托福写作——素材

学校：学校所指定的每项制度都应该从学生的实际出发，可以考虑制度A是否是学生学到真正有用的知识，所学知识是否使用，是否所设置课程,政策能激发学生潜力，是否有助于帮助学生形成健康有利的性格，以及能否在未来为学生的就业，工作提供有效的帮助。

一些辅助学科能否帮助学生减少课业压力，普遍提高学生学习成绩。

Schools have always been interested in three kinds of outcomes: what the students are able to do in terms of those skills the students acquire; to what extent do those students know after attaining knowledge at school; and what kind of people they will become. “The most important part of education,”once wrote William Ernest Hocking, the distinguished Harvard philosopher, “is this instruction of a man in what he has inside him.”2007.7.7基础科学课程The purpose of those classes that universities or colleges offer lies in the notion that those class may help students in respects of both career and daily life. From learning science, students can apply basic in actual life in which they can handle some emergencies such as pipe leaking and short circuit instead of asking maintenance staff for help.Besides those life skills, some students may be inspired so as to choose science as their career since no one can tell whether s/he likes an object before coming into contact with it for sure.Science class can also increase creativity of students, enhancing their capacity for knowledge and understanding. Some interesting experiments release students’ stress from heavy study.2007.7.28/2009.6.13历史课程：Michael Crichton once wrote, “If you didn’t know your history, you didn’t know anything. You are a leaf that didn’t know that it was a part of a tree.”When we learn about history, we are really learning about ourselves—where we came from, why we do things the way we do, and how it got to be that way. An individual without any memory has a difficult time functioning; a people without collective memory—an understanding of their history—have an equally difficult time understanding who they are. It is commonly acknowledged that an understanding of the past is fundamental to an understanding of the present. The analysis and interpretation of history explain the cores of some present events. To some extent, history provides guidance for further development, helping us avoid repeating mistakes. For example, what we can learn from the failure of Prohibition during the 1930s is that it can be a mistake to legislate morality.2009.5.30艺术音乐：Arts education aids students in skill needed in the workplace: flexibility, the ability to solve problems and communicate; the ability to learn new skills, to be creative and innovative and to strive for excellence. Explore potentiality of students( 同科学课程)2007.8.25：General subject& specific knowledge:General subjects have plenty of advantages, 结合科学，历史，艺术音乐以上points. Specific Knowledge: all students apply for jobs eventually after graduations. Due to fierce competition, students need to enrich themselves continuously so that they will stand out among a great number of competitors. At the same time, schools play an important role assisting students preparing for their future and provide help as much as possible. Some employers will not hire graduating students in terms of their lack of knowledge in specific fields, considering the amount of costs in training them.Society needs doctors, lawyers, engineers, teachers to perform specific tasks necessary to its operation, just as it needs of society so that the work of the world may continue. Therefore, the burden of training students falls on the shoulders of schools.2007.10.17/2009.5.16:他国文化：importantance: during the process of globalization, the world becomes smaller and smaller thanks to the exponential leaps of the information technology. We may encounter plenty people in our everyday life, so that it is not rare to make acquaintance with foreign people. Different cultural backgrounds may bring about various opinions over the same issue, calling for mutual understanding. Therefore, it is necessary to get familiar with other cultures in case future boss is a foreign. Learning another culture can be very interesting, releasing students’stress from heavy study on other mandatory courses. If there is an opportunity to go abroad, a thorough understanding about the culture of destination avoids some embarrassing mistakes. Unimportance: waste of time, for students, they seldom contact with foreigners, let alone apply the knowledge learnt in foreign culture classes. It there is a course, there will be an exam for sure. Students need to prepare for the exam for a better grade; their focus on other useful subjects will be distracted by such kind of action, which in turn is not worth the candle. For the sake of culture, there is no better method of learning it than feeling it by oneself. However a brilliant explanation cannot draw the whole picture.2008.1.19 统一评分To give the same grade to all the members who do the same project together is not fair to group members. Sometimes, some students who are accustomed to relying on others will leave their duty to others out of laziness or their busy schedule considering someone else will finish the task for them as. We all come into such situations in our actual life. those student who do a lot of extra work will not get their rewarding whereas those people who do not endeavor to the team work can get a free lunch. Even if everyone of the same group does exert himself to this task, their performance is not the same, either, for sometimes some students play the role of leader guiding the whole group to achieve the goal. This policy is not favorable for students to explore their potential in that others’unsatisfactory performance make the whole project lag behind.2008.2.16 评分制度&学生求知欲有利：For those students who perform well on their study, a high grade is an affirmation of their efforts. This policy encourage them to continue and strive for a better grade in which process, they will certainly acquire more knowledge to keep their top places in class. A specific grade indicates what the strength is and what weakness of a student is so that s/he can make up after class since according to grades s/he gets to know in what field s/he need to obtain more knowledge. Grade will encourage healthy competition among students, which is one major source of motivation in school. The current education system takes grades as orientation to select talent people. To stand out among a large number of competitors, students will make every endeavor to get good marks.不利：Low mark can influence students in the opposite way, quite negatively sometimes, since low marks harm students’ confidence. Some students may be desperate after staying up all nights preparing for a test but still gets a D. those who are not mentally or emotionally resilient may be so sad and frustrated that they lose interest in the subject and give up. In contrast with low marks, a high mark may make a student more arrogant or too big for his shoes/boots. For those students who still want a good grade on their subjects, they may try to promote their marks by all means. Sometimes the condition may become extreme, blind competition may lead to cheat or plagiary.2008.3.30:延长学期DA：Schools should focus on what students have learnt in class and how efficient their educationsystem is, whereas a long semester does not equal to a larger amount of knowledge received by students. Even if we are exposed to a wealth of knowledge, we will be overloaded and not be able to digest it. Soon, the information will just go to waste. If the quantity of knowledge increases, the quality of education cannot be assured since teachers need plenty of time to prepare lectures. An 11-month term/year makes teachers a tight schedule so that they do not have enough time for preparation or something they deliver can be useless. What’s more, students cannot bear such a heavy study, either. Students need vacation to get a rest and prepare for future study. It is hardly to concentrate on study for such a long time, in which someone may be distracted from study leading a low achievement on study.2009.1.10教育对社会的作用“The most important part of education,”once wrote William Ernest Hocking, the distinguished Harvard philosopher, “is this instruction of a man in what he has inside him.” A society is consisted with citizens, therefore, education affect society indirectly. To some extent, a society can reveal something about its education. Education provides people a platform to obtain knowledge and a chance to receive training. In America, a super power, among the country's adult population, over 85 percent have completed high school and 27 percent have received a bachelor's degree or higher. The average salary for college or university graduates is greater than $51,000, exceeding the national average of those without a high school diploma by more than $23,000, according to a 2005 study by the U.S. Census Bureau. The United States school system includes over 5,000 Montessori schools. The country has a reading literacy rate at 98% of the population over age 15. By a better education, one may stand out among a number of competitors, thus providing more chances. A higher education is a key to success both within and outside of the corporate world.2007.1.13/2008.4.27作业好处：Students can review the content they learn in class right away, in this way, prepare for the new content. That will give them a deep understanding of what they have learned. Homework distributed everyday can help teachers to get an idea of whether their students understand the lessons, and enables teachers to modify the education process to more effectively teach all the students. Homework also trains students to be responsible and self-disciplined, since they have to finish and turn in their assignments on time.坏处：If the assignment is so easy that students can accomplish it without efforts, it is useless and time-consuming. But if the assignment is too difficult, it may arise some counter-effects, destroying students’confidence. Some may be so desperate as to give up. Furthermore, an excessive amount of homework can deprive their leisure time or keep them away from extracurricular activities. Combined with stress and pressure, heavy assignments may reduce students’ productivity and performance rather than boosting them.Elementary school students respond differently to daily homework than senior school students. They are more limited in their ability to concentrate on a subject and take in knowledge. These are skills that are developed over time. In addition, they will need time to learn other important lessons, for example how to interact socially and behave in a group of their peers. Thus, instead of daily homework, these students need time to play with their friends.The need for daily homework also differs from subject to subject. For example, in the areas of mathematics and languages continuous engagement with the subject matter is necessary, because it allows a student to internalize important concepts and mechanisms. In the field ofhistory, on the other hand, it is more important that students grasp greater concepts. Memorizing dates and places are important, surely, but, if forgotten, these can always be looked up in the textbook. In these subjects daily homework is not only unnecessary but it might discourage students from taking an interest in the topic.After all, learning is largely a voluntary activity, and teachers have to consider the possibility that too much homework will frustrate the students. As a result, students might become less interested in the subject or less willing to learn. Consequently, the good intentions of the teacher could very well have the opposite effect and a student will learn less.2007.3.10自信or学科知识自信的重要性：Confidence is an important support of success and a key factor affected students’attitude toward defeat and setbacks. It can hardly be imagined how a student can bridge over difficulties and move on without confidence. Therefore it is essential to help students gainself-confidence since they are the managers of the future. Confidence can drive students keep making efforts until they achieve their goals. What a confident person says is more persuasive than words of an unconfident person, so does his chance to succeed. A confident man expresses himself more frequently, not worrying about mistakes or others’ opinions. It will bring him more attention and opportunities.学科知识的重要性：Schools provide people a platform to obtain knowledge and a chance to receive training. What the students are able to do in terms of those skills the students acquire; to what extent do those students know after attaining knowledge at school are two aspects schools concern. Specific knowledge should be taught so that students can apply it in their work. From learning some specific knowledge, students can apply basic in actual life in which they can handle some emergencies such as pipe leaking and short circuit instead of asking maintenance staff for help. Arts education aids students in skill needed in the workplace: flexibility, the ability to solve problems and communicate; the ability to learn new skills, to be creative and innovative and to strive for excellence.2007.9.8 教师与学生的联系& 教授知识联系：The ability to relate with students can help teachers to get an idea of whether their students understand the lessons, and enables teachers to modify the education process to more effectively teach all the students. A good relationship between teachers and students create a good atmosphere for learning. Those conditions that students give up some subjects due to his annoyance to certain teachers can be avoided. Some students will share their secrets with teachers if they consider their teachers as their best friends. Getting familiar with students enables teachers figure out what strengths and weaknesses of their students are so that they can teach students in accordance with their aptitude.知识（同上）2008.8.24严格的老师&随和的老师严格：To begin with, it is human nature to fear authority. While employees fear the authority of their boss and the consequences of breaking the rule, students fear serious teachers and strict rules set up by them. For example, a serious teacher may require all the students to work hard and on the schedule. Due to the fear of being punished, students have to comply with these rules. As a result, with more compliance of students, teachers are more easily to make successful performance in their teaching. Moreover, a serious teacher is more likely to increase students' confidence, which is also essential for them to avoid being distracted and thus increase thelearning efficiency. A teacher must have a serious and professional attitude that sets an example for all of the students in their study. However, a strict may deliver excessive assignments which can be hardly finished. In order to accomplish the task in time out of the fear of punishment, students may resorts to some extreme methods, such as cheat and plagiary.随和：同2007.9.8 联系，however, a good relationship may deprive a teacher’s deterrent force resulting in the ill performance of their students.2009.3.27 political or social views in class: a teacher’s duty is to teacher students specific knowledge about certain subjects whereas political or social views are propaganda in some respects. To students who are still immature and vulnerable to accept information without judgments, political and social reviews may affect their outlook of life and sense of worth. In addition, expressing political and social views may offense students who hold the opposite, deteriorating relationship between teachers and students and then resulting in ill-performance of students out of annoyance towards teachers. 7007.2.24/2007.12.5: Facts&concepts:Facts are better related with the real world which students are trying to study. Students can get a better understanding of the real world through learning facts, which serve as an essential role in surviving in fierce competition. Compared with those principles of social etiquette, specific knowledge of dressing is more practical.Ideas and concepts, a kind of theory, which is concluded through lots of details and facts, have a positive theoretical and practical function in dealing with similar problems.Therefore, a case by case study in needed when dealing with facts and ideas. Ideas are come from facts while ideas guide facts in return. Accepting one part but ignoring the other isn’t acceptable.2008.1.13: difficult classesThe level of difficulty of a course should not be a determining factor as to whether or not to take the course. Instead, people should only enroll in courses that will either be of benefits to them in the future, with regards to their chosen area of employment, or that they want to do for a hobby, or at least that they are interested in. if someone chooses a challenging course and pass it, he can indeed expect a sense of achievement. But if he fails, it is time-wasting to retake it again. If the knowledge is not useful in students’actual life, it is also a waste of time. If the course is too complicated to understand, students may lose interests in it and give up.A: difficulty will enhance students’ resistance of defeat and setback since the real world is not a sweet fairy tale. Certain pressure drives students to improve. After making efforts in accomplishing some challenging courses, students will have a sense of achievement, which cannot be easily obtained but will increase their confidence in future when face difficulty again. 2008.11.1上大学前是不是应该找一年旅游或者工作.A 工作：Students can earn some money and pay for his tuition fees, reduce the heavy burden of their parents. Having a job may develop a huge responsibility that many students should have. Only experiencing fierce competition and dark sides of the society can they treasure their lives. Getting a job will enrich their experience and build up their resumes, better preparing them for future careers. Students can learn communication skills, etc.DA 工作: a high school graduate cannot find a good job with sound salary due to his education background. A job, such as a waiter or shop assistant is not of benefits to them since students cannot develop any technical skills. A slender salary is not enough for the tuition fees. To someimmature students, early exposure to the real world deteriorates their outlook of world and social values.A:旅游：broad one’s horizon, have a rest after so many years’ study and prepare for university study,DA: waste of money, time-wasting, dangerous.社会类: 社会类问题一般可以考虑对于市民生活水平是否有提高，是否更便捷，是否对人们的健康产生威胁。