机械设计制造及其自动化外文翻译外文文献英文文献普通钻床改造为多轴钻床
机械设计制造及自动化中英文对照外文翻译文献
机械设计制造及⾃动化中英⽂对照外⽂翻译⽂献中英⽂对照外⽂翻译⽂献(⽂档含英⽂原⽂和中⽂翻译)使⽤CBN砂轮对螺杆转⼦进⾏精密磨削的⽅法摘要：针对⾼精度加⼯螺杆转⼦，这篇论⽂介绍了利⽤⽴⽅氮化硼（CBN砂轮）对螺杆转⼦进⾏精密磨削的加⼯⽅法。
⾸先，使⽤⼩型电镀CBN砂轮磨削螺杆转⼦。
精确的CBN砂轮轴向轮廓的模型是在齿轮啮合理论的基础上建⽴开发的。
考虑到螺杆转⼦和涂层厚度之间的间隙，主动砂轮的修整引⼊了CBN的砂轮的设计⽅法。
主动砂轮的形状采⽤低速电⽕花线切割技术（低速⾛丝线切割机）进⾏加⼯线CBN主动砂轮的成形车⼑采⽤低速⾛丝机切割机进⾏加⼯。
CBN螺杆转⼦砂轮采⽤本⽂提出的原理进⾏有效性和正确性的验证。
电镀CBN砂轮对螺杆转⼦进⾏加⼯，同时进⾏机械加⼯实验。
在实验中获得的数据达到GB10095-88五级认证。
关键词： CBN砂轮精密磨削螺杆转⼦砂轮外形修整专业术语⽬录：P 螺杆转⼦的参数H 螺杆转⼦的直径Σ砂轮和转⼦的安装⾓度Au 砂轮和转⼦的中⼼距8 螺旋转⼦接触点的旋转⾓x1, y1, z1:转⼦在σ系统中的位置x, y, z: 砂轮端⾯的位置x u ,y u ,z u: x, x y z轴的法向量n x ,ny,nz:X Y Z轴的端⾯法向量n u , nu, nu:砂轮的⾓速度的⽮量:砂轮模块的⾓速度wu:螺旋转⼦的⾓速度w1螺旋转⼦模块的⾓速度转⼦接触点的⾓速度转⼦表⾯接触点的初始速度砂轮表⾯接触点的⾓速度砂轮表⾯接触点的初始速度l砂轮的理论半径砂轮轴的理想位置砂轮表⾯的修改半径砂轮轴的修改位置砂轮表⾯的法向量1.引⾔螺旋转⼦是螺杆压缩机、螺钉、碎纸机以及螺杆泵的关键部分。
转⼦的加⼯精度决定了机械性能。
⼀般来说，铣⼑⽤于加⼯螺旋转⼦。
许多研究者，如肖等⼈[ 1 ]和姚等⼈[ 2 ]，对⽤铣⼑加⼯螺旋转⼦做了⼤量的⼯作。
该⽅法可以提⾼加⼯效率。
然⽽，加⼯精度低和表⾯粗糙度不⾼是其主要缺点。
机械设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
外文原文Mechanical DesignAbstract:A machine is a combination of mechanisms and other components which transforms, transmits. Examples are engines, turbines, vehicles, hoists, printing presses, washing machines, and movie cameras. Many of the principles and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to manufactured articles that are not true machines. The term "mechanical design" is used in a broader sense than "machine design" to include their design. the motion and structural aspects and the provisions for retention and enclosure are considerations in mechanical design. Applications occur in the field of mechanical engineering, and in other engineering fields as well, all of which require mechanical devices, such as switches, cams, valves, vessels, and mixers.Keywords: Mechanical Design mechanisms Design ProcessThe Design ProcessDesigning starts with a need real.Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previouslydone by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partlyIn the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components becomeapparent, analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive cost. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strengths of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles of mechanics, such as those of static for reaction forces and for the optimum utilization of friction; of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy; of elasticity and strength of materials for stress and deflection; of physical behavior of materials; and of fluid mechanics for lubrication and hydrodynamic drives. The analyses may be made by the same engineer who conceived the arrangement of mechanisms, or, in a large company, they may be made by a separate analysis division or research group. Design is a reiterative and cooperative process, whether done formally or informally, and the analyst can contribute to phases other than his own. Product design requires much research and development. Many Concepts of an idea must be studied, tried, and then either used or discarded. Although the content of each engineering problem is unique, the designers follow the similar process to solve the problems. Product liability suits designers and forced in material selection, using the best program. In the process of material, the most common problems for five (a) don't understand or not use about the latest application materials to the best information, (b) failed to foresee and consider the reasonable use material may (such as possible, designers should further forecast and consider due to improper use products. In recent years, many products liability in litigation, the use of products and hurt the plaintiff accused manufacturer, and won the decision), (c) of the materials used all or some of the data, data, especially when the uncertainty long-term performance data is so, (d) quality control method is not suitable and unproven, (e) by some completely incompetent persons choose materials.Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity.May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.Finally, a design based upon function, and a prototype may be built. If its tests are satisfactory, the initial design will undergo certain modifications that enable it to be manufactured in quantity at a lower cost. During subsequent years of manufacture and service, the design is likely to undergo changes as new ideas are conceived or as further analyses based upon tests and experience indicate alterations. Sales appeal.Some Rules for DesignIn this section it is suggested that, applied with a creative attitude, analyses can lead to important improvements and to the conception and perfection of alternate, perhaps more functional, economical,and durable products.To stimulate creative thought, the following rules are suggested for the designer and analyst. The first six rules are particularly applicable for the analyst.1. A creative use of need of physical properties and control process.2. Recognize functional loads and their significance.3. Anticipate unintentional loads.4. Devise more favorable loading conditions.5. Provide for favorable stress distribution and stiffness with minimum weight.6. Use basic equations to proportion and optimize dimensions.7. Choose materials for a combination of properties.8. Select carefully, stock and integral components.9. Modify a functional design to fit the manufacturing process and reduce cost.10. Provide for accurate location and noninterference of parts in assembly.Machinery design covers the following contents.1. Provides an introduction to the design process , problem formulation ,safety factors.2. Reviews the material properties and static and dynamic loading analysis ,Including beam , vibration and impact loading.3. Reviews the fundamentals of stress and defection analysis.4. Introduces fatigue-failure theory with the emphasis on stress-life approaches to high-cycle fatigue design, which is commonly used in the design of rotation machinery.5. Discusses thoroughly the phenomena of wear mechanisms, surface contact stresses ,and surface fatigue.6. Investigates shaft design using the fatigue-analysis techniques.7. Discusses fluid-film and rolling-element bearing theory and application8. Gives a thorough introduction to the kinematics, design and stress analysis of spurgears , and a simple introduction to helical ,bevel ,and worm gearing.9. Discusses spring design including compression ,extension and torsion springs.10. Deals with screws and fasteners including power screw and preload fasteners.11. Introduces the design and specification of disk and drum clutches and brakes. Machine DesignThe complete design of a machine is a complex process. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge. One of the first steps in the design of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made. Numerous materials are available to today's designers. The function of the product, its appearance, the cost of the material, and the cost of fabrication are important in making a selection. A careful evaluation of the properties of a. material must be made prior to any calculations.Careful calculations are necessary to ensure the validity of a design. In case of any part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components. The checking of calculations (and drawing dimensions) is of utmost importance. The misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project. All aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked.The computer is a tool helpful to mechanical designers to lighten tedious calculations, and provide extended analysis of available data. Interactive systems, based on computer capabilities, have made possible the concepts of computer aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM).How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process.Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on.If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly notnecessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of product Must regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.外文资料翻译译文机械设计摘要：机器是由机械装置和其它组件组成的。
机械设计及其自动化 外文翻译 数控机床
【英文】High-speed machining the development ofHigh-speed machining is oriented to the 21st century a new high-tech, high-efficiency, High-precision and high surface quality as a basic feature, in the automobile industry, aerospace, Die Manufacturing and instrumentation industries gained increasingly widespread application, and has made significant technical and economic benefits. contemporary advanced manufacturing technology an important component part。
High-speed machining is to achieve high efficiency of the core technology manufacturers, intensive processes and equipment packaged so that it has a high production efficiency. It can be said that the high-speed machining is an increase in the quantity of equipment significantly improve processing efficiency essential to the technology. High-speed machining is the major advantages : improve production efficiency, improve accuracy and reduce the processing of cutting resistance。
毕业设计论文外文文献翻译机械设计制造及其自动化轴承的摩擦与润滑中英文对照
Friction , Lubrication of BearingIn many of the problem thus far , the student has been asked to disregard or neglect friction . A ctually , friction is present to some degree whenever two parts are in contact and move on each other. The term friction refers to the resistance of two or more parts to movement.Friction is harmful or valuable depending upon where it occurs. friction is necessary for fastening devices such as screws and rivets which depend upon friction to hold the fastener and the parts together. Belt drivers, brakes, and tires are additional applications where friction is necessary.The friction of moving parts in a machine is harmful because it reduces the mechanical advantage of the device. The heat produced by friction is lost energy because no work takes place. A lso , greater power is required to overcome the increased friction. Heat is destructive in that it causes expansion. Expansion may cause a bearing or sliding surface to fit tighter. If a great enough pressure builds up because made from low temperature materials may melt.There are three types of friction which must be overcome in moving parts: (1)starting, (2)sliding,and(3)rolling. Starting friction is the friction between two solids that tend to resist movement. When two parts are at a state of rest, the surface irregularities of both parts tend to interlock and form a wedging action. T o produce motion in these parts, the wedge-shaped peaks and valleys of the stationary surfaces must be made to slide out and over each other. The rougher the two surfaces, the greater is starting friction resulting from their movement .Since there is usually no fixed pattern between the peaks and valleys of two mating parts, the irregularities do not interlock once the parts are in motion but slide over each other. The friction of the two surfaces is known as sliding friction. A s shown in figure ,starting friction is always greater than sliding friction .Rolling friction occurs when roller devces are subjected to tremendous stress which cause the parts to change shape or deform. Under these conditions, the material in front of a roller tends to pile up and forces the object to roll slightly uphill. This changing of shape , known as deformation, causes a movement of molecules. As a result ,heat is produced from the added energy required to keep the parts turning and overcome friction.The friction caused by the wedging action of surface irregularities can be overcome partly by the precision machining of the surfaces. However, even these smooth surfaces may require the use of a substance between them to reduce the friction still more. This substance is usually a lubricant which provides a fine, thin oil film. The film keeps the surfaces apart and prevents the cohesive forces of the surfaces from coming in close contact and producing heat .Another way to reduce friction is to use different materials for the bearing surfaces and rotating parts. This explains why bronze bearings, soft alloy s, and copper and tin iolite bearings are used with both soft andhardened steel shaft. The iolite bearing is porous. Thus, when the bearing is dipped in oil, capillary action carries the oil through the spaces of the bearing. This type of bearing carries its own lubricant to the points where the pressures are the greatest.Moving parts are lubricated to reduce friction, wear, and heat. The most commonly used lubricants are oils, greases, and graphite compounds. Each lubricant serves a different purpose. The conditions under which two moving surfaces are to work determine the type of lubricant to be used and the system selected for distributing the lubricant.On slow moving parts with a minimum of pressure, an oil groove is usually sufficient to distribute the required quantity of lubricant to the surfaces moving on each other .A second common method of lubrication is the splash system in which parts moving in a reservoir of lubricant pick up sufficient oil which is then distributed to all moving parts during each cycle. This system is used in the crankcase of lawn-mower engines to lubricate the crankshaft, connecting rod ,and parts of the piston.A lubrication system commonly used in industrial plants is the pressure system. In this system, a pump on a machine carries the lubricant to all of the bearing surfaces at a constant rate and quantity.There are numerous other sy stems of lubrication and a considerable number of lubricants available for any given set of operating conditions. Modern industry pays greater attention to the use of the proper lubricants than at previous time because of the increased speeds, pressures, and operating demands placed on equipment and devices.Although one of the main purposes of lubrication is reduce friction, any substance-liquid , solid , or gaseous-capable of controlling friction and wear between sliding surfaces can be classed as a lubricant.V arieties of lubricationUnlubricated sliding. Metals that have been carefully treated to remove all foreign materials seize and weld to one another when slid together. In the absence of such a high degree of cleanliness, adsorbed gases, water vapor ,oxides, and contaminants reduce frictio9n and the tendency to seize but usually result in severe wear。
机械设计过程外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
附录英文Machine design processThe machine is the organization with other components combinations, transforms，the transmission or using the energ，the strength or the movementexample for the beneficial use has the engine．the turbine wheel，the vehicles．the hoist，the printer，the washer and the movie camera Many is suitable tbr themachine design principle and the strength law also is suitable to is not thegenuine machine finished product．the driven wheel hub and the file cabinet tothe measuring appl iance and the nuclear pressure vessel．”Machine designt thisterminology compared to”machine design”more generalized，it including machine design．But regarding certain instruments．1ike uses to determine hot，the mobile line and the volume thermal energy as well as the fluid aspect question needs alone to consider．But when machine design must consider themovement and the structure aspect question as well as preserved and the sealstipulation．In the mechanical engineering domain and all that project domainapplication machine design，all need such as mechanism and so on the svdtch,cam，valve，vessel and mixer．The design beginning tO being true or the imagination need．The existing instrument possibly needs in the durability，the efficiency，the weight，the speedor the cost performs to improve．]he possible need new instrument tO completebefore made the function by the person．1ike t was abundant Assembly or maintenance．After the goal completely or partially determines，the design nextstep is the idea carl complete needs the ffmction the organization and its thearrangement for this，the free hand drawing schematic diagram value is enormous，it not only takes a person idea the recording and the auxiliary．methodwhich if the other people discusses，moreover especially is suitable for with ownidea exchange，also needs to concern as the creative mentality stimulant to thepart widespread knowledge，because a new machine frequently by knew very well each kind of components rearrange or the replace become，perhaps changedthe size and the material．Regardless of after idea process or，a designer callcarry on fast either the sketchy computation or the analysis determines thegeneral size and the feasibility．After about need or may use the spatial meteidea determination，may start according to the proportion picture schematicdiagram．When several components approximate shapes and several sizes come out，the analysis was allowed truly to start．The analysis goal lies in enable it to havesatisfying or the superior performance，as well as will seek the best proportionand the size under the smallest weight security and the durability and thecompetitive cost designer for each essential load bearing section，as well asseveral components intensities balance then choice material and processingmethod．These important goals only have through only then may obtain based on the mechanism analysis，like about reacting force and friction most superioruse principie of statics；About inertia，acceleration and energy principle ofdynamics：About stress and deflection material elasticity and intensity principle；About material physical behavior principle；About lubrication and water poweractuation hydromechanics principle．The analysis may identical engineer whicharranges by the idea machinery do，or makes the analysis in the big company bythe independent analysis department or the research group the result，possibleneed new arrangement and new size．No matter is officially does orunofficialdoes，supposes Japan is relapse and the cooperation process．the analysis staffmay play the role to all stages but not merely is he stage.Some design criteriaIn this part，some people suggested carries on the analysis using the creative manner，this kind of analysis may cause the significant improvement aswell as to the spare product idea and the consummation，the product functionmore．more economical，is perhaps more durable． The creation stage does notneed is at first and the independent stage．Alttlough the analysis staff possiblycertainlv is not responsible for the entire design，but he not meyely is can fromthe numeral proposc wants question correct answer which he soIVes，not merelyis Droduces the stress value，the size or the work limit. He may propose a morewidespread opinion，in order to improvement standard or plan. Because beforethe analysis or in the analysis process，he can familiar install and its the workingcondition．he is in an idea to prepare chooses the plan the rantage Poinl．Best hecan propose the suggestion transfigure eliminates the moment of force or thestress concentration，but was not the permission constructs has the blgsectlonand the excessively many dynamic loads organization should better be he discards his careful desi{；n but is not afterwards saw the machinery discarded.In order to stimulate the creative thought，below suggested designs thepersonnel and the analysis staff uses the criterion.The first 6 criteria especially are suitable for the analysis staff,although he possibly involves to possesses this l o items.1．Creatively the use needs the physical performance and the control doesnot need．2．Knows the practical load and its the importance.3．D00s not consider the function load in advance.4．Invents the more advantageous loading environment.5．Provides the minimurn weight the most advantageous stress distributionand the rigidity．6．uses the fundamental equation computation proportion and causes thesize optimization．7．The selection material obtains the perlbrmance combination．8．In between spare parts and integrated components carefid choice． 9．Revisions functional design adapts the production process and reduces thecost．10．In the consideration assembly causes the part pintpointing and mutuallydoes not disturb．Designs the personnel to have in such domain，like the statics，the inematics，dynamics and the materials mechanics have the good accomplishment，in addition．but also must familiar make the material and themanufacture craft．Designs the personnel to have to be able to combine allcollrelations the fact，carries on teaches Wei．the manufacture schematic diagramand the charting comes the manufacture request totransmit the workshop． Any product design one of first step of work is the choice uses in to makeeach part the material．Today design personnel may obtain innumerably．When choice，the product function，the outward appearance，the material cost and theproduction cost very are all important．Before any computation must carefullyappraise the material the performance．It is the necessary careful computation toguarantee the design the validity The computation ever does not appear on thechart，but is saved by ten each kind of reason．Once any part expires，had makeclear when is designing at first this had the flaw the components has made any；Moreover，。
机械加工外文翻译、中英文翻译、机械类外文文献翻译
外文原文：Machining TurningThe engine lathe, one of the oldest metal removal machines, has a number of useful and highly desirable attributes. Today these lathes are used primarily in small shops where smaller quantities rather than large production runs are encountered.The engine lathe has been replaced in today’s production shops by a wide variety of automatic lathes such as automatic tracer lathes, turret lathes, and automatic screw machines. All the advantages of single-point tooling for maximum metal removal, and the use of form tools for finished on a par with the fastest processing equipment on the scene today.Tolerances for the engine lathe depend primarily on the skill of the operator. The design engineer must be careful in using tolerances of an experimental part that has been produced on the engine lathe by a skilled operator. In redesigning an experimental part for production, economical tolerances should be used.Turret LathesProduction machining equipment must be evaluated now, more than ever before, in terms of ability to repeat accurately and rapidly. Applying this criterion for establishing the production qualification of a specific method, the turret lathe merits a high rating.In designing for low quantities such as 100 or 200 parts, it is most economical to use the turret lathe. In achieving the optimum tolerances possible on the turret lathe, the designer should strive for a minimum of operations.Automatic Screw MachinesGenerally, automatic screw machines fall into several categories; single-spindle automatics, multiple-spindle rapid, automatic chucking machines. Originally designed for rapid, automatic production of screws and similar threaded parts, the narrow field, and today plays a vital role in the mass production of a variety of precision parts. Quantities play an important part in the economy of the parts machined on the automatic screw machine. The cost of the parts machined can be reduced if the minimum economical lot size is calculated and the proper machine is selected for these quantities.Automatic Tracer LathesSince surface roughness depends greatly upon material turned, tooling, and feeds and speeds employed, minimum tolerances that can be held on automatic tracer lathes are not necessarily the most economical tolerances.In some cases, tolerances of ±0.05mm are held in continuous production using but one cut. Groove width can be held to ±0.0125mm on some parts. Bores and single-point finishes can be held to ±0.0125mm. On high-production runs where maximum output is desirable, a minimum tolerance of ±0.125mm is economical on both diameter and length of turn.MillingWith the exceptions of turning and drilling, milling is undoubtedly the most widely used method of removing metal. Well suited and readily adapted to the economical production of any quantity of parts, the almost unlimited versatility of milling process merits the attention and consideration of designers seriously with the manufacture of their product.As in any other process, parts that have to be milled should be designed with economical tolerances that can be achieved in production mill. If the part is designed with tolerances finer than necessary, additional operations will have to be added to achieve these tolerances-and this will increase the cost of the part.GrindingGrinding is one of the most widely used methods of finishing parts to extremely close tolerances and fine surface finishes. Currently, there are grinders for almost every type of grinding machine required. Where processing costs are excessive, parts redesigned to worthwhile. For example, wherever possible the production economy of centerless grinding should be taken advantage of by proper design consideration.Although grinding is usually considered a finishing operation, it is often employed as a complete machining process on work which can be ground down from rough condition without being turned or otherwise machined. Thus many types of forgings and other parts are finished completely with the grinding wheel at appreciable savings of time and expense.Classes of grinding machines include the following: cylindrical grinders, centerless grinders, internal grinders, surface grinders, and tool expense.The cylindrical and centerless grinders or taper work; thus splines, shafts, and similar parts are ground on cylindrical machines either of the common-center type orthe centerless machine.Thread grinders are used for grinding precision threads for thread gages, and threads on precision parts where the concentricity between the diameter of the shaft and pitch diameter of thread must be held to close tolerances.The internal grinders are used for grinding of precision holes, cylinder bores, and similar operations where bores of all kinds are to be finished.The surface grinders are for finishing all kinds of flat work, or work with plain surfaces which may be operated upon either by the edge of a wheel or by the face of a grinding wheel. These machines may have reciprocating or rotating tables.译文：机械加工金属切削机床中最早的一种是普通车床，当今仍有许多有用的特性。
机械设计制造及其自动化毕业设计外文翻译
英文原文名Automatic production line PLC control中文译文：自动化生产线自动上料站的PLC控制自动生产线是由工件传送系统和控制系统，将一组自动机床和辅助设备按照工艺顺序联结起来，自动完成产品全部或部分制造过程的生产系统，简称自动线。
二十世纪20年代，随着汽车、滚动轴承、小电机和缝纫机和其他工业发展,机械制造业开始出现在自动生产线,第一个是组合机床自动线。
在20世纪20年代,第一次出现在汽车工业流水生产线和半自动生产线,然后发展成自动生产线。
第二次世界大战后,在机械制造工业发达国家,自动生产线的数量急剧增加。
采用自动生产线生产的产品应该足够大,产品设计和技术应该是先进的、稳定的和可靠的,基本上保持了很长一段时间维持不变。
自动线用于大,大规模生产可以提高劳动生产率,稳定和提高产品质量,改善劳动条件,降低生产区域,降低生产成本,缩短生产周期,保证生产平衡、显著的经济效益。
自动生产线的一个干预指定的程序或命令自动操作或控制的过程,我们的目标是稳定、准确、快速。
自动化技术广泛用于工业、农业、军事、科学研究、交通运输、商业、医疗、服务和家庭,等自动化生产线不仅可以使人们从繁重的体力劳动、部分脑力劳动以及恶劣、危险的工作环境,能扩大人的器官功能,极大地提高劳动生产率,提高人们认识世界的能力,可以改变世界。
下面我说下它的应用范围：机械制造业中有铸造、锻造、冲压、热处理、焊接、切削加工和机械装配等自动线，也有包括不同性质的工序，如毛坯制造、加工、装配、检验和包装等的综合自动线。
加工自动线发展最快,应用最广泛的机械制造。
主要包括:用于处理盒、外壳、各种各样的部件,如组合机床自动线;用于加工轴、盘部分,由通用、专业化、或自动机器自动专线;转子加工自动线;转子自动线加工过程简单、小零件等。
1.确保节拍时间:无论什么样的产品,都必须完成的时间生产。
2.单元过程:只有一个产品,单位部分处理、组装、加工和材料。
可调式多轴头加工工具课程毕业设计设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
毕业设计 (论文)参考文献译文毕业设计(论文)参考文献译文学生姓名：系别：专业：机械设计制造及其自动化班级：学号: 译文出处：United States Patent［19］ Okunishi et al.Patent Number:4,776,081Date of Patent:Oct.11,19881可调式多轴头加工工具摘要：在多轴头匹配类型机床上，加工单元包括一个基于处理进退运动的原始的职位和一个加工的位置,第一个环形导轨包括一个可移动的轨道包围的加工单元,它坐落在原来的位置，第二个环形钢导轨和处理在一个地方上的轴向位移的从前导轨,分别为多轴头进行的第一和第二支导轨。
第一和第二索引机制的交换连接头分别为多轴第一和第二导轨等同为驾车前往角位移,处理和电梯机制从第一次和第二次侧导轨的垂距在一个地方移动为铁路提供更换多轴头之间的第一个和第二个导轨,静止轨道交通发展的一个重要组成部分的第一导轨和部分第二导轨的分歧是生活在一个圆弧钢轨在一个地方上相应的举升机构,例如,电梯机制相互连接组成的电梯扶手电梯的第一和第二,升降导轨是指连接到电梯,都还有待提高,并降低了之间的第一个和第二个导轨。
关键词：多轴头、导轨、电梯机制、角位移1.领域的发明本发明涉及一种多抽头类型机床上，加工单元包括一个基地处理进退运动之间的一个原始的职位和加工的位置,第一个环形导轨包括一个可移动的轨道积分与加工单元和一个固定的轨道包围了加工单元,它坐落在原来的位置,第二环形钢导轨和处理在一个地方上的轴向位移的从前导轨,复数个多轴的连接头每头进行了第一和第二支导轨,第一和第二索引机制的替代连接头分别多轴的与第一和第二导轨多轴头连接为驾车前往角位移等处理,电梯机制从第一次和第二次侧导轨在一个地方移动钢轨的垂距提供更换多轴头之间的第一和第二支导轨。
2.原有的类型描述这样的多轴头代替型机工具，是由通常为人所知的No.13923/86日本出版。
机械工程及自动化 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 数控技术和装备发展趋势
Numerical control technology andequipment trend of development The equipment industry technical level and the modernized degree were deciding the entire national economy level and the modernized degree, the numerical control technology and the equipment are the development emerging high technology and new technology industry and the state-of-art industry (for example defense industry industries and so on information technology and industry, biological technology and industry, aviation, astronautics) enables the technology and the most basic equipment. Marx had said “each kind of economical time difference, does not lie in produces any, but how lies in produces, with any means of labor production”. The technique of manufacture and the equipment is the humanity produces active the most basic producer goods, but the numerical control technology also is advanced now the technique of manufacture and the equipment most core technology. Now the various countries manufacturing industry widely uses the numerical control technology, sharpens the manufacturing capacity and the level, enhances to the dynamic changeable market adaptiveness and competitive ability. In addition in the world various industries developed country also lists as the national strategic resources the numerical control technology and the numerical control equipment, not only takes the significant measure to develop own numerical control technology and the industry, moreover implements the blockade and the limit policy in “precise and advanced” the numerical control key technologies and the equipment aspect to our country. In brief, develops vigorously take the numerical control technology has become the world each developed country acceleration economy development as the core advanced technique of manufacture, enhances the comprehensive national strength and the national status important way.The numerical control technology is carries on the control with the numerical information to the mechanical movement and the work process the technology, the numerical control equipment is take the numerical control technology as representative's new technology the integration of machinery product which forms to the traditional manufacture industry and the emerging manufacturing industry seepage, namely so-called digitized equipment, its technical scope cover very many domains: (1) machine manufacture technology; (2) information processing, processing, transmission technology; (3) automatic control technology; (4) servo actuates the technology; (5) sensor technology; (6) software technology and so on.1 numerical control technology trend of developmentNot only the numerical control technology application has brought the revolutionary change for the traditional manufacturing industry, causes the manufacturing industry to become the industrialization the symbol, moreover along with numerical control technology unceasing development and application domain expansion, he to national economy and the people's livelihood some important professions (IT, automobile, light industry, medical service and so on) development more and more vital role, because these professions must equip the digitization alreadywas the modern development major tendency. The numerical control technology and the equipment development tendency looked from the present world that, its main research hot spot has following several aspect [1~4].1.1 high speed, high precision work technology and equipment new tendencyThe efficiency, the quality are the advanced technique of manufacture main bodies. High speed, the high precision work technology may enhance the efficiency enormously, enhances the product the quality and the scale, reduces the production cycle and sharpens the market competition ability. Lists as one of 5 great modern techniques of manufacture for this Japan Tip Technology Research board it, the international production project learns (CIRP) its determination is one of 21st century central research directions.In the passenger vehicle industry domain, yearly produces 300,000 production metres was 40/s，moreover the multi-variety processing is one of key questions which the passenger vehicle equipment must solve; In the aviation and the astronavigation industry domain, its processing spare part many for the thin wall and the thin muscle, the rigidity is very bad, material for aluminum or aluminum alloy, only then in the high cutting speed and the cutting force very small situation, can to these muscles, the wall carry on the processing. Recently uses the large-scale overall aluminum alloy semifinished materials “pull out spatially” the method to make the wing, the fuselage and so on the large-scale components substitutes many components through the multitudinous rivets, the bolt and other joint way assembling, causes the component the intensity, the rigidity and the reliability obtains the enhancement. These all to processed the equipment to propose high speed, Gao Jing and the high flexible request.Unfolds from EMO2001 meets the situation to look that, processes the center feed rate to be possible high speed to reach 80m/min, even higher, the aerial transport stroke speed may reach 100m/About min. At present in the world many automotive factories, including our country's Shanghai General Motors, already used by the high speed processing center composition production line part substitution aggregate machine-tool. American CINCINNATI Corporation's HyperMach engine bed feed rate reaches 60m/most greatlymin, fast is 100m/min, the acceleration reaches 2g, the main axle rotational speed has reached 60 000r/min. Processes a thin wall airplane part, only uses 30min, but the same components need 3h in the common high speed milling machine processing, needs 8h in the plain milling machine processing; The German DMG Corporation's double main axle lathe main axle speed and the acceleration respectively reach 12*! 000r/mm和1g。
机械设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
机械设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译unavailable。
The first step in the design process is to define the problem and XXX are defined。
the designer can begin toXXX evaluated。
and the best one is XXX。
XXX.Mechanical DesignA XXX machines include engines。
turbines。
vehicles。
hoists。
printing presses。
washing machines。
and XXX and methods of design that apply to XXXXXX。
cams。
valves。
vessels。
and mixers.Design ProcessThe design process begins with a real need。
Existing apparatus may require XXX。
efficiency。
weight。
speed。
or cost。
while new apparatus may be XXX。
To start。
the designer must define the problem and XXX。
ideas and concepts are generated。
evaluated。
and refined until the best one is XXX。
XXX.XXX。
assembly。
XXX.During the preliminary design stage。
it is important to allow design XXX if some ideas may seem impractical。
they can be corrected early on in the design process。
机械工程及自动化组合镗床中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文:Combination Boring MachineThe multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools has many names to describe it in the industrial field.It likes“the multitasking installment”, “the multi-purpose engine beds”, “the multi-procedure pr oduction system” and so on.It may be called the processing domain truly the nova and reduce the cost, the simplified disposition and has maintained in the US territory produces. In the past only they used the duty which many machine operations could complete, now it may concentrate to an engine bed on processes completes.As a result of market demand's unceasing change, the product life cycle is reducing unceasingly, today's market more intense demand multitasking installment concept. Carries out the fine profit management when the entire production environment, compared to having not concentrated the components processing to a machine on completes a finer profit.Some tradition's manufacturing industry manufacturer thought that the multi-purposeaggregate machine-tools are too complex, very difficult to find the appropriate operators also the difficult problem innovates on the spot on the insufficiency for the metal working basic principle and in the Production workshop related new engine bed use solution aspect training.Intuition type technical controlThe equipment use “carries off the quantity of heat” the type design, has different material which the lathe bed, the steeliness straight line rolling guide, on the steeliness revolving tool box saddle, the equipment uses, all these combine make an engine bed together. These with the thermal conductivity, the volume expansion are related. All different size's thing can by the different speed growth.As a result of this reason, needs to make the hot friendly engine bed, with the aim of knowing gives off heat the weak point in where, can compensate through the reasonable engine bed design. The part is the entire journey movement. The engine bed glide produces rubs and transform hotly. The machining produces the hot filings fall to the different place, the refrigerant can mix in the entire process in which. Will present the different temperature province continually on the cutting tool, will therefore also have many things to have the influence to the thermostability. The cutting tool technology turned the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools has had the milling and cutting power “the versatile machine”.According to the material introduced that the most remarkable characteristic is in these engine bed whole has the intuition. The anti-collision preservation technology was already mature, in certain circumstances, even if uses the manual operation pattern, can also avoid the occurrence which collides. Because the control software has the very good intuition, the user operation friendly degree unceasingly is also enhancing. Believe the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools by its survivability world-wide in the more different processing scenes.The off-line programming optimization and the NC automatic control system's formation already made this technology to be easier to accept, when therefore uses the procedure when the engine bed, does not need to spend many time tune-up procedure and confirmed that some part does not have the question. If components need to provide the high and low two revolving tool box saddle simultaneously to carry on the rough machining, in this kind of situation the programming is quite difficult, because it needs two revolving tool box saddles also to feed. The AdMac system may realize tool rest's automatic programming which simultaneously feeds to these, and can cause the correct main axle speed, the correct feed rate and so on all parameters to realize the synchronization.Okuma Corporation's collision avoidance system design based on actual processing operating mode anti-collision simulation, therefore, if the operator has installed the wrong cutting tool orhas established the wrong parameter, the control system will examine and prevents the engine bed to enter the processing condition. Through cooperates with the Siemens, INDEX Corporation may provide the 3D pattern now “the hypothesized engine bed”, has custom-made according to some specific model's engine bed. The result indicated that the simulation processes not only the fabricated parts and the actual end product is similar, is the one-to-one copy simply.The intuition type control interface, the simulation as well as other software technique are progressive, the more Production workshops have opened wide the front door to the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools, but if does not have the corresponding knowledge to train and to solve the question creativity, the manufacturer is also very difficult to realize and the full use advanced engine bed flexibility aspect superiority. The work which does to the machine are more, the machine will be more complex, also needs to have the stronger skill person correspondingly to be able to operate it.If machinist past one day operated 3 engine beds, then he has this kind of multi-purpose engine bed now, might produce more components. More importantly, he may draw support from software's help to cause the production efficiency to be higher, regarding transformation processing components preparation, may also establish the processing craft plan. Because the replacement components need to lower 3 main axles, therefore before replacing the components, the workshop should process as far as possible many components. Regarding the multi-purpose engine beds, the transformation components speed is quick, the production batch of time interval is shorter, the stock is lower, the production efficiency is higher. Can use multi-purpose engine bed's some workshops fully, very quick will discover the post function the unification. Now, a workshop may only use an operator, an adjuster and a programming teacher, in the future these 3 work definitely may do by a person.In the traditional post description the machinist will transit becomes one to adjust engineer, if this engineer the familiar components processing programming, that were also more ideal. Regarding such transformation, training has been simple, so long as trains 1 individual line, but is not 3 individuals. Looking from the long views, this will provide to the people the higher post degree of satisfaction. When adjusts engineer to be responsible to process the programming, and pays attention to the components processing personally time the entire process, he completely has become this components control. In addition, but should also makes more effort in the cutting tool choice and the programming aspect, must make any model the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tool to succeed, the workshop needs to provide the skilled machinist, has ability and completes many kinds of operations nimbly. Therefore, crosswise training was at any time in the past more important. Regarded as the milling and the lathe work the different discipline theviewpoint never to return. Regarding the programmers, this belongs to their time. Regarding personnel who will program, will understand the engine bed and controls it, this will be their ability manifestation.The cutting tool will choose most people not to install the passenger vehicle tire to the race car on, but processed the cutting tool to have such situation. The cutting tool should match with the new engine bed, is conceivably redundant on the new engine bed uses the old cutting tool to the production efficiency influence. In order to match the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools, the new cutting tool and the cutting tool adapter technology was already developed. At present the industrial field is developing the development the processing cutting tool, may complete the turning on the identical tool rest, boring and drills truncates the processing, is only processes the phase to differ from regarding the work piece angle. The processing operates the difference even confuses is unclear. The new processing cutting tool may complete the milling and the turning.Since has moved the technology (engine bed) is this century develops is extremely rapid and one of influence enormous science and technology. The modern automation technology is one kind of completely new productive forces, is one of direct creation public wealth principal means that is playing the enormous promotion effect to humanity's production activity and the material civilization. Therefore, the automated technology receives various countries widely to take seriously with more and more applications. The machinery automation (engine bed), mainly refers to the machine-building industry applies the automated technology, realizes the processing object continuously the automatic production, realizes the optimized effective automatic production process, the increase production investment processing transformation and the flow rate. The machinery automation technology's application and the development, are the machine-building industry technological transformations, the technology advancement principal means and the technological development main direction. Machinery automation technical standards, not only affects the entire machine-building industry the development, and has the very tremendous immediate influence to the national economy various departments' technology advancement. Therefore, develops our country's machine-building industry automation technology, conforms to our country socialism basic principle, conforms to our country modern production law of development. How to develop our country's machinery automation technology (engine bed), here has the technical policy question, should be realistic, all embark from our country's concrete national condition, do each foundation work, takes the China's road of machinery automation technological development. The domestic and foreign industry history tells us, realizes the machinery automation is from to high-level, from simply to complex, from is preliminarily imperfect the consummation the developing process. After machine's operation usesthe automatic regulator, the production method only then gradually transits from the mechanization to the mechanism control (tradition) automated, the numerical control automation, the computer control automation. Only then after having established the Automated factory, the production process can overall automate, can make the productivity to enhance comprehensively, achieves automated the high-level ideal stage.The machinery automation technology first starts from the 1920s in the machine manufacture cold finishing production in enormous quantities process to develop the application, after in the 60s, to adapt the market demand and the change, for the enhancement machine-building industry to the market nimble rapid reaction's ability, starts to establish the variable automation production system, namely revolves the computer technology the flexible automation. It is in the manufacture system invariable or in the change small situation, the machinery equipment either production management process through the automatic detection, the information processing, the analysis judgment realizes the anticipated operation or some kind of process automatically, and can from make one kind of components to transform automatically to makes another kind of different components. The social practice proved that under this kind of definition's manufacture system automation and the contemporary majority enterprises are not actually accommodating. The contemporary society also not in the science and technology, the material and the personnel aspect prepares to realize this automated condition, insists such to do only meets the wasted effort. This kind of situation is not exceptional regarding the separate production method's machine-building industry, the difficulty can bigger.In the 80s internationally appeared started to use computer integration manufacture system CIMS (Computer Integrated Manufacturing), the flexible automation production pattern also had this kind of situation. The initial period take the information integration as a key point, take the high automaticity as the characteristic, but in realized in the process to encounter the difficulty. In view of the fact that realizes the large amount investment which the computer integration manufacture system's automation overall needs (an overall Automated factory to spend several hundred hundred million US dollars, flexible manufacture system regular price is 600 ~ 25,000,000 US dollars), undertakes the huge risk, in addition questions and so on technical difficulty and reliability, the world industrially advanced country started “to run into a wal l produces a different product”, transfers pays great attention the information integration the effect, pursues low cost automation LCA (Low Cost Automation) enterprise organizational structure and movement way.The aggregate machine-tool future development more use transmissions and so on variable speed motor and ball bearing guide screw, will simplify structure, the reduction production metre;Uses the numerical control system and the headstock, the jig automatic replacement system, enhances the craft controllability; As well as integrates the flexible manufacture system and so on.The aggregate machine-tool is take the general part as a foundation, matches by presses the work piece specific shape and the processing technological design special-purpose part and the jig, the composition semiautomatic or the automatic special purpose machine. The aggregate machine-tool selects the method which generally multiple spindle, the multi-knives, the multi-working procedures, many or the multi-locations simultaneously process, production efficiency ratio general engine bed high several times to several dozens times. Because the general part already the standardization and the seriation, might according to need to dispose nimbly, could reduce the design and the manufacturing cycle. The multi-axle-boxes are aggregate machine-tool's core parts. It selects the common parts, carries on the design according to the special-purpose request, in the aggregate machine-tool design's process, is one of work load big parts. It is acts according to the work piece processing hole quantity which and the position the working procedure chart and the processing schematic drawing determined, the cutting specifications and the main axle type design transmission various main axles movement power unit. Its power from the general power box, installs together with the power box in to feed sliding table, may complete drills, twists and so on working processes. This topic designed has used in the HT200 top head hole processing the drill hole aggregate machine-tool. According to the top head hole components size which must process carries on the aggregate machine-tool general multi-axle-boxes the design, draws up the multi-axle-box primitive basis chart, the definite main axle and the gear modulus, determined the transmission system, calculates the main axle and drive shaft's coordinate. Through the above design, realized a top head one-sided six processing to complete, has achieved the design requirements well。
机电论文-普通钻床改为多轴钻床
1J I A N G S U U N I V E R S I T Y专 科 毕 业 论 文普通钻床改为多轴钻床Ordinary drill assembled a multiple drill学院名称：专业班级： 机电一体化（专科）学生姓名： XXX指导教师姓名：指导教师职称：2010年05 月234目录目录 (5)中文摘要 (6)ABSTRACT (6)第1章绪纶-------------------------------------------------------------71.1多轴加工应-----------------------------------------------------------------71.2多轴加工的设备------------------------------------------------------------71.3多轴加工的趋势------------------------------------------------------------9 第2章普通钻床改为多轴钻床-----------------------------------------------102.1生产任务-----------------------------------------------------------------102．2普通立式钻的选型----------------------------------------------------------10 第3章多轴齿轮传动箱的设计-----------------------------------------------123.1设计前的准备---------------------------------------------------------------123.2传动系统的设计与计算-----------------------------------------------------13 第4章多轴箱的结构设计与零部件图的绘制------------------------194.1箱盖、箱体和中间板结构---------------------------------------------------194.2多轴箱轴的设计-----------------------------------------------------------19第5章导向装置的设计----------------------------------------------36 第6章接杆刀具------------------------------------------------------37 总结-------------------------------------------------------------------38致谢------------------------------------------------------------------------------39参考文献------------------------------------------------------------------------405普通钻床改为多轴钻床专业班级：学生姓名：指导教师：职称：讲师文中摘要本设计是关于普通钻床改造为多轴钻床的设计。
一种自动化夹具设计方法机械加工工艺外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
图1 夹具设计方法图
3.判断夹具尺寸
在这项工作中所用到的夹具都来自一个系列。夹具的原理与图二相同。在这一节里，描述了一个自动化夹具。锁模力所需的有关螺杆的螺纹装置大小或保存到位钳。夹紧力平衡加工工件使工件保持恰当的位置。让锁模力为W和螺杆直径为D。各种螺丝夹紧力大小，可以按以下方式确定：最初，极限拉伸强度（抗拉强度）和该夹具的材料（供应情况而定）可以从数据检索库检索。各种材料有不同的拉伸强度。该夹具材料的选择，也可直接采用启发式规则进行。例如，如果部分材料是低碳钢，那么钳材料可低碳钢或机器钢。为了确定设计应力，抗拉强度值应除以安全系数（如4或5）。根区的螺丝格A1（如一个螺丝钳）可以被确定：[锁模力/设计应力]。随后，螺栓截面全面积可以计算为等于{格A1 /（65％），}（因为螺丝的地方可能会发生根切面积约为65％螺栓的总面积） 。螺钉的直径D可以被确定等同于（D2的3.14 / 4）。另一项涉及可用于方程有关的宽度B，高度H和跨度的钳L的螺丝直径为D（B，H和L可以为不同的值计算D）：d2=4/3BH2/L.
中国地质大学长城学院
本科毕业设计外文资料翻译
机械设计制造论文外文翻译(中文有期刊号)英文原文已发
潍坊学院学生毕业设计外文译文专业机械设计制造及其自动化班级08级机制本4学生姓名耿传锋学号08012130450学生成绩机电与车辆工程学院译文要求1.外文翻译必须使用钢笔，手工工整书写，或用A4纸打印。
2.所选的原文内容必须与课题或专业方向紧密相关，注明详细出处。
3.外文翻译书文本后附原文（或复印件），译文不少于3000字符。
译文评阅评阅要求：应根据学校“译文要求”，对学生译文的准确性、翻译数量以及译文的文字表述情况等作具体的评价。
指导教师评语：指导教师签名年月日分析模型导轨磨损的演算对机床加工精度的影响工程系副教授伊沃娜彼得，凯特林大学,工程系博士讲师卡门波帕，凯特林大学，工程系博士讲师杜米特鲁，凯特林大学，工程系西普里安，凯特林大学摘要：机床导轨磨损影响积极震动。
最初的刀具运动轨迹作为导轨磨损的结果，将被修改，尺寸精度产生差异的工件的几何形状和偏差。
因为它已经成为连接称为移动和刚性导轨的磨损取决于许多参数（压力，速度，长度摩擦，润滑，材料）。
一种或另一种分析模型和/或磨损的实验模型的选择取决于所的工作条件，假设被称为耦合材料。
目前的工作的目标是建立一个分析模型的演算显示导轨的影响磨损在工具机的加工精度。
关键词：精度机床表面。
1、简介因为它已经被称为加工精度取决于每一块技术系统（机床，夹紧装置，刀具等）[1，2，3]连接到多种因素。
在目前的工作，笔者的目标是建立规模和影响力的床身在对车床使用的机床的加工精度，导轨的磨损。
导轨的大小和（纵向）滑动磨损是重要的被称为因为滑动轨迹，由于磨损，时间条件下发生的尺寸偏差和加工零件的表面质量的变化。
以建立系统的床身滑动磨损大小，三种不同的情况正在分析：1 - 床身导轨正在磨损2 - 导轨只被磨损3 - 导轨（床身滑动）正在磨损2、建立床身滑动产生的误差分析模型磨损为了建立在加工的磨损过程的定量影响车床的精度，以下假设[2]：- 被认为是在一定的刚性指南U（X）的磨损轮廓曲线时刻评估应力循环的数量;- 比以前所有的周期产生的磨损，被忽视的电流应力周期的磨损;- 移动导轨磨损U1（L）是这样产生的，该导轨的性能如下；不断刚性指南轮廓;基于这个假设，它是承认接触的类型始终是按照正常和切向应力的适当分配;- 移动导轨位移在两个剖面的接触面，使正常的线是独一无二的刚性;- 磨损是一个连续的过程和特点是由连续拖到指导长度的功能和时间的考虑，磨损层的厚度。
机械设计制造及其自动化毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译
机械设计创造及其自动化毕业论文外文文献翻译INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY译文题目专业机械设计创造及其自动化外文资料翻译INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY（From ELECTRICAL AND MACHINERY INDUSTRY）ABSTRACTMachinery was the modern science and technology development inevitable result, this article has summarized the integration of machinery technology basic outline and the development background .Summarized the domestic and foreign integration of machinery technology present situation, has analyzed the integration of machinery technology trend of development.Key word： integration of machinery ，technology， present situation ，product t，echnique of manufacture ，trend of development0. Introduction modern science and technology unceasing development, impelled different discipline intersecting enormously with the seepage, has caused the project domain technological revolution and the transformation .In mechanical engineering domain, because the microelectronic technology and the computer technology rapid development and forms to the mechanical industry seepage the integration of machinery, caused the mechanical industry the technical structure, the product organization, the function and the constitution, the production method and the management systemof by machinery for the characteristic integration ofdevelopment phase.1. Integration of machinery outline integration of machinery is refers in the organization new owner function, the power function, in the information processing function and the control function introduces the electronic technology, unifies the system the mechanism and the computerization design and the software which constitutes always to call. The integration of machinery development also has become one to have until now own system new discipline, not only develops along with the science and technology, but also entrusts with the new content .But its basic characteristic may summarize is: The integration of machinery is embarks from the system viewpoint, synthesis community technologies and so on utilization mechanical technology, microelectronic technology, automatic control technology, computer technology, information technology, sensing observation and control technology, electric power electronic technology, connection technology, information conversion technology as well as software programming technology, according to the system function goal and the optimized organization goal, reasonable disposition and the layout various functions unit, in multi-purpose, high grade, redundant reliable, in the low energy consumption significance realize the specific function value, and causes the overall system optimization the systems engineering technology .From this produces functional system, then becomes an integration of machinery systematic or the integration of machinery product. Therefore, of coveringtechnology is based on the above community technology organic fusion one kind of comprehensive technology, but is not mechanical technical, the microelectronic technology as well as other new technical simple combination, pieces together .This is the integration of machinery and the machinery adds the machinery electrification which the electricity forms in the concept basic difference .The mechanical engineering technology has the merely technical to develop the machinery electrification, still was the traditional machinery, its main function still was replaces with the enlargement physical strength .But after develops the integration of machinery, micro electron installment besides may substitute for certain mechanical parts the original function, but also can entrust with many new functions,like the automatic detection, the automatic reduction information, demonstrate the record, the automatic control and the control automatic diagnosis and the protection automatically and so on .Not only namely the integration of machinery product is human's hand and body extending, human's sense organ and the brains look, has the intellectualized characteristic is the integration of machinery and the machinery electrification distinguishes in the function essence.2. Integration of machinery development condition integration of machinery development may divide into 3 stages roughly.20th century 60's before for the first stage, this stage is called the initial stage .In this time, the people determination not on own initiative uses the electronic technology the preliminary achievement to consummate the mechanical product the performance .Specially in Second World War period, the war has stimulated the mechanical product and the electronic technology union, these mechanical and electrical union military technology, postwar transfers civilly, to postwar economical restoration positive function .Developed and the development at that time generally speaking also is at the spontaneouscondition .Because at that time the electronic technology development not yet achieved certain level, mechanical technical and electronic technology union also not impossible widespread and thorough development, already developed the product was also unable to promote massively. The 20th century 70~80 ages for the second stage, may be called the vigorous development stage .This time, the computer technology, the control technology, the communication development, has laid the technology base for the integration of machinery development . Large-scale, ultra large scale integrated circuit and microcomputer swift and violent development, has provided the full material base for the integration of machinery development .This time characteristic is :①A mechatronics word first generally is accepted in Japan, probably obtains the quite widespread acknowledgment to 1980s last stages in the worldwide scale ;②The integration of machinery technology and the product obtained the enormous development ;③The various countries start to the integration of machinery technology and the product give the very big attention and the support. 1990s later periods, started the integration of machinery technology the new stagewhich makes great strides forward to the intellectualized direction, the integration of machinery enters the thorough development time .At the same time, optics, the communication and so on entered the integration of machinery, processes the technology also zhan to appear tiny in the integration of machinery the foot, appeared the light integration of machinery and the micro integration of machinery and so on the new branch; On the other hand to the integration of machinery system modeling design, the analysis and the integrated method, the integration of machinery discipline system and the trend of development has all conducted the thorough research .At the same time, because the hugeprogress which domains and so on artificial intelligence technology, neural network technology and optical fiber technology obtain, opened the development vast world for the integration of machinery technology .These research, will urge the integration of machinery further to establish the integrity the foundation and forms the integrity gradually the scientific system. Our country is only then starts from the beginning of 1980s in this aspect to study with the application .The State Councilsummary had considered fully on international the influence which and possibly brought from this about the integration of machinery technology developmenttrend .Many universities, colleges and institutes, the development facility and some large and middle scale enterprises have done the massive work to this technical development and the application, does not yield certain result, but and so on the advanced countries compared with Japan still has the suitable disparity.3. Integration of machinery trend of development integrations of machinery are the collection machinery, the electron, optics, the control, the computer, the information and so on the multi-disciplinary overlapping syntheses, its development and the progress rely on and promote the correlation technology development and the progress .Therefore, the integration of machinery main development direction is as follows:3.1 Intellectualized intellectualizations are 21st century integration of machinery technological development important development directions .Theartificial intelligence obtains day by day in the integration of machinery constructor's research takes, the robot and the numerical control engine bedis to the machine behavior description, is in the control theory foundation, the absorption artificial intelligence, the operations research, the computer science, the fuzzy mathematics, the psychology, the physiology and the chaos dynamics and so on the new thought, the new method, simulate the human intelligence, enable it to have abilities and so on judgment inference, logical thinking, independent decision-making, obtains the higher control goal in order to .Indeed, enable the integration of machinery product to have with the human identical intelligence, is not impossible, also is nonessential .But, the high performance, the high speed microprocessor enable the integration of machinery product to have preliminary intelligent or human's partial intelligences, then is completely possible and essential.In the modern manufacture process, the information has become the control manufacture industry the determining factor, moreover is the most active actuation factor .Enhances the manufacture system information-handling capacity to become the modern manufacture science development a key point .As a result of the manufacture system information organization and structure multi-level, makes the information the gain, the integration and the fusion presents draws up the character, information measure multi-dimensional, as well as information organization's multi-level .In the manufacture information structural model, manufacture information uniform restraint, dissemination processing and magnanimous data aspects and so on manufacture knowledge library management, all also wait for further break through.Each kind of artificial intelligence tool and the computation intelligence method promoted the manufacture intelligence development in the manufacture widespread application .A kind based on the biological evolution algorithm computation intelligent agent, in includes thescheduling problem in the combination optimization solution area of technology, receives the more and more universal attention, hopefully completes the combination optimization question when the manufacture the solution speed and the solution precision aspect breaks through the question scale in pairs the restriction .The manufacture intelligence also displays in: The intelligent dispatch, the intelligent design, the intelligent processing, the robot study, the intelligent control, the intelligent craft plan, the intelligent diagnosis and so on are various These question key breakthrough, may form the product innovation the basic research system. Between 2 modern mechanical engineering front science different science overlapping fusion will have the new science accumulation, the economical development and society's progress has had the new request and the expectation to the science and technology, thus will form the front science .The front science also has solved and between the solution scientific question border area .The front science has the obvious time domain, the domain and the dynamic characteristic .The project front science distinguished in the general basic science important characteristic is it has covered the key science and technology question which the project actual appeared.Manufacture system is a complex large-scale system, for satisfies the manufacture system agility, the fast response and fast reorganization ability, must profit from the information science, the life sciences and the social sciences and so on the multi-disciplinary research results, the exploration manufacture system new architecture, the manufacture pattern and the manufacture system effective operational mechanism .Makes the system optimization the organizational structure and the good movement condition is makes the system modeling , the simulation and the optimized essential target .Not only the manufacture system new architecture to makes the enterprise the agility and may reorganize ability to the demand response ability to have the vital significance, moreover to made the enterprise first floor production equipment the flexibility and may dynamic reorganization ability set a higher request .The biological manufacture view more and more many is introduced the manufacture system, satisfies the manufacture system new request.The study organizes and circulates method and technique of complicated system from the biological phenomenon, is a valid exit which will solve many hard nut to cracks that manufacturing industry face from now on currently .Imitating to living what manufacturing point is mimicry living creature organ of from the organization, from match more, from growth with from evolution etc. function structure and circulate mode of a kind of manufacturing system and manufacturing process.The manufacturing drives in the mechanism under, continuously by one's own perfect raise on organizing structure and circulating mode and thus to adapt the process of[with] ability for the environment .For from descend but the last product proceed together a design and make a craft rules the auto of the distance born, produce system of dynamic state reorganization and product and manufacturing the system tend automatically excellent provided theories foundation and carry out acondition .Imitate to living a manufacturing to belong to manufacturing science and life science of"the far good luck is miscellaneous to hand over", it will produce to the manufacturing industry for 21 centuries huge of influence .机电一体化摘要机电一体化是现代科学技术发展的必然结果,本文简述了机电一体化技术的基本概要和发展背景。
机械专业毕业设计外文翻译相关外文文献
A new driver based on dual-mode frequency and phase control for traveling-wave type ultrasonic motorTien-Chi Chen a,*,Chih-Hsien Yu a ,Mi-Ching Tsai ba Department of Engineering Science,National Cheng Kung University,Tainan,Taiwan bDepartment of Mechanical Engineering,National Cheng Kung University,Tainan,Taiwana r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 6August 2007Accepted 24March 2008Available online 12May 2008Keywords:Ultrasonic motorFrequency and phase modulation controla b s t r a c tA mode conversion rotary traveling-wave ultrasonic motor (TWUSM)has potential applications in min-iature robotics.However,its electrical drive circuit presents unique challenges,particularly in producing a high frequency (about 40kHz),high voltage (400V peak-to-peak)signal input to a low impedance capacitive motor,while achieving high efficiency.A novel driving circuit is proposed to provide two-phase balance voltage for a TWUSM.This paper describes the design of TWUSM drive circuit,intended for simultaneously employs both the driving frequency and phase modulation control scheme.The oper-ating principles and a detailed analysis of the proposed driving circuit,consisting of voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO),voltage-controlled phase-shifter circuit and power amplifier circuit,are introduced.To drive the USM effectively a two-phase power amplifier converter using non-resonant technique was designed to provide a balanced two-phase voltage source,and the two-phase output driving voltages could be maintained at the same peak voltage value at the driving frequency under varying phase-mod-ulation processes.Detailed experimental results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the pro-posed driving circuit.Crown Copyright Ó2008Published by Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionThe ultrasonic motor (USM)has many excellent performance features,including high-retention torque,high torque at low speed,silence,compactness in size,and no electromagnetic inter-ference.The USM has been used in a number of industrial,medical,space,robotic,and automotive applications.The driving principles of the USM are high-frequency mechani-cal vibrations and frictional force and its mathematical model is thus difficult to derive.As a result,a lumped motor model of the USM is presently unavailable [1].Moreover,the control character-istics of the USM are complicated and highly nonlinear,as motor parameters are time-varying,owing to increases in temperature and changes in motor-drive operating conditions,such as driving frequency,source voltage and load.Basically,the speed of the TWUSM can be manipulated by con-trolling the frequency,phase difference and the voltage amplitude of the two sinusoidal voltage waveforms which input to the TWUSM.Many researchers have opted for the frequency of the sinusoidal voltage waveforms as the control variable [2–5].It can easily be controlled digitally and spans the entire allowable speed range of the TWUSM.Most TWUSMs contain a two-phase half-bridge series-resonant inverter with an approximated unityswitching frequency (f s )to resonant frequency (f o )ratio.According to the description in the previous paragraph,the quality factors of the two phases are different and time varying.Moreover,when the frequency ratio (f s /f o )of a series-resonant inverter approaches unity,the voltage gain varies severely with the variation of the quality factor [6].Thus,the two-phase sinusoid output voltages are unbalanced under the same switching frequency.Conse-quently,good dynamic performance of the USM is difficult to ob-tain due to the variation in the unbalanced peak values of the two-phase voltages.By contrast,a voltage amplitude control strat-egy using additional boost choppers was employed in [7].Each chopper–inverter driving circuit is composed of one boost chopper cascading with one half-bridge series-resonant parasitic load impedance inverter.Since the two phase constructions of the USM are coupled mechanically and the reaction from the electrical to the mechanical part is unbalanced for both phases,the equiva-lent two-phase loads of the rotor are unbalanced and varied for dif-ferent rotating directions,rotor speeds,load torque,applied voltages and static pressure force between stator and rotor.In addition,the internal two-phase blocking capacitors of the USM are unbalanced and will vary in value under different rotational directions.As a result,it is difficult maintain the two-phase sinu-soid output voltages at the same constant peak value at the same switching frequency.However,a driving circuit proposed by Lin and Kuo [8]operates within working limits where the inverter voltage gain is greatly affected by the variation of the quality0196-8904/$-see front matter Crown Copyright Ó2008Published by Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2008.03.023*Corresponding author.E-mail address:tchichen@.tw (T.-C.Chen).Energy Conversion and Management 49(2008)2767–2775Contents lists available at ScienceDirectEnergy Conversion and Managementj ou r na l h om e pa ge :w w w.e lse vi e r.c om /lo c at e /en c on manfactor.Moreover,to resolve the difficulty of the amplitude varia-tion in the output voltages of the parallel-resonant inverter,an ex-tra energy feedback circuit is added to reduce the quality factors in the parallel-resonant circuit.However,the energy feedback circuit increases the complexity of the driving circuit.In addition to the use of a boost converter,a voltage amplitude control strategy may also be implemented using pulse-width mod-ulation(PWM).In[9],the voltage amplitude was adjusted by the forward and backward PWM method for position control of the TWUM.In[10],the voltage amplitude was adjusted by the ON–OFF PWM method for speed control.Both methods essentially adopted the same principle in which the modulation was used to control the ratio of the number of ultrasonic cycles within the for-ward-direction or on-time duration to the total number of ultra-sonic cycles,including the backward-direction or off-time duration.Such control methods cause intermittent operation of the TWUM,leading to the creation of severe audible noise.In order to suppress this audible noise,the PWM should be applied to each ultrasonic cycle[11].Given these limitations,a specific drive circuit control tech-nique is required.Hence,it is desirable to develop a novel drive system that solves these issues while supplying the necessary power with high efficiency.Compared to work on drive circuit design for TWUSM based on the phase difference between the two-phase voltages,less research has been done in other areas of drive circuit design for TWUSM. Only the phase difference control strategy offers the advantage of bidirectional rotation,while the other two parameters of the con-trol scheme,frequency and voltage amplitude,need the assistance of phase-shift change between p/2toÀp/2.In the design of modern drive circuits with adjustable phase dif-ferences,a low-cost and simple phase shifter circuit providing two-phase signals of two-phase voltage source is a critical design issue. The motivation of this study is to design a novel driving scheme that simultaneously employs both the driving frequency and phase difference as dual-mode control variables to handle system nonlin-earities and parameter variations.In order to reduce the system hardware size and cost,the proposed phase shifter circuit is imple-mented by using a voltage-controlled resistance(VCR)and all-pass filter circuit that can provide piecewise-linear phase control over the entire speed range.In the conventional series and parallel resonant converter archi-tecture,two inductances must be inserted in parallel or series with the load for each phase,respectively,in order to become resonant with the inherent two-phase parasitic capacitances of the USM. Moreover,the motor parameters of the USM are dependent on the operating temperature,the running time,and the load.In addi-tion,the equivalent two-phase loads of the rotor are also unbal-anced and the equivalent resistor values vary for different operating conditions.Therefore the quality factors of the resonant inverters in two-phase are unequal and time-varying,resulting in the consumption of time to determine suitable RLC tank compo-nents.In contrast with conventional series and parallel resonant converters with two reactive components,the power amplifier circuit in this study is implemented to build high-frequency two-phase high drive voltages for USM(e.g.400V peak to peak) and is not in need of additional reactive components or a compli-cated energy feedback circuit.Although the quality factors of the two RLC tanks vary at different rotating speeds and are not equal, the output driving voltage of the proposed power amplifier circuit in two-phase can be maintained at the same peak voltage value when the driving frequency is operated close to the resonant frequency.In this paper,the design of a novel phase shifter circuit for applying TWUSM driving is presented.For a USM prototype,the operating principles and characteristics at the operating conditions will be also briefly described.Next,the novel driving circuit for the TWUSM,which contains VCO,VCR,voltage-controlled phase shif-ter,and power amplifier driving circuit,is introduced.The results of experiments investigating the effectiveness of the proposed dri-ver are given in Section4.Finally,a discussion and conclusions are provided in Section5.2.Operating principle and characteristicIn the operation of the TWUSM,a two-stage energy conversion is formed.Thefirst stage consists of the electro-mechanical energy conversion where the electrical energy is converted into mechani-cal energy.This is achieved by excitation of the piezoelectric cera-mic by ultrasonic range frequency.The second stage comprises mechanical energy conversion where the mechanical vibrations are converted to linear or rotary motion by the friction force gen-erated in the stator–rotor interface.Fig.1illustrates the operating principles of the TWUSM.The stator,designed with comb-tooth surface,is attached above the sectors of piezoelectric elements. The piezoelectric elements are divided into sectors instead of form-ing a complete ring so that they can be applied with different voltages.The rotor is pressed against the stator by means of a pressure spring disc.It should be noted that the spring as shown is for illus-tration only,since in reality it is not a normal spring,but a pressure disc.The operating principle of the TWUSM is based on the mechanical vibrations of the piezoelectric elements.As a result of voltages applied to them,they produce a traveling wave in the sta-tor.The surface interaction between the stator and the rotor cre-ates a driving torque in the rotor.As shown in Fig.1, piezoelectric elements are positioned at an appropriate distance from one another.One is produces a mechanical vibration by being fed by the phase-A voltage source V m sin x t,while the other is fed by the phase-B voltage source V m sin(x t+U),generating another vibration,where V m is the amplitude,x=2p f is the angular version of frequency f,and U is the phase difference of the two driving volt-age sources.Each voltage source generates a mode of vibration throughout the stator,and the superposition of them forms a trav-eling wave that propagates along the stator.Depending on which phase of the voltage leads the other,the traveling wave will travel in either a right or left direction.Elliptical motion can be observed at the wave peak of the surface of the stator.Such motion produces a tangential force at the contact surface between the stator and the rotor.With a spring disc to keep the rotor in pressure contact with the stator,the rotor can be driven to travel in the opposite direc-tion from the traveling wave by this tangential force at the contactsurface.Fig.1.TWUSM operating principle[1].2768T.-C.Chen et al./Energy Conversion and Management49(2008)2767–2775The speed of the USM is controlled by:Frequency of two-phase voltages.Amplitude of two-phase voltages.Phase difference between two-phase voltages.3.Drive circuit designFig.2shows actual configuration view of a typical USR-60circu-lar traveling wave type motor(from Shinsei of Japan),in which the specification is a40kHz,0.32Nm,3W,120rev/min type motor. The operation of a mode conversion USM is based on the torque generated by piezoelectric ultrasonic vibrations.An optimal supply voltage for the USM is a sinusoidal voltage with frequency near the mechanical resonance frequency of the stator–rotor assembly. Since this USM presents a large capacitive load and requires a high operating frequency(40kHz),its equivalent impedance could be extremely low.This USM also requires a high drive voltage (400V peak-to-peak),which leads to a large drive current.The goals for drive circuit design are to satisfy these require-ments,as well as achieve high power efficiency and reduce the sys-tem hardware size and cost.In the design of modern drive circuit with adjustable phase difference,the key technology is a low-cost and simple phase shifter circuit,provided two-phase signals from a two-phase voltage source.The purpose of this study is to design a novel driving scheme that simultaneously employs both the driv-ing frequency and phase difference as the dual-mode control vari-ables to handle system nonlinearities and parameter variations. The block diagram of the driving circuit is shown in Fig.3.This cir-cuit is composed of voltage-controlled oscillator(VCO),voltage-controlled phase shifter,power amplifier,and transformer.The design procedures of the proposed drive system are described in detail below.3.1.Voltage-controlled oscillatorThe ICL8038waveform generator is a monolithic integrated cir-cuit capable of producing high accuracy sine,square,triangular, sawtooth,and pulse waveforms with a minimum of external com-ponents[12].The frequency(or repetition rate)can be selected externally from0.001Hz to more than300kHz using either resis-tors or capacitors,and frequency modulation and sweeping can be accomplished with an external frequency-modulated voltage(V f). The frequency of the waveform generator is a direct function of the DC voltage at Terminal8,shown in Fig.4.By altering this volt-age,frequency modulation is performed by means of a voltage-controlled oscillator(VCO).To clarify the relation between the frequency-modulated voltage and the magnitude of the single fre-quency,experimental measurements were made at different volt-age values in Fig.5.Fig.5shows that this characteristic is quite linear.In this study,motor speed is controlled at40–44kHz,which may be considered the linear frequency range.3.2.Voltage-controlled phase shifterFig.6shows afirst-order all-passfilter with a junctionfield-effect transistor(JFET)used as a variable resistor to control the pole and zero time constants in thefilter transfer function.Let VCR R eq be the resistance of the JFET.If we assume that this is a linear resis-tor,the transfer function isTðsÞ¼V oi¼s sÀ1ð1Þwhere the time constant s is given by s=R eq C.By varying the gate-source voltage of JFET(V GS),i.e.the phase-modulated voltage(V p)in Fig.3,the resistance of the JFET can be varied,which in turn changes the time constant s.For s=j x,the phase difference of the transfer function is therefore\Tðj xÞ¼À2tanÀ1x R eq Cð2ÞFig.2.The photograph of experimentalsetup.The magnitude of the transfer function (j T (j x )j )is 1for all fre-quency x .The phase displacement not only depends on the oper-ating frequency of the TWUSM but is also affected by the timeconstant (s ).At different frequencies,between 41and 44kHz,the voltage signal (V i )applied to the USM,the VCR (R eq )drifting through the control voltage (V GS ),and the relationship between them were measured (Table 1).At a specific resonant frequency (f o =41kHz),the goals for phase shifter circuit designed to adjust the phase differential from Àp /2to Àp rad.Fig.6shows a general all-pass filter circuit.The circuit is composed of a resistor,a capac-itor,and an operational amplifier.The frequency of the input signalfor the circuit has to be near the resonant frequency of the TWUSM.We inset the VCR instead of the resistor,and adjusted the proper-ties of the circuit components (R =10k X ,C =0.01l F).As a result,when the operating frequency equal the resonant frequency (f o )and the control voltage minimizes as zero (V GS =0),the phase dis-placement reaches Àp /2rad,i.e.x R eq C =1.Conversely,if the R eq is increased in small increments,the phase difference gradually diminishes.3.3.Voltage-controlled resistanceVoltage-controlled filter,voltage-controlled oscillators,and voltage-to-time period/frequency converters have been applied in many instrumentation and measurement situations.A simple way to realize such circuits is to start from known circuits and then replace resistors by voltage-controlled resistances (VCR).Schemes to construct such VCR using FET’s are known in literature [13].Fig.4.A voltage-controlled oscillatorcircuit.Fig. 5.The measured relation between controlled voltage and output single frequency.Table 1Measurement results of V GS versus R eq V GS (V)0À0.2À0.4À0.6À0.8À1.0R eq (X )357.1416.7471.7531.9617.3746.3V GS (V)À1.2À1.4À1.6À1.8À2.0À2.2R eq (X )943.4128219233846291661Fig.8.FET output characteristics (K30A).2770T.-C.Chen et al./Energy Conversion and Management 49(2008)2767–2775The VCR configuration is shown in Fig.7.A routine analysis of the circuit shows that when the FET is confined to operate in a non-saturated region under the same constraints as in [13,14],the output characteristic of the FET may be represented by a qua-dratic function given by I DS ¼I DSS V p½2ðV GS ÀV p ÞV DS ÀV 2DSð3Þwhere I DSS and V p are saturation current and pinch-off voltage,respectively.The implementation of the voltage-tunable resistance can be simplified by neglecting the V 2DS term of Eq.(3),in which case R eq would be R eq¼V DS DS %V 2pDSS GS p ;providedV DS <j 0:5jð4ÞA typical set of characteristics obtained experimentally for an n-channel JFET (K30A)is shown in Fig.8.The range of values includes those prescribed in [14]as well as larger values,to show the nonlinear nature of these curves.Clearly if thisfield-effectFig.9.Phase displacement against controlvoltage.Fig.10.Measured results of the divergent index coefficient under difference ope-rating control voltage.Fig.12.Generated signals of phase-shifted circuit.(a)Phase difference set at p /2rad (b)p /3(c)p /6(d)0(e)Àp /6(f)Àp /3(g)Àp /2.Fig.13.Measured results of the phase shifter circuit under difference operating driving frequency.T.-C.Chen et al./Energy Conversion and Management 49(2008)2767–27752771transistor(FET)is to be used as a bidirectional linear resistor,j V DS j should be kept low,at least less than500mV,particularly for prac-tical circuit applications.For the relationship between the phase displacement angle(U) and the control voltage(V GS),the analysis of the phase shifter cir-cuit should yield the following results by observing the phase dis-placement versus control voltage curve in Fig.9x R eq C%tanðaV GSþbÞð5ÞUsing Eq.(5)to simplify Eq.(2),the following relationship results:\T¼À2ðaVGSþbÞð6Þwhere the constants a and b are calculated to define as a=À0.3865, b=p/4,and were used in the verifications below.Note that,as ex-pected,even nonlinearities do not appear in Eq.(6),as they are can-celed out.In the following,we test the divergence between the theoretical formula and experimental data and also define the divergent index coefficient D(the ratio of the phase value according to Eq.(6)di-vided by the actual phase displacement relating to Eq.(2)of exper-imental data)asD¼À2ðaV GSþbÞÀ2tanÀ1ðx R eq CÞð7ÞTo illustrate the difference between(2)and(6),actual and esti-mated UÀV GS curves using both schemes are presented in Fig.9. The measured index coefficient(D)of the divergence as the input control voltage swing during different operating values is shown in Fig.10.As thisfigure shows,a reasonably good correspondence is observed between the two sets of data,confirming the validity of the above supposition property regarding Eq.(6).A phase shifter circuit was designed to provide two-phase sig-nals of two-phase driving voltage sources with a phase difference ranging from p/2toÀp/2.To design a low-cost,simple phase shifter circuit for a TWUSM,we constructed a phase-regulating driving circuit for the USM by utilizing the VCR and all-passfilter circuit.The proposed phase shifter circuit,shown in Fig.11, has dual complementary channels,in which the sinusoid output signals have angles complementary to each other (\A+\B=90°).The driving voltage signals with the phase difference from the phase shifter circuit for the resonance frequency of TWUSMsetFig.14.A Push–pull class-B amplifier with Darlingtonpairs.Fig.15.Rotational speed versus driving frequency under freeloading.Fig.16.Two-phase output voltages of phase-modulation driving circuit for drivingfrequency set at41kHz:the phase regulated as equal value.2772T.-C.Chen et al./Energy Conversion and Management49(2008)2767–2775at 40kHz are shown in Fig.12.Even if the phase in the phase shifter circuit was slightly affected by the operating driving frequency,the output signals in phase A and B can still maintain symmetrical amplitude and the range of phase difference reaches ±p /2rad.By observing the characteristics of the measured phase difference angle versus the phase-modulated voltage (V p ),shown in Fig.13,we found that the relationship between the phase difference angle (U )and phase-modulated voltage (V p )is highly linear over a wide operating range under different driving frequencies.3.4.Power amplifiers and transformerA practical circuit using ClassB elements is a complementary pair or push–pull arrangement.Here,complementary devices are used to each amplify the opposite halves of the input signal,which is then recombined at the output.This arrangement gives excellent efficiency,but can suffer from the drawback of a small glitch at the joins between the two halves of the signal,a problem known as crossover distortion.A solution to this is to bias the devices just on,rather than off altogether,when they are not in use.One way to greatly boost the current gain (A I )of a Class B push–pull ampli-fier is to use Darlington pairs instead of single transistors,shown in Fig.14.Since this USM presents a large capacitive load and requires a high operating frequency,its equivalent impedance could be extre-mely low.This USM also requires a high drive voltage,which leads to a large drive current.Hence,a ferrite-core transformer which features high efficiency,small size,and light weight,was chosen to isolate and boost the high frequency AC voltage.The non-reso-nant power amplifier circuits are designed in order to provide two-phase,phase A and B,sinusoid output voltages V A and V B with the same amplitude under the variable frequency and phase con-trol.According to experiment test in Section 4,the amplitude of the output voltage will not be affected by the variation of the qual-ity when the driving frequency is operated closely to the resonant frequency of the TWUSM.The phase B power amplifier circuit is designed using the same method as for phase A.4.Experimental resultsA prototype of power driver for a TWUSM was built and tested.Based on the circuit design of TWUSM driver discussed above,mo-tor performance was measured by experimental results.There are three basic input signals for the TWUSM:frequency,independence amplitude,and phase.It is important to confirm the driving char-acteristics for eachparameter.Fig.17.Experimental results of phase-modulation driving circuit for driving frequency set at 41kHz,10l s/div.(a)Two-phase output voltages with phase difference p /6for CW rotation.(b)Two-phase output voltages with phase difference p /6for CCWrotation.Fig.18.Experimental results of phase-modulation driving circuit for driving frequency set at 41kHz,10l s/div.(a)Two-phase output voltages with phase difference p /3for CW rotation.(b)Two-phase output voltages with phase difference p /3for CCW rotation.T.-C.Chen et al./Energy Conversion and Management 49(2008)2767–27752773First,we measured the rotational speed in relation to the driv-ing frequency in Fig.15.The mechanical resonant frequency of the USM (USR-60)ranges from 39to 40kHz in the ultrasonic fre-quency range.The switching frequency of the voltage-controlled oscillator,which is designed to vary between 40.5and 44kHz,should be higher than the resonant frequency of the mechanical vibration.The highest rotational speeds around the phase differ-ence p /2were roughly 229and 221rpm in the direction of CW and CCW,respectively.The frequency,at around 40.5kHz,is nearly the same as the natural resonance frequency of TWUSM as de-scribed above.This characteristic is the same as that of a conven-tional single-frequency-mode control ultrasonic motor.The vibration velocity becomes high near the resonant frequency of the stator,which means the rotational velocity of the rotor reaches its maximum value.Subsequently,we tested the rotational speed in relation to the phase difference.The phase shifter circuit worked as mentioned above.The control input to the drive circuit (V p )is calculated by the control algorithm.According to the control input,the phase dif-ference (U )is regulated by means of the designed phase shifter cir-cuit.The phase shifter circuit is designed for the two-phase power amplifier to provide two-phase output voltages V A and V B with var-iable phase difference,where the rotational direction (CW or CCW)can be controlled by allowing either V A or V B to lead.In order to as-sess the performance and stability of the proposed phase-mode driver for TWUSM,the phase differences of two-phase AC outputvoltage has been regulated from 0to ±p /2rad,shown in Figs.16–19,respectively.The two-phase sinusoid output V A and V B can thus be maintained at the same constant peak value at the switching frequency under varying phase-modulation processes.The driving phase difference of the designed phase-shifter circuit is the major control variable,and balanced two-phase sinusoid output voltages with the same amplitudes and variable-phase control results in satisfactory control performance of the TWUSM servo drive.Fig.20shows the experimental results of the Speed versus phase difference curves under variable operating driving frequencies.Experimental results confirm that the rotor could be rotated using the design driving circuit.By comparison,the phase-mode driving can offer a much wider controllable range,which verifies that the proposed driver circuit can successfully adapt the change of com-mand signals.In addition to these advantages,only the phase shift parameter can control the rotational direction of a rotor,which the phase-shift varies between p /2and Àp /2.5.ConclusionsUSMs are potentially interesting for a number of industry appli-cations,such as miniature robotics.Their electrical drive circuits present unique challenges,particularly in producing signals of several hundred volts and tens of kilohertz with variable phase dif-ferences,inputted to a low impedance capacitive motor,whileFig.20.Rotational speed versus phase difference under difference operating drivingfrequency.Fig.19.Experimental results of phase-modulation driving circuit for driving frequency set at 41kHz,10l s/div.(a)Two-phase output voltages with phase difference p /2for CW rotation.(b)Two-phase output voltages with phase difference p /2for CCW rotation.2774T.-C.Chen et al./Energy Conversion and Management 49(2008)2767–2775。
机床——机械类外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系部：专业：姓名：学号：外文出处：English For Electromechanical(用外文写)Engineering附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文机床机床是用于切削金属的机器。
工业上使用的机床要数车床、钻床和铣床最为重要。
其它类型的金属切削机床在金属切削加工方面不及这三种机床应用广泛。
车床通常被称为所有类型机床的始祖。
为了进行车削，当工件旋转经过刀具时，车床用一把单刃刀具切除金属。
用车削可以加工各种圆柱型的工件，如：轴、齿轮坯、皮带轮和丝杠轴。
镗削加工可以用来扩大和精加工定位精度很高的孔。
钻削是由旋转的钻头完成的。
大多数金属的钻削由麻花钻来完成。
用来进行钻削加工的机床称为钻床。
铰孔和攻螺纹也归类为钻削过程。
铰孔是从已经钻好的孔上再切除少量的金属。
攻螺纹是在内孔上加工出螺纹，以使螺钉或螺栓旋进孔内。
铣削由旋转的、多切削刃的铣刀来完成。
铣刀有多种类型和尺寸。
有些铣刀只有两个切削刃，而有些则有多达三十或更多的切削刃。
铣刀根据使用的刀具不同能加工平面、斜面、沟槽、齿轮轮齿和其它外形轮廓。
牛头刨床和龙门刨床用单刃刀具来加工平面。
用牛头刨床进行加工时，刀具在机床上往复运动，而工件朝向刀具自动进给。
在用龙门刨床进行加工时，工件安装在工作台上，工作台往复经过刀具而切除金属。
工作台每完成一个行程刀具自动向工件进给一个小的进给量。
磨削利用磨粒来完成切削工作。
根据加工要求，磨削可分为精密磨削和非精密磨削。
精密磨削用于公差小和非常光洁的表面，非精密磨削用于在精度要求不高的地方切除多余的金属。
车床车床是用来从圆形工件表面切除金属的机床，工件安装在车床的两个顶尖之间，并绕顶尖轴线旋转。
车削工件时，车刀沿着工件的旋转轴线平行移动或与工件的旋转轴线成一斜角移动，将工件表面的金属切除。
车刀的这种位移称为进给。
车刀装夹在刀架上，刀架则固定在溜板上。
溜板是使刀具沿所需方向进行进给的机构。
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普通钻床改造为多轴钻床目前，我国中、小型企业的产品质量和生产效率都需要有一个新的提高,但是加工手段却远远不能满足需要,许多中小型企业都结合自己的实际对设备的技术状态进行改进，通过强化自身,以求自我发展普通钻床为单轴机床，但安装上多轴箱就会成为多轴的钻床，改造成多轴钻床后，能大大地缩短加工时间，提高生产效率。
多轴加工应用：据统计，一般在车间中普通机床的平均切削时间很少超过全部工作时间的15%。
其余时间是看图、装卸工件、调换刀具、操作机床、测量以及清除铁屑等等。
使用数控机床虽然能提高85%，但购置费用大。
某些情况下，即使生产率高，但加工相同的零件，其成本不一定比普通机床低。
故必须更多地缩短加工时间。
不同的加工方法有不同的特点，就钻削加工而言，多轴加工是一种通过少量投资来提高生产率的有效措施。
多轴加工优势：虽然不可调式多轴头在自动线中早有应用，但只局限于大批量生产。
即使采用可调式多轴头扩大了使用范围，仍然远不能满足批量小、孔型复杂的要求。
尤其随着工业的发展，大型复杂的多轴加工更是引人注目。
例如原子能发电站中大型冷凝器水冷壁管板有15000个ψ20孔，若以摇臂钻床加工，单单钻孔与锪沉头孔就要842.5小时，另外还要划线工时151.1小时。
但若以数控八轴落地钻床加工，钻锪孔只要171.6小时，划线也简单，只要1.9小时。
因此，利用数控控制的二个坐标轴，使刀具正确地对准加工位置，结合多轴加工不但可以扩大加工范围，而且在提高精度的基础上还能大大地提高工效，迅速地制造出原来不易加工的零件。
有人分析大型高速柴油机30种箱形与杆形零件的2000多个钻孔操作中，有40%可以在自动更换主轴箱机床中用二轴、三轴或四轴多轴头加工，平均可减少20%的加工时间。
1975年法国巴黎机床展览会也反映了多轴加工的使用愈来愈多这一趋势。
多轴加工的设备：多轴加工是在一次进给中同时加工许多孔或同时在许多相同或不同工件上各加工一个孔。
这不仅缩短切削时间，提高精度，减少装夹或定位时间，并且在数控机床中不必计算坐标，减少字块数而简化编程。
它可以采用以下一些设备进行加工：立钻或摇臂钻上装多轴头、多轴钻床、多轴组合机床心及自动更换主轴箱机床。
甚至可以通过二个能自动调节轴距的主轴或多轴箱，结合数控工作台纵横二个方向的运动，加工各种圆形或椭圆形孔组的一个或几个工序。
现在就这方面的现状作一简介。
多轴头：从传动方式来说主要有齿轮传动与万向联轴节传动二种。
这是大家所熟悉的。
前者效率较高，结构简单，后者易于调整轴距。
从结构来说有不可调式与可调式二种。
前者轴距不能改变，多采用齿轮传动，仅适用于大批量生产。
为了扩大其赞许适应性，发展了可调式多轴头，在一定范围内可调整轴距。
它主要装在有万向.二种。
（1）万向轴式也有二种:具有对准装置的主轴。
主轴装在可调支架中，而可调支架能在壳体的T形槽中移动，并能在对准的位置以螺栓固定。
（2）具有公差的圆柱形主轴套。
主轴套固定在与式件孔型相同的模板中。
前一种适用于批量小且孔组是规则分布的工件（如孔组分布在不同直径的圆周上）。
后一种适用于批量较大式中小批量的轮番生产中，刚性较好，孔距精度亦高，但不同孔型需要不同的模板。
多轴头可以装在立钻式摇臂钻床上，按钻床本身所具有的各种功能进行工作。
这种多轴加工方法，由于钻孔效率、加工范围及精度的关系，使用范围有限。
多轴箱：也象多轴头那样作为标准部件生产。
美国Secto公司标准齿轮箱、多轴箱等设计的不可调式多轴箱。
有32种规格，加工面积从300Ｘ300毫米到600Ｘ1050毫米，工作轴达60根，动力达22.5千瓦。
Romai工厂生产的可调多轴箱调整方便，只要先把齿轮调整到接近孔型的位置，然后把与它联接的可调轴移动到正确的位置。
因此，这种结构只要改变模板，就能在一定范围内容易地改变孔型，并且可以达到比普通多轴箱更小的孔距。
根据成组加工原理使用多轴箱或多轴头的组合机床很适用于大中批量生产。
为了在加工中获得良好的效轮辐六轴专用钻床果，必需考虑以下数点：（1）工件装夹简单，有足够的冷却液冲走铁屑。
（2）夹具刚性好，加工时不形变，分度定位正确。
（3）使用二组刀具的可能性，以便一组使用，另一组刃磨与调整，从而缩短换刀停机时间。
（4）使用优质刀具，监视刀具是否变钝，钻头要机磨。
（5）尺寸超差时能立即发现。
多轴钻床：这是一种能满足多轴加工要求的钻床。
诸如导向、功率、进给、转速与加工范围等。
巴黎展览会中展出的多轴钻床多具液压进给。
其整个工作循坏如快进、工进与清除铁屑等都是自动进行。
值得注意的是，多数具有单独的变速机构，这样可以适应某一组孔中不同孔径的加工需要。
(1) 自动更换主轴机床自动更换主轴机床顶部是回转式主轴箱库，挂有多个不可调主轴箱。
纵横配线盘予先编好工作程序，使相应的主轴箱进入加工工位，定位紧并与动力联接，然后装有工件的工作台转动到主轴箱下面，向上移动进行加工。
当变更加工对象时，只要调换悬挂的主轴箱，就能适应不同孔型与不同工序的需要。
(2) 多轴转塔机床转塔上装置多个不可调或万向联轴节主轴箱，转塔能自动转位，并对夹紧在回转工作台的工件作进给运动。
通过工作台回转，可以加工工件的多个面。
因为转塔不宜过大，故它的工位数一般不超过4—6个。
且主轴箱也不宜过大。
当加工对象的工序较多、尺寸较大时，就不如自动更换主轴箱机床合适，但它的结构简单。
(3) 自动更换主轴箱组合机床它由自动线或组合机床中的标准部件组成。
不可调多轴箱与动力箱按置在水平底座上，主轴箱库转动时整个装置紧固在进给系统的溜板上。
主轴箱库转动与进给动作都按标准子程序工作。
换主轴箱时间为几秒钟。
工件夹紧于液压分度回转工作台，以便加工工件的各个面。
好果回转工作台配以卸料装置，就能合流水生产自动化。
在可变生产系统中采用这种装置，并配以相应的控制器可以获得完整的加工系统。
(4) 数控八轴落地钻床大型冷凝器的水冷壁管板的孔多达15000个，它与支撑板联接在一起加工。
孔径为20毫米，孔深180毫米。
采用具有内冷却管道的麻花钻，5－7巴压力的冷却液可直接进入切削区，有利于排屑。
钻尖磨成90°供自动定心。
它比普通麻花钻耐用，且进给量大。
为了缩短加工时间，以8轴数控落地加工。
多轴加工趋势：多轴加工生产效率高，投资少，生产准备周期短，产品改型时设备损失少。
而且随着我国数控技术的发展，多轴加工的范围一定会愈来愈广，加工效率也会不断提高。
生产任务：在一批铸铁连接件上有同一个面上有多个孔加工。
在普通立式钻床上进行孔加工，通常是一个孔一个孔的钻削，生产效率低，用非标设备，即组合机床加工，生产效率高，但设备投资大。
但把一批普通立式普通单轴钻床改造为立式多轴钻床，改造后的多轴钻床，可以同时完成多个孔的钻、扩、铰、等工序。
轮辐六轴专用钻床General transformation of multi-axis drillingmachine drilling machinAt present, China's small and medium enterprises in product quality and production efficiency are the need for a new increase. But the processing means is far from sufficient. Many small and medium enterprises with their actual technical state of equipment improvements, through strengthening its own. In order to mon drilling for single-axis machine tools, but the installation will become a multi-axis multi-axle box of the drill, transformation into a multi-axis drilling, we could greatly shorten the processing time, improve production efficiency.Application of multi-axis machining ：According to statistics, in general machine tools in the workshop in general, the average cutting time rarely exceeds 15% of total working hours. The remaining time is plug-in, loading and unloading the workpiece, exchange tools, operation tools, measurements, and clear the iron filings and so forth. Although the use of CNC machine tools can improve 85%, but the purchase of costly. In some cases, even if the high productivity, but the processing of the same components, the cost is not necessarily lower than the average machine. Therefore must be more to shorten the processing time. Different processing methods have different characteristics, the drilling process, the multi-axis machining is a small investment to increase productivity through effective measures.The advantages of multi-axis machining ：Although it is not the first in automatic multi-axis adjustable long line applications, but only limited to high-volume production. Even with the adjustable multi-axis head expanded the scope of use is still far from being able to meet the volume is small, hole complex requirements. In particular, as industrial development, large and complex multi-axis machining is even more compelling. For example, large-scale nuclear power plants in the water-wall tube plate condenser has 15000 ψ20 holes, if radial drilling machine processing, and simply drilling holes and countersink countersunk head is necessary to 842.5 hours, while also crossed hours 151.1 hours. However, if the 8-axis CNC machining floor drilling, drilling countersink holes as long as 171.6 hours, crossed is also simple, as long as 1.9 hours. Therefore, the use of numerical control of two axis, so that proper alignment tool processing location, combined with multi-axis machining can not only expand the range of processing, but also on the basis of improving the accuracy can greatly enhance the work efficiency, easy to quickly create original processing parts. Some analysis of large high-speed diesel engine with 30 kinds of box-shaped rod-shaped parts of the more than 2,000 drilling operations, 40% could be the automatic replacement of machines using two-axis spindle box, three-axis or four-axis multi-axis machining head, the average can be reduced 20% of the processing time. Machine Tool Exhibition in Paris in 1975 also reflected the multi-axis machining using more and more the trend.Multi-axis machining equipment：Multi-axis machining is the same time in a feed processing a number of holes or simultaneously in many of the same or different processing of a workpiece on each hole. This will not only shorten the cutting time and improve accuracy, reduce fixturing or positioning time, and in the CNC machine tool is notnecessary to calculate the coordinates, reducing the number of character blocks and simplified programming. It can be processed using the following equipment: radial drilling vertical drilling, or upload multi-axis head, multi-axis drilling machine, multi-axis modular machine tool spindle box heart and automatic replacement of machines. May even be able to automatically adjust wheelbase by two or more of the spindle axle box, junction All CNC vertical and horizontal table two directions of movement, processing a variety of round or oval-shaped hole group of one or several steps. Now the status quo in this regard to make a profile.Multi-Axis Head ：Transmission is from the main drive gear drive with two kinds of universal joint couplings. This is our familiar. Former is more efficient, simple structure, which is easy to adjust wheelbase. From the structure is concerned there is not adjustable and the adjustable two kinds. The former can not change the wheelbase, multi-use gear drive, only applies to high-volume production. Adaptability in order to expand its approval to develop a multi-axis adjustable head, in a certain range adjustable wheelbase. It is mainly mounted in a universal. Two. (1) there are two kinds of universal axis: alignment device with a spindle. Spindle mounted on adjustable bracket in an adjustable bracket can be T-shaped slot in the shell move, and the position in alignment with bolted. (2) with a tolerance of cylindrical spindle units. Set of fixed spindle hole with pieces of the same type template. The former applies to small batch and the rules of distribution of pore groups are artifacts (such as the hole groups in different diameter circle). The latter applies to a larger batch-type production of small quantities of turns, rigid better pitch accuracy is also high, but a different hole requires a different template.Multi-axis head can be mounted on vertical drilling-type radial drilling machine, press the drill itself with the various functions work. This multi-axis processing methods, due to drilling efficiency, range and accuracy of processing of the relationship between the use of limited scope.Multi-axle box ：As also the first multi-axis as the production as a standard component. U.S. Secto's standard gear boxes, multi-axle box, etc. are not designed adjustable multi-axle box. 32 kinds of specifications, process size from 300X300 mm to 600X1050 mm, the working-axis up to 60, and power up to 22.5 kilowatts. Romai factory adjustable multi-axle box easy to adjust, as long as the gear should first be adjusted to the location near the pass and then connected with its adjustable-axis move to the correct location. Therefore, this structure changes as long as the template, will be able to pass a certain extent change the content of shoes, and can reach more than ordinary axle box smaller pitch.According to principles of the use of group processing the first multi-axle, or a combination of multi-axis machine tool is applicable to large and medium volume production. In order to process to get good results, need to consider the following points: (1) workpiece clamping simple, there is enough coolant away iron filings. (2) The fixture rigidity, processing, without deformation, dividing the right position. (3) the possibility of using the two group knives for a group to use, another set of grinding and adjustment, thereby reducing tool change downtime. (4) The use of quality tools to monitor whether the blunt tool, drill grinding to machine. (5) Dimensions can be detected immediately when the ultra-poor.轮辐六轴专用钻床Multi-axis drilling machine ：This is a multi-axis machining to meet the requirements of the drill. Such as orientation, power, feed, speed and processing range. Displayed at the Paris Exhibition of multi-axis drilling machine with hydraulic multi-feed. Throughout its work, such as fast-forward through the bad, workers enter and clear the iron filings are all automatically. It is noteworthy that the majority of agencies with separate variable speed, so that one group can adapt to the different pore size hole processing needs. 1.2.4 automatic replacement machine tool spindle boxIn order to rationalize the needs of small and medium volume production in recent years the development of the automatic replacement of modular machine tool spindle box. (1) The automatic replacement spindle machineAutomatic replacement of rotary spindle machine tool spindle box at the top is a library, there are several non-adjustable hanging spindle box. Vertical and horizontal patch panel to the first series of good working procedures, so that the corresponding spindle box into the processing station, location and with the power connection tight, and then turn to the table with the workpiece spindle box below, upward mobility for processing. When the change processing object, as long as the exchange suspension spindle box, you can pass with different processes for different needs.(2) The multi-axis machine tool turretTurret to install more non-adjustable or universal coupling spindle box, turret can automatically switch to digital, and clamp the workpiece in the rotary table to feed motion. Through the rotary table can be a number of workpiece surface. Because the turret not be too big, so it is generally not exceed the median of workers 4-6. And the spindle box is also not too large. When the machining process more objects, size larger, it should automatically replace the machine tool spindle box fit, but its simple structure.(3) Automatic replacement of modular machine tool spindle boxIt consists of automatic line or a combination of standard machine parts. Non-adjustable multi-axle box and power box by home base in the horizontal, the spindle rotates, the entire case library fastening device to the system in the slip into the board. Library Headstock rotation and feed movement is based on standard routines of work. Headstock time for a few seconds. Clamping the hydraulic sub-degree rotary table so that each workpiece surface. Good fruit rotary table accompanied by discharging device, we can co-flow production automation. In the variable production system using this device, accompanied by the corresponding controller can obtain a complete processing system.(4) 8-axis CNC drill floorLarge condenser water wall tube plate holes as many as 15,000, which linked together with the support plate processing. Diameter of 20 mm, hole depth 180 mm. Used inside the cooling pipe has a twist drill ,5-7 bar pressure, coolant directly into the cutting area is conducive to chip removal. And ground into a 90 ° drill point for the self-centering. Durable than regular twist drill, and a large quantity of feed. To shorten the processing time to 8-axis CNC machining floor.trends in multi-axis machining ：Multi-axis machining high production efficiency, low investment and production preparation cycle is short, product modification, when a small loss of equipment. And as China's CNC technology, the scope of multi-axis machining will become the broad, processing efficiency will be improved.production tasks ：A group of cast-iron joints have the same surface processing with multiple holes. In the general processing of vertical holes on the drill, usually a hole a hole drilling, production efficiency is low, use non-standard equipment, that is, combination of machining, production efficiency is high, but the large investment in equipment. However, the number of common vertical drilling machine to transform ordinary single-axis vertical multi-axis drilling machine after transformation, multi-axis drilling machine can simultaneously perform multiple hole drilling, expansion, hinges, and other processes.。