writing_a_research_paper

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关于论文写作的指导(英文版)

关于论文写作的指导(英文版)Guide to Writing a Research PaperWriting a research paper can be a daunting task for many students, as it requires extensive research, critical thinking, and effective communication skills. However, with careful planning and a systematic approach, anyone can write a successful research paper. This guide aims to provide step-by-step instructions and useful tips to help you navigate through the process of writing a well-crafted research paper.1. Understand the assignment: Before starting your research paper, carefully read the assignment guidelines provided by your instructor. Pay attention to the specific requirements, such as the topic, length, formatting style, and deadlines. If you have any doubts or questions, don't hesitate to seek clarification from your instructor.2. Choose a topic: A good research paper starts with a well-defined and interesting topic. Select a topic that is relevant to your field of study and aligns with your interests. Ensure that the topic is neither too broad nor too narrow. Conduct initial research to make sure there is enough information available to support your arguments.3. Conduct thorough research: To write an impactful research paper, you need to gather reliable and relevant information from various sources. Utilize library resources, academic journals, books, and reputable online databases to acquire the necessary data. Take notes while researching and keep track of the sources you consult.4. Develop a thesis statement: A strong thesis statement is the focal point of your research paper. It presents the main argument or hypothesis that you will support throughout your paper. Your thesis statement should be clear, concise, and debatable. Make sure it reflects the purpose of your paper and guides your research and writing process.5. Create an outline: An outline serves as a roadmap for your research paper, making the writing process more organized and efficient. It includes the main sections and subsections of your paper, along with the key points you will discuss in each section. This will help you maintain a logical flow and ensure that you cover all the necessary information.6. Write a compelling introduction: The introduction is the first impression of your research paper. Start with a catchy hook to grab the reader's attention. Provide background information on the topic and gradually narrow it down to your thesis statement. Clearly state the purpose and significance of your research, and explain how your paper will contribute to the existing body of knowledge.7. Present a comprehensive literature review: A literature review demonstrates your understanding of the existing research on your topic. Summarize the key findings of relevant studies and identify any gaps in the literature. Make sure to cite all the sources properly and critically analyze the information presented.8. Methodology: In this section, describe the research methods you used to collect and analyze data. Clearly explain your approach, including the sample size, data collection instruments, andstatistical analysis methods. This will allow readers to evaluate the reliability and validity of your findings.9. Present your findings: Share the results of your research in a logical and coherent manner. Use graphs, tables, and figures to illustrate your findings effectively. Interpret the results and explain their significance in relation to your research question. Remain objective and avoid making unsupported claims or overgeneralizing your findings.10. Conclusion: Summarize the main points of your research and review how they support your thesis statement. Discuss the implications of your findings and suggest further areas of research. End your conclusion with a thought-provoking statement or a call to action.11. Revise and edit: The final step in writing a research paper is revising and editing. Review your paper for clarity, coherence, grammar, and punctuation errors. Ensure that your paper adheres to the formatting style required by your instructor. Consider seeking feedback from a peer or instructor to gain valuable insights and make necessary improvements.In conclusion, writing a research paper requires careful planning, extensive research, and effective communication skills. By following this guide, you can navigate through the process with confidence and produce a well-structured and impactful research paper. Remember to allow yourself enough time for each step and seek help when needed.继续写相关内容，1500字12. Citations and References: In academic writing, it is crucial to give credit to the original sources of information and ideas. Proper citations and references not only demonstrate academic integrity but also allow readers to locate and verify the sources. Different disciplines may follow different citation styles, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago. Familiarize yourself with the specific guidelines and consistently apply them throughout your research paper. Keep track of your sources from the beginning and create a bibliography or reference list as you go along.13. Revise and Edit: Once you have completed the initial draft of your research paper, it is important to revise and edit it thoroughly. Revision involves rethinking, reorganizing, and rewriting sections for better clarity and coherence. Check for any gaps in your argumentation or supporting evidence. Make sure that your ideas flow logically and that each paragraph contributes to the overall argument. Edit your paper for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. It can be helpful to read your paper aloud or ask someone else to read it and provide feedback. Remember that revising and editing is an ongoing process, and it may take multiple rounds before your research paper is polished and ready for submission. 14. Pay Attention to Formatting: In addition to citations and references, it is important to pay attention to the overall formatting of your research paper. Follow the guidelines provided by your instructor regarding font size, margins, line spacing, and page numbering. Consider using headings and subheadings to organize your paper and make it easier to navigate. Make sure that all tables, figures, and illustrations are properly labeled and referred to in the text. A well-formatted research paper not only looks professionalbut also enhances readability and comprehension.15. Seek Feedback and Proofreading: Before submitting your research paper, it is beneficial to seek feedback from others. Share your paper with classmates, colleagues, or your instructor and ask for their opinions and suggestions. They may be able to point out any inconsistencies, weaknesses in your argument, or areas that need further clarification. Consider their feedback and make necessary revisions. Additionally, it is essential to have your research paper proofread by someone else or use proofreading tools and software. Even the most careful writers can overlook errors, and a fresh pair of eyes can catch mistakes that you may have missed.16. Practice Time Management: Writing a research paper can be time-consuming, so it is important to manage your time effectively. Break down the task into smaller, manageable steps and set deadlines for each step. Use a planner or online tools to schedule your research, writing, and revision sessions. Start working on your research paper well in advance to avoid any last-minute rush. It is also a good idea to allocate extra time for unexpected challenges or delays. By managing your time efficiently, you can reduce stress and produce a high-quality research paper.17. Emphasize Clarity and Coherence: Clarity and coherence are essential qualities of a well-written research paper. Make sure that your ideas are expressed clearly and concisely. Avoid using jargon or overly complex language that may confuse readers. Use transition words and phrases to create smooth transitions between paragraphs and sections. The overall structure of your paper shouldbe coherent, with each section and paragraph contributing to the central argument. Regularly review your work to ensure that your ideas are presented logically and that readers can easily follow your thought process.18. Practice Ethical Research Conduct: Conducting research ethically is crucial to maintain the integrity of your research paper and respect the rights and privacy of others. Obtain proper permission and informed consent when conducting surveys, interviews, or experiments involving human subjects. Follow ethical guidelines when conducting research involving animals. When using other researchers' work, ensure proper citation and acknowledgment. Avoid plagiarism by paraphrasing and quoting sources accurately. Familiarize yourself with your institution's policies on research ethics and ensure that your research adheres to ethical standards.19. Take Care of Your Mental and Physical Well-being: Writing a research paper can be mentally and physically demanding. It is important to take care of yourself throughout the process. Take breaks, engage in physical activities, and maintain a balanced diet. Get enough sleep and manage your stress levels effectively. If you feel overwhelmed or stuck, don't hesitate to seek support from your classmates, instructors, or tutors. Remember that it is normal to experience challenges and setbacks during the research paper writing process, and taking care of your well-being can help you overcome them more effectively.20. Finalize and Submit: After incorporating feedback and making all necessary revisions, it is time to finalize your research paper.Review the formatting, citations, and references one last time to ensure accuracy and consistency. Proofread your work for any remaining errors. Once you are confident that your research paper is polished and meets all the requirements, submit it on time following the submission guidelines provided by your instructor. Celebrate your hard work and the accomplishment of completing your research paper!Writing a research paper may seem challenging at first, but by following these steps, you can approach the task with confidence and produce a high-quality paper. Remember that writing is a process, and it requires time, effort, and perseverance. Do not hesitate to seek help and guidance when needed. With practice and experience, you will become more proficient in writing research papers and communicating your ideas effectively.。

Writing-the-Research-Paper

Writing-the-Research-PaperWriting the Research Paper:A Handbook This semester I read a book called Writing the Research :A Handbook Paper published Peking University Press.Generally speaking , this book is “unbooklike”. As the Author said, no one who has to write a research paper wants to waste time by studying the ins and outs of documentation or the protocols of research. Under this guideline, the book is not meant to be read, but merely consulted. This is more a dictionary, in sum, than a discursive book.1. Theme and Structure about this bookThere are 12 units in this book, they are “ Basic Information about the Research Paper, Choosing a Topic, The Library, The Thesis and the Outline, Using the Computer in Your Research, Doing the Research, Transforming the Notes into a Rough Draft, Revising Your Rough Draft, The MLA System of Documentation, The Traditional System of Documentation, Sample Student Papers”.Writing a research paper requires to seek out information about a subject, take a stand on it, and back it up with the opinions, ideas, and views of others. Every research paper must conform to a specific format, which is simply an agreed-on way of doing things. Reasons for the research paper is that writing it forces you to learn lots about your chosen subject. Usually, three drafts are the barest minimum: the first draft looks messy and scribbled over, the second is rarely smooth and seldom predictable, the third is the one you submit. Generally, there are seven distinct steps.Ideally you should choose a topic that interests you, that iscomplex enough to need several sources, and that will not bore your reader. Some topic present usually difficulties; others are simply a waste of time.The thesis is a statement that summarizes the central idea of the paper. You cannot formulate a thesis unless you know a great deal about your subject. Thesis should be clear, comprehensible and direct; predict major divisions in the structure of the paper; commit you to an unmistakable course, argument, or point of view. Most instructors prefer the thesis as the final sentence of the initial paragraph.An outline is an ordered list of the topics covered in a paper. The three main types of outlines are the topic outline, the sentence outline, and the paragraph outline.Exactly what kind of material you need to look for depends on your topic, thesis, and even the point of view you use in the paper. Nowadays, the library and internet is accessible to many writer. What writers should do is to evaluating the sources: Where was the information found Who wrote it Who publishes it What are the writer’s sources What kind of tone does the write use What do the writer’s contemporaries have to say What is the wr iter’s motive What is the context of the writer’s opinion Besides, writers can consult encyclopedia, appendix, the search engines, bibliography, etc. The bibliography is a list of sources on the research topic. Skim a source to determine it usefulness. Eve ntually the you’ve uncovered through research must be turned into notes, which are of four kinds: summary, paraphrase, quotation and comment.<Next, transform the notes into a rough draft. Prepare a checklist: formulate a thesis, organize yours notes in the order oftheir appearance in the paper, write an outline or abstract. During writing, pay attention to the principle of unity, coherence and emphasis. The abstract should meet the following criteria: reflect accurately the purpose and content of your paper, explain briefly the central issue of your paper, summarize your paper’s most important points, mention the major sources used, state your conclusions clearly, be coherent so that it is easy to read, remain objective in its point ofview.Revision is partly a psychological and partly a mechanical process. All revision is based on repeated rereading of the first draft. Many instructors recommend revising the paper from biggest to smallest elements. Check your opening paragraph to see whether your beginning is sprightly enough to draw in your reader. You may find a boost un three time-honored strategies for beginning a paper: use a quotation, ask a question, or present an illustration. The topic sentences of your paragraphs must follow the same sequence as the points of your thesis. Don’t make these paragraphs so compact and dens e as to check the reader with details. It is better that the information be organized in tidbits of shorter paragraphs. You achieve linkage by the use of transitional markers and sentences. Revise sentences for variety and style: revise sentences to use the active voice, revise to use an appropriate of view, revise sexist language. Word choice and usage comes under the heading of diction: revise diction for accuracy and exactness, revise the overuse of phrases for subjects instead of single nouns, revise redundant expressions, revise meaningless words and phrases, revise snobbish diction.No matter what documentation system you use, it is a universalrequirement that research papers be neat and clean and your instructor that compels you to submit handwritten work. Before you submit a final version of your paper, you should make sure that you have complied with all your instructor’s formatting requirements.Finally, because two pairs of eyes usually are better than one, ask another student with good writing skills to go over your paper for clarity, focus, and mechanics.2. My own concerns about the research paperWhen we graduate student write the research paper, we always have three deficiencies: informal style, weak in English express and lack of innovation. When reading this book, I try to find some solutions to overcome this shortcomings.For the research paper, we always neglect the formal style of it, often use the informal words, such as “I” ,“you”. Instead we should use “the paper”, “the author”.For the English expression, the basic standard is the accurate use of words without wrong character, concise and fluent sentence. But even for this simple request, we always fail to meet it. I think there are two reasons: the poor mastery of English and the failure of checking, which involves the altitude.As far as the point of research, innovation is the core of it. However, we often lack of it. Moreover, we always lack of the consciousness and attitude of innovation.To overcome these shortcomings, first of all, we should have a right attitude towards it. We must lay a strong foundation of the basic theory. Then we have to cooperate with the instructors, trying to meet their demand. We can try to change the way we write the research, we can cooperate with our classmate , it is not our own business. What is more, the colleges and universitiesshould make reasonable arrangements to avoid time confliction, because in the third year, many students have to leave school to search for job. Of course, universities should help students enhance their writing training, optimize the topic design, and focus the full guidance. Last but not least, in this information-bomb age, the full and proper use of internet and library should be taken into consideration. We can use the internet to help us find information, especially the search engine, but we can’t neglect the library. We can use the internet to seek for more help, but plagiarize is not accepted.To sum up, the book of writing the research paper provide me with some basic knowledge about the paper. T o read this bookis very useful and necessary. After this course, our understanding about the dissertation can be push into a higher stage.$Reference[1] Anthony Jo Ray the Research Paper:A Handbook[M]. Peking:Peking University Press, 2012(6).[2] 韦森. 英语专业毕业论文写作存在问题分析[J]. 广西师范大学学报，2009(1):105.。

2 Writing a resarch article (RA) in English (10)

2 Writing Research Articles (RAs) in English
Allan Lauder Pelatihan Sehari Penulisan Artikel Ilmiah untuk Jurnal Internasional DRPM-UI July 2008
Content
• (or)
•
Step 1C Raise a question (membuat pertanyaan baru)
– state that after surveying existing studies, you feel that a (number of) question(s) still need answered. The question(s) can become a topic of your research, and justify it because it shows how the research contributes to the literature in that subject.
– review important and most recent research. In each case, you should provide suitable information about the study. Include sufficient relevant, internationally published articles.
Stage 2 Establish a niche
(menetapkan daerah khusus atau topik kajian)
• Step 1A Counter claim (membuat sanggahan)

8 Writing_a_Research_Paper

(1982). Research Design and Statistics for Applied Linguistics. Rowley: NewburyHouse Publishers, INC. ---from Hatch, E. and Farhady, H.

Research is a systematic approach to finding answers to questions.
2. What is a research Paper

Research paper is more than the sum of your sources, more than a collection of different pieces of information about a topic, and more than a review of the literature in a field. A research paper analyzes a perspective or argues a point. Your finished research paper should present your own thinking backed up by others' ideas and information.
P (questions) Pers) Purpose →Process →Product A simplified model of research
1). Having good questions Significant Original Answerable
You will be able to: 1. Closely read texts collected; 2. Become familiar with the resources of the college library; become competent in using these resources; 3. Identify a broad area of research related to the subject, focus the topic through some general background reading;

如何写好英文科研论文作文

如何写好英文科研论文作文英文，Writing a good research paper in English requires careful planning, thorough research, and clear communication. Here are some tips for writing a successful research paper.First and foremost, it's important to choose a topic that is both interesting and relevant to your field of study. This will not only make the writing process more enjoyable, but it will also ensure that your paper contributes meaningfully to the existing body of knowledge.Once you have chosen a topic, it's time to conduct thorough research. This may involve reading academic journals, books, and other scholarly sources, as well as conducting experiments or surveys if necessary. It's important to take detailed notes during the research process, as this will make it easier to organize and structure your paper later on.When it comes to actually writing the paper, it's crucial to maintain a clear and logical structure. This typically involves an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. Each section should flow smoothly into the next, and all arguments and claims should be supported by evidence.In addition to a strong structure, it's important to pay attention to the language and style of your writing. This means using clear and concise language, avoiding jargon or overly technical terms, and ensuring that your paper is free from grammatical and spelling errors.Finally, it's essential to properly cite all sources used in your paper. This not only gives credit to the original authors, but it also helps to strengthen the credibility of your own work.In conclusion, writing a good research paper in English requires careful planning, thorough research, clear communication, and attention to detail. By following these tips, you can increase the likelihood of producing asuccessful and impactful research paper.中文，写好一篇英文科研论文需要仔细的规划、深入的研究和清晰的表达。

英语作文范文排版模板

英语作文范文排版模板英文回答：Writing a Research Paper: A Comprehensive Template。

Introduction。

Begin with a captivating hook that grabs the reader's attention.State the research question or thesis statementclearly and concisely.Provide background information on the topic, including its significance and relevance.Body Paragraphs。

Organize the paper into distinct subtopics or themes.For each subtopic, present an argument or claim supported by evidence.Use various forms of evidence, such as research, statistics, case studies, and expert opinions.Connect the evidence to the research question or thesis statement.Provide clear transitions between paragraphs to guide the reader's understanding.Methods。

Describe the research methodology used, including the data collection and analysis methods.Explain how the research design addresses the research question or hypothesis.Discuss any limitations or biases that may have influenced the findings.Results。

研究生学术英语读写教程unit3

Unit 3: Writing a Research PaperIn this unit, we will focus on the essential skills and techniques required for writing a research paper in academic English. Writing a research paper is a crucial aspect of graduate study, as it demonstrates the ability to conduct independent research, analyze data, and effectivelymunicate ideas in written form. This unit will cover the following topics:1. Understanding the Structure of a Research Paper2. Developing a Research Question3. Conducting Literature Review4. Organizing Your Thoughts and Ideas5. Writing a Strong Introduction6. Presenting Your Methodology7. Reporting Your Findings8. Constructing a Compelling Conclusion9. Referencing and Citations10. Editing and Proofreading1. Understanding the Structure of a Research PaperA research paper typically follows a specific structure, including an introduction, literature review, methodology, results,discussion, and conclusion. Understanding the purpose of each section and how they relate to the overall research is essential for writing a cohesive and coherent paper.2. Developing a Research QuestionA well-crafted research question is the foundation of a successful research paper. It should be clear, concise, and focused, guiding the direction of the study and facilitating the identification of relevant literature and methodologies.3. Conducting Literature ReviewA literature review is a critical analysis of existing research related to your topic. It provides context for your study, identifies gaps in existing knowledge, and justifies the significance of your research. Learning how to effectively review and synthesize literature is essential for building a strong theoretical framework for your paper.4. Organizing Your Thoughts and IdeasOrganizing your thoughts and ideas is essential for creating a logical and coherent research paper. This can be achieved through outlining, mind mapping, or other organizational techniques. Clear organization will help you m本人nt本人nfocus and ensure that your paper flows logically.5. Writing a Strong IntroductionThe introduction sets the stage for your research paper, providing background information, stating the research problem, and outlining the structure of the paper. A strong introduction should captivate the reader's attention and provide a clear rationale for the study.6. Presenting Your MethodologyThe methodology section det本人ls the research methods and procedures used to collect and analyze data. It should beprehensive, transparent, and replicable, allowing other researchers to understand and evaluate the validity of your study.7. Reporting Your FindingsIn this section, you will present the results of your research in a clear and systematic manner. This may involve the use of tables, figures, and statistical analysis to convey the key findings of your study.8. Constructing a Compelling ConclusionThe conclusion summarizes the key findings of your research, discusses their implications, and makes rmendations for future research or practice. Apelling conclusion should leave a lasting impression on the reader and reinforce the significance of your study.9. Referencing and CitationsAccurate referencing and citation of sources are essential for m 本人nt本人ning academic integrity and avoiding plagiarism. Familiarizing yourself with the specific citation style required by your discipline is crucial for properly acknowledging the work of others.10. Editing and ProofreadingEditing and proofreading are essential steps in the writing process to ensure clarity, coherence, and accuracy. It is important to review your paper for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors, as well as to refine the overall clarity and effectiveness of your writing.In conclusion, writing a research paper in academic English requires abination of critical thinking, analytical skills, and effectivemunication. Mastering the skills and techniquescovered in this unit will not only enhance your academic writing abilities but also contribute to the advancement of knowledge in your field of study. By understanding the structure of a research paper, developing a strong research question, conducting a thorough literature review, organizing your thoughts and ideas, and mastering the art of writing a strong introduction, presenting a clear methodology, reporting your findings, constructing apelling conclusion, referencing and citations, and editing and proofreading, you will be well-equipped to produce high-quality research papers that make a meaningful contribution to your academic discipline.。

研究报告的作文4篇

研究报告的作文4篇英文回答：Research Paper。

A research paper is an academic document that presents the results of an original research project. It typically consists of the following sections:Title: A concise and informative title that accurately describes the research topic.Abstract: A brief summary of the paper, including the research question, methodology, results, and conclusions.Introduction: Provides background information on the research topic and sets the context for the study.Literature review: Summarizes previous research on the topic and discusses how the current study adds to existingknowledge.Methodology: Describes the research design, methods, and materials used in the study.Results: Presents the findings of the research, often using tables, graphs, or charts.Discussion: Interprets the results and discusses their implications in relation to the literature review and research question.Conclusion: Summarizes the main findings of the study and draws conclusions based on the evidence.Tips for Writing a Research Paper:Choose a topic that you are interested in and that has not been extensively researched.Develop a clear research question and hypothesis.Conduct a thorough literature review to identify previous research on your topic.Design a research methodology that will allow you to test your hypothesis.Collect and analyze your data carefully.Write a clear and concise research paper that presents your findings and conclusions.Examples of Research Papers:A study that examines the effects of social media on mental health.A study that investigates the relationship between sleep quality and academic performance.A study that develops a new method for predicting earthquakes.中文回答：研究报告。

paper造句简单

paper造句简单1. I am writing a research paper.2. This book contains many scientific papers.3. The teacher suggested that we discuss this paper in class.4. We need to gather more information to support our paper's arguments.5. This paper presents a new theoretical model.6. The academic community holds this paper in high regard.7. Our research findings will be published in this issue of the journal.8. Our group is collaborating on writing a paper about environmental conservation.9. This paper is of significant importance for addressing current societal issues.10. Their research findings have been published in a top scientific journal.中文翻译：1. 我正在写一篇研究论文。

2. 这本书里有很多有关科学的论文。

3. 老师建议我们在课堂上讨论这篇论文。

4. 我们需要收集更多的资料来支持我们的论文观点。

5. 这篇论文提出了一个新的理论模型。

6. 学术界对这篇论文的评价很高。

7. 我们的研究结果将在本期期刊上发表。

8. 我们小组正在合作撰写一篇关于环境保护的论文。

9. 这篇论文对于解决当前社会问题具有重要意义。

Academic_writing_Introduction 引言的写作

Writing An Introduction of A Research PaperI. Some conventions(一些规则)Every professional paper should have at least one or two introductory paragraphs. In the Introduction the writer sets the stage for the main topic. It provides information for the reader about the paper, without giving the details of the work and conclusions. Often the Introduction is used to put the research into perspective, by stating how it relates to other technical and institutional work. The Introduction can range from half of a page to two pages.The purpose of the Introduction is to supply sufficient background information to allow the reader to understand and evaluate the results of the present study without referring to previous publications on the topic. The introduction should also provide the rationale for the present study. The writer should state briefly and clearly his purpose in writing the paper. Much of the Introduction should be written in the present tense because the writer will be referring primarily to the problem and the related established know-ledge at the beginning of the work.(i) It should present the nature and scope of the problem investigated. Since there might be many perspectives from which the writer can approach the problem, narrowing down the scope of work and de-limiting the boundary of the study becomes necessary.(ii) The Introduction is the proper place to define any specialized terms or abbreviations intended to be used.(iii) The Introduction should also inform the reader of the general purpose of the paper and illustrate the primary objectives of the research.(iv) It should review the pertinent literature to orient the reader. In science and engineering studies the literature is reviewed for several reasons, for example, to learn from the work of others, to give credit to similar and relevant studies, to help the reader in further study to the topic, problem or theory. In professional work it is essential to make it clear what contributions have been made by others, and what the cur-rent work has achieved and contributed to further understanding. The reader must never be in doubt what has already been established in the literature before, and what the reported study has contributed. (v) The Introduction may also talk of the arrangement of the writing at the end of the Introduction. In long papers, the mention of the arrangement of the writing enables the reader to understand the pa-per more easily, and can make the reader feel convenient in further reading.II. Stabilized structure(固定的结构)1．Establishing the scope of research(表示研究／讨论范围)Step l Claiming centrality(表明讨论中心话题)and／orStep 2 Making topic generalization(s)(总括所研究话题的现状)and／orStep 3 Reviewing previous research(综述前人研究)2．Establishing a niche(确立研究／讨论话题)Step l A Counter—claiming(反驳前人观点)OrStep l B Indicating a gap(表明前人研究空白)OrStep l C Question—raising(提出问题)OrStep l D Continuing a tradition(继续前人研究)3．Occupying the niche(研究／讨论具体切人点)Step l A Outlining purposes(表明研究目的)OrStep l B Announcing present research(表明当前研究重点)Step 2 Announcing principal findings(表明主要发现)Step 3 Indicating the research article structure(表明文章结构)1．Establishing the scope of research(确定研究／讨论范围)Step 1 centrality claims: In the introduction, centrality claims are typically expressed in one sentence, but can also be in two or more sentences. Typically, they are put at the beginning of the Introduction. The author can introduce centrality claims by claiming interest or importance, referring to the main character of the issue, or claiming that there are many other investigators active in the area.Some typical examples are:~ Recently, there has been a spate of interest in how to...~ In recent years, applied researchers have become increasingly interested in...~ The possibility...has generated interest in...~ Recently, there has been wide interest in...~ The time development ...is a classic problem in fluid mechanics.~ The well-known...phenomena...have been favorite topics for analysis both in...~ Knowledge of ...has a great importance for...~ The study of...has become an important aspect of...~ The effect of...has been studied extensively in recent years.~ Many investigators have recently turned to...~ The relationship between ...has been studied by many authors.~ A central issue in...is the validity of...The Introduction can also begins with step 2Step 2: making a topic generalization. Statements of topic generalizations generally fall into two categories: statements about knowledge or practice, or statements about phenomena. Typical examples of the first group are:~ There is now much evidence to support the hypothesis that...~ The ...properties of...are still not completely understood.~ A standard procedure for assessing has been...~ Education core courses are often criticized for...Typically these statements express in general terms the current state of knowledge, of technique, or of current requirements for further progress.The second group of topic generalizations refers to phenomena:~ ...is a common finding in patients with...~ An elaborate system of...is found in the ...~ English is rich in related words exhibiting "stress shifts".~ There are many situations where examination scripts are marked and then re-marked by another examiner.Step 3 Reviewing previous researchWhen reviewing previous research, the author needs to relate what has been found (claimed) with who has found it (claimed it). There are generally two forms of citation: integral and non-integral. In the text of a report, integral citation usually names the author in text and the year of publication in parentheses. Non-integral citation puts references at the end of a sentence or paragraph inside parentheses. If there is just one author, the integral citation form is Jones (1987), and the non-integral citation form is (Halliday, 1987). If there are two authors the citation should be Jones and Smith (1987) or (Jones and Smith 1987). And when there are three or more authors, the citation should be Jones et al. (1987) or (Jones et al., 1987). It should be noted that there is no period after the word "et". If there are two or more references by the same authors and from the same year, they are marked with an "a" and "b" etc. (Jones, et al., 1987a; Jones, et al., 1987b). A semicolon (;) is used between references when you refer to more than one at the same time.A literature review should not be a laundry list, meaning that it should not be listing of unrelated items.A literature review should be a coherent review of the main ideas and results of published materials, as they relate to the topic or problem of the report being written. The length of Literature Review is highly variable, from a paragraph to a few pages.The main patterns are illustrated with the following examples: Examples of integral citation forms (直接引用方式)~ Bile (1988) showed/shows that the moon is made of cheese.~ The moon's cheesy composition is established by Bile (1988).~ Brie's theory (1988) claims/claimed that the moon is made of cheese.~ Brie's (1988) theory of lunar composition has general support.~ According to Brie (1988), the moon is made of cheese.Examples of indirect citation forms (间接引用方式) ..~ Previous research has shown that the moon is made of cheese (Brie, 1988).~ It has been shown that the moon is made of cheese (Brie, 1988).~ It has been established that the moon is made of cheese (Brie, 1988).~ The moon is probably made of cheese (Bile, 1988).~ The moon may be made of cheese (of. Rock, 1989).2. Establishing a niche (确定研究/讨论话题)To establish a niche, the author usually starts with an adversative sentence-connector, most commonly with however but also with such signals as but, nevertheless, yet, and unfortunately. Step l A Counter-claiming e.g. However, the use of... results in such a degree of ... that ... has become necessary.OrStep 1B Indicating a gap e.g. However, the use of...results in a significant amount ofOrStep 1C Question-raising e.g. However, it is not clear whether the use of...can be modified to OrStep 1D Continuing a tradition e.g. The remaining issue is to find a way of better controlling In this part, the author most typically starts with step 1B, indicating a gap. The author does not counter-claim that the previous work is hopelessly misguided, but rather "suffers from some limitations". Typical sentence patterns used to indicate a gap are listed below:~ No research has been done on ...~ Little effort has been spent on the study of...~ (Very) few researchers have investigated...~ The nature of...is overlooked.~ Researchers have failed to notice that...~ The result is misleading/questionable/inconclusive/limited.~ The result off. _has several limitations.~ The research can rarely cover...3. Occupying the niche (研究/ 讨论具体切入点)Step 1A outlining purposesOrStep 1B Announcing present researchStep 2 Announcing principal findingsStep 3 indicating the research article structureIn this part, step 1 is the obligatory element. In other words, either Step 1A or Step 1B must occur in the Introduction. Step 1A indicates the author's main purpose or purposes. Step 1B describes what the author considers to be the main features of his research.Typical examples are:~ This paper reports on the results obtained...~ The aim of the present paper is to give...~ The main purpose of the experiment reported here was to...~ This study was designed to evaluate...~ This paper aims to report the interaction of...Most research article introductions end with Step 1. However, some may also end with Step 2 or Step 3. If Step 3 occurs, it always occurs at the end of the introduction.Examples are:~ We have organized the rest of this paper in the following way...~ This paper is structured as follows...~ The remainder of this paper is divided into five sections. Section II describes...III. Example outline structures (结构范例)Outline structure 1Recently, there has been a considerable interest in...Yet, there is a dearth of information. (2 direct questions) Recent studies have begun to explore these questions at...level. The existence of... may be inferred from recent studies by ...The work of these researchers sheds light on ...However, understanding ...in the context of... is as yet unexplored territory. This study attempts to enter this territory by...Our focus will be on...The changes that...show a skilled novice learning of...Outline structure 2Recently, the relationships between ...have been explored by scholars from a number of disciplines. However, the precise nature of...has not been delineated a considerable amount of research has been made into.., but little research...As a result, no comprehensive theory appears to exist. (review previous researches) Taken together, these studies indicate...The purposes of the present study were two-fold: one is...; the other is... The study thus extends the findings of previous work by examining...Outline structure 3Despite the announced importance of... few researchers have experimentally tested... Many studies have examined...No study, however, has used an experimental design. In the light of this absence of experimental work, we conducted a pilot study (Rosen, 1985)...We subsequently designed the present study,an experiment to test... Our two research questions were...IV. Distinction of Abstract and Introduction (摘要和引言的区别)Generally there are three distinctions between Abstract and Introduction:(1) Discussions of previous research are rarely found in abstracts, whereas it is an important part of the research article introductions.(2) Indication of methodology, experimental procedures, data collection, etc. used for present research is considered crucial in research abstracts, but rare in article introductions.(3) Reporting of results or findings of research is considered as an important part of abstracts, but it is rare in article introductions.V. An example introduction (引言范例)During the past 50 years, the United States has experienced the integration of the computer into society. Progress has been made to the point that small, inexpensive computers with expanded capabilities are available for innumerable uses. Many schools have purchased and are purchasing microcomputers for infusion into their directed learning programs.Most individuals seem to agree that the microcomputer will continue to hold an important role in education. Gubser (1980) and Hinton (1980) suggested phenomenal increases in the numbers of computers both in the school and the home in the near future. There are always problems with a sudden onslaught of new technology. Like any new tool that has not been fully tried and tested, the role of the computer is in question. How should the computer be used in the classroom? Should the computer be the teacher or a tool in the classroom in the same way as an overhead projector? Can teachers do a better job of teaching certain types of materials with the microcomputer than with conventional teaching methods? Will the microcomputer have different effects on students with varying levels of experience? Schmidt (1982) identified three types of microcomputer use in classrooms: the object of a course, a support tool and a means of providing instruction. Foster and Kleene (1982) cite four uses of microcomputers in vocational agriculture: drill and practice, tutorial, simulation and problem solving.The findings of studies examining the use of various forms of computer-assisted instruction (CAI have been mixed. Studies by Hickey (1968) and Honeycutt (1974) indicated superior results with CAI while studied by Ellis (1978), Caldwell (1980) and Belzer (1976) indicated little or no significant effect. Although much work has been done to date, more studies need to be conducted to ascertain the effects of microcomputer-assisted instruction in teaching various subjects in a variety of learning situations.The purpose of this study was to ascertain the effect of using micro-computer-assisted instruction as compared to a lecture-discussion technique in teaching principles and methods of cost recovery and investment credit on agriculture assets to graduate students in agricultural education (Rohrbach, 1983). This topic was identified as being of importance to teachers in providing them the necessary background to teach lessons in farm records.ExerciseThe following two excerpts are taken from the same academic article. Which is the Abstract and which is the Introduction? Why?Excerpt 1The continental terrace of Israel consists of a 1-2-km-thick Pliocene-Quaternary sediment wedge that narrows (from 60 to 16 km), steepens (2.5-3 to 6-8 ) and deepens (900-1200m) from south to north. Thecontinental terrace is the combined product of Nile-derived sedimentation whose bulk and rate of deposition decrease with increasing distance from the Nile Delta, and vertical tectonic uplift of Israel and Lebanon vs the subsidence of the adjacent submarine Levantine Basin. The tectonic influence increases while the sedimentary influence decreases from south to north (Neev et al., 1976; Almagor & Hall, 1984). Halokinetic slumping caused by extensive mass movement over deep strata of Messinian (Late Miocene) evaporites scarred and steepened the entire continental terrace of northern Israel and southern Lebanon (Almagor& Garfunkel, 1979; Garfunkel & Almagor 1985, 1987; Almagor 1993). In the south, a balance between continuous hemipelagic sedimentation and episodic dispersal of sediment, mostly by earthquake-induced slumping, creates a smooth gentle bathymetry (Almagor, 1980, 1984, 1986; Almagor & Michaeli, 1985). Along the steep slope north of Mount Carmel promontory mass transport processes have shaped a scarred and canyon-fur-rowed morphology. These processes were described in detail by Almagor(1992, 1993).The present study deals with the small-scale sedimentary structures as found in more than 60 sediment cores taken along the entire continental margin of Israel (Fig. 1) with special emphasis and greater sampling density on the more dynamic northern continental slope (Fig. 2)Excerpt 2The continental terrace of Israel consists of Nile-derived sediments. They are classified into three major groups, according to their structures: (1) irregularly too wavy laminated, coarse-grained sediments (quartz and skeletal debris) of the flat outer shelf and upper bend of the slope (10-20% of the bulk) which are influenced by currents. These sediments are bioturbated to various degrees. Smectitic silty clays (80-90%) form two structural groups: (2) laminated, turbiditic sediments which accumulate on the slope, particularly in the canyons of the northern slope. Irregular, wavy, thickly laminated, coarse-grained sediments of the up-per slope and canyon heads merge down-slope with parallel, thinly laminated, fine-grained sediments. Toward the foot of the slope and on the adjacent deep-sea floor lamination becomes indistinct and sediment is visually homogeneous. (3) Slump-generated mud lumps of various sizes, which accumulate on the lower slope, and along the transport axes of the canyons. These are the most visible evidence for large-scale slumping mass movement.Transportational and depositional processes are far more intensive over the steep northern continental slope of Israel, and especially in its canyons than over the gentle southern slope.Very stiff over-consolidated sediments unconformably overlain by the ubiquitous recent silty-clayey sediment were cored on steep sections of the middle continental slope and along the canyon walls. Their pre-consolidation stress values suggest that these sections were formerly overlain by more than 40m of sediment and now are exposed by slumping. The down-sliding slabs usually disintegrated into small fragments although several huge fragments could be indentified along the canyon axes.。

Writing a Research Paper---Lecture 4英语论文写作指导4

Outline

1. At Gateshead, Jane began to realize the importance of independence. A. Jane, a poor orphan of ten, did not evoke sympathy from other people, because she was not pretty. B. From John Reed Jane learned that dependence and incompetence invited nothing but scorn. C. In the “red room”, Jane began to realize that she needed to be saved from her blind fear of authority and be self-reliant.

Components

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Thesis Statement Outline of the Paper Literature Review Method Expected Findings References
4.1 Thesis Statement
英语论文写作
Writing A Research Paper
---Lecture 4
Zhang Yanyan （张妍岩） Mar. 2009
csuewriting@
4. Writing a Research Proposal

A research proposal is a sketch of your research. It gives the audience some sense how your paper will look. It is also a roadmap guiding your writing. It is a tool commonly adopted by the supervisors to judge a student’s research ability.

how to write a research paper

1. Topic Selection
For a research paper, essay, report or article, you learn information about a subject, then set forth a point of view and support it with evidence from authorities known as sources. All of your sources must be declared via citations, using the most recent edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association and relevant websites for citing sources from the Internet, within the research paper.
Unsuitable topics: A research paper topic would be a poor choice if it were...
· Too broad: Should you try to cover the entire subject of Supply Management, the evolution of Purchasing or the Uniform Commercial Code in one research paper? No. You should narrow the scope of your topic to include only a portion of a broad subject.

英文论文写作工作计划范文

英文论文写作工作计划范文IntroductionWriting a research paper is a challenging and time-consuming task that requires careful planning and organization. This work plan outlines the steps and timeline for completing a research paper, from choosing a topic to the final editing and proofreading.1. Defining the Research Topic (1 week)The first step in writing a research paper is to choose a topic that is both interesting and manageable. This process involves brainstorming ideas, reading relevant literature, and narrowing down the topic to a specific focus. Additionally, the research question or hypothesis should be clearly defined at this stage.2. Conducting Literature Review (2 weeks)Once the research topic is determined, the next step is to conduct a comprehensive literature review. This involves searching for relevant articles, books, and other sources of information related to the topic. The literature review provides the theoretical foundation for the research paper and allows for the identification of gaps in the existing knowledge.3. Formulating the Research Design and Methodology (2 weeks)After completing the literature review, the research design and methodology need to be developed. This step includes deciding on the research approach (qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods), data collection methods (surveys, interviews, experiments, etc.), and data analysis techniques. The research design and methodology should be aligned with the research question and objectives.4. Data Collection and Analysis (4 weeks)Once the research design is finalized, data collection can begin. This may involve conducting interviews, administering surveys, or collecting and analyzing existing data. The data analysis process should be carefully documented, and any findings should be clearly presented in the research paper.5. Writing the Research Paper (6 weeks)The writing process is the most time-consuming part of completing a research paper. This step includes drafting the introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion sections. It is important to maintain a clear and logical structure throughout the paper and to cite all sources properly.6. Editing and Proofreading (2 weeks)After completing the initial draft of the research paper, it is essential to edit and proofread the document carefully. This involves checking for grammatical errors, formattinginconsistencies, and ensuring that the content is coherent and well-organized. Peer review and feedback from colleagues can also be helpful at this stage.7. Submission and Publication (1 week)Once the research paper has been thoroughly edited and proofread, it is ready for submission to a journal or conference. This step involves following the submission guidelines and ensuring that all required documentation is included. Upon acceptance, the research paper will be published and made available to the academic community.ConclusionWriting a research paper requires careful planning, organization, and attention to detail. This work plan provides a structured approach to completing a research paper, from choosing a topic to the final submission and publication. By following this plan, researchers can increase their chances of producing a high-quality and impactful research paper.。

研究生学术英语读写教程unit10

研究生学术英语读写教程unit10Unit 10: Writing a Research Paper IntroductionIntroduction:In this unit, we will focus on writing the introductory section of a research paper. The introduction is an important part of a research paper because it provides background information on the topic being studied, explains the significance of the research, and outlines the objectives or hypotheses of the study.1. Background InformationThe first part of the introduction should provide some background information on the topic being studied. This can include a brief history of the subject, a description of previous research on the topic, or an overview of the current state of knowledge in the field.Example: "Over the past decade, there has been increasing interest in the use of mindfulness-based interventions for the treatment of mental health disorders. Mindfulness involves paying attention to one"s thoughts, feelings, and sensations in the present moment, without judgment or distraction. Previous studies have shown promising results for the use of mindfulness-basedinterventions in the treatment of anxiety, depression, and other mental health disorders."2. Significance of the ResearchThe second part of the introduction should explain why the research is important and significant. This can include discussing the practical or theoretical implications of the research, outlining any gaps in knowledge that the research aims to fill, or explaining how the research willcontribute to the field.Example: "Despite the growing interest in mindfulness-based interventions, there is still much to learn about their effectiveness, particularly in the context ofspecific mental health disorders. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of a mindfulness-basedintervention for individuals with social anxiety disorder, with the goal of improving our understanding of the potential benefits of mindfulness-based treatments for this population."3. Objectives or HypothesesThe final part of the introduction should outline the objectives or hypotheses of the study. This can include stating the research questions that the study aims toanswer, outlining the specific goals of the research, or presenting the hypotheses that the study will test.Example: "The primary objective of this study is to determine whether a mindfulness-based intervention is effective in reducing symptoms of social anxiety disorder. Secondary objectives include examining the relationship between adherence to the intervention and treatment outcomes, and exploring potential mediators or moderators of treatment effects. We hypothesize that participants who receive the mindfulness-based intervention will demonstrate significant reductions in social anxiety symptoms compared to those in a waitlist control group."Conclusion:In this unit, we have discussed the key components of an introduction for a research paper. By providing background information, explaining the significance of the research, and outlining the objectives or hypotheses, the introduction sets the stage for the rest of the paper and helps to engage the reader. Remember to keep your introduction concise and focused, and to use clear and precise language to convey your ideas.。

撰写学术论文(Writing Research Papers)

撰写学术论文（Writing Research Papers）本章详细论述了撰写学术论文的六个主要原则和环节，它们适用于各类学术论文、研究报告和学位论文。

这六个环节通常是：（一）选择题目（Choosing a topic）；（二）准备研究用的书单（Preparing a working bibliography）；（三）搜集资料（Collecting information）；（四）编制提纲（Outlining the paper）；（五）撰写论文（Writing/Drafting the paper）；（六）终稿样张（Preparing the final copy）。

（一）选择题目（Choosing a topic）。

选题涉及：找到宽泛的研究领域、界定题目、缩小范围、以问题或假设的形式提出题目。

在进行研究的过程中，要对上述各项进行及时修正，并列出初步的论文陈述。

1．宽泛的研究领域。

导师通常给你圈出一个比较宽泛的研究领域。

你应该尽早考虑各种可能的题目。

硕士和博士研究生可以在学业的较早阶段列出一些论文题目——或许他们所修的课能够在他们选择题目时有所帮助，而他们可以把一些想法以研讨班报告或论文的形式提出。

即便是在已经被其他学者研究过的领域里，仍有进行更多研究的可能。

学者们有时会指出未被研究的地方或未被解决的争论（经常是以注解的形式提出）。

考虑一下本学科的专业术语，也许会有新的见解。

有关同一课题的不同论著中的矛盾和不相衔接之处也有可能成为论文的题目。

新近出版的书或时事的最新发展都可能对业已存在的理论提供新的视角，并形成研究题目。

2．界定题目。

在选题时，应考虑自己对题目是否感兴趣，你能否对它（尤其是对有争议的题目）采取客观的态度，有无足够的时间完成，所选题目有无足够的文献资料等。

应依照以下标准来衡量题目的可行性：重要性和兴趣、可操作性、文献资料的充分性。

（1）重要性和兴趣。

你应该对此作出判断。

在一定程度上，它取决于任务的性质和导师的要求。

研究生需要写论文的英语作文

研究生需要写论文的英语作文As a graduate student, writing papers is an essential part of your academic journey. These papers demonstrate your ability to conduct research, analyze information, and present your findings effectively. However, it is important to note that the title of a paper should not be repeated within the text. In this essay, we will explore the significance of title uniqueness and the importance of well-crafted research papers.The primary reason for avoiding repetition of the title within the text lies in the potential confusion it may cause for the reader. When a title is duplicated within the paper, it can create ambiguity and make it difficult for the reader to understand the flow of the content. Each section of a research paper should have a distinct focus and contribute to the overall argument. By repeating the title within the text, the clarity and coherence of the paper can be compromised.Furthermore, by refraining from duplicating the title, you can enhance the organization and structure of your paper. A well-crafted research paper follows a logical progression, moving smoothly from one section to another. Each section should have its own subheading, allowing the reader to easily navigate through the paper. By avoiding title repetition, you ensure that each subheading brings new information and supports the central argument of your research.Moreover, a unique title within the text showcases your ability to articulate your ideas effectively. A research paper is an opportunity to present your arguments and findings in a clear and concisemanner. By generating distinct subheadings and content within each section, you demonstrate your mastery in structuring and organizing your thoughts. This not only enhances the readability of your paper but also highlights your critical thinking skills.In conclusion, as a graduate student writing a research paper, it is crucial to avoid repeating the title within the text. By doing so, you ensure clarity, maintain the logical progression of the paper, and showcase your ability to articulate your ideas effectively. Crafting a well-organized and unique research paper is not only beneficial for the reader but also for your academic growth and development.。