国际经济学第5章(双语)国际贸易部分

4
Tariffs
Effective rate of protection
The impact of a tariff is often different from its stated amount The effective tariff rate measures the total increase in domestic production that the tariff makes possible, compared to free trade
Carbaugh, Chap. 5
13
Reasons for tariffs
Politics of protectionism
“Supply” of protectionism (trade policy) depends on:
the cost to society of restricting trade the political importance of the importcompeting industries Magnitude of the adjustment costs from free trade Public sympathy for those sectors hurt by free trade
Carbaugh, Chap. 5
2
Tariffs
Defining tariffs
A tariff is a tax (duty) levied on products as they move between nations
Import tariff - levied on imports Export tariff - levied on exported goods as they leave the country Protective tariff - designed to insulate domestic producers from competition Revenue tariff - intended to raise funds for the government budget (no longer important in industrial countries)
Carbaugh, Chap. 5
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Producer surplus
The revenue producers receive above the minimum amount required to induce them to produce a good
Carbaugh, Chap. 5
8
Tariffs
Consumer and producer surplus
Domestic producers may use imported inputs or intermediate goods subject to various tariffs, which affects the calculation
Carbaugh, Chap. 5
5
Tariffs
Carbaugh, Chap. 5
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Tariffs
Avoiding and postponing tariffs (US)
Production sharing and special treatment for foreign assembly using domestic components Bonded warehouses Foreign trade zones
Overall net loss for the economy (deadweight loss) Export industries face higher costs for inputs Cost of living increases Other nations may retaliate, further restricting trade
International Economics
By Robert J. Carbaugh 9th Edition
Chapter 5: Tariffs
Copyright ©2004, South-Western College Publishing
Tariffs
Why restrict trade?
Carbaugh, Chap. 5
14
Reasons for tariffs
Politics of protectionism
“Demand” for protectionism depends on:
The amount of the import-competing industry’s comparative disadvantage The level of import penetration The level of concentration in the affected sector The degree of export dependence in the sector
Carbaugh, Chap. 5
7
Tariffs
Tariff welfare effects
Consumer surplus
The difference between the price buyers would be willing to pay and what they actually pay
Compound tariff
A combination of the above, often levied on finished goods whose components are also subject to tariff if imported separately
Carbaugh, Chap. 5
Effective rate of protection (cont’d)
When tariff rates are low on raw materials and components, but high on finished goods, the effective tariff rate on finished goods is actually much higher than it appears from the nominal rate This is referred to as tariff escalation
Carbaugh, Chap. 5
11
Tariff effects
Who pays for import restrictions?
Domestic consumers face increased costs
Low income consumers are especially hurt by tariffs on low-cost imports
Benefits of free trade come in the long term, and are usually spread widely across society Costs of free trade are felt rapidly and are usually concentrated in specific sectors of the economy
Carbaugh, Chap. 5
3
Tariffs
Types of tariff
Specific tariff
Fixed monetary fee per unit of the product
Ad valorem tariff
value of the product
Carbaugh, Chap. 5
9
Welfare effects of tariffs
Tariff trade and welfare effects
Carbaugh, Chap. 5
10
Welfare effects of tariffs
Tariff trade and welfare effects
Carbaugh, Chap. 5
12
Reasons for tariffs
Arguments for trade restrictions
Job protection Protect against cheap foreign labor Fairness in trade - level playing field Protect domestic standard of living Equalization of production costs Infant-industry protection Political and social reasons