英美文学简史第一章
英国文学简史Part 1 Early and Medieval English Literature
Part on: Early and medieval english literature早期和中古时期的英国文学I.Beowulf <贝奥武夫>Features of Beowulf<贝奥武夫>的特点(1)Certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound.,每一行的重读单词以相同的辅音开始。
(2)Other features of Beowulf are the use of metaphors and of understatements.《贝奥武夫》的另一些特点是隐喻和低调陈述的大量运用。
II The Romance(1)The Content of the Romance传奇文学的内容The most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance. It was a long composition, sometimes n verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. The central character of romances was the knight.封建时期的英国最流行的文学形式是传奇文学。
传奇文学的作品篇幅较长，有时是诗歌的形式，有时是散文的形式，描写贵族英雄的生活和冒险故事。
传奇文学的中心人物是贵族出身的善于使用武器的骑士。
(2)The Romance Cycles传奇文学的类型a.Matters of Britain(adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table)“取材于英国的作品”（亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士）b.Matters of France(Emperor Charlemagne and his peers)“取材于法国作品”（查理曼大帝和他的贵族）c.Matters of Rome(Alexander the Great and so forth)“取材于罗马的作品”（亚历山大大帝）d.The romance of King Arthur is comparatively the most important for the history of English literature.比较起来亚瑟王的传奇故事是英国文学史中最重要的。
自考英美文学选读 第一章 文艺复兴时期(英国)(课文翻译)
英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考）第一部分：英国文学第一章文艺复兴时期文艺复兴标志着一个过渡时期,即中世纪的结束和现代社会的开始。
一般来说,文艺复兴时期是从十四世纪到十七世纪中叶。
它从意大利兴起,伴随着绘画、雕塑和文学领域的百花齐放,而后文艺复兴浪潮席卷了整个欧洲。
文艺复兴,顾名思义即重生、复苏,是由一系列历史事件激发推动的,其中包括对古希腊罗马文化的重新发现。
地理天文领域的新发现,宗教改革及经济发展。
因此,文艺复兴从本质上是欧洲人文主义者竭力摒弃中世纪欧洲的封建主义,推行代表新兴城市资产阶级利益的新思想,并恢复早期宗教的纯洁性,远离腐败的罗马天主教廷的一场运动。
文艺复兴浪潮影响到英国的速度比较慢,不仅因为英国远离欧洲大陆,而且还因为其国内的动荡不安。
乔叟去世后的一个半世纪是英国历史上最动荡不安的时期。
好战的贵族篡取了王位,使英国走上自我毁灭之路。
著名的玫瑰之战就是极好的例子。
后来理查三世的恐怖统治标志着内战的结束,在都铎王朝的统治下英国的民族情感又成长起来。
然而直到亨利八世统治期间(1509-1547),文艺复兴的春风才吹入英国。
在亨利八世的鼓励下,牛津的改革派学者和人文主义者们将古典文学引入英国。
基于古典文学作品及《圣经》的教育重获生机,而十五世纪就被广泛传阅的文学作品则更加流行了。
自此,英国的文艺复兴开始了。
英国,尤其是英国文学进入了黄金时代。
这个时期涌现出莎士比亚、斯宾塞、约翰逊、锡德尼、马洛、培根及邓恩等一大批文学巨匠。
但英国的文艺复兴并未使新文学与旧时代彻底决裂,带有十四、十五世纪特点的创作态度与情感依然贯穿在人文主义与改革时代。
人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
它源于努力恢复中世纪产生的对古希腊罗马文化的尊崇。
人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以"人"为中心,人是万物之灵。
通过这些对古代文化崭新的研究,人文主义者不仅看到了光彩夺目的艺术启明星,还在那古典作品中寻求到了人的价值。
英美文学史1-10单元
Colonial America （17世纪初）1. John Smith: A Description of New England2. William Bradford: Of Plymouth Plantation3. John Winthrop: A Model of Christian Charity4. Anne Bradstreet安妮·布莱德斯特第一部作品《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》“The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”Contemplations沉思Tenth MuseTo My Dear and Loving Husband The Flesh and the Spirit5. Edward Taylor爱德华·泰勒（the first and last, a puritan poet,concerned about his images speak for god）Huswifery Upon a Spider Catching a Fly6. Roger Williams: The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience7. John Woolman: Journal8. Thomas Paine托马斯·佩因（对美国革命有主要影响）Common Sense常识The American Crisis美国危机The Rights of Man The Age of Reason 9. Philip Freneau菲利浦·弗瑞诺neoclassical by training and taste yet romantic in essential spirit The Wild Honey Suckle The Indian Burying Ground The Rising Glory of America 10. Charles Brockden Brown:心理学小说作品第一部小说：《威兰》（Wieland）主要的四部小说：《埃德加亨特利》（Edgar Huntly）《奥蒙德》（Ormond）《阿瑟默文》（Arthur Mervyn）以及第一部An American Tale 第一部美国小说American Puritanism清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记b、journals 游记Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing.1.Jonathan Edwards（Religious idealism宗教唯心主义；reassert the Calvinist; Great Awakening）Personal Narative 自述The Freedom of the Will 意志的自由The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended原罪说辩Images or Shadows of Divine Things神灵的形影The Nature of True Virtue Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God2.Benjamin Franklin（level-headed common sense；签署四大文件的唯一人；the symbol of the age of Enlightenment, the close of colonial）The Autobiography自传——美国最早的传记文学作品Poor Richard’s Almanac穷人查理德的年鉴American Romanticism（the first half of 19世纪或18世纪末到内战时期）简介：Magazine is important to expand literary受到的双重影响：New World environment and an array of ideas inherited from the romantics traditions of Europe.共同点：moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception1.Washington Irving（the first American writer of imaginative literature to gaininternational fame ；the first great prose stylist of American romanticism；the father of American literature；反映美国文学从18世纪的理性文学到19世纪的浪漫文学；the American goldsmith）作品features: avoid moralizing; amuse and entertain,departs Puritan forebear; envelop story in an atmosphere写作风格或人物:1.vivid and true; 2.humorous; 3.finished and musical language第一部作品纽约外史A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty（重要著作The Sketch Book: Rip V an Winkle The Legend of Sleepy Hollowthe first modern short stories；作者won international recognition; the beginning of American Romanticism)《作者自叙》：“The Author’s Account of Himself”布雷斯布里奇庄园Bracebridge Hall克里斯托弗·哥伦布生平及航海历史A History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus 格拉纳达征服编年史A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada阿尔罕布拉Alhambra Life of Goldsmith Life of WashingtonCulminate顶峰：New England Transcendentalism 超验主义(American Renaissance) Major feature: ▲Oversoul; individual; nature as symbolic of the Spirit or GodNew England Transcendentalism was , Romanticism on the Puritan soil.1.Ralph Waldo Emerson (the leader ; seminal influence on independence American culture; he believed above all in▲individualism, independence of mind and self-reliance;one major elements of philosophy哲理in firm belief is▲OversoulIndependent culture：①Nature ——“the manifesto of American Transcendentalism”；his first philosophical work②The American Scholar ——“Declaration of Intellectual Independence”The Representative Men English Traits the Conduct of Life2.Henry David Thoreau (faithful follower of Emerson; a prophet of individualism in American literature)代表作Walden( Life in the wood)——come out of the period under discussionCivil Disobedience《平民反抗》essay A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River The Maine Woods Cape Cod Slavery in MassachusettsA Plea for Captain John Brown Letters to Various Persons3. Nathaniel Hawthorne (against the Emerson‟s optimistic trend)One source of evil in Hawthorne is overweening intellect.Hawthorne’s unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic stories which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature.(The Scarlet Letter ——reveal the blackness of vision幻想It is an elaboration of a fact which the author took out of the life of the Puritan past.The way suggests that American Romanticism adapted itself to American Puritan moralism. Concerned with the moral,emotional,and psychological effect of the sin on the people.it not a praise of a Hester sinning, but a hymn on the moral growth of the woman when sinned against.The result is that, whereas Hester is able to reconstruct her life and win a moral victory, Dimmesdale undergoes the tragic experience of physical and spiritual disintegration.女主角Hester Prynm:honest, calmly face fault…A‟代表：Adultery——Able——AngelMoral: man is to be true, honest, and ever ready to show one’s worst to the outside world.)The House of the Seven Gables七尖角阁房Twice-Told Tales故事重述Mosses from an Old Manse《古厦青苔》The Marble Faun”《玉石神像》福谷浪漫史The Blithedale Romance The Custom House海关大楼短篇小说Young Goodman Brown小伙子布朗Dr. Rappcini’s DaughterThe Minister’s Black Veil4. Herman Melville（against the Emerson‟s optimistic trend ）Moby Dick ——The book is steeped in symbolism.one of the major themes in Melville is alienation. which he sensed existing in the life of his time on different levels, between man and man, man and society, and man and nature.It represents the sum total of Melville’s bleak 暗淡view of the world in which he lived.Reveal the basic pattern of 19世纪American life: loneliness and suicidal individualism in a self-styled 自称的democracy.The voyage itself is a metaphor for “search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience.” Moby Dick is a symbol of evil. Its whiteness is a paradoxical color,signifying as it does death and corruption as well as purity,innocence, and youth.Billy Budd《比利·伯德》（最后一部）Clarel克拉勒尔is his famous poetic workTypee Omoo Mardi Redburn PierreWhite Jacket The Confidence Man5. Walt Whitman（transitional figure from Romanticism and Transcendentalism to Realism）One of major principles of Whitman’s technique is parallelism or a rhythm of thought 思想上的平行和节奏；another principles of Whitman’s versification诗律is phonetic recurrence语音循环free verse，broke the traditional iambic pentameter抑扬格五音步第一部Leaves of GrassSong of Myself——reveal a world of equality,without rank and hierarchy等级制度I Sit and Look Out I Hear America Singing O Captain, My Captain6. Emily Dickinson(Whitman is national, Dickinson is regional; religious-ethical and political-social ideas; basic tone is tragic悲剧；largest portion of poetry concern death and immortality; on the ethical:free will and human responsibility；with Stephen Crane，the precursor of Imagist movement；Henry James called “the landscape of the soul“)Because I Could not Stop for Death I Heard a Fly Buzz-when I diedI Died for Beauty-but Was ScarceMy Life Closed Twice before its Close Mine—by the Right of the White ElectionWild Nights—Wild Nights As Imperceptibly as GriefA Narrow Fellow in the Grass The Brain is Wilder than the SkyTell All the Truth but Tell It Slant I Like to See It Lap the Miles7. Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·阿伦·坡(备受争议的人物，但是在欧洲很出名；a writer of fiction, a poet of the first rank, critic of acumen聪慧and insight洞察力;the first author is to make neurotic the heroic figure; the father of psychoanalytic critic ism and detective story; psychological fiction;style is traditional)The poem should be short , readable at one sitting.Its chief aim is beauty, namely, to produce a feeling of beauty in the reader.Melancholy忧郁is the most legitimate of all the poetic tones.The death of a beautiful woman is the most poetical topic in the world.Ms. Found in a Bottl e获得短篇小说奖To Helen，one of the most famous of Poe’s lyrics.The RavenThe Fall of the House of UsherThe murders in the Rue Morgue——an ingenious detective story侦探小说,became the ancestor of the genreTales of the Grotesque and ArabesqueRealism（the latter half of 19世纪）against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalismcalled for “reality and truth”1.William Dean Howells 威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯Influence journal——The Atlantic Monthly大西洋月刊His defined realism: nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material.The Rise of Silas LaphamA Modern Instance现代婚姻Criticism and Fiction Literature and Life2. Henry James 亨利·詹姆斯（开创the international novel；the international theme and psychological realism;the first modern psychological analysts）international theme:the meeting of America and Europe，American innocence in contact and contrast with European decadence, and its moral and psychological complication.“point of view”——at the center of his aesthetic of the novelDaisy Miller—win him international fame and reveal his fascination with international themeThe AmericanThe Portrait of a Lady(早期最好的作品)The Art of Fic-tion小说的艺术第2阶段The Bostonians The Princess Casamassima The Tragic Muse长篇小说（第3阶段）The Ambassadors——a comedy of American and European manners；The Wings of the Dove；The Golden Bowl3.Mark Twain（local colorism）美国文学之父原名Samuel Langhorne Clemens 塞缪尔·朗赫恩·克莱门斯代表作The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (colloquial style口语体)First novel:The Gilded Age——标志现实主义的开端Life on the MississippiThe Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County (national famous)Roughing It The Prince and the Pauper A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court Pudd’nhead Wilson The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg长篇论文What is Man The Mysterious Stranger Autobiography American Naturalism (in the nineties of the 19th century)Darwinian“ the survival of the fittest”and “the human beast”1.Stephen Crane斯蒂芬·克莱恩(继承Dickinson的诗风；意象主义imagism诗歌的先驱者；a pioneer writing in naturalistic tradition)第一部Maggie: A Girl of the Street——the first American uncompromising坚定的naturalistic novelRelates the story of a good woman’ s downfall and destruction in a slum environment.Novel:The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章短篇小说The Open Boat The Blue Hotel The Bride Comes to Yellow SkyThe Black Riders (his first book of poems) George’s MotherActive Service War Is Kind2.Theodore Dreiser西奥多.德莱塞Sister Carrie——naturalism attained maturity成熟traces the material rise of Carrie Meeber and the tragic decline of G. W. Hurstwood.珍妮姑娘Jannie Gerhardt 金融家The Financier 巨人The Titan 天才Genius 美国悲剧An American Tragedy 德莱塞访苏印象记Dreiser Looks at RussiaHemingwayHemingway hero: dignity, grace under pressure 例如Nick Adams作品：first important novel ——The Sun Also Rise ——became the spokesman for “a lost generation”代表作：丧钟为谁而呜For Whom the Bell TollsA Farewell to Arms永别了，武器老人与海The Old Man and the Sea海明威英雄的经典表述：a man can be destroyed but not defeated.。
外研社英美文学简史及名篇选读教学课件英国文学u1
and Saxons (different tribes of Teutons) I.1.3 Angle-land: shortened into England I.1.4 The Old English language: also called
The battle of Hastings finished
2. Medieval English Literature
2.1 Medieval Romance Romance: a long composition, sometimes in verse,
sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. 2.1.1 Three subjects of English romances: 1) the 'matter' of Rome 2) the 'matter' of France 3) the 'matter' of Britain 2.1.2 the Gawain-poet
Anglo-Saxon or Saxon which was spoken from A.D. 600 to about 1100.
2. Epic
Epic: A long narrative poem that records the adventures of a hero, whose exploits are important to the history of a nation.
英美文学史 第一单元
5 The Enclosure Movement
◎ The Enclosure in England began in the 12th century and proceeded rapidly from 1450-1640. The process was not virtually complete until the end of 19th century.
◎The romance has certain typical features:
concerns knights, involves the fighting or the adventures, makes use of the improbable or the supernatural, is involved with romantic lover, the style is easy and colloquial. (Love,
chivalry and religion)
◎The romance can be divided into four types of subject matters:
a, The Matter of Britain (King Arthur, such as those of Sir Gawain, Sir Perceval and the quest for the Holy Grail)
( Christian ideals, a praise for truth and courage,
the ambiguous meaning of color Green )
The 15th Century (1400-1485)
1 The Hundred Yearhurch
英美文学选读英国部分第一章文艺复兴时期
英美文学选读中文翻译及重点习题答案英国文学(AMERICAN LITERATURE)第一章文艺复兴时期(The Renaissance Period)二、背景知识(Background knowledge)1、历史文化背景(Historical and cultural background)(1)文艺复兴是从中世纪向近代过渡时期发生在欧洲许多国家的一场思想文化运动。
它是在一些历史因素的合力作用下而引发的，如对希腊罗马古典文化的重新发现，宗教改革运动，地理和自然科学领域的探索，以及资本主义经济的扩张等。
(2)人文主义是文艺复兴的主要特征。
它颂扬人性，强调以“人”为本，宣传个性解放，反对神秘主义和中古神权，反对野蛮和兽性。
(3)16世纪的宗教改革导致了新教的创立。
英格兰同罗马教皇的决裂最初源于国王亨利八世决定与其第一位妻子离婚但遭到教皇否决。
宗教教义的改革则发生在后来的爱德华六世和女王伊丽莎白一世统治期间。
(4)工商业持续发展，中产阶级逐渐壮大，非神职人员获得受教育的机会，王权巩固，宫廷成为文化生活的中心，以及海外扩张和科学探索日益拓展人们的视野，所有这些都为文学提供了新的推动力和发展方向。
威廉·卡克斯顿首次将印刷术介绍到英国，使那里的出版社迅速增加，随之而来的是印刷书籍的繁荣。
2、英国文艺复兴时期文学的特点(Features of English Renaissance literature)(1) 诗歌(Poetry)开创文艺复兴时期一代新的华丽诗风的两个最重要的人物是菲利普·悉尼爵士和埃德蒙·斯宾塞。
在他们的抒情和叙事作品中，展现出一种词藻华丽、精雕细琢的文风。
到16世纪末，出现了两类新的诗歌风格。
第一类以约翰·邓恩和其他玄学派诗人为代表；第二类风格的典范是本·琼森和他所代表的流派。
英国文艺复兴时期的最后一位大诗人是清教作家约翰·密尔顿，他的诗歌具有惊人的震撼力和优雅的韵致，同时传达出深邃的思想。
英美文学简史
George Eliot--《The Mill on the Floss(弗洛斯河上的磨坊)》
Thomas Hardy--《Under the Greenwood Tree(绿荫下)》、《Far from the madding Crowd(远离尘嚣)》、《The Return of the Native(还乡)》、《The Mayor of Casterbridge(卡斯特桥市长)》、《Tess of the D'Urbervilles(德伯家的苔丝)》、《Jude the Obscure(无名的裘德)》 p99
5 作品
Blake--"To see a World in a Grain of Sand,And a Heaven in a Wild Flower(一沙一世界,一花一天堂)"
Coleridge --《The Rime of the Ancient Mariner(古舟子咏)》
Wordsworth--《daffodils(水仙)》
题型：
Ⅰ TorF 15%
Ⅱ Choice 60%
Ⅲ Match 10%
范围：
U1-U10书后单选
Three elements that influence English and American literature:
The Bible、Greek and Roman Mythology、Arthurian Legend
【Old English and Beowulf】(Mid 5th centry ～1066)
1 Two poetic figures in old English poetry:kenning(隐喻) and litotes(曲言法)
英美文学史 第一部分 盎格鲁
第一部分盎格鲁——撒克逊时期III. 名词解释1. Epic (or Heroic Poetry)It is, originally, an oral narrative poem, majestic both in theme and style. Epics deal with legendary or historical of events of national or universal significance, involving action of broad sweep and grandeur. Most epics deal with the exploits of a single individual, thereby giving unity to the composition. Typically, an epic includes several features: the introduction of supernatural forces that shape the action; conflict in the form of battles or other physical combat; and stylistic conventions such as an invocation to the Muse, a formal statement of the theme, long lists of the protagonists involved, and set speeches couched in elevated language. Commonplace details of everyday life may appear, but they serve as background for the story and are described in the same lofty style as the rest of the poem. Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history. Examples include the ancient Greek epics by the poet Homer, the Iliad and the Odyssey. The characteristics of the hero of an epic are national rather than individual, and the exercise of those traits in heroic deeds serves to gratify a sense of national pride. At other times epics may synthesize the ideals of a great religious or cultural movement. The Divine Comedy by the Italian poet Dante expresses the faith of medieval Christianity. The Faerie Queene by the English poet Edmund Spenser represents the spirit of the Renaissance in English and like Paradise Lost by the English poet John Milton, represents the ideals of Christian humanism.2. AlliterationA repeated initial consonant to successive words. In Old English verse, any vowel alliterates with any others, and alliteration is not an unusual or expressive phenomenon but a regularly recurring structural feature of the verse, occurring on the first and third, and often on the first, second, and third, primary-stressed syllables of the four-stressed line. Thus, from The Seafarer:hreran mid hondum hrincaelde sae(“to stir with his hand the rime-cold sea”)In later English verse tradition, alliteration becomes expressive in a variety of ways. Spenser uses it decoratively, or to link adjective and noun, verb and object, as in the line: “much daunted with that dint, her sense was dased.” In the 18th and 19th centuries it becomes even less systematic and more "musical".IV .1.What is the theme of Beowulf?Beowulf, which centers on the narration of the exploits of the heroic figure Beowulf, is mainly about his three major adventures. It reflects a life of fights and feasting, of ceremony, of brilliant gold and sudden darkness. Here is a world of sacred obligations, feud and vengeance with heroic figures who are proud of their birth and their physical strength. But beyond this, the forces of wyrd (fate) seem to control man's destiny with mysterious omnipotence, while evil itself is both primordial and powerful. However, thematically the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader. The poem is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends. For those interested in symbols, thesimplest interpretation of the myths in the poem is to regard Beowulf’s successive fights against the three monsters as the overcoming of the hostile forces of nature by man’s indomitable will and perseverance. For instance, the battle between Beowulf and the Dragon symbolically represents that phase of Winter and Summer myth in which the Summer God, here embodied by Beowulf, fights his last battle against the Winter Dragon in order to rescue the treasures of earth, that is, the golden corn and ruddy fruits. Having given them back to men, Beowulf himself dies of the Winter’s breath.2.What is the heroic ideal of Beowulf?Beowulf is essentially an aristocratic poem concerned with the heroic ideal of kings and kingship in North Europe. The social patterns ascribed in the poem are rigidly feudal, highly violent. Battle is a way of life. Strength and courage are basic virtues for both kings and his warriors. The hero-king strove to do better than any one else the things that are vitally important to the happy life of his people. The king should protect his people and show gentleness and generosity to his warriors. And in return, his warriors should show absolute obedience and loyalty to the king. By praising Beowulf's wisdom, strength and courage, and by glorifying his death for his people, the poem presents the heroic ideal of a king and his good relations to his warriors and people.3.What is the structure of Beowulf?According to the contents of the story, the poem can be divided into three parts:Part I: the fight against GrendelPart II: the fight against Grendel’s motherPart III: the fight against DragonBeowulf is an oral poem and for centuries the bards sing it to the people. As it is quite long, the bard could only sing a part of the story each night. Usually he would sing one adventure on the first night about the battle with Grendel. Then on the second night, he would continue and sing about Beowulf's fight against Grendel’s mother. However, there might be some new listeners. So before he came to the second adventure, he would give a short summary about what he sang the night before. And on the third night, he would give a longer summary about what happened on the first two night. There is also a prelude to invent an allusion to the real story. The poem begins with the funeral of a king and rounds up with that of another.4.Give a description of style in Beowulf.“Beowulf”towers above all other literary works written in Anglo-Saxon, chiefly because it is a powerful poem about a people’s hero written in true epic style, and not so much because the other extent writings of the period are mediocre or fragmentary. Beowulf is not simply a man of great military prowess but he is forever eager to help others in distress and in his last adventure with the dragon he shows himself a worthy leader ready to sacrifice his own life for the welfare of his people. Setting aside the supernatural elements pervading the poem as an inevitable limitation of the tribal-feudal age, “Beowulf” deserves to be ranked among the great heroic poems of northern Europe through it has not been as well known as the “Nibelungenlied”. In artistic form the epic tells the tale in a leisurely way, full of elaborations in legendary details, and the verse rises at places to heights of poetic grandeur, particularly in the descriptions of the hero’s nobility ofcharacter and in the narrations of his courageous battlings with malevolent foes.尼伯龙根之歌（Nibelungenlied）是著名的中世纪中古高地德语叙事诗。
美国文学简史
英美文学—英美文学简史殖民地时期印第安人的文化欧洲人发现新大陆的时候，北美洲的土著居民印第安人处于原始公社制度各种不同的阶段。
印第安人在向大自然的斗争中创造了自己的文化，主要是民间口头创作，包括神话传说和英雄传说。
由于他们没有文字，这些传说后来才得以整理问世，启发了后世美国作家的灵感。
早期移民的文化移民刚到新大陆时忙于生存斗争，所以开始时文学发展比较缓慢。
最早发表的关于北美的作品是游记、日记之类的文字。
作者都是英国人。
英国殖民地建立之后，统治者利用宗教，主要是清教主义作为控制殖民地思想意识的主要手段，因此许多出版物是关于神学的研究。
著名的作家有科顿·马瑟(1 663-1728)和乔纳森。
爱德华兹(1703-1758)等。
随着工业、贸易和民族意识的增涨，宗教自由的呼声提高，请教主义的神权统治走向衰亡，为人本主义与自由民主等民族独立的意识所代替。
诊歌创作北美出版的第一部诗集《海湾圣诗》是以民歌形式写成的圣诗。
迈克尔·威格尔斯沃思的诗全是解释加尔文教的教义，成了宗教性的普及读物。
女诗人安妮·布拉兹特里特写的也是宗教生活，不过多少以世俗的笔调抒写妇女的心情。
生前只发表过挽诗的牧师爱德华·泰勒反映了严格的清教主义的衰落。
在这些诗人身上，英国的影响也是明显的，布拉兹特里特得益于斯宾塞，泰勒的诗里看得出约翰·多思和乔治·赫伯特的影响。
独立革命至南北战争时期美国民族文学形成于独立革命时期。
这场斗争产生大量的革命诗歌，并且造就了美国头一批重要的散文家和诗人。
政治上的独立促进文化上的独立。
战争结束之后，美国作家的作品陆续增多，逐渐摆脱英国文学的垄断局面。
年轻的民主共和国使人们满怀信心，并吸引着旧世界更多的人们奔向新的大陆。
这样的社会条件促使19世纪上半叶的文学创作具有浪漫主义的色彩。
作家们吸取欧洲浪漫派文学的精神，对美国的历史、传说和现实生活进行描绘，美利坚民族内容逐渐丰富和充实起来。
英美文学简史 Chapters 1—2
• •
Beowulf
significance Outline of the Story
• • • • •
Medieval Literature: A Brief Introduction
1066—Norman Conquest—Middle English—Feudal Society The Arthurian Legends Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Robin Hood John Wycliffe
Medieval Literature: A Brief Introduction
Robin Hood Collection of 15th century medieval ballads about Robin Hood Robin Hood, the hero of the poor, the enemy of the rich and the powerful The ballads are many in number, “Robin hood and the Monk,” “Robin Hood and the Guy of Gisborne,” “Robin Hood and the Porter,” Lytell Geste of Robin Hood
英美文学知识点识记中文版
英国文学第一章，早期英国文学和中世纪英国文学1 我们所说的英格兰是一个岛屿，早期的居民是大不列颠人，他们是凯尔特Celts的一个部落。
公元前55年，罗马征服者裘力斯.凯撒Julius Caesar侵入英国，直到公元78年完全征服英国。
在罗马军队撤出后，成群的海盗侵入大不列颠，他们是北欧的三个部族，盎格鲁人，撒克逊人和朱特人，分别建成一些小国家，到公元7世纪，这些小王国合并成了一个联合王国成为英格兰或者盎格鲁王国，这3个部族形成了一个英国民族，其中盎格鲁人最多。
他们所说的三种方言自然发展形成了一种统一的语言成为盎格鲁.撒克逊语，或古英语。
盎格鲁撒克逊时期见证了英国从部落社会向封建制度的转变。
盎格鲁撒克逊人是异教徒，他们相信古老的北欧神话，在公元七世纪时被基督教同化，2 《贝奥武夫》BeowulfBeowulf是一个传说它主要的故事明显是北部原始部落的民间传说。
Beowulf是一个伟大的英雄，尽管这首诗写于10世纪，其英雄主要还是大陆原始部落社会的产物。
恩格斯指出，它反映了古代时期部落社会的特点。
在形式上最突出的特点是头韵的运用。
其他的特点是隐喻和保守陈述的使用。
3 大约在787年，一伙丹麦海盗侵入英国阿尔弗德雷王King Alfred The great 成功用武力把他们驱逐了出去，然而在他死后，丹麦人在1013年占领了这个国家，并统治了30年，威廉公爵领导下的诺曼人讲法语，他们于1066年来到英国，他们残酷地镇压了起义，用武力完成了征服，即诺曼底征服。
诺曼底征服标志着封建主义在英国的建立。
4 威廉.朗兰William Langland中世纪的文学领域几乎是一片空白，但确实有一片作品表明当时英语流行文学的存在，即《耕者皮休斯》Piers the Plowman 这首诗描写了一系列的梦境，通过这些梦境我们可以看到一幅封建英国的图景。
Piers the Plowman是英国最伟大的诗篇之一，他以梦幻的形式被书写出来，这是中世纪文学一个常见的方法，这首诗也是一篇寓言，利用了象征的手法讲述真理，5 罗宾汉的民谣收集在《罗宾汉传奇》的集子中，描述了英雄的整个生活。
自考英美文学选读第一章浪漫主义时期（美国）（课文翻译）
自考英美文学选读第一章浪漫主义时期（美国）（课文翻译）英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考）第二部分：美国文学第一章浪漫主义时期浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末,到内战爆发为止,是美国文学史上最重要的时期。
华盛顿·欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国文学的开端,惠特曼的《草叶集》是浪漫主义时期文学的压卷之作。
浪漫主义时期的文学是美国文学的繁荣时期,所以也称为"美国的文艺复兴。
"美国社会的发展哺育了"一个伟大民族的文学"。
年轻的美国没有历史的沉重包袱,很快在政治、经济和文化方面成长为一个独立的国家。
这一时期也是美国历史上西部扩张时期,到1860年领土已开拓到太平洋西岸。
到十九世纪中叶,美国已由原来的十三个州扩大到二十一个州,人口从1790年的四百万增至1860年的三千万。
在经济上,年轻的美国经历向工业的转化,影响所及不仅仅是城市,而且也包括农村。
蒸汽动力在工、农业生产上的运用、工厂的建立、劳动力的大量需求以及科技上的发明创造使经济生活得到了重组。
另外,大量移民促进了工业更加蓬勃的发展。
政治上,民主与平等成为这个年轻国家的理想,产生了两党制。
值得一提的是这个国家的文学和文化生活。
随着独立的美国政府的成立,美国人民已感到需要有美国文学,表达美国人民所特有的经历:早期清教徒的殖民,与印第安人的遭遇,边疆开发者的生活以及西部荒原等。
这个年轻国家的文学富有想象,已产生了一种文学环境。
报刊杂志如雨后春笋,出现了一大批文学读者,形成了十九世纪上半叶蓬勃的浪漫主义的文学思潮。
外国的,尤其是英国的文学大师对美国作家产生了重大影响。
美国作家由于秉承了与英国一样的文化传统,形成了同英国一样的浪漫主义风格。
欧文(Irving)、库柏(Cooper),坡(Poe),弗伦诺(Freneau)和布雷恩特(Bryant)一一反古典主义时期的文学样式和文学思潮,开创了较新的小说和诗歌形式。
这一时期大多数美国文学作品中,普遍强调文学的想象力和情感因素,注重生动的描写、异国情调的表达、感官的体会和对超自然力的描述。
英美文学史简介
英美文学史简介Part A British LiteratureⅠEarly and Medieval English Literature 早期及中世纪英国文学1. “Beowulf”, the national epic of the English people.《贝奥武夫》（Beowulf），完成于八世纪，约750年左右的英雄叙事长诗，长达3000多行。
是以古英语记载的传说中最古老的一篇。
是现存古英文文学中最伟大之作，也是欧洲最早的方言史诗。
2. Geoffrey Chaucer ,the founder of English poetry.乔叟(1343-1400),英国诗歌之父.The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》, 以一伙来自社会各个阶层的香客在宗教朝圣的路上讲述故事为线索，向我们清楚地展示了那个时代人们的生活。
在所有的23个故事中，除了两篇之外，其余都是诗歌体裁的作品。
ⅡThe Renaissance [ri′neis(ə)ns] 文艺复兴时期文学1.William Shakespeare 莎士比亚（1564～1616）英国文艺复兴时期伟大的剧作家、诗人，欧洲文艺复兴时期人文主义文学的集大成者。
莎士比亚给世人留下了37部戏剧play，其中包括一些他与别人合写的一般剧作。
此外，他还写有154首十四行诗sonnet和三、四首长诗poem。
四大喜剧： A Midsummer Night’s Dream 仲夏夜之梦The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人As You Like It 皆大欢喜Twelfth Night 第十二夜四大悲剧:Hamlet 哈姆雷特(To be, or not to be, that is the question)Othello 奥赛罗King Lear 李尔王Macbeth 麦克白其他：Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶2.Francis Bacon 培根（1561-1626 ）The founder of English materialist philosophy and modern science.Bacon is especially famous for his Essays.培根,英国唯物主义和现代科学奠基人,散文家.代表作：散文Of Studies 《论学习》ⅢThe period of English Bourgeois [buə′ʒwɑ:] Revolution and Restoration 资产阶级革命时期文学1.John Milton 米尔顿Paradise Lost 《失乐园》2. John Bunyan 班扬The Pilgrim’s Progress 《天路历程》ⅣEighteenth Century English Literature 十八世纪英国文学1. Daniel Defoe: 笛福Robinson Crusoe 《鲁滨逊漂流记》2. Jonathan Swift：斯威夫特Gulliver’s Travels 《格列佛游记》3. Henry Fielding 菲尔丁the Founder of the English Realistic Nov 英国现实主义小说奠基人Joseph Andrew 《约瑟夫·安德鲁》4. William Blake 布莱克and Robert Burns彭斯: PoetⅤRomanticism in England 浪漫主义时期文学1. William Wordsworth 华滋华斯the representative poet of the early romanticism. 标志着浪漫主义的开始2. George Gordon Byron 拜伦Don Juan 《唐·璜》3. Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了,春天还会远吗?4. John Keats 济慈Ode to a Nightingale 《夜莺颂》5. Jane Austen 简·奥斯汀Pride and Prejudice 《傲慢与偏见》ⅥThe Victorian Age 维多利亚时期文学1. Charles Dickens 狄更斯代表作：Oliver Twist 《雾都孤儿》、A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》、David Copperfield 《大卫·科波菲尔》2. William Makepeace Thackeray 萨克雷代表作：Vanity Fair 《名利场》3. George Eliot 乔治·艾略特4. The Brontë Sisters 勃朗特三姐妹Charlotte Brontë夏洛蒂·勃朗特：Jane Eyre《简·爱》Emily Brontë艾米莉·勃朗特：Wuthering Heights 《呼啸山庄》Annie Brontë安妮·勃朗特5. The Brownings 勃朗宁夫妇Husband: Robert BrowningWife: Elizabeth BrowningSonnets from the Portuguese 《葡语十四行诗集》ⅦTwentieth Century English Literature 20世纪英国文学1. Thomas Hardy 托马斯·哈代Tess of the d’Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》2. John Galsworthy 高尔斯华绥3. Oscar Wilde 王尔德Poet，dramatist, novelist and essayist.The Happy Prince and Other Tales 《快乐王子和其他故事》4. George Bernard Shaw 萧伯纳the most important English dramatist5. D. H. Lawrence 劳伦斯Lady Chatterley’s Lover 《查泰来夫人的情人》6. Virginia Woolf 伍尔芙Feminism, the stream of consciousness意识流女权主义与现代主义小说的先驱7. James Joyce 乔伊斯Ulysses《尤里西斯》the stream of consciousness意识流Part B American LiteratureⅠThe Literature During the Colonial American and the American Revolution殖民地时期及独立战争时期的文学Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林ⅡAmerican Romanticism and New England Literature 浪漫主义及新英格兰时期文学1. Washington Irving华盛顿•欧文(1783-1859)the first American to achieve an international literary reputation. 是美国文学的奠基人之一。
英国文学史第一章知识点
英国文学史第一章知识点一.English literature:poetry诗歌、Novel小说、Drama戏剧and Essay散文。
a)中世纪：the English Medieval Age：the old English Literature 古英语时期the Middle English Literature 中古英语时期Anglo-Saxon ages 央格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中，最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》，别认为是英国的民族史诗。
The good specimens标本of pagan异教poetry 诗歌are Beowulf,the greatest of Germanic epics日耳曼史诗. 讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔，与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话传奇色彩。
national epic 民族史诗of the English people/of theAnglo-Saxons; Denmark story; alliteration 头韵体, A lot of metaphors 隐喻and understatements保守的陈述are used in the poem.Epic:long narrative poems叙事诗thatrecord the adventures orheroic deeds of a hero enacted制定in vast landscapes风景.The style of epic is grand宏伟的and elevated严肃的.e.g. Homer’s Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features:The epic presents an all-round picture of the tribal society史诗提出了一种全面的图像部落的社会。
.We can see the social conditions and customs of that period我们可以看到那个时期的社会条件和习俗。
外国文学简史1第一章古代文学共76页PPT资料
忒修斯的故事
•
克里特岛的迷宫中有一个半
牛半人的怪物，每年都要吃掉雅
典被迫进贡的七对童男童女。大
英雄忒修斯继承雅典王位后，决
心除掉怪物，洗刷雅典人的耻辱。
• 忒修斯乘船来到克里特，米诺斯 王的女儿阿里阿德涅对他一见倾 心，施以援手，送给他一个线团 和一柄宝剑。忒修斯将线的一端 系在迷宫入口，带着线团深入迷 宫，杀死怪物，然后顺着放开的 线原路出了迷宫。
腊有着悠久的诗歌传统，诗歌的类型多种多样，
并涌现出许多青史流名的著名诗人。早在年代无 法确定的上古时代，希腊地区就有许多民间歌谣
出现和流传，至今仍有断片残章留存，如《磨坊
之歌》、《酿酒之歌》和《燕子之歌》等等。
诗人赫西俄德
•
《工作与时日》：以
一个自耕农的立场，劝导
诗人的弟弟要勤于耕作、
正直劳动，不要巧取豪夺，
• 著作：以学识渊博著称， 现存著作达47部之多，涉 及社会科学和自然科学的 诸多领域。
《诗 学》
• 内容：对以史诗和悲剧 为代表的古希腊文学作 出理论阐释和总结。
• 观点：完整地提出了被 后人概括为“摹仿说” 的美学观。
希腊化时代
• 社会背景：希腊在经过古典时代的繁盛后，由于 各城邦之间和各邦国内部的矛盾日趋激烈而逐渐 走向衰落。
光盘制作者：
• 于冬云 • 杨江平 • 杨黎红 • 郎晓玲 • 李大可 • 姜智芹 • 张磊
世界文学简史
第一部分 欧美文学
第一章 古代文学
第一章 古代文学
• 第一节 概述 • 第二节 古希腊文学 • 第三节 古罗马文学
第一章 古 代 文 学 第一节 概述
•
西方文学的源头：古
代希腊和罗马文学。