferrous alloynon-rotary valvewaste heat boilerrimmed steelvictaulic couplingsubcontractorDecibelseparatorkey plananalytical engineering phaseanalyzer roommolecular sievephenolic paintincineratorwind loadwind velocityback run weldingpeak stresscrevice corrosionfuran resinfluoroplasticssymbolradiant sectionauxiliary boilercorrosioncorrosion testcorrosion allowanceappendant displacement; externally imposed displacement appendixaccessoryclad steelclad pipedry gas-holderdryerinduction hardeningrigidrigid hangerplatestrap steelsteel pipesteel pipe flangesteel ringsteel structuretop of steelreinforced concrete constructioncableleverhigh silicon cast ironhigh alloy steelhigh strength steelhigh-carbon steelhot quenchinghigh pressurehigh pressure steam isolating valvepartition wallinsulationsound insulation chromium steelchrome-molybdenum steel chromium-nickel steel inconelfeed water heaterroot valveroot gaproot crackincomplete penetration locker roomplantshop weldplant northplant limitengineering specification engineering manual engineering drawingtool steelman-dayman-hourindustrial waste water process airprocess flow diagram process gasprocess waterprocess liquidI-beamworking procedureworking pointworking loadoperating temperature operating pressure nominal pressurenominal diameterutility flow diagram metric ibreadpower factortapped; tappingsuppliercopolymerresonancethroughboaom of trenchmemberestimated priceestimatefixed saddlefix pointanchornatural frequencynatural frequency mode client; customer observation door, peep door pipe attachmentpiping layoutpiping arrangement plan piping classclass designationpiping attachmentpiping andline spanpiping flexibility analysis piping designpiping requisition sheet piping studypiping elementpiping support drawing bouom of pipetop of pipespool piecesleeperpiping trenchline spacingfitting to fitting coupling, full coupling clampshellnozzlelist of nozzlesnozzle orientationpipe rackpipe threadcapshoenetwork of pipespiping systemline listpipetubeinvertmoment of inertiaclosetgroutinggroutingdrumtank yardsmoothsmooth raised faceplanning stagecalcium silicatealuminosilicate fiberkieselguhrrolling supportboilerboiler feed waterfilterethylene perchloride paintsuperheated susceptivitysuper heatersuperheated steamover-sea mean levelburn throughwelding plate flangewelding endsymbol of weldwelded steel pipewelding procedure qualification test welding inspectionweld crackweldingiinebranch pipe welded directly to the run pipe weldoletoverlapwelding wirewelding electrodesynthesis towersynthetic rubberalloy steelalloy steel pipestructural alloy steelloadload caseconstant hangergirderredafter coolerpit; cratersliding saddlesliding supporttackle-blockseptic tankchemical analysis chemical cleaning chemical sewagering joint circumferential band ambient temperature ambient temperaturering joint faceeye boltring joint metal gasket flat ring gasketcirele bendepoxy, epoxy resin epoxy resin paintknock out drumheat exchangeryellowbrassgreygrey cast irontemper brittleness direct-fired heater recoverytemperingrotary kilnsummary sheetinter department check mixing valvemixertop of concretelive loadunionflareflare gasflame surface quenching maehine bolt mechanical vibration foundation; footingbasic designexcitationpolar moment of inertiadead-soft annealingultimate strengthquenchercatch basindrip legdrip valvelumped massextrudingmeasuring tankcomputer aided designcalculation sheettechnical specificationextra heavy, extra strongfeed tankstiffienerreinforcing ringheatercleatelastomer with cotton fabric insertionspiral-wound metal gasket with asbestos fillerelastomer with asbestos fabric insertionelastomer with asbestos fabric insertion and with wire r jacketed line, jacketed pipingjacketed valveslag inclusionmethanatortop of supportintermittent weldingdesuperheatersnubberdamping deviceshear stressinspection holeinspectionpart humbetconstructionbuildingkeyalternating stressdelivery orderalternating currentadhesivegussetangle steelhexagonal steel barfillet weldingangular rotationagitatorcontact corrosiongrounding; easthingearth lugreceivercontinue on drawingmatch linenodenode numberpitchcrystallizerbattery limit conditionoff sitemicroscopic testflat metal jacketed asbestos filled gasket clad; metal jacketing; cladding metalgas metal arc weidingmetal hosemetallic stuffingribfeedPTFE impregnated asbestos gasketTeflon impregnated asbestos packing intergranular corrosionfractionating towerfinished, finewellpurifiernet positive suction headnet weightstatic electricitydead loadlocal panelspot annealingsevere cyclic conditiondistancepolyurethanepolyurethanepolyurethane paintpolystyrenepolypropylenepolybutylenepolymerpolymethyl methacrylatepolyvinyl chloridepolyvinylidene fluoride polytetrafluoroethylenePTFE sliding platepolymerizerpolycarbonatepolyolefinpolyamidepolyethylenepolyester resinpolyester fibersabselute elevationroot mean squarehomopolymeras built drawingstart-upkick-off meeting; launching meeting cotter pintensile strengthbending strengthcompressive strengthhardenabilityadjustable cleatadjustable supportmalleable ironflammableair separation facilityair coolerairorificeorifice flangecontrol roomspanquick closing valvequick opening valvequick couplingwide flanged beammineral woolflaring testtension testtension stresshandrailbluecold-drawing seamless pipecold shortnessrefrigerantcold workingcold springcold flowcondensercoolingcooling towercooling towercold loadcold rollingforcemomentcouple of force vertical welding asphaltbituminous painttie plateconnecting rodtie rodhook up drawing interlocktop of beambeamboth end threadboth ends plain reformercritical pointcritical temperature critical pressure temporary load phosphor bronzeflow diagramflow metersulphuric acidradius of gyration hexagonal nut hexagonal head bolt floorstair; stair way funnelfurnace tubefurnacehalogen gas leak test shoulderaluminumalaminium sheet aluminum magnesium aluminum bronzegreenneoprenechlorinated polyvinyl chloride chlorinated polyethertapnutboltbolt circlethreadedthreaded endthreaded flangethreaded joint, pipe threaded joint threadoletspiral plate heat exchangerspiral welded steel pipehelical gas-holderstud boltbare iineRockwell hardnessMartensitic stainless steelmastic weatherproof coatingex wharfpulsationpulsating stressgross weightcliprivetAmerican standard taper pipe thread American wire gagedoormanganese bronzedensitysealing oilblanketareain-planefinishing coatout-planeface to facefire extinguishernomenclaturemodelbase metalmother liquorwoodwood blockwooden boxmolybdenum steelbevel for inside thickness inner ringinternal forcebevel for combined thickness internal pressure stressfire brickalkali-proof paintheat resisting steelincoloyheat-proof paintHastelloycorrosion resistanceacid-proof paintseismic classsouthdeflectionflexible tubenylon plasticcounter clock wiseurea resinnickel steelnickel copper alloyfreezing pointtorquetorsional stress concentrationdischarge valveexhaustblow downblowdown valveblow down tankdraindrain valvedrip ringdrain funnelpad type flangeby passby-pass valvefoam glassfoamed concretecellular polystyrenefoam monitorfoam hydrantfoam fire-fightingfoam stationswitch boardsubstation, switch roomcompanion-flangeejectorsprayerspray nozzleshelterborosilicate glassexpansion jointexpansion boltapproved for planningapproved for designapproved for constructionfatigue limitfatigue testeccentric reducerfrequencyflat gasketplain washerplain endflat weldingwelding-on collarflat metal gasketplanplatformparallelevaluationgroovebeveled endvacuum breakervacuum breakerpaving areageneral structure low-alloy steel general carbon steelspectrum analysisurushiol resin paintcylindergas welding; flame welding vaporizerporosityair tightness testfusion gas weldingcavitation erosiongas-shielded arc weldinggas analysisgaseous corrosiongas chromatographpneumatic teststeam drumleadwallsupport on wallblock valvecut to suittangent linebronzehydrogen embrittlementhydrogenvarnishclean outrequisitioningspheroid, spherical tankspheroids annealingspherical washernodular cast iron; nodular graphite iron ball type expansion jointarea limitzone iimityield pointyield limitsampling valvesampling connectionsample coolerfull jacketedflat face; full faceskirtfuel gasfuel oilthermocouplethermosetting plasticshot workingthermal expansion coefficienthot waterhot-water tracingthermoplasticthermal cyclethermal stressthermal stress analysisheat affected zonehot rollinghot-rolling seamless pipemanholepersonal protectionman-monthtoughesssolvent cementsolutionsolution storage tankmelting pointmelterflexibility characteristicflexibilityflexibility factorflexibility stressvisual inspectioncreep rupture strengthcreep limitinletcenter line of suctionhose valvehose connectionhose stationsoftenercork woodsoft waterlubricating oilsprinklerplug weldingtriangular support’teethree way valvebulk materialblisterflash pointflash drumuprisercaustic sodaburnerequipment listequipment item numberdesign specification summary sheet basic engineering design data design managerdesign temperaturedesign documentdesign response spectrumdesign pressuredesign scismic coefficientdesign notefacilitiesradiographic testchillerdarkapprovalcheck listnitridationchromizingchromized steelsoak-away pitaluminizingcarbonizationboostersanitary sewerpig ironsound intensitysound pressure levelsound sourceeconomizerfull water testhumiditywet gas-holderasbestos boardasbastos clothasbestos ropeasbestos fabricgraphite phenolic plasticsnaphthaageing treatmentemergency valvesight glasscommissioninghand-operated valvemanual and automatic inert gas tungsten arc welding handholewrought ironresindata sheetdata basequantityattenuation constantdouble extra heavydouble bellowcorrugated metal double jacketed asbestos filled gasket double jacketed gasketdouble U groovedouble offset expansion “U”double branch elbowwater traatmentwater hammerwater quenchingcold quenchingwater coolerwater-gas steel pipefinishing cementwater monitorwateringhorizontal installationhorizontalhydraulic testclock wisedescriptiongauze strainerTeflon tapcrossloose plate flangeloose hubbed flangelap joint flangeplasticplastic pipeplasticitysour gasarithmetical average roughness height gravel pavingtongue faceacetal plasticindexlock nuttitaniumcarbon steel pipecarbon steelmagnesium carbonateporcelain enamelceramicspecial flangespecial supporttrapezoid threadvolumeskylightnatural white rubber gasketnatural gasnatural rubberslip type expansion jointpackingstuffing box glandpacking boxcaulking materialskip weldingferritic alloy steel pipeshut-downventilating roomtypical pipe supporttypieal installation concentric reducercopperaccuracy of take-offbidlens gasketmale faceraised facestub endfiguredrawing numberlegendcoatingpaintingsurgingthrustannealingcradlestooldesulphurization reactor degasifierdemineralized water demineralizerdeaeratoroval ring gasketellipsoidal headbevel for outside thickncss outer ringexternal forceexternal pressure stress externally applied load bending momentbending testbending stresselbowelboletuniversal jointuniversal type expansion joint checkered platedouble-acting limit stophazardous area classificationhazardous area planmicro crackVickers diamond hardnessmaintenance roomincomplete fusion; lack of fusion displacementdisplacement stress rangedisplacement stressthermometerthermowellfileeddy current testcontaminationcontaminated rain waterseamless steel pipeinorganic zinc-rich paintnon graphited compressed white asbestos gasket non-destructive testingnon-itemized equipmentwestadsorbersuction valvesound-absorbingabsorberscrubbereye washer and showereye washer stationfine threaddownadvanced certified finalfiber reinforced thermoplasticsfield weldwire gagerestriction orificestopstopperlimit rodrestraintintersectionphasesweepoletdetaildetail designdetail design issueprojectjob No.proiect status reportproject managerbatterylimitinside battery limitproiect review meetingrubberrubber hoserubber tuberubber pavingstress relieffire fighting truckfire hose connectionfire waterfire pumphydrantsilencersilencernitric acidpinpinned shansmall end threadsmall end plaincheckbracingslant washermitre bendlatroletharmonic analysisleak testunloading valveshaped steelrevisiontrim to suitallowable stressallowable stress rangebattery roomcantilever supportcyclonesnow loadinquirycireulatloncooling water supplycooling water returncirculating waterflattening testpressure rating, pressure rating class classmanometerpressure balanced expansion pressure testpressure-temperature rating compressor housecompressed asbestos class gasket compression stressargon-arc welding，stackpercentage elongationductilityexcessive spatterrock woolbrinechlorhydric acidcolouroverhead weldingoxygenundercutownerliquefired petroleum gasliquid penetrant testlevel gaugeliquid chromatographhydraulic snubberprimary stressone end threadinstrument airinstrument panelapparatusinstrumental analysisethylene propylene rubber ethylene propylene diene monomer existing steel structurereducing nipple; swage nipple reducing flangereducerreducing couplingreducing teereducing crossreducing elbowcathodic protectionacoustic vibrationpotable waterstrain; deformationstrain energystressstress range reduction factur stress corrosioncoefficient of stress concentration stress intensification factor fluorescent penetrant inspection hardness testrigid foam rubberbraze weldinghard leadhard waterpermanent filteruserclient change noticehigh-quality carbon steeloil quenchingasphalt feltasphalt feltshielded metal arc weldingtoxicorganic silicon paintright hand threadrain watertroughembedded part; inserted plate preheatingpreheaterprefabricatedfabricated pipe bendmemberraw waterroundnessround steelround head boltcircumferential stress; hoop stress taper pintransportationon streamheating mediumreboilerreheaterregenerationregenering towerrecycleprflling towernoise levelrollingwrought-steel pipeviscositylighting; illumination corrugated bendpin holeperlitevacuumvacuum testtrue northamplitudekilled steelevaporatordistillation towersteam tracingsteaming outsteam condensatevapor pressureintegral pipe flangesolid metal serrated gasket normalizingpoint of supponstrutringsupport ringresting supportlugbranch connectionbosslegrun pipedirect currentladdershear lugpreparationdrawnmanufacturer; vendormass spectrometric analysis vermiculitemedium alloy steel neutralization tankinter coolerprocess annealingmedium-carbon steel centerlinecenter to endcenter to facecenter to centermedium pressuremedium pressure steamcounter weight hangerweightcritical pipingheavy oilperiodshaftisometric drawingbearingaxial movement type expansion jointaxial stressbead weldingmost frequent wind directionprincipal stressstorage roomtankcolumnpole type supportcast steelcastingcast ironcast iron pipecast valvedisciplineconverterpilepacking liststatus reporttaper pipe threadseal-welded taper pipe threaded jointdye penetrant inspectiondocumentationpurpleautomatic analysisautomatic submerged arc weldingself tapping screwself springself-sealingfreefree to slidefree vibrationconsolidated piping material summary sheet brownheader, manifoldheader valvegeneral plot planlongitudinal stresswalk way, gangway, access way routing studyflame arresterdamped vibrationassemblydrillcertified finalcoordinateorigin of coordinate塔反应器流体流体特性气柜(水)龙头管道组成件管子管件弯管法兰垫片管道特殊件端部连接焊接焊接种类焊接形式焊接位置焊接缺陷热处理普通热处理表面热处理检验试验黑色金属非金属材料管道材料规定材料统计45°斜三通 设备名称容器管道支吊架管架零部件管支架型式8字盲板90°弯管k半径弯头K形坡口L形管架O形环S形弯管T形螺栓T型粗滤器T型钢U-V组合坡口U形螺栓U形弯管V形坡口X射线照相X形坡口y 型粗滤器γ射线照相安全系数安装氨气鞍形补强板鞍座凹面奥氏体不锈钢奥氏体不锈钢管八角环形垫片拔制板条箱版次办公室半管接头半镇静钢伴热管伴热蒸汽包装饱和蒸汽保冷保温保温块报价报价书爆破片爆炸焊爆炸极限北备品备件备用背至背苯乙烯橡胶泵房比例比热比重壁厚壁厚系列号篦子板避雷针编位号的编位号设备扁螺母变送器变压器室标高，立面标题栏标准标准管架标准图表面处理丙烯腈—丁二烯—苯乙烯丙烯酸树脂波峰波谷波纹金属包嵌石棉垫片波纹金属垫片波纹膨胀节玻璃玻璃布玻璃管玻璃棉玻璃液位计伯明翰线规泊松比;横向变形系数补充补强板不锈钢不锈钢布氏硬度部门材料表材料情况报告采购采购说明采购说明汇总表参考、基准参考图残余应力槽钢槽焊槽面槽形金属垫片草图测温漆插板长半径180°弯头长孔常开厂商报价厂商协调会场地敞车上交货超尺寸运输超声波探伤超载沉淀池沉淀器沉头螺栓衬里管成品成品设计阶段成套设备承包商承插焊的承插焊端承插焊法兰承插支管台承口澄清器橙色的持久极限齿形翅片式导向板冲击荷载冲击试验冲击值冲洗阀抽空;排空出口出口中心线初步阶段船上交货，离岸价格窗吹出吹灰器吹扫垂直，正交，垂直的垂直安装垂直的，立式的醇酸瓷漆瓷漆磁粉探伤粗糙度粗制的催货脆性淬火萃取器错边量错位搭焊搭接接头，松套连接大端带螺纹大端为平的大气腿大气污染大气压大修代码带侧向口的弯头(右向或左向)带铬镍合金丝的石棉绳带环头拉杆带铰链膨胀节带接杆膨胀节带孔销带支座三通带支座弯头带状卡待定单波单侧偏置U形膨胀弯管(| ?形) single offset “U”单面U形坡口单体单向滑动填料函补偿器弹簧垫圈弹簧吊架弹簧钢弹簧恒力吊架弹簧恒力托架弹簧架弹簧托架弹簧系数弹簧支撑架弹性极限弹性模量淡(浅)色的;轻的氮气导管导热系数导向架道路等径三通等径四通等离子焊等温淬火等温退火低合金钢低碳钢低压低压蒸汽底板底平底漆地脚螺栓地漏地面地上管道地下槽地下管道地震地震荷载地震系数第一道阀;根部阀点焊点蚀电伴热电弧焊电化腐蚀电话电加热器电缆沟电流电气盘电容电熔(弧)焊钢板卷管电熔焊电线电压电渣焊电阻电阻焊电阻焊钢管垫板焊垫环垫片的型式吊耳吊架吊梁吊柱吊装孔调节阀调质蝶形螺母丁腈橡胶顶板顶开螺栓，顶起螺栓顶平订货单;订购单定位定位焊定位块定位销定向限位架定值限位架东动力荷载动态分析堵头镀层镀铬的镀锌钢管镀锌铁皮镀锌铁丝镀锌铁丝网短半径180°弯头短半径弯头短代码短管支管台短节断面收缩率断面系数断续淬火锻钢锻铁管锻造，型钢锻造的，锻造锻造阀锻制U形夹锻制异径管堆焊对称的。
船舶辅机常用英语
throttle slot
舵机
steering gear
定量泵开式系统
open oil system of the constant delivery pump
变量泵闭式系统
closed oil system of the variable delivery pump
撞杆式舵机
ram type steering gear
流量控制阀
flow control valve
节流阀
throttle valve
调速阀
speed-regulating valve
方向控制阀
direction control valve
单向阀
one-way valve check valve
直通式单向阀
straight one-way valve
直角式单向阀
direct-acting steam pump
冷却水泵
main-engine-driven pump
给水泵
feed water pump
备用给水泵
donkey feed water pump
卫生水泵
sanitary pump
出灰泵
ash-ejecting pump
压载泵
ballast pump
污水泵
中央阀
center pump
配油轴
oil distribution shaft
配油盘
oil distribution disc
配油套
oil distribution sleeve
配油口
oil distribution port
配油壳
oil distribution casing
公称直径（Nominaldiameter）
公称直径（Nominal diameter）Nominal diameter.Txt what is optimist? This...... Like a teapot, the bottom was burned red, and the mood whistled. Life is very simple, after today is tomorrow. It is not scientific to see a woman in one's life. Nominal diameter (diameter), also known as the average diameter:The tube is thin from the metal tube, and the outer diameter of the tube is almost the same as the inner diameter of the tube, so the average value of the outer diameter of the tube and the inner diameter of the pipe is called the diameter.-Generally speaking, the diameter of the pipe can be divided into outer diameter, inner diameter and nominal diameter. The pipe is a seamless steel pipe pipe diameter by the letter D to represent, then additional outer diameter size and thickness, such as diameter of seamless steel pipe 108, a wall thickness of 5MM, denoted by D108*5, is also used outside said, such as De63 plastic pipe, such as reinforced concrete pipe, cast iron pipe, galvanized steel pipe, said the DN, in the design drawings is generally used to represent the nominal diameter, nominal diameter is a standard in order to design and manufacture and maintenance convenient set artificially, with nominal diameter, tube (or pipe) specification name. The nominal pipe diameter and the inner diameter and the outer diameter were not equal, for example: the nominal diameter of 100MM seamless steel pipe 102*5, 108*5 several, 108 for the outer diameter of pipes, 5 said that the wall thickness of the tube, therefore, the pipe diameter (108-5-5 = 98MM), but it is not completely equal topipe diameter minus two times the wall thickness difference, it can be said that the nominal diameter is close to the diameter, but not equal to the diameter of a pipe diameter specifications on the design drawings, so we use the nominal diameter, the purpose is to determine according to the nominal diameter pipe, flange and gasket structure and size connecting dimensions, nominal diameter is represented by the symbol DN, if the diameter of said in the design drawings, piping specifications should also make the table, show that the nominal diameter of a pipe wall thickness.Seamless seamless pipe is a kind of hollow section, without the joint of long strip steel. A steel pipe having a hollow cross section, used as a conduit for conveying fluids, such as pipelines for transporting petroleum, natural gas, gas, water, and certain solid materials. Compared withsteel and roundsteelinsolid, flexural torsional strength in the same time, the weight is light, is a kind of economic section steel, widely used in the manufacture of structural parts and mechanical parts, such as the oil pipe, automobile transmission shaft, the bicycle frame and steel construction with scaffold. The manufacture of ring parts with steel tubes can improve material utilization, simplify manufacturing processes, save materials and work hours, such as rolling bearings, rings, Jack sleeves, etc., and have been widely used in steel pipes. Steel pipe or all kinds of conventional weapons indispensable materials, gun barrels are made of steel. The steel pipe can be divided into round tube and special-shaped pipe according to the sectional area shape. Because the circle area is the largest under the condition of equal circumference, more fluid can be transported with round tubes. In addition, the ringsection in the internal or external radial pressure is more uniform force, so most of the steel pipe is round tube.However, the tube has some limitations, such as in the plane bending conditions, the tube is better than square and rectangular tube bending strength, and some agricultural machinery skeleton, steel, wood furniture, commonly used square, rectangular tube. According to different purposes, other sections of special-shaped steel pipe are needed.Automotive half shaft casing seamless steel pipe (GB3088-82) is the manufacture of automobile axle casing and drive axle shell tubes of high-quality carbon structural steel and alloy structural steel hot-rolled seamless steel tubeAt present, the world's seamless production of a total of more than 110 countries, more than 1850 companies under the more than 5100 production plants, of which the production of oil pipes, there are 44 countries in more than 170 companies under the more than 260 plants. In 2000, the country's apparent consumption of seamless pipe was 4 million 180 thousand tons, including 3 million 821 thousand tons of domestic supply, accounting for 91.4% of the total domestic demand. Imports of 359 thousand tons, accounting for 8.59% of the total domestic demand. In the same year, the consumption of petroleum pipes was about 910 thousand tons.Imports of about 252 thousand tons. The import pipe accounts for about 70% of the total domestic consumption, of which import pipes account for 27.69% of the total domestic consumption, and the import of petroleum pipes accounts for about 70% of thetotal import volume of seamless tubes. The oil pipes imported from Japan account for more than half of the total imports. China's largest oil pipe production base - Tianjin steel pipe company, in 2000 the steel pipe products out of 522 thousand tons, of which the oil casing production of 364 thousand and 100 tons. Casing accounts for more than half of the country's oil production. In both production and sales, China ranked first in the casing market.From the international and domestic two market point of view, seamless (including oil pipe) of the existing production capacity has been greater than demand. Therefore, the key point in the future should be to give full play to the capacity of existing units, develop high strength, high damage resistant, high corrosion resistant petroleum pipes, high pressure boiler tubes and gas cylinder tubes and other products. It is also the content that the country optimizes the product structure according to the current iron and steel market of our country. This is also the key to increase product competitiveness and expand market share at home and abroad. In other words, to improve the market competitiveness of domestic steel pipe enterprises is the key to the long-term task and successful development of domestic enterprises after WTO.1. seamless tubes for structural purposes (GB/T8162-1999) are seamless tubes for general structural and mechanical construction.2. seamless pipe for fluid delivery (GB/T8163-1999) is used to transport water, oil, gas and other fluids in general seamless pipe.Low and medium pressure boiler seamless pipe 3. (GB3087-1999) is used in the manufacture of various structures of low and medium pressure boiler superheated steam pipe, steam pipe, boiling water pipe and boiler flue tube, pipe and brick arch tubes of high quality carbon steel hot rolling and cold drawing (rolling) seamless pipe.4. seamless tubes for high pressure boilers (GB5310-1995) are high quality carbon steels, alloy steels and stainless steel tubes for heating of water pipes and boilers used for the manufacture of high-pressure and above pressures.5. high pressure seamless pipe (GB6479-2000) for chemical fertilizer equipment is a kind of high quality carbon structural steel and alloy steel seamless pipe suitable for chemical equipment and pipes whose working temperature is-40~400 DEG C and working pressure is 10~30Ma.6. petroleum cracking seamless tubes (GB9948-88) are suitable for use in refineries, furnace tubes, heat exchangers and pipe seamless tubes.7. steel pipe for geological drilling (YB235-70) is a steel pipe used for core drilling in geological department. It can be divided into drill rod, drill collar, core pipe, casing pipe and sedimentation pipe by use.8. diamond core drilling seamless pipe (GB3423-82) is used for drilling diamond core drill pipe, Yan Xingan and casing seamless pipe.9. oil drilling pipe (YB528-65) is used for oil drilling at both ends of the thickening or thickening of the seamless pipe. The utility model relates to two kinds of steel pipe separating wires and non rolling wires, wherein, the pipe joints of the rolling pipes are connected with each other, and the welding methods of the non wire tubes are connected with the tool joints.10. marine carbon steel seamless tube (GB5213-85) is a class of carbon steel seamless tubes for the manufacture of class I pressure piping, class II pressure piping, boiler and superheater. Carbon steel seamless pipe wall work temperature not more than 450 degrees, alloy steel seamless pipe wall working temperature more than 450 degrees centigrade.11. automotive half shaft casing seamless pipe (GB3088-82) is the manufacture of automobile axle casing and the drive axle shell for high-quality carbon structural steel and alloy structural steel hot-rolled seamless pipe.12. diesel engine high pressure oil pipe (GB3093-86) is made of diesel engine injection system high-pressure pipe cold drawn seamless tube.13. precision inner diameter seamless tubes for hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders (GB8713-88) are precision cold drawn or cold rolled seamless tubes for precision hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders.14. cold drawn or cold-rolled precision seamless tube(GB3639-83) is used for mechanical structure, hydraulic equipment of high dimensional accuracy and good surface finish cold drawn or cold-rolled precision seamless tube. The use of precision seamless tube manufacturing machinery structure or hydraulic equipment, etc., can greatly save the working hours of mechanical processing, improve material utilization, at the same time help improve product quality.FifteenStainless steel seamless pipe structure (GB/T14975-1994) is widely used in chemical, petroleum, hot-rolled stainless steel made of textile, medical, food, machinery and other industrial anti-corrosion pipes and structural parts and parts of the (extrusion, expansion) and cold drawing (rolling) seamless pipe.16. stainless steel seamless tubes for fluid delivery(GB/T14976-1994) are hot rolled (extruded, expanded) and cold drawn (rolled) seamless tubes made of stainless steel for conveying fluids.17. special-shaped seamless pipe is in addition to round tubes other than the cross-section of the seamless tube of the floorboard. According to the shape and size of the steel pipe section, it can be divided into equal wall thickness seamless pipe (D), irregular wall seamless pipe (BD) and variable diameter seamless pipe (BJ). Special shaped seamless tubes are widely used in all kinds of structural parts, tools and machinery parts. Compared with the circular tube, the special-shaped tube generally has larger moment of inertia andsectional modulus, and has greater bending and torsional resistance, which can greatly reduce the weight of the structure and save the steel.General use seamless pipe is with 10, 20, 30, 35, 45 and other high-quality carbon steel, 16Mn, 5MnV and other low-alloy structural steel or 40Cr, 30CrMnSi, 45Mn2, 40MnB and other composite steel hot-rolled or cold rolled. Seamless tubes made of low carbon steel, such as 10, 20, are mainly used for fluid delivery pipelines. 45. Seamless tubes made of medium carbon steel such as 40Cr, used for the manufacture of mechanical parts, such as parts of automobiles and tractors. Generally use seamless pipe to ensure the strength and flattening test. Hot rolled steel tubes are delivered in hot rolling or heat treated conditions. Cold rolled is delivered in hot and heat treated conditions. For low and medium pressure boiler seamless pipe: used in the manufacture of a variety of low and medium pressure boiler, superheated steam pipe, water pipe, superheated steam pipe, water wall tube and locomotive boiler flue tube, pipe and pipe arch bricks.Hot rolled or cold-rolled (CAST) seamless tubes of high quality carbon structural steel. Mainly made of 10 and No. 20 steel, in addition to ensuring chemical composition and mechanical properties, to do hydraulic tests, curling, expansion, flattening and other tests. Hot rolled in hot rolled state, cold rolled (CAST) delivered in heat treated state.Seamless tube calculation formula and examples: (kg/m) W= 0.02466 * S (D - S) D= outside diameter S= wall thicknessA seamless steel tube with an outer diameter of 60 mm and a wall thickness of 4mm is required for each m weight. Weight per M = 0.02466 x 4 x (60 - 4) =5.52kg。
AS 1345-1995---管道、导管和线管内材料和物质的识别
Australian Standard TM澳大利亚标准TMIdentification of the contents of pipes, conduitsand ducts管道、导管和线管内材料和物质的识别This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee SF/16, Identification of Pipes. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 24 November 1994 and published on 5 March 1995. 本标准为SF/16管道识别委员会编制的澳大利亚标准。
本标准以澳大利亚标准委员会的名义于1994年11月24日获得审批通过，并于1995年3月5日出版。
The following interests are represented on Committee SF/16:SF/16委员会由以下单位组成：Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry澳大利亚工商会Australian Gas Association澳大利亚煤气协会Australian Institute of Petroleum澳大利亚石油学会Institute of Hospital Engineering, Australia澳大利亚医院工程协会Public Works Department, N.S.W.N.S.W.公共工程系Society of Fire Protection Engineers消防工程师学会Water Board Sydney—Illawarra—Blue Mountains悉尼—伊拉瓦拉—蓝岭灌水委员会Review of Australian Standards澳大利亚标准的审定.To keep abreast of progress in industry, Australian Standards are subject to periodic review and are kept up to date by the issue of amendments or new editions as necessary. It is important therefore that Standards users ensure that they are in possession of the latest edition, and any amendments thereto. 为了与业界的科技进步齐肩并进，我们对澳大利亚标准定期进行审定，并发布必要的增补修订或通过新的版本，使之不断与时俱进。
垂直螺旋输送机空转时临界雷诺数的分析_孙晓霞
（7）
式中： Ｒ1 和 Ｒ2 分别是螺旋轴半径和料管内壁 半径，S 为螺距，v 为流体运动粘性系数， u n 为垂 直于断面 A 的平均法向流动速度， 即沿着圆周方 向 θ 方向上的速度分量 u θ 的平均值。
《起重运输机械》 2014 （ 5 ） 图1 螺旋输送机的柱坐标系示意图
螺旋输 送 机 空 转 状 态 下 气 体 的 重 力 可 忽 略， 且螺旋轴的角速度 ω 恒定不变， 则 f r = f θ = f z = 0 ， = 0。将 上 述 初 始 条 件 代 入 N － S 方 程 组 （ 1 ） t 中，则相应的 N － S 方程组可表示为 — 77 —
chanical System with Two Degrees of Freedom with Bond Graphs and MATLAB / Simulink ［J］. Procedia Engineering， 2012 ，（ 48 ） ： 223 － 232. ［ 5］ 王增全，申焱华，杨珏 . 连通式油气悬架数学模型及 J］ . 农业工程学报，2012 （ 5 ） ： 60 － 65. 特性分析［ ［ 6］ 段俊法，孙永生，杨振中 . 基于 MATLAB / SIMULINK 的油气悬架动力学仿真［J］. 拖拉机与农用 运 输 车， 2010 （ 4 ） ： 59 － 61. ［ 7］ 安丰磊 . 全路面起重机油气悬架系统动力学研究［ D］ . 哈尔滨： 哈尔滨工业大学，2008. 者： 连晋毅 址： 山西省太原市万柏林区窊流路太原科技大学 11 号楼工机教研室 编： 030024 收稿日期： 2013 － 12 － 14
ur ur u r
2 u r u θ u r u θ u r + + uz = － r θ r r z 1 P 2 u θ u r + μ 2 ur － － － r θ r 2 ρ r
仪表专业英语
Installation requirements
求
Hale Waihona Puke Contents1
WORDS OF INSTRUMENTS
2
WORDS
EXAMPLES
WORDS USING IN THE INTRODUCTION
Your company slogan
3
4
WORDS OF INSTRUMENTS
仪表盘布置图 instrument arrangement on panel 模拟盘尺寸图 flow plan for graphic panel 仪表供电及接地系统图 instrument power supply & grounding diagram 联锁系统图 interlock block diagram 仪表回路图 instrument loop diagram 仪表导压管连接图 instrument pressure piping hook-up 仪表蒸汽伴热管连接图 instrument steam tracing hook-up 分析仪器管连接图 analyzer piping hook-up 控制室内仪表盘布置图layout of instrument panel in control room 控制室内仪表盘布置图 控制室内管线布置图layout of instrument wiring & piping in control room 控制室内管线布置图 仪表主电缆桥架布置图layout of instrument main cable duct 仪表主电缆桥架布置图 仪表主电缆布置图layout of instrument main cable 仪表主电缆布置图 仪表接线图layout of instrument wiring 仪表接线图 仪表空气配管图（信号） 仪表空气配管图（信号）layout of instrument air piping-supply air 仪表空气配管图（供气） 仪表空气配管图（供气）layout of instrument air piping-supply air 仪表公用工程管线布置图layout of utility piping for instrument 仪表公用工程管线布置图 仪表接地布置图 grounding layout for instrument 现场仪表布置图plot plan of field instrument 现场仪表布置图 仪表配管、配线区域划分图key plan for instrument layout drawing 仪表配管、配线区域划分图 仪表安装图 typical drawing for instrument fabrication 预制件制作图typical drawing for instrument fabrication 预制件制作图 仪表管线连接端子表instrument wiring & tubing connection list 仪表管线连接端子表 控制室内管线连接端子表instrument wiring & tubing connection list in control 控制室内管线连接端子表 room 仪表施工材料表material list for instrument 仪表施工材料表
CONVEYING DEVICE FOR CONVEYING WORKPIECES, WORKPIE
专利名称：CONVEYING DEVICE FOR CONVEYINGWORKPIECES, WORKPIECE TREATMENTPLANT AND METHOD FOR CONVEYINGWORKPIECES发明人：FEDERMANN, ANDREAS,FEDERMANN,Andreas,RIEDEL, KLAUS-DIETER,RIEDEL,Klaus-Dieter,SPATHELF, PASCAL,SPATHELF,Pascal,VOGEL, ANDREAS,VOGEL,Andreas,CASPARI, SAMUEL,CASPARI, Samuel 申请号：EP2014/057073申请日：20140408公开号：WO2014/173678A1公开日：20141030专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：In order to provide a conveying device (100) for conveying workpieces (102) along a conveying direction (104), by means of which conveying device (100) the workpieces can be moved in a short time from a start position (124) to an end position (126), it is proposed that the conveying device comprises the following: a workpiece receiving device (114), on which one or more workpieces can be arranged; an accelerating device (132), by means of which the workpiece receiving device including the one or more workpieces arranged thereon can be accelerated starting from a predefined start position of the workpiece receiving device along the conveying direction; a braking device (134), by means of which the workpiece receiving device including the one or more workpieces arranged thereon can be braked at a predefined end position.申请人：DÜRR SYSTEMS GMBH,DÜRR SYSTEMS GMBH地址：DE国籍：DE代理人：HOEGER, STELLRECHT & PARTNER更多信息请下载全文后查看。
实验流体英文版
实验流体英文版Fluid ExperimentAbstract:Fluid experiments are conducted to study the behavior and properties of fluids, which include liquids and gases. These experiments aim to understand how fluids flow, interact with their surroundings, and exhibit various characteristics such as viscosity, turbulence, buoyancy, and pressure.Introduction:Fluids are substances that can continuously flow and conform to the shape of their container. They are found everywhere in our daily lives, from water flowing through pipes to air filling up a balloon. Understanding the behavior of fluids is crucial in various fields such as engineering, physics, and biology.Experimental Procedure:1. Viscosity Measurement: In this experiment, the viscosity of various fluids is measured using a viscometer. The viscometer consists of a hollow tube with a small opening at the bottom. The time taken for a certain amount of fluid to flow through this tube is recorded, and the viscosity is calculated using the formula: viscosity = (2 * density * g * t) / (9 * r^2), where density is the fluid's density, g is the acceleration due to gravity, t is the time taken, and r is the radius of the tube.2. Buoyancy: This experiment investigates the buoyancy force exerted by fluids on objects submerged in them. Different objects of known masses and volumes are submerged in tanks filled with different fluids. The buoyancy force acting on each object is measured using a scale, and the results are compared to the known buoyancy force calculated using Archimedes' principle.3. Pressure: In this experiment, the pressure exerted by fluids is investigated. A pressure sensor is connected to a container filled with a fluid, and the pressure is measured at different depths. The pressure at each depth is then compared to the known hydrostatic pressure calculated using the equation: pressure = density * g * depth, where density is the fluid's density, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and depth is the distance from the surface to the point of measurement.4. Turbulence: Turbulence in fluids is investigated using a dye injection method. A small amount of dye is injected into a flowing fluid, and the movement of the dye is observed. Turbulent flows exhibit chaotic and irregular patterns, while laminar flows show smooth and predictable patterns.Conclusion:Fluid experiments provide valuable insights into the behavior and properties of fluids. These experiments help researchers and scientists understand how fluids flow, interact with their surroundings, and exhibit various phenomena. The knowledge gained from these experiments has applications in fields such asengineering, physics, and biology, and contributes to the advancement of various technologies and industries.。
浙江大学化工原理(过程工程与控制乙)_2009ppe-chap2_3
解： （ 1）
he 10 0 . 04 V
H 30 0 . 01 V
2
2
H he V 20 m
3
（ 20， 26）
h
he 26 m
泵特性曲线方程 H 30 0 . 01 V
2
管路特性曲线方程 he 10 0 . 04 V
2
(2) a. 采用调节出口阀门的方法
V 20 75 % 15 m
3
h
2
节流损失
27 . 75 m
（ 15， 27.75）
2 H 30 0 . 01 V 30 0 . 01 15
h e 10 0 . 04 15
2
19 m
H
节流损失
27 . 75 19 8 . 75 m
旁 路
数
单缸单动泵
2.2 气体压送机械 (Pumping equipment for gases)
离心式 往复式
终 压 p 2 < 1 .1 5 a tm ， 压 缩 比
终 压 p 2 < 4 atm ， 压 缩 比
按工作原理分
通风机 鼓风机 按用途分 压缩机 真空泵
P2
答 ： Q 不 变 ， H 不 变 ， N 不 变 ， hf 不 变
P1
p（真） 1
p2
0 0
例 2.2 （ 操 作 型 计 算 ） 某 离 心 泵 工 作 转 速 为 n = 2 9 0 0r. p. m .（ 转 /m in） 其 特 性 曲 线 方 程 ， 为
H 30 0 . 01 V
（ 20， 26）
he
常用无缝钢管尺寸规格表
常用无缝钢管尺寸规格表英文回答：Seamless steel pipes are widely used in various industries due to their excellent performance and durability. They are commonly used in oil and gas transportation, structural applications, and high-pressure and high-temperature environments. The size and specifications of seamless steel pipes vary depending on the application and requirements.In the oil and gas industry, seamless steel pipes are used for drilling, production, and transportation of oil and gas. The commonly used sizes range from 1/8 inch to 36 inches in diameter. For example, a 2-inch seamless steel pipe is often used in oil wells for casing and tubing. It provides a strong and reliable conduit for oil and gas extraction.In structural applications, seamless steel pipes areused for building structures, bridges, and infrastructure projects. The sizes can range from small diameters for plumbing and HVAC systems to large diameters for supporting heavy loads. For instance, a 12-inch seamless steel pipe is commonly used in the construction of high-rise buildings as vertical supports. It ensures the structural integrity and stability of the building.In high-pressure and high-temperature environments, seamless steel pipes are used for conveying fluids and gases. The sizes are designed to withstand the extreme conditions and maintain their integrity. For example, a 4-inch seamless steel pipe with a thick wall is often used in power plants for steam and gas transportation. It can withstand high pressures and temperatures without any leakage or failure.中文回答：无缝钢管由于其出色的性能和耐久性，在各个行业广泛应用。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
pump: H − qv 0 qv
2. Adjustment of flowrate H • adjust the valve on the delivery pipe of pump: → change ΣHf of the system 0 →change H − qv curve of the H system → change the duty point • change n or reduce D → change H − qv curve of 0 pump
Types of centrifugal pump and selection for applications •Types:
• clarified water pump
(IS, D, Sh) • oil pump (Y, YS) • anticorrosive pump (F) • submerged pump (FY) • canned-motor pump
离心泵内的各种损失： 离心泵内的各种损失： 损失 • 容积损失：由于流体漏回吸入口处，容 容积损失：由于流体漏回吸入口处， 与叶轮形式有关； 积效率ηv与叶轮形式有关； • 水力损失：由于流体的涡旋、撞击和粘 水力损失：由于流体的涡旋、 一般为0.8-0.9； 性摩擦， ； 性摩擦，水力效率ηh一般为 • 机械损失：由于机械摩擦和粘性摩擦， 机械损失：由于机械摩擦和粘性摩擦， 一般为0.96-0.99。 机械效率ηm一般为 。 离心泵总效率 离心泵总效率 η = ηvηhηm
0 qv
(3) Selection of operation − dependent on the characteristics of pipe
H 串 2’ 2 1’ 0 qv 1 并 b a
• Low friction pipe (a), in parallel. • High friction pipe (b), in series.
2
(2-1)
2.1.2 Operating characteristics Main operating parameters: • head H • rate of flow qv • axial power P • efficiency η Operating characteristics: plot of H, P, and η against qv
(2) NPSH (net positive suction head) We must guarantee that
mechanical energy
p1 u12 pv + > ρ g 2g ρ g
saturated vapor pressure head
p1 u12 p v ∆ ha = + − ρ g 2g ρ g NPSH (net positive suction head) － 净正吸入压头（汽蚀余量）
• 最小 必需 汽蚀余量 最小(必需 汽蚀余量(NPSH)min : （ ∆hτ ） 必需)汽蚀余量
When p1→p1,min, pk=pv，the liquid evaporates. ∆hτ is determined experimentally by manufacturer. • 允许汽蚀余量(NPSH)允许: ( ∆h允许) 允许汽蚀余量(NPSH) ∆h允许 = ∆hτ + 0.3 m It is given in the Appendix 18 • 泵的允许安装高度 H = ( p − p ) ρg −ΣH −∆h (2-16)
单级单吸式清水泵的系列特性曲线
Introduction General energy equation:
2 p1 u12 p2 u2 z1 + + + H = z2 + + + ΣH f ρ g 2g ρ g 2g
H − head of delivery
∆p ∆u H = ∆z + + + ΣH f ρ g 2g
2.1 Centrifugal pump 2.1.1 Mechanism Pockets of gas: (air binding) If there is some air in the pump, because ρg << ρl , the pressure developed is insufficient to drive the liquid out and suck in the liquid. Therefore, the pump and suction pipe should be full of liquid before start.
η ∼ qv
P ∼ qv •Corrections: for ρ , µ , n, qv
optimum condition for operation η H P qv
The effects of n on operating characteristics
n2 H 2 n2 P2 n2 = ; = ; = （2-5） ） q v1 n1 H 1 n1 P n1 1 The effects of the size of impeller • b2/D2 is constant： ： qv 2
2.1.4 Suction head of centrifugal pump Bernoulli’s equation (0-1) (2-12) 2 Hg p0 p0 p1 u1 = Hg + + + ΣH f (0−1) ρg ρ g 2g
1
0
Near the center of impeller, the pressure p1 is lower than p0, so that the liquid is sucked into the pump. For certain value of p0, H↑, p1↓. ↑ ∴the suction head Hg depends on p1.
qv 2 D2 ' H ' D2 ' P ' D2 ' = = = ; ; qv1 D2 H D2 P D2 • reduce D2 ， b2/D2 increases
3 2 5
2
3
qv 2 D2 &#' = ; H D2
• slurry pump (P)
such as sewage pump (PW) sand pump (PS) sludge pump (PN) • in-line pump • cryogenic pump The specifications and characteristics are given in catalogs.
Selection: (1) determine the type of pump: − according to the properties of liquid and operation condition (2) determine the size: − according to the head and flowrate
2. Operating characteristics of a pump The operating characteristics are determined experimentally and provided in the catalog by manufacturer. H ∼ qv
Main parts: rotating impeller: transfer the mechanical energy of the motor to liquids. volute: marshal liquids; energy transition. The kinetic energy is converted into pressure energy when liquid passes through the gradually increasing cross-section: between curved vanes in the chamber of volute
1’ 1
qv
1’
1
qv
3. Operation with pumps (1) Pumps in parallel (the same pumps and suction pipes)
H
combined H − qv curve A B duty point qv
0 H
(2) Pumps in series (the same pumps)
Angle of impeller blades:
• forward inclined • backward inclined :
for larger potential energy The magnitude of centrifugal force depends on • speed of rotation n • diameter of impeller D • liquid density ρ
2
P2 D2 ' = P1 D2
3
2.1.3 Adjustment of flow rate and operation with pumps 1. The characteristic curve of pipelines and duty point of pump The head loss of pipelines is u2 l + Σ le ΣH f = λ 2g d
(1) Cavitation Phenomenon: If pk ≤ pv (vapor pressure), vaporization will occur. The vapor bubble condenses suddenly as it moves to the position with higher pressure, resulting in a local vacuum. The surrounding liquid will fill in quickly and cause impact. Onset: a marked increase in noise and vibration. Result: mechanical damage and loss of head.