Sentence Variety
variety的用法总结大全
variety的用法总结大全variety的意思n. 多样,种类,杂耍,变化，多样化variety用法variety可以用作名词variety的基本意思是“变化”“多样化”,指某事物有不同特征,作此解时,是不可数名词。
variety也可译为“种.种,各种”,指各式各样的事物,作此解时用单数形式。
且后常接名词复数或集合名词。
若要强调有多种人或事物,可在variety前加great或wide。
variety还可指动物或植物的“品种,种类”,作此解时是可数名词。
variety用作名词的用法例句The hotel offers its guests a wide variety of amusements.这个旅馆为住客提供了各种各样的娱乐活动。
The shop sells a great variety of porcelain wares.这家店铺出售品种繁多的瓷器。
We all need variety in our diet.我们都需要饮食多样化.variety用作名词的用法例句Last week we went to a variety show.上星期我们去看了杂耍。
That is why the television networks keep serving up old movies and second-rate variety programmes.这就是为什么电视台一直播送旧电影和二流杂耍等老一套节目的原因。
variety用法例句1、The most amazing thing about nature is its infinite variety.大自然最让人惊叹的是它的无限多样性。
2、I'm always pleased to try out a new variety.我一直乐于尝试新产品。
3、This small country has an amazing variety of landforms.这个小国家拥有令人惊叹的丰富的地貌类型。
unit 9 sentence variety
Unit 9
Sentence variety
Teaching objective today
1. 2.
3.
4.
The importance of sentence variety. Learn to improve sentence variety in terms of length, pattern, emphasis and the sentence beginner Grammar: Use inversion correctly and avoid word-for-word-translation in writing composition writing: Short composition(П)- introduction
9.1 Sentence Variety
1）types of sentences： Sentence classification according to grammatical structure
Simple
Grammatic al structure
Compound Complex
Compoun d-complex
Attributes and relative clauses Participle and absolutes Coordination subordination
9.1 Sentence Variety
Misconception: Most students take for granted that short sentences are a symbol of the writer's immaturity, and that good writers should use long and complex sentences. Conclusion: Sentences with different lengths are more desirable in writing.
大学英语写作教程第三册unit sentence variety
9.1 Sentence Variety
Complex:
sentences that consist of two or more simple sentences connected by subordinators.
The group of sentences in a paragraph should be regarded as a whole and should be different enough in types to avoid boredom. This is called sentence variety
Course of Writing
Unit 9
Sentence variety
Teaching objective today
1. The importance of sentence variety. 2. Learn to improve sentence variety in terms of
9.1 Sentence Variety
2. Ways to achieve Sentence Variety： To use different types of sentences
1）types of sentences： Sentence classification
9.1 Sentence Variety
1）types of sentences：
Sentence classification according to functions
interrogative
Declarative
Sent ence func tion
imperative
exclamatory
Sentence Variety
Sentence Varietysentence (noun): a group of words that expresses a thought and is complete in itself (starting with a capital letter and ending with a full stop or question/exclamation mark)variety (noun): the quality of being different; not having uniformity or samenessDo you read your sentences out loud after you write them? It is a good idea to do this. Writing that reads easily and sounds conversational is easier to understand. When we talk, we vary the length of our sentences. Some of our sentences are long and exciting and seem to go on forever until it is time for us to finally stop and take a breath. Some are short and sweet. A wise English poet once said, "Variety is the spice of life." Remember this advice as you write your stories, essays and letters.How to add Sentence VarietyThere are a number of ways to add variety to your writing. Imagine yourself cutting up a sentence into individual words and placing them in a paper bag. Now shake it up! Did you do a little dance? Great. Now lay out your sentence and experiment. Can you make two sentences out of one? Can you put your sentence back to front? Try turning your sentence into a question. Or, if you think your sentence is too short, you may want to add another sentence to it. If you have a really important point, perhaps a famous person has said something similar. In other words, there may be a quote you can use to strengthen your writing.Sentence TypesBefore we look at sentence variety, let's review the 4 main types of simple sentences. Simple sentences contain one clause.:1.Declarative sentence (most common): The sky is blue.2.Interrogative sentence: Why is the sky blue?3.Exclamatory sentence: The sky is blue now! (It was black just a minute ago.)4.Imperative sentence: Don't go outside! (It's pouring rain.)More advanced types of sentences are "compound" (combining two sentences with a conjunction) and "complex" (using at least one dependent clause and one independent clause). To create these sentences you need to know how to use conjunctions, adverbial phrases, prespositional phrases, conditionals and noun phrases.Simple sentences: The boy wanted to go outside. He had to eat his pizza first.Compound:The boy wanted to go outside but he had to eat his pizza first. Complex: Although the boy wanted to go outside, he had to eat his pizza first.Sentence PatternsThe most common sentence pattern that writers use is sentence-verb-object (SVO). This is how beginners write. For example:∙The boy ate pizza.∙I play soccer.∙Homework is boring.There are many ways to rewrite SVO sentences. Let's play with this sentence:∙The boy ate pizza.1.Turn it into a question:Do you know what the boy ate? Pizza.2.Turn it into a passive sentence:The pizza was devoured by the boy. (You could use "eaten" but here "devoured" gives a better reason for placing the pizza first.)3.Turn it into an exclamatory sentence:The boy ate pizza again!bine it with your next sentence:The boy wolfed down the pizza and then ran outside to play.e a transitional phrase:Even though the boy ate the pizza, you could tell that he wanted to be outside playing.6.Start with a participle:Eating the pizza, the boy watched his friends playing outside.7.Place modifiers in different places:The pizza, which was a huge pepperoni slice, was devoured by the boy.Wolfing down his pizza, the boy barely noticed the pepperoni on it.The boy ate the large pepperoni pizza as quickly as possible.Although he wanted to keep playing, the boy rushed in and wolfed down his pizza lunch.As fast as he could, the boy ate the pizza.Sentence LengthAvoid using sentences that are all the same length. Short sentences are powerful. Combine short sentences with long sentences to make your writing flow more naturally. Your most important sentences should be clear and concise. Keep them short. Descriptive sentences can have more length, but you should read them out loud to make sure that they flow naturally.Example of a paragraph with poor sentence length:The boy's mother called him inside for dinner. The boy ate his pizza. He was very hungry. He didn't want to eat, though. He wanted to play outside with his friends.Example fix:The boy's mother called him inside for dinner. It was pizza. Even though the boy was hungry and pizza was his favourite meal, he wanted to stay outside and play. He wolfed the pizza down and ran back outside.Note: Occasionally writers start three or more sentences in a row with the same word. This is a stylistic trick used for emphasis, for example:It was hot. It was humid. It was the last day of summer.Sentence Variety: Writing Challenge:How many ways can you rewrite, expand, reorder, reword these ten boring sentences?1.The sky is blue.Example:Blue skies like these make my day.There isn't a cloud in the sky.It's a clear day.You won't get a finer day than today.The sky is as blue as the sea.Have you ever seen such a blue sky?What a fine day!2.I am sick.3.I have school tomorrow.4.My room is small.5.Andrea is busy.6.There's nothing to do.7.It's cold in this house.8.I don't want to be late.9.I'm hungry.10.It's Wednesday.。
Sentence_Variety
9. Alliteration
Sometimes you can repeat words of the same letter or sound to draw attention to a particular point. It should not be used more than once every 2 paragraphs. Examples: “likable and lovable” ; “footloose and fancy-free”The “Em” Dash
The function of the em dash (-) in English is to isolate a section of a sentence where a phrase is inserted that the writer wants included in the sentence but is nevertheless not an important part of the sentence.
Sentence Variety Paragraph
Economic growth varies from country to country. Japan, however, has enjoyed a growth beyond many comparable nations. Among the OECD nations, Japan’s GPD in the 1980s was almost twice her nearest OECD partner. That was not all. Emerging all over Japan, entrepreneurs fuelled this fire of industrial expansion. Sam Kabuki was one example. Incredibly, he commenced with on a small trading store in Tokyo in 1981, yet, within four years, had expanded to 35 branches with offices in New York and Paris. When one of the world’s top financial papers – the Economist – named him entrepreneur of the decade, his 1995 bankruptcy came as a shock.
6-Sentence Variety
Born into a village teacher's family in a small village which was not marked on any map, Xiao Ming lived there until he graduated from the primary school where his father taught. After that he entered the junior middle school in a town about 20 li from his home, and he stayed there on weekdays without going home though he was only a little boy. Thus he had to look after himself and learn to do such things as buying food for himself in the canteen and washing his own clothes. When he finished the
Байду номын сангаас
Sentence Variety
• The following paragraph is monotonous in a different way: almost all the sentences are long and involved. The paragraph sounds too formal to suit the content, and the reader can hardly find a place to take a breath.
He was born in a small village. His father taught at the village school and his mother did the housework. He began to study at his father's school at seven and six years later entered the junior middle school in a nearby town. After graduating from it he was admitted to a senior middle school in the county seat, where he proved to be a good student. He took the national college entrance examinations, got good marks in most subjects, and was able to enroll in a university in the provincial capital. As a major in civil engineering, he cherished the dream of building a highway for his home village, which he dearly loved.
超实用高考英语复习：书面表达句式多样化多样化Sentence Variety in Writing
书面表达－句式多样性
Writing
面对高三繁重的学习和生活，我们同学更应该 重视提高自身免疫力，以保持身体健康。请你以 “How can we keep healthy?”为题，给学校英语报写 一篇短文投稿。 参考词汇：免疫力 immunity 注意： 1．词数100左右； 2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Characteristics
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1 审题准
vasroielvdestehnitsepnrcoebplaemtte?rns 2 要点全
3 句子美
4 卷面洁
Appreciation
What advanced expressions are used?
Discuss with your classmates and underline the highlights of it!
A balanced healthy diet which provides the body with nutrition to fight many diseases is a must for teenagers.
Exploration 2 定语多样化
A balanced healthy diet is a must for teenagers.
Practice 主题句+建议 + 理由
______________________________________________ First of all,____________________________________ _________________________Besides,______________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ Last but not least,______________________________ _____________________________________________
sentence variety
Original: John likes football. His wife likes football.
Revised: John likes football and his wife likes it too.
Sentence Variety
Ways to achieve Sentence Variety:
2. Varied sentence structure Basic knowledge: sentence classification Application: varied sentence structure
He was born in a small village. His father was a teacher in the village school. His mother did the housework. He began to go to his father’s school at seven. He graduated from it six years later. Then he went to the junior middle school in a nearby town. He studied at a senior middle in the county seat. He was a good student there. He got good marks at the collge entrance examinations. He enrolled in a university in the provincial capital. He studied civil engineering there. He wanted to build a highway for his home village in future. He loved his village very much.
大学英语写作教程第三册unit--sentence-variety课件
The group of sentences in a paragraph should be regarded as a whole and should be different enough in types to avoid boredom. This is called sentence variety
The boys leaned against the willow tree (growing) next to the stream, their fishing poles resting on sticks, their eyes gazing at the bobbers on the ripples. The morning had been cool and comfortable, but the afternoon was becoming very hot. Both boys had taken great pleasure in planning for the trip on Friday, their only day off in the whole month.
n Conclusion: Sentences with different lengths are more desirable in writing.
18
9.1 Sentence Variety
n Follow-up activities: p144
n Reference for the Classroom Activities:
1 ) types of sentences：
sentence variety(英语修辞与写作 lecture 19-1)
SIMPLE SENTENCE
A simple sentence has only one subject and one predicate verb, but it may contain more than one object, attribute or adverbial. Short simple sentences are usually emphatic; they have special clarity, and provide variety when used with longer sentences.
COMPOUND SNETENCE
A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses (or simple sentences) related to each other in meaning, and linked by a coordinate conjunction (and, but, or etc.) or by a semicolon without a conjunction.
Examples
One arrow is easily broken, but you can’t break a bundle of ten. Forecasting technologies are more sophisticated and today's forecasters are better trained, but weather predictions are still not very reliable.
Sentence Variety
C. 若兩動詞有逗點相隔,而無連接時,就不 必考慮動詞所代表的動作先後發生的次 序,第二個動詞一定要變成現在分詞 • He left home at six in the morning, arrived there about four in the afternoon.
分詞構句的語態
現在分詞構句 (a) Ving: Turning on the light, he began to write a letter. (b) Having + p.p.: 用來更清楚地表達先後順 work, they closed the shop. (= After doing all the work, they closed the shop.)˙˙˙步驟 1.去連接詞 2. 3.動詞變ving (c)獨立分詞構句: 兩個子句主詞不同所構成的分詞構句 The train having arrived at the station, he found his friends had gone.
Another new project will link the largest airport in Taiwan, the Chiang Kai-shek International Airport,withthe city of Taipei by a high-speed train. Which airport is the largest in Taiwan? The Chiang Kai-shek International Airport 中正國際機場
Sternutation, the act of sneezing, is not particular to man. What is "sternutation"? the act of sneezing 打噴嚏的動作 Chest auscultation, the act of listening for sounds made by the heart, can help detect heart problems What does "chest auscultation" mean in this sentence? the act of listening for sounds made by the heart 聽（診）
Sentence Variety
I. Vary Sentence Beginnings
3. He mixed the chemicals together gently. Gently, he mixed the chemicals together. 4. Anxiously, the contestant looked at the game clock. 5. Patiently, I reinforced all the coat buttons with a strong thread.
II. Vary Sentence Patterns and Kinds of Sentences
Example 2 • The young pilot was on his first overseas training. • He felt very uneasy.
1) The young pilot was on his first
Revised sentences for reference :
John walked to work with a bottle of hot tea and delicious lunch in a paper bag. he walked slowly, enjoying the cool, early morning air and the sights and sounds of the streets. The big, noisy, turbulent city was rapidly waking up. an energetic little boy was setting his battered shoeshine stand in front of a hotel entrance. A deliveryman dressed in a white uniform was busily slapping down cartons of lettuce on the sidewalk in front of a grocery store. John saw a friend who was waiting for a taxi. He stopped briefly for a short chat. As the walk usually could yield pleasurable observations, John seldom took taxis. Walking made him happy and kept him healthy as well.
Sentence Variety Student Handout
Sentence VarietyHow to not bore your reader and write effectivelyWhat would you change about this paragraph?During my time in office I have achieved several goals. I have helped increase funding for local schools. I have reduced crime rates in the neighborhood. I have encouraged young people to get involved in their community. My competitor argues that she is the better choice in the upcoming election. I argue that it is ridiculous to fix something that isn’t broken. If you reelect me this year, I promi se to continue to serve this community.Edited paragraph with longer, more complex sentences creates a rhythm and makes it moreinteresting. A short question in the middle keeps the reader’s attention.During my time in office I have achieved several goals. I have helped increase funding for localschools. I have reduced crime rates in the neighborhood. I have encouraged young people to getinvolved in their community. My competitor argues that she is the better choice in the upcomingelection. I argue tha t it is ridiculous to fix something that isn’t broken. If you reelect me this year, I promise to continue to serve this community.Exercise 1 - Combine each set of simple sentences into a compound or a complex sentence.1.Heroin is an extremely addictive drug. Thousands of heroin addicts die each year.____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________2.Shakespeare’s writing is still relevant today. He wrote about timeless themes. These themes includelove, hate, jealousy, death, and destiny.____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________3.Prewriting is a vital stage of the writing process. Prewriting helps you organize your ideas. Types ofprewriting include brainstorming, outlining, and a thesis statement.____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________4.Mitch Bancroft is a famous writer. He also serves as a governor on the local school board. Mitch’stwo children attend the school.____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________Sentence Variety at the Beginning of SentencesAvoid the overused subject-verb-object pattern by starting the sentence…A.with an adverbB.with a prepositional phraseC.by reversing the subjectand verbA. Adverbs describe a verb, adjective, or other adverb, often end in –ly∙She slowly turned the corner and peered into the murky basement.∙Slowly, she turned the corner and peered into the murky basement.Exercise 2– Edit the sentences by moving the adverbs to the beginning1.The red truck sped furiously past the car, honking its horn.2.Jeff bit into the bread hungrily, eating three slices in under a minute.3.Underage drinking typically results from peer pressure and lack of parental attention.4.The firefighters bravely entered the burning building, but they were beaten back by flames.5.Mayor Johnson privately acknowledged that the budget was too large and that further discussionwas needed.B. A prepositional phrase is a group of words that behaves as an adjective or an adverb, modifying a noun or a verb.Example: The terrified child hid underneath the table.◦Adjectives may be placed between the preposition and the object in a prepositional phrase, i.e.“underneath the heavy wooden table”◦Some prepositional phrases can be moved to the beginning of a sentence in order to create variety in a piece of writing, i.e. Underneath the heavy wooden table, the terrified child hid.◦Emphasis moves from the subject—the terrified child—to the location in which the child is hiding.◦Words that are placed at the beginning or end of a sentence generally receive thegreatest emphasis.Exercise 3– Move the prepositional phrases to the beginning of the sentence.1.The bandaged man waited in the doctor’s office.2.My train leaves the station at 6:45 a.m.3.Teenagers exchange drugs and money under the railway bridge.4.I would like a chocolate sundae without whipped cream.C.Subject-verb-object sentence structure is the most common. A reversed sentence = verb-subjectA truck was parked in the driveway. A copy of the file is attached.Parked in the driveway was a truck. Attached is a copy of the file.◦Emphasis is on the subject—a truck◦Useful for drawing the reader’s attention toyour main focus.Exercise 4– Reverse the subject and verb1.Teresa will never attempt to run another marathon.____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________2. A detailed job description is included with this letter.____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________3.Bathrooms are across the hall to the left of the administration office.____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________4.The well-dressed stranger entered through the doorway.____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________5.My colleagues remain unconvinced about the proposal.____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________Exercise 5 –Rewrite the paragraph to have more sentence variety by using an adverb at the beginning of the sentence.Exercise 6 –Add prepositional phrases to the beginning of 2-3 sentences to add more sentence variety Exercise 7 – Rewrite the paragraph to have more sentence variety by reversing the subject and the verb.Pa ssage about the government’s response to the financial crisis in 2008The housing crisis left many financial organizations in danger. Some economists argued that the banks were too big to fail. Other economists argued that the mixture of credit and debt will make the problem worse. The government finally chose to help save the banks. It purchased $700 billion worth of assets in 2008. The government optimistically expects these assets will rise in value. This will profit both the banks and the government itself.。
English Writing.(8.Sentence Variety)
Varying Sentence Lengths
Short sentences Long Sentences
Alternation of long and short sentences
Short Sentences
Characteristics: clear, quick and forceful Function: to emphasize an important fact, to give a deep impression to create a strong rhythm or feeling Usage: for preview or summary (topic or concluding sentence) for the balance of the paragraph (after long sentences) Disadvantages of too many: wasteful of words, loose, childish, incoherent
Red wine goes best with meat, and white wine goes best with fish. Unlike white wine, which should be served at room temperature, red wine should be chilled. Red wine also benefits from being opened about a half hour before serving to allow the accumulated gases to escape from the bottle. Proven by centuries of experience, these rules improve the taste of the foods well as the wine. They are not meaningless customs.
大学英语写作教程第三册unit 9 sentence variety
9.1 Sentence Variety
1）types of sentences：
Sentence classification according to Sentence length
Sentence length
Long
Short
sentences sentences
9.1 Sentence Variety
sentences that consist of two or more simple sentences connected by coordinators.
For example: I hate writing, but I 1ike that sense of achievement after finishing an article .
Conclusion: Sentences with different lengths are more desirable in writing.
9.1 Sentence Variety
Follow-up activities: p144
Reference for the Classroom Activities:
Exclamatory:
sentences that express strong emotions. They usually begin with what or how, and end with an exclamation mark For example: How I hate writing!
9.1 Sentence Variety
2. Ways to achieve Sentence Variety： To use different types of sentences
Sentence-Variety2
1 – A fat yellow cat lay sleeping on the narrow sill. 2 – On the narrow sill, a fat yellow cat lay sleeping.
4
Join Ideas with a Compound Predicate!
A sentence with a compound predicate contains more than one verb, but the subject is not repeated before the second verb. These types of sentences are really composed of two simple sentences with one subject.
by
on
except onto
for
out
from over
in
through
throughout to toward under up upon with without
3
Variety is the spice of life
For variety in your writing, begin an occasional sentence with a prepositional phrase.
Preposition
Object
To
you
In
the evening
Under
the old bridge
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Sentence VarietyAdding sentence variety to prose can give it life and rhythm. Too many sentences with the same structure and length can grow monotonous for readers. Varying sentence style and structure can also reduce repetition and add emphasis. Consequently, good writing has a mixture of:●varied sentence lengths●varied sentence structuresSentence TypesStructurally, English sentences can be classified four different ways, though there are endless constructions of each. The classifications are based on the number of independent and dependent clauses a sentence contains. An independent clause forms a complete sentence on its own, while a dependent clause needs another clause to make a complete sentence. By learning these types, writers can add complexity and variation to their sentences.Simple sentence: A sentence with one independent clause and no dependent clauses.∙My aunt enjoyed taking the hayride with you.∙China's Han Dynasty marked an official recognition ofConfucianism.Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clausesbut no dependent clauses.∙The clown frightened the little girl, and she ran off screaming.∙The Freedom Riders departed on May 4, 1961, and they were determined to travel through many southern states.Complex Sentence: A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.∙After Mary added up all the sales, she discovered that the lemonade stand was 32 cents short∙While all of his paintings are fascinating, Hieronymus Bosch's triptychs, full of mayhem and madness, are the real highlight of hisart.Complex-Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.Catch-22 is widely regarded as Joseph Heller's best novel, and because Heller served in World War II, which the novel satirizes, the zany but savage wit of the novel packs an extra punch.Vary Sentence LengthsThis sentence has five words. Here are five more words. Five-word sentences are fine. But several together become monotonous. Listen to what is happening. The writing is getting boring. The sound of it drones.It's like a stuck record. The ear demands some variety. Now listen. I vary the sentence length, and I create music. Music. The writing sings. It has a pleasant rhythm, a lilt, a harmony. I use short sentences. And I use sentences of medium length. And sometimes when I am certain the reader is rested, I will engage him with a sentence of considerable length, a sentence that burns with energy and builds with all the impetus of a crescendo, the roll of the drums, the crash of the cymbals—sounds that say listen to this, it is important.So write with a combination of short, medium, and long sentences. Create a sound that pleases the reader's ear. Don't just write words. Write music. One short sentence after another makes your prose sound choppy, childish, or like a bad imitation of Hemingway:Example:The new governor was sworn in today. He is a Democrat. Tenthousand people attended the ceremony. The governor gave a briefinaugural address. The governor promised to end unemployment. He said he would reduce inflation. He also promised to improve theenvironment. The audience gave him a standing ovation. Revision:The new Democratic governor was sworn in today. At a ceremony10,000 people attended, he gave a brief inaugural address, promising to end unemployment, reduce inflation, and improve the environment.The audience gave him a standing ovation.Conversely(相反地), all "long" sentences can make your writing hard to read.Example:The company reported that yearly profit growth, which had steadilyincreased by more than 7% since 1989, had stabilized in 2009, and in 2010, the year they launched the OWN project, actually decreasedfrom the previous year by 2%. This announcement stunned Wall Street analysts, but with the overall decrease in similar company profitgrowth worldwide, as reported by Author (Year) in his articledetailing the company’s history, the company’s announcement aligns with industry trends and future industry predictions.Revision:The company reported that profit growth stabilized in 2009, though it had steadily increased by more than 7% since 1989. In 2010, the year they launch the OWN project, company profit growth decreased from the previous year. This announcement stunned Wall Street analysts.According to Author (Year), however, this decrease is exemplar of a trend across similar company profit growth worldwide; it alsosupports future predictions for the industry.Example:Whether the terrorists style themselves as separatists, anarchists,dissidents, nationalists, Marxist revolutionaries, or religious truebelievers, what marks them as terrorists is that they direct theirviolence against noncombatants with the goal of terrorizing a wideraudience than the immediate victims, thereby attempting to gainpolitical influence over the larger audience. In one variant of terrorism,organizational terrorism, represented by such groups as the Red ArmyFaction in Germany, the Red Brigades in Italy, Direct Action in France, and 17 November in Greece, small, tightly knit, politicallyhomogeneous organizations that are incapable of developing popularsupport for their radical positions resort to terrorism to gain influence.In a second variant of terrorism, that conducted within the context ofethnic separatist or countrywide insurgencies, such as in thePhilippines, El Salvador, and Colombia, groups conductingparamilitary or guerrilla operations against the established governmentturn to attacks on the populace at large to undermine the government’scredibility, legitimacy, and public support.However, using all "medium"-length sentences doesn't work, either.Sentences that are all about the same length (and often follow the samegrammatical pattern) create monotony（n. 单调；千篇一律）.Example:Many really good blues guitarists have all had the last name King.They have been named Freddie King and Albert King and B.B. King.The name King must make a bluesman a really good bluesman. Thebluesmen named King have all been very talented and good guitarplayers. The claim that a name can make a guitarist good may not bethat far-fetched.Revision:What makes a good bluesman? Maybe, just maybe, it's all in a stately name. B.B. King. Freddie King. Albert King. It's no coincidence that they're the royalty of their genre. When their fingers dance like courtjesters, their guitars gleam like scepters, and their voices bellow likeregal trumpets, they seem almost like nobility. Hearing their music is like walking into the throne room. They really are kings.A longer sentence, such as the one I'm creating here, serves to offer more details, to focus in, to probe an idea more thoroughly or— perhaps—to present a powerful description. A short sentence gets to the point. So, vary the rhythm by alternating short and long sentencesOur senator maintains two elaborate houses, one in our state and one in Washington. Although I understand the reasons for having twohomes, owning two $300,000 residences seems needlessly extravagant.In short, I disapprove.Example:The Winslow family visited Canada and Alaska last summer to findsome native American art. In Anchorage stores they found someexcellent examples of soapstone carvings. But they couldn't find adealer selling any of the woven wall hangings they wanted. They were very disappointed when they left Anchorage empty-handed. Revision:The Winslow family visited Canada and Alaska last summer to findsome native American art, such as soapstone carvings and wallhangings. Anchorage stores had many soapstone items available. Still, they were disappointed to learn that wall hangings, which they hadespecially wanted, were difficult to find. Sadly, they leftempty-handed.A complete example:I was thinking one day. I thought of something the world hadn’t seenlately. My thought was of an adventurous man. The man was on awalking trip through Europe. I thought some more. Then I decided thatI should take such a trip. I should give the world something to watch.So I determined to do it. This was in March 1878.One day it occurred to me that it had been many years since the world had been afforded the spectacle of a man adventurous enough toundertake a journey through Europe on foot, so after much thought, I decided that I was a person fitted to furnish to mankind this spectacle, and it was in March 1878 that I decided I was determined to do it.One day it occurred to me that it had been many years since the world had been afforded the spectacle of a man adventurous enough toundertake a journey through Europe on foot. After much thought, Idecided that I was a person fitted to furnish to mankind this spectacle.So I determined to do it. This was in March, 1878.To analyze your own writing, you first need to find out your ANW/S (average number of words per sentence; ... I just made that term up :).1) Take an essay that represents your normal writing (e.g., one with a great deal of dialogue or an unusual amount of description could skew the results) and mark off twenty sentences.2) Count the number of words in each sentence and then add those totals to get a grandtotal.3) Divide the grandtotal by 20. Your result will be the average number of words per sentence.In general—and this type of analysis is very tenuous—an average sentence length below 14 words per sentence may indicate that you use too many short sentences and you need to learn how to combine and/or subordinate ideas. If your average sentence length is well above 22 words a sentence, you may be piling too much freight on your sentences and have a prose style that is dense and tangled. If your average word length falls between14 and 22, you need to look at your sentences to see if there is some variety or if they are all about the same length.Should you decide your sentences are just spiffy the way they are, don't get too smug. Hearing the "rhythm" of your sentences, knowing when to use a longer sentence or a shorter one, and knowing when to vary the pattern of a sentence is a "work-in-progress" for most of us. Effective sentence style doesn't just happen. It takes work.Vary Sentence StructuresIf too many sentences start with the same word, especially The, It, This, or I, prose can grow tedious for readers, so changing opening words and phrases can be refreshing. Below are alternative openings for a fairly standard sentence. Notice that different beginnings can alter not only the structure but also the emphasis of the sentence. They may also require rephrasing in sentences before or after this one, meaning that one change could lead to an abundance of sentence variety.Superior writing can be achieved by using single word adjectives or adverbs, prepositional phrases, participial phrases, infinitive phrases, or clauses in the beginning position. Notice how some variety imposes the sentences in the original paragraph below.I walked into the room. The patient looked up at me. I greeted himwith a smile. His eyes brightened.Most people, however, would write something like the following without realizing their error:Having entered the room, I saw the patient look up at me. Sensing his discomfort, I tried to ease his concerns by greeting him with a smile.Appreciating my gesture, he responded with glowing eyes.Every sentence starts with a present participle (a verb + "ing" adjective), states the subject, and gives the predicate. The following is a revision:I saw the patient look up as I entered the room. Sensing his discomfort,I tried to ease his concerns by greeting him with a smile. Although hisbrightening eyes showed that he appreciated my gesture, painprevented him from responding any further.Example:Revision:Example:The biggest coincidence that day happened when David and I ended up sitting next to each other at the Super Bowl.Possible Revisions:∙Coincidentally, David and I ended up sitting right next to each other at the Super Bowl.∙In an amazing coincidence, David and I ended up sitting next to each other at the Super Bowl.∙Sitting next to David at the Super Bowl was a tremendous coincidence.∙But the biggest coincidence that day happened when David and I ended up sitting next to each other at the Super Bowl.∙When I sat down at the Super Bowl, I realized that, by sheer coincidence, I was directly next to David.∙By sheer coincidence, I ended up sitting directly next to David at the Super Bowl.∙With over 50,000 fans at the Super Bowl, it took an incredible coincidence for me to end up sitting right next to David.∙What are the odds that I would have ended up sitting right next to David at the Super Bowl?∙David and I, without any prior planning, ended up sitting right next to each other at the Super Bowl.∙Without any prior planning, David and I ended up sitting right next to each other at the Super Bowl.∙At the crowded Super Bowl, packed with 50,000 screaming fans, David and I ended up sitting right next to each other by sheercoincidence.∙Though I hadn't made any advance arrangements with David, we ended up sitting right next to each other at the Super Bowl.∙Many amazing coincidences occurred that day, but nothing topped sitting right next to David at the Super Bowl.∙Unbelievable, I know, but David and I ended up sitting right next to each other at the Super Bowl.Guided by some bizarre coincidence, David and I ended up sitting right next to each other at the Super Bowl.Example:The house is located between a beach and the main street of the town.The beach lies to the south, and the main street runs along the north.The main street is heavily traveled and often noisy, but the beach isusually secluded and peaceful. It was Sunday afternoon, and we were on the beach. We lay stretched out on the sand, and enjoyed thesunshine.Revision:The house is located between a beach and the main street of the town.Heavily traveled and often noisy, the main street runs along the north.Usually deserted and peaceful, the beach lies to the south. On Sunday afternoon we lay there stretched out on the sand enjoying thesunshine.Example:My philosophy of education is derived from my personal experiences.I have been an educator for 4 years, and I have learned a lot from moreexperienced teachers in my district. I also work mainly with students from a low socioeconomic background; my background was quitedifferent. I will discuss how all of these elements, along with scholarly texts, have impacted my educational philosophy.Revision:My philosophy of education is derived from my personal experiences.Having been an educator for 4 years, I have learned a lot from moreexperienced teachers in my district. I also work mainly with students from a low socioeconomic background that is quite different frommine. In this paper, I will discuss how all of these elements, along with scholarly texts, have impacted my educational philosophy.A Technical Example:In her article, Author (Year) noted that the participants did not see a change in symptoms after the treatment. Even during the treatment,Author observed no change in the statements from the participantsregarding their symptoms. Based on these findings, I will not use this article for my final project. Because my project will rely on articles that note symptom improvement, Author’s work is not applicable.Notice how the writer relies solely on complex sentences in this paragraph, even placing dependent clauses at the beginning of each sentence. Here is an example of merely adjusting the placement of these dependent clauses but not the sentence type:In her article, Author (Year) noted that the participants did not see a change in symptoms after the treatment. Author observed, even during treatment, no change in the statements from the participants regarding their symptoms. I will not use this article for my final project based on these findings. Because my project will rely on articles that notesymptom improvement, Author’s work is not applicable.While this change in the placement of dependent clauses does avoid a repetitive rhythm to the paragraph, try combining sentences or using conjunctions to create compound or compound-complex sentences to vary sentence type:In her article, Author (Year) noted that the participants did not see achange in symptoms after the treatment. Author observed, even during treatment, no change in the statements from the participants regarding their symptoms, and based on these findings, I will not use this article for my final project. Because my project will rely on articles that note symptom improvement, Author’s work is not applicable.Fix "Short" SentencesSentence combining and subordination are two methods to fixshort-sentence-itis. Sentence combining is just what it sounds like. Often, a series of short sentences can be combined into a longer, more effective sentence.Sentence combiningFor example, consider the following paragraph (this is taken from Writing with a Purpose by Joseph Trimmer):Last weekend I saw a science fiction film. Three friends went with me.The film focused on the experiments of a mad doctor. He altered hispatients' lives by manipulating their dreams.In the sample paragraph above, the short sentences, all having the same noun-verb-object pattern, create a choppy effect. Here are the sentences "combined" into one, more economical sentence:Last weekend three friends and I saw a science fiction film in which a mad doctor altered his patients' lives by manipulating their dreams.Now, look at your own writing. Are there groups of shorter sentences that could be combined?SubordinationShort, choppy sentences also make it difficult for a reader to understand the connection between ideas. By using subordinating conjunctions (connective words that make one clause in a sentence dependent—or subordinate—and thus show the relationship between one clause and another) a reader is given more direction. Subordinating conjunctions include words such as after, when, although, because, etc.Consider the following examples:I kicked the chair. My foot hurt terribly.Now consider how subordination links and show the connection between the two sentences. By using different subordinating conjunctions, the sentences take on very different meanings:After I kicked the chair, my foot hurt terribly.orI kicked the chair because my foot hurt terribly.Now, check your own writing. Do your sentences show the relationship between more important ideas and less important ideas? Is it clear how the ideas in one sentence relate to the ideas in the next sentence? If not, you may need to join these sentences with a subordinating conjunction. A list of subordinating conjunctions is provided in the Commonly Used Grammatical terms link.An Editing ExampleBecause this chapter looks separately at sentence length and sentence variety, you may think good writers always look at each separately as they revise their work. Certainly you could revise that way if you find it helpful. In most cases, though, that’s not how writers work through their revisions. Experienced writers usually revise for varied lengths and varied structures at the same time. Let’s begin with a short paragraph with overly simple and repetitive sentence style.Scientists have known of sickle-cell anemia for a long time. It stillremains a menace for African-Americans. The problem is that nobody has discovered a cure. Scientists have experimented with several drugs.They have experimented with other chemicals. Some of these reduce a few ill effects of the disease. The fight against sickle-cell anemia has been waged on a small scale. Serious research is just beginning. These eight sentences average 8.6 words per sentence, and only thenext-to-last sentence falls in the desired range of 12- to 20-words per sentence. In addition, each sentence begins with the subject of an independent clause. Now let’s edit for both varied sentence lengths and structures. We do this by looking at what ideas can be combined and which ideas should be emphasized in those combinations through subordination.●The first two sentences share the idea of time (―for a long time‖and ―still remains‖), so let’s use subordinations to combine themand focus on the continuing menace of the disease: Althoughscientists have known of sickle-cell anemia for a long time, itremains a menace for African-Americans.●Sentences four and five both deal with scientific testing, whilesentence six indicates only limited positive results have beenachieved. Sentence three contains the bottom line—no cure. Wecan combine all four sentences into one effective one: Whilescientists have tested several drugs and chemicals, and reduce afew ill effects, nobody has discovered a cure.●The seventh sentence can stand alone, though we can strengthenit by adding ―only‖—a point the preceding sentences reinforce: Thefight against sickle-cell anemia has been waged on only a smallscale.●The eighth sentence stands on its own. Don’t be concerned thatit has only five words. With the other sentences in the paragraphnow considerably longer, a short sentence adds to the variety:Serious research is just beginning.Now let’s put all our revised sentences together and evaluate the results: Although scientists have known of sickle-cell anemia(镰状细胞性贫血) for a long time, it remains a menace（威胁，恐吓）forAfrican-Americans. While scientists have tested several drugs andchemicals, and reduce a few ill effects, nobody has discovered a cure.The fight against sickle-cell anemia has been waged（进行，开始，有职业的）on only a small scale. Serious research is just beginning.We now have four sentences averaging 14.5 words per sentence. The first two sentences begin with dependent clauses, while the third and fourthsentences begin with the subjects of independent clauses. We’ve achieved the desired range for sentence lengths, and the sentences present varied sentence patterns.Fix Long, Wordy （冗长的；口头的；唠叨的；文字的）Sentences∙Longer sentences can be extremely effective; they can also be just plain wordy. Try some of these strategies to streamline（vt. 把…做成流线型；使现代化；组织；使合理化；使简单化∙n. 流线；流线型∙adj. 流线型的）your sentences:1) Avoid using passive verbs such as is, was, were, are, has, had, etc.;passive constructions create wordiness. The pedestrian（行人，步行者，缺乏想象力的）was hit by the man who was driving a red car vs. The man in the red car hit the pedestrian.2) Avoid using too many prepositional phrases (e.g., "the house of my mother" rather than "my mother's house").3) Prunevi. 删除；减少vt. 修剪；删除；剪去n. 深紫红色；傻瓜；李子干your sentences. Eliminate repetition (don't state the same idea three different ways) and eliminate unnecessary words, e.g., In my mind, I decided that ... – where else are you going to decide something? In someone else's mind? or phrases like "true fact" (a fact is true), "new innovations," and so forth.4) Cut back on the use of words such as it, which, whose, that, those, thing, these, they.5) Eliminate what Ken Macrorie calls "namery" (the habit of naming things that do not need naming). Here's a wonderful example of sentence "tightening" from his book, Telling Writing:Sample paragraph:Juliet and Rosalind are women who fall in love. This is one of the few similarities between these two characters. They are different in age,with Juliet being an impetuous adolescent and Rosalind being a mature adult. This different is illustrated by the manner in which eachcharacter falls in love. Juliet rushes into romance and gets married as quickly as possible while Rosalind makes sure of her love forOrlando—a much more rational and logical choice than Juliet's.This paragraph is devastated by Namery. The author says that Juliet and Rosalind falls in love and then unnecessarily says these acts are similar. He says the two are different in age and then later says one is an adolescent and the other an adult. He wastes completely the sentence:This difference is illustrated by the manner in which each characterfalls in love.because the next sentence shows the difference specifically. The paragraph could be cut in half without losing essential meaning:One of the few similarities between Juliet and Rosalind is that they both fall in love; but Juliet rushes into （仓促行动）romance while Rosalind makes sure of her love for Orlando. Juliet is an impetuous （冲动的，鲁莽的）adolescent; Rosalind is a mature adult.。