清华考博英语真题02-04,07-08(有答案)
清华大学考博英语真题及答案详解知识讲解
清华大学2007年博士研究生人学考试英语试题Part I Listening Comprehension(15 points)(略）Part II Reading Comprehendon (40%)Directions ：There are 4 reading passages in this part Each passage is followed by somequestions or unfin?ished statements. For each or them there are four choices marked A，B, C andD* You should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet Questions 16 to 20 are based on the foUowing passage：Sometimes，over a span of many years，a business will continue to grow，generatingever-increasing a- mounts of cash，repurchasing stock，paying increased dividends，reducing debt，opening new stores，expan?ding production facilities，moving into new markets，etc.，while atthe same tune its stock price remains stagnant (or even falls)*When this happens，the average and professional investors alike tend to overlook the company because they become familiar with the trading range.Take，for example，Wal-Mart Over the past five years，the retailing behemoth has grown sales by over 80% , profits by over 100%，and yet the stock price has fallen as much as 30% during that timeframe. Clearly, the valuation picture has changed An investor that read the annual reportback in 2000 or 2001 might have passed on the security，deeming it too expensive based on ametric such as the price to earnings ratio. Today，however, the equation is completelydifferent~despite the stock price,Wal-Mart is, in essence, trading at half its former price becauseeach share is backed by a larger dividend, twice the earnings power, more stores，and a bigger infrastructure. Home Depot is in much the same boat，largely because some Wall Street analysts question how fast two of the world's largest companies can continue to grow before their sheersize slows them down to the rate of the general economy.Coca-Cola is another excellent example of this phenomenon. Ten years ago，in 1996, the stock traded between a range of $36. 10 and $54. 30 per share. At the time, it had reported earningsper share of $ 1. 40 and paid a cash dividend of $ 0. 50 per share. Corporate per share book valuewas $ 2. 48. Last year, the stock traded within a range of $ 40. 30 and $ 45. 30 per share；squarely in the middle of the same area it had been nearly a decade prior! Yet，despite the stagnant stock price，the 2006 estimates Value Line In?vestment Survey estimates for earningsper share stand around $2. 16 (a rise of 54% )，the cash dividend has more than doubled to $ 1.20, book value is expected to have grown to $ 7. 40 per share (a gain ofnearly 300% )，and the total number of shares outstanding (未偿付的，未完成的）has actually decreased, from 2. 481 billion to an estimated 2, 355 billion due to the company's sharerepurchase program.16. This passage is probably a part of ?A. Find Hidden Value in the MarketB. Become RicherC. Get Good BargainsD. Identify Good Companies17. The italicized word“stagnant'，(line 3，Para. 1) can be best paraphrased as ?A. prominentB. terribleC. unchangedD. progressing Wal-Mart is now trading at a much lowerprice because .A. it has stored a large quantity of goodsB. it has become financially more powerfulit has been eager to collect money to prevent bankruptcyC.D. it is a good way to compete with other retailing companies19. All the following are shared by Wal-Mart and Coco-Cola EXCEPT ?A, The cash dividend has increased. B. The earning power has become stronger.C Both businesses have continued to grow^ D. The stock price has greatly decreased20. According to the author，one had better ?buy more shares when the stock price falls down A.sell out the shares when the stock price falls downB.do some research on the value of a business when its stock price falls down C.invest in the business when its stock price falls down D.Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage ：Today's college students are more narcissistic(自恋的）and self-centered than their predecessors, ac?cording to a comprehensive new study by five psychologists who worry that the trend couldbe harmfiil to personal relationships and American society.u We need to stop endlessly repeating ‘You're special' and having children repeat that back”，said the study's lead author，Professor Jean Twenge of San Diego State University, “Kids areself-centered enough al?ready “Unfortunately，narcissism can also have very negative consequences for society, including the breakdown of close relationships with othars”，he saidThe study asserts that narcissists “are more likely to have romantic relationships that areshort-lived，at risk for infidelity, lack emotional warmtb，and to exhibitor game-playing，dishonesty, and.over-controlling and violent behaviors，，. Twenge, the author of “GenerationMe：Why Today's Young Americans Are More Confident, Assertive, Entitled~and MoreMiserable Than Ever Before”，said narcissists tend to lack empathy，react aggressively to criticism and favor self-promotion over helping others*Some analysts have commended today's young people for increased commitment to volunteerwork But Twenge viewed even this phenomenon skeptically，noting that many high schoolsrequire community service %and many youths feel pressure to list such endeavors on college* applications.Campbell said the narcissism upsurge seemed so pronounced(非常明显的）that he was unsure if there were obvious remedies. “Permissiveness seems to be a component”，he said “A potential antidote would be more authoritative parenting* Less indulgence might be called for”Yet students, while acknowledging some legitimacy to such findings, don't necessarily accept negative generalizations about their generation.Hanady Kader，a University of Washington senior，said she worked unpaid last summer helping resettle refugees and considers many of her peers to be civic-minded But she is dismayed (气傻；灰心、）by the com?petitiveness of some students who seem prematurely focused on careerstatus* “We，re encouraged a lot to be individuals and go out there and do what you want, and nobody should stand in your way”，Kader said “I can see goals and ambitions getting in the wayof other things like relationships”.Kari Dalane，a University of Vermont sophomore, says most of her contemporaries are politically active and not overly self-centered “People are worried about themselves—^but in the senseof where are they're go?ing to find a place in the world”，she said “People want to look their best, have a good time, but it doesn't mean they're not concerned about the rest of the world”；Dalane said.，Besides, some of the responses on the narcissism test might not be worrisome“It would be more depressing if people answered, 4 No, I'm not special，，，?21. According to the passage，a narcissistic person may -，A. hate criticismB. be dishonest to his/her partnerC, be unwilling to help others D；All the above22. The italicized word “commended”(line 1, Para. 3) meansA. praisedB. criticized C recommended D. disfavored23. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A. Narcissism may result in bad consequences-B. College students are active to participate in volunteer work.C. Some people doubt whether there are remedies to counter the narcissism upsurge.D. Some college students are overly engaged in self-promotion.24. It is implied that ?A. both the researchers and college students are worried about the trend of narcissismB. the researchers and college students disagree on the findings of the studyC. the researchers and college students disagree on some of the findings of the studyD. college students are pessimistic about their future25- It is proper to be when you hear someone say “I，m special'A. objectiveB. pessimistic C optimistic D. worriedQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage：The House is expected to pass a piece of legislation Thursday that seeks to significantly rebalance the playing field for unions and employers and could possibly reverse decades of declining membership among private industries* 4iThe Employee Free Choice Act would allow a union to be recognized after collecting 狂majorityof vote cards，instead of waiting for the National Labor Relations Board to oversee a secret ballot election，which can occur more than 50 days after the card vote is completed Representatives of business on Capitol Hill oppose the bill The National Association of Manufacturers, The National Federation of Independent Business，the U. S, Chamber of Commerce and other business groups oppose the shift away from secret ballots saying the change could threaten the privacy of the workers. “This isn't about preventing increased unionization, it's about protecting rights”，said the National Associa?tion of Manufacturer's Jason Straczewski, of his organization's opposition to bill Straczewski says elimina?ting thesecret-ballot step would open up employees to coercion (强迫：胁迫）from unions,Samuel of the AFL-CIO contends the real coercion comes from employers. “Workers talking to workers are equals while managers talking to workers aren't”，Samuel said He cites the 31,358 cases of illegal em?ployer discrimination acted on by the National Labor Relations Board in 2005. Samuel also points out that counter to claims from the business lobby，the secret ballot wouldnot be e- liminated The change would only take the control of the timing of the election out ofthe hands of the em?ployers. “On the ground，the difference between having this legislation and not would be the difference be?tween night and day”，said Richard Shaw of the HarrisCounty Central Labor Council, who says it would have a tremendous impact on the local level.The bill has other provisions (规定，条款）as well. The Employee Free Choice Act would also impose binding arbitration(仲裁）when a company and a newly formed union cannot agree on a contract after 3 months. An agreement worked out under binding compulsory arbitration wouldbe in effect for 2 years，a fact that Straczewski calls, “borderline unconstitutional”. “I don，t see how it will benefit employees if they're locked into a contract”? said StraczewskiThe bill's proponents point to the trend of recognized unions unable to get contracts fromunwilling em?ployers. The Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, the organization that oversees arbitration, reported that in 2004，45 percent of newly farmed unions were denied first contracts by employers. The bill would also strengthen the penalties for companies that illegally coerce or intimidate employees- As it stands，the law on the books hasn't changed substantially since the National Labor Relations Act was made into law in 1935. The NLBR can enforce no other penalty than reinstating wrongfully fired employees or recovering lost wages.26* Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage?A. House bill aipis to spur labor union growth.B. House bill aims to counter labor union growth,C. Employee Free Choice Act aims to spur employmentD. Employee Free Choice Act aims to raise employees，income.27. According to its opponents, the bill .A. will protect employees，rightsB. will benefit workers by binding contractsC. will empower unions too muchD. makes it possible for employees to yield to coercion from unions28. The word “it”(line 4，Para 5) refers to ?A. the changeB. the legislation C the AFL-CIO D. the difference29. People support the bill because of the following reasons EXCEPT .A. the bill will probably enable unions to have fewer members of private industries*B. the bill will allow a union to be recognized earlier and have a great effect on the local level.C. binding arbitration will be imposed to protect employees if a contract can，t be agreed oa between cently estabUshed union and a company,D. the bill will strengthen the punishment for companies which illegally coerce or threaten employees.30. It is implied that ?A. fewer private industries joined unions in the past workers' coercion often comes from unionsC. the bill will be a win-and-win one for employees and employersD. punishment authorized by the bill will be lighterQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage：Some African Americans have had a profound impact on American society, changing many pe叩le，s views on race，history and politics. The following is a sampling of African Americans whohave shaped soci?ety and the world with their spirit and their ideals.Muhammad Ali Cassius Marcellus Clay grew up a devout Baptist in Louisville, Kentucky, learningto fight at age 12 after a police officer suggested he learn to defend himself Six years later, he wasan Olympic boxing champion，going on to win three world heavyweight titles. He became knownas much for his swagger (耻髙气扬）outside the ring as his movement in it，converting to Islamin 1965，changing his name to Muhammad Ali ￡uid refusing to join the U- S. Army on religious grounds. Ali remained popular after his ath?letic career ended and he developed Parkinson'seven lighting the Olympic torch at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics and conveying the peaceful，diseasevirtues of Islam following the September 11 terrorist attacks*W. E. B, Du Bois Bom William Edward Burghardt Du Bois in 1868，this Massachusetts native wasone of the most prominent，prolific intellectuals of his time. An academic，activist and historian，Du Bois co?founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP),edited “The Crisis”magazine and wrote 17 books, four journals and many other scholarly articles. In perhaps his most famous work, “The Souls of Black Folk”，published in 1903，he predicted “the problem of 20th century [ would be] the problem of the color-line”.Martin Luther King Jr. The Rev. Martin Luther King Jn is considered one of the most powerful and pop?ular leaders of the American civil tights movement He spearheaded(带头；作先锋）a massive, nonviolent initiative of marches，sit-ins，boycotts and demonstrations that profoundly affected Americans' attitudes to?ward race relations. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. Malcolm X Black leader Malcolm X spoke out about the concepts of race pride and black nationalism in the early 1960s. He denounced the exploitation of black people by whites and developed a large and dedicated following, which continued even after his death in 1965, Interestin the leader surged again after Spike Lee's 1992 movie “Malcolm X”was releasedJackie Robinson in 1947，Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier by joining the Brooklyn Dodgers, be?coming the first black baseball player in the U. S. major leagues. After retirement frombaseball in 1957，he remained active in civil rights and youth activities. In 1962，he became thefirst African-American to be in?ducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.31. Which of the following is NOT true about Muhammad Ali?A. He never served in the army.He learned to fight at an early age.C. His popularity decreased after his retirement from boxing.D. He loves peace.32. The italicized word “prolific”(line 2, Par a 3) is synonymous to ?A, smart B. skilled C. productive D. pioneering33. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?A, W. E. B. Du Bois was engaged in the cause of promoting the status of colored people.B. Jackie Robinson was denied by U. Sz major baseball leagues throughout his life.C Martin Luther King Jr. was highly awarded for his contributions to the civil rights movements.D. Malcolm X directly or indirectly inspired interest in leadership even after his deatL34. What is common among the celebrities mentioned in the passage?A. Each achieved enormous success in his/her field and was highly recognizedB. Each was devoted to his/her cause but didn't win recognition until death.C. All were active and famous in several fields in their lifetime.D. All loved peace and remained active in civil rights activities.35. Which of the following can be a title of the passage?A. Life of famous African AmericansB. Influence of famous African AmericansC. Political pioneers ：Icons and intellectualsD. Cultursd pioneers ：Icons and intellectualsPart m Vocabulary (10%)There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part For each sentence there are four：Directionschoices mariced A, B, C and D. Choose the best one that completes the sentence or is nearest in meaning with the underlined word. And then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.36- The building collapsed because its foundation was not strong enough to the weight of the building.A. subsideB. idealizeC. initiate D, sustain37. The actress was very at the insulting question raised by her opponent at the conference. A, extraterrestrial B. explicit C. indignant D. innovative38* It is known to all that children in this region have strong to swimming in summer because of the hot weather ?A. inclinationB. exposure39. The torch was by a famous athlete at the opening of the sport meeting.A. implementB. deceiveC. exemplifyD. ignited40. These samples have to be in certain kind of chemical water in order to protect them.A. mmiersedB. crispedC. armoredD. arrayed41. Her talk at the seminar clearly from the topic the supervisor expected in the field of sociology.A. alternated B, amplified C. designated D. diverged42. Three years before he returned home from the United States.A. denbtedB. destinedC. elapsedD. enveloped43. A plan needs to be considered and accepted so as to lower the prices in these cities.A. deliberateB. disincentiveC. functionalD. fantastic44. Sometimes in drawing and designing, the sign X the unknown number.A, facilitates B. fascinates C. denotes D. jots45. The speaker was very much by rude words and behavior of the audience in the hall.A. jerkedB. incensedC. lacedD. limped46. The two countries have developed a relation and increased a great deal in foreign trade.A. managerialB. lethal C metric D. cordial47.The doctor's was that she should go and see the specialist in this fieldA. constraintB. counselC. coherenceD. consciousness48.The United Nation Law of the Sea Conference would soon produce an ocean-mining treaty following its declaration in 1970 that oceans were the heritage of mankind.A- unanimous B. abstract C. autonomous D. almighty49. They need to move to new and large apgtfttnents. Do you know of any ones in this area?A. evacuatedB. emptyC. vacantD. vacate50. The bad and damp weather in the hot area would enable the plants to get quickly.A. decomposed B_ denounced C. detached D. deduced51. The government decided to take a action to strengthen the market managementA. diverseB. durableC. epidemicD. drastic52. The local residents were unhappy about the curfew in this region and decided to itA. disgraceB. disguiseC. defyD. distress53. They admitted that they shared the same on the matter.A. potentialityB. sentimentC. postscriptD. subscriptionwith him due to his misbehavior at the meeting yesterday.54. We cannot beA. peckedB. reconciledC. perturbedD. presumed55. Bad traveling conditions had seriously their progress to their destination in that region.A. tugged B_ demolished C. hampered D. destroyedPart IV Cloze (10%)：There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices Directions，C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the marked A, Bcorresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Sea rise as a consequence of global warming would immediately threaten that large fractionof the globe living at sea level. Nearly one-third of all human beings live within 36 miles of a coastline. Most of the world's great seaport cities would be 56 : New Orleans , Amsterdam, Shanghai, and Cairo. Some countries —Maldives Islands in the Indian Ocean, islands in thePacific —would be inundated. Heavily populated coastal areas such as in Bangladesh and Egypt,57 large populations occupy low-lying areas, would suffer extreme 58 .Warmer oceans would spawn stronger hurricanes and typhoons, 59 in coastal flooding,possibly swamping valuable agricultural lands around the world 60 water quality may result as61 flooding which forces salt water into coastal irrigation and drinking, water supplies, and irreplaceable，natural 62 could be flooded with ocean water，destroying forever many of the63 plant and animal species living there.Food supplies and forests would be 64 affected Changes in rainfall patterns would disrupt agriculture. Warmer temperatures would 65 grain-growing regions pole-wards. The warmingwould also increase and change the pest plants，such as weeds and the insects 66 the crops. Human health would also be affected Warming could 67 tropical climate bringing with ityellow fever, malaria，and other diseases. Heat stress and heat mortality could rise. The harmful68 of localized urban air pollution would very likely be more serious in warmer 69 . Therewill be some 70 from warming. New sea-lanes will open in the Arctic, longer growing seasons further north will 71 new agricultural lands，and warmer temperature will make some oftoday's colder regions more 72 . But these benefits will be in individual areas. The naturalsystems —both plant and animal—will be less able than man to cope and 73 . Any change of temperature, rainfall，and sea level of the magnitude now 74 will be destructive to natural systems and living things and hence to man as well.The list of possible consequences of global warming suggests very clearly that we must doeverything we can now to understand its causes and effects and to take all measures possible to prevent and adapt to potential and inevitable disruptions 75 by global warming.56. A. ascended B. assaulted C. erased D. endangered57. A. which B. where C. when D. what58. A. dislocation B. discontent C. distribution D. distinction59. A. rebuking B. rambling C resulting D. rallying60. A. Increased B. Reduced C. Expanded D. Saddened61. A. inland B. coastal C. urban D. suburban62. A. dry-land B. mountain C. wetlands D. forest63. A. unique B. precious C. interesting D. exciting64. A, geologically B. adversely C. secretively D. seriallyD. fuseC. grease B. generate 65. A. shift66. A. hiking B. hugging C. attacking D. activatingD. enlarge C. adhere 67. A. endanger B. accommodateD. interests B. values C. effects 68. A. profitsD. evolution B. accommodation C. surroundings 69. A. conditionsD. profits C. adoptions B. benefits 70. A. adjustmentsD. create B. abuse C. advocate 71. A. alternateD. ambient 72. A. accidental C. anniversary B. habitableD. assert73. A. adapt B. alleviate C. agitateD. anticipated C. consoled 74. A. ascertained B. conformedD. reflected B. relayed 75. A. tutored C. triggeredPart V Translation from ￡i^lish into Chmese(10%)Directions ：Translate the following passage into Chinese, and then write it on the ANSWER SHEET.Understanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between energy andhuman well-being. Energy contributes positively to well-being by providing such consumerservices as heating and lighting as well as serving as a necessary input to economic production.But the costs of energy—including not only the money and other resources devoted to obtainingand exploiting it, but also environmental and so?ciopolitical impacts—detract from well-being.For most of human history，the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the benefitside of the energy-well-being equation. Inadequacy of energy resources or more often of the technologies and organiza- tions for harvesting，converting，and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits and hence inconvenience，deprivation and constraints on growth. The 1970，s，then，represented a turning point After decades of constancy or decline in monetary costs—and of relegation of environmental and sociopolitical costs to secondary status—energy was seen to be getting costlier in all respects. It began to be probable thatexcessive energy costs could pose threats on insufficient supply. It also became possible to thinkthat expan?ding some forms of energy supply could create costs exceeding the benefits.Part VI Writii电(请将作文写在答题纸上）（1S%)Directions：You are asked to write in no less than 200 words about the title of Harmful Plagiarismin Aca?demic Field in China You should base your composition on the outline given in Chinesebelow Remember to write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.目前在学术界出现了剽窃和抄袭等不良现象。
清华大学考博英语阅读真题及其解析讲解
清华大学考博英语阅读真题及其解析A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide—the division of the world into the info(information rich and the info poor.And that divide does exist today.My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty yearsago.What was less visible then,however,were the new,positive forces that work against the digital divide.There are reasons to be optimistic.There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow.As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized,it is in the interest of business to universalize access—after all,the more people online,the more potential customers there are.More and more governments,afraid their countries will be left behind,want to spread Internet access.Within the next decade or two,one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together.As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead.And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we've ever had.Of course,the use of the Internet isn't the only way to defeat poverty.And the Internet is not the only tool we have.But it has enormous potential.Geng duo yuan xiao zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.To take advantage of this tool,some impoverished countries willhave to get over their outdated anti-coloni a l prejudices with respect to foreign investment.Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure(the basic structural foundations of a societyin the United States.When the United States built its industrials infrastructure,it didn't have the capital to do so.And that is why America's Second Wave infrastructure—including roads, barbors,highways,ports and so on—were built with foreign investment.The English,the Germans,the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain's former colony.They financed them.Immigrant Americans built them.Guess who owns them now?The Americans.I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter.The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure,which today is an electronic infrastructure,the better off you're going to be.That doesn't mean lying down and becoming fooled,or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled.But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.25.Digital divide is something_________.[A]getting worse because of the Internet[B]the rich countries are responsible for[C]the world must guard against[D]considered positive todayernments attach importance to the Internet because it _________.[A]offers economic potentials[B]can bring foreign funds[C]can soon wipe out world poverty[D]connects people all over the world27.The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of_________.[A]providing financial support overseas[B]preventing foreign capital's control[C]building industrial infrastructure[D]accepting foreign investment28.It seems that now a country's economy depends much on_________.[A]how well-developed it is electronically[B]whether it is prejudiced against immigrants[C]whether it adopts America's industrial pattern[D]how much control it has over foreign corporations名师解析25.Digital divide is something_______.数字鸿沟是______。
清华考博辅导班：清华大学考博英语真题大全
清华考博辅导班：清华大学考博英语真题大全2018年的考博生们是否对考博英语真题找不到而感到困惑？没关系，启道清华考博辅导班，凭借这十几年的考博辅导，总结考博英语真题如下，仅供参考。
1、清华考博辅导班-考查词组、固定搭配或习惯用法例2008. 4. I would never have a court of law if I hadn’t been so desperate.A. sought forB. accounted forC. turned upD. resorted to 这种题要求考生对动词词组进行辨析2、清华考博辅导班-考查同形词同形词辨析是指相同前缀、词根或后缀的词汇进行变形。
例2008. 31. Why be about that old coat? There’s no point in keeping it just because you were wearing it when you first met me. A. sensitive B. sensible C. sentimental D. sensational3、清华考博辅导班-考查同义词例2008. 2. We’d like to a table for five for dinner this evening. A. preserve B. reserve C. sustain D. retain 这种题要求考生对意义相近的单词进行辨析。
在复习词汇题时考生要多做练习，因为这部分在中科院考博英语试卷中的分数不是很多，有针对性的做些词汇练习，做到对词汇的大意有所了解，这部分还是比较容易得分的。
4、清华考博辅导班-细节题例如：2008. Question42. According to the investigators________. A. the new and 'more sophisticated games allow the players to take part in real violent acts. B. the new and more sophisticated games the players how to kill other people C. most computer and online games make the players forget the real life results D. most computer and online games cultivate young people with bad manners1.标志：针对性提问2.思路：做题的关键是返回原文，不要凭印象做题，返回原文要有定位意识3.细节题迷惑选项的常用手段有：偷换概念、扩大范围、正反混淆、颠倒因果、常识判断（列举和文章无关的常识，尽管常识是对的，但文章中未提，这也是错误答案）5、清华考博辅导班-主旨题例：2008 Question 56. The passage mainly concentrates on the subject of________.A. the drops of the applicants of the universitiesB. the dilemma of the admissionofficials C. the usual 'rules of college admissions D the effects of the hurricanes 针对文章的主要目的进行提问，要求对各段落的中心思想进行概括总结，从总体上判断文章的主旨。
2008年清华大学考博英语真题及答案详解
Part I V ocabulary (20%)Directions: There are forty incomplete sentences in this part For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one that completes the sentence, and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1. The European Union countries, were once worried that they would not have suppliesof petroleum.A. sufficientB. efficient C potential D. proficient2. We'd like to a table for five for dinner this evening.A. preserveB. reserveC. sustainD. retain3. Britain has the highest of road traffic in the world-over 60 cars for every mile ofroad.A. popularityB. prosperityC. intensityD. density4. I would never have a court of law if I hadn’t been so desperate.A. sought forB. accounted forC. turned upD. restored to5. The energy by the chain reaction is transformed into heat.A. transferredB. releasedC. conveyedD. delivered6. It is required that during the process, great care has to be taken to protect the silkfrom damage.A. sensitiveB. sensible C tender D. delicate7. To our , Geoffrey’s illness proved not to be as serious as we had feared.A. reliefB. viewC. anxietyD. judgment8. The government will take some action to the two big quarreling companies.A. jigsawB. jotC. impulseD. reconcile9. As automation became popular in most factories, labor was made ♦A. disincentiveB. redundantC. diverseD. discontent10. They have her unreasonable request for her annual salary.A. destinedB. chordedC. repelledD. commenced11. When you prepare for your speech, be sure to cite q ualified sources of informationand examples.A. unbiasedB. manipulatedC. distortedD. conveyed12. It is apparent that winning the scholarship is of one's intelligence in the field ofphysics.A. parallelismB. alliterationC. testimonyD. rhythm13. In court he repeated his that he was not guilty in front of the jury.A. impressionsB. alliterationsC. clausesD. assertions14. Shopping malls have some advantage in suffering from shorter periods of business.A. staleB. slackC. ferrousD. abundant5. According to the Geneva no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. RoutinesBefore the general election many senior citizens signed the against the spreading ofnuclear arms.A. contractB. petitionC. supplicationD. potential7. Scientists believe that there is not enough oxygen in the Moon’s atmosphere to plantlife.A. adaptB. personalizeC. sustain D, describeI can’t remember e xactly what triggered the explosion but it was pretty .A. estimatingB. devastatingC. reprocessingD. preferringThe industry has pumped amounts of money into political campaigns, making itless and less likely that politicians will deal with the issue sensibly.A. potentialB. substantialC. massiveD. traditional20. I was entrusted to to a newspaper article making predictions for the New Year.A. contributeB. detractC. convertD. entail21. After 1989, the external vanished, but the danger to American civilization remained.A. disruption B, menace C. liability D, emergence22. The government is trying to help these enterprises out of the by various means.A. flightB. plight C delight D. twilight23. An archaeologist has to pay much attention to details of an unearthed object.A. miserableB. minusC. minuteD. moist24. The girl her tablemate’s arm to see if she was fast asleep at class.A. pinchedB. punchedC. pitchedD. preached25. Most of the local people involved in the affair have been and dismissed.A. smuggledB. prosecutedC. salutedD. thrived26. I can respect someone who is for their actions, but I cannot respect someone who is always pointing the finger.A. millenniumB. dominantC. accountableD. commercial27. All the products made in China are sold and distributed in with the U.S. Export Administration Regulations and also local country rules.A. complianceB. prosperityC. merchandise D‘ intersection28. One of the main reasons is that the university’s attracts students and faculty staff all over the world.A. fraudB. respondentC. misconductD. prestige29. Even though the investigation has been going on for two months, the police have no further details about the accident.A. comprisedB. formulatedC. releasedD. incorporated30. They want to stimulate economic growth in the region by offering to foreign investors.A. incentivesB. abundancesC. warriorsD. outnumbers31. Why be about that old coat? There’s no point in keeping it just because you were wearing it when you first met me.A. sensitiveB. sensibleC. sentimental D, sensational32. and hard work are the cornerstones of this company.A. MutilationB. InnovationC. EmpireD. Strength33. The protests were part of their against the proposed building development in the area.A. commissionB. commitmentC. conventionD. campaign34. Some people seem to on the pressure of working under a deadline.A. render B- evolve C. prevail D. thrive35. These changes have not been sufficient to the losses.A. stemB. stimulate C cause D. compensate36. Psychologists believe that children are easily influenced by their .A. conditionsB. combinations C, peers D. granaries37. Several for global warming have been suggested by climate researchers.A. systemsB. sentences C fallacies D. hypotheses38. These natural resources will be sooner or later if the present rate of exploitation continues.A, depleted B. deployed C. inclined D. mingled39. The military operations yesterday were targeted at the military installations.A. propelledB. commencedC. plaguedD. modulated40. Artificial intelligence deals partly with the between the computer and the humanbrain.A. profile B- mighty C. analogy D, leakagePart II Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: In this part of the test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer from the four choices given and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneThere are over 6,000 different computer and online games in the world now. A segment of them are considered to be both educational and harmlessly entertaining. One such game teaches geography, and another trains pilots. Others train the player in logical thinking and problem solving. Some games may also help young people to become more computer literate, which is more important in this technology-driven era.But the dark side of the computer games has become more and more obvious. “A segment of games features anti-social themes of violence, sex and crude language，，，says David Walsh, president of the National Institute on Media and Family. “Unfortunately，it’s a segment that seems particularly popular with kids aged eight to fifteen.，，One study showed that almost 80 percent of the computer and online games young people preferred contained violence. The investigators said * These are not just games anymore. These are learning machines. We’re teaching kids in the most incredible manner what it，s like to pull the trigger. What they are not learning are the real-life consequences.”They also said “The new and more sophisticated games are even worse, because they havebetter graphics and allow the player to participate in even more realistic violent acts.” In the game Carmageddon, for example, the player will have driven over and killed up to 33,OCX) people by the time all levels are completed. A description of the outcome of the game says: “Your victims not only squish under your tires and splatter blood on the windshield. They also get on their knees and beg for mercy, or commit suidde. If you like, you can also dismember them.”Is all this simulated violence harmful? Approximately 3,000 different studies have been conducted on this subject. Many have suggested that there is a connection between violence in games and increased aggressiveness in the players.Some specialists downplay the influence of the games, saying that other factors must be taken into consideration, such as the possibility that kids who already have violent tendencies are choosing such games. But could it be that violent games still play a contributing role? It seems unrealistic toinsist that people are not influenced by what they see. If that were true, why would the commercial world spend billions of dollars annually for television advertising?41. Which of the following computer games are NOT mentioned as educational and harmlessly entertaining?A. Those that teach how to fly an airplane.B. Those that teach the features of the earth.C Those that help people use computer language.D. Those that teach computer technology.42. According to the investigators, .A. the new and more sophisticated games allow the players to take part in real violent actsB. the new and more sophisticated games teach the players how to kill other peopleC. most computer and online games make the players forget the real life resultsD. most computer and online games may cultivate young people with bad manners43. It can be inferred from the passage that .A. more and more young people enjoy cruel computer gamesB- it is hard to find evidence of a link between violence and computer gamesC. there are now more incidents of violence due to computer gamesD. simulated violence in computer games is different from real violence44. The author uses “television advertising” as an example to show that•A. the commercial world is contributing to the increased violence in real lifeB. computer and online games are not the only cause of increased violence in real lifeC. there is a close link between computer games and increased violence in real lifeD. other factors must be considered as possible causes of violence in real lifePassage TwoThe collapse of the Earth’s magnetic field—which guards the planet and guides many of its creatures—appears to have started seriously about 150 years ago, the New York Times reported last week.The field’s strength has decreased by 10 or 15 percent so far and this has increased the debate over whether it signals a reversal of the planet’s lines of magnetic force*During a reversal，the main field weakens, almost vanishes, and reappears with opposite polarity (极）• The transition would take thousands of years. Once completed, compass needles that had pointed north would point south. A reversal could cause problems for both man and animals. Astronauts and satellites would have difficulties. Birds, fish and anintals that rely on the inagnetic field for navigation would find migration confusing. But experts said the effects would not be a big disaster, despite daims of doom and vague evidence of links between past field reversals and species extinctions.Although a total transition may be hundreds or thousands of years away, the rapid decline in magnetic strength is already affecting satellites. Last month, the European Space Agency approved the world’s largest effort at tracking the field’s shifts. A group of new satellites, called Swarm, is to monitor the collapsing field with far greater precision. “We want to get some idea * of how this would evolve in the near future, just like people trying to predict the weather，，，said Gauthier Hulot, a French geophysicist working on the satellite plan. “I，m personally quite convinced we should be able to work out the first predictions by the end of the mis sion.”No matter what the new findings, the public has no reason to panic. Even if a transition is comingon its way, it might take 2,000 years to mature. The last one took place 780,000 years ago，when early humans were learning how to make stone tools. Deep inside the Earth flow hot currents of melted iron. This mechanical energy creates electromagnetism. This process is known as the geophysical generator. In a car’s generator, the same principle turns mechanical energy into electricity.No one knows precisely why the field periodically reverses. But scientists say the responsibility probably lies with changes in the disorderly flows of melted iron, which they see as similar to the gases that make up the clouds of Jupiter.45. According to the passage, the Earth’s magnetic field has•A, misguided many a man and animalB. begun to change in the opposite direction C caused the changes on the polaritiesD. been weakening in strength for a long time46. During the transition of the Earth’s magnetic field*A. the compass will become uselessB. man and animals will be confused in directionsC. the magnetic strength of the Earth will disappearD. the magnetic strength of the Earth will be stronger47. The author says '. the public has no reason to panic” because•A. the transition is still thousands of years from nowB. the transition can be precisely predicted by scientistsC. the process of the transition will take a very long time to finishD. the new transition will come 780,000 years from now48. The cause of the transition of tiKe Earth、magnetic field comes from .A. the movement deep inside the EarthB. the periodical reverses of the Earth C the force coming from outer space D. the mechanical movement of the EarthPassage ThreeThe terrorist attacks in Lond on Thursday served as a jarring reminder that in today’s world, you never know what you might see when you pick up the newspaper or turn on the TV.Disturbing images of terror can trigger a visceral response no matter how close ox far away from home tihe event happened.Throughout history, every military conflict has involved psychological warfare in one way or another as the enemy sought to break the morale of their opponent. But thanks to advances in technology, the popularity of the Internet, and proliferation of news coverage, the rules of engagement in this type of mental battle have changed.Whether it’s a massive attack or a single horrific act, the effects of psychological warfare aren’t limited to the physical damage inflicted. Instead, the goal of these attacks is to instill a sense of fear that is much greater than the actual threat itself.Therefore, the impact of psychological terror depends largely on how the acts are publicized and interpreted. But that also means there are ways to defend yourself and your loved ones by putting these fears into perspective and protecting your children from horrific images.What Is Psychological Terror? “The use of terrorism as a tactic is predicated upon inducing a climate of fear that is incommensurate with the actual threat，’，says Middle Eastern historian Richard Buliiet of Columbia University. uEvery time you have an act of violence, publicizing that violence becomes an important part of the act itself.”‘There are various ways to have your impact. You can hav e your impact by the magnitude of what you do, by the symbolic character of target，or the horrific quality of what you do to a single person，，，Buliiet tells WebMD. “The point is that it isn’t what you do, but ifs how it，s covered that determines the effect” For example, Buliiet says the Iranian hostage crisis, which began in 1979 and lasted for 444 days, was actually one of the most harmless things that happened in the Middle East in the last 25 years. All of the U.S. hostages were eventually released unharmed，but the event remains a psychological scar for many Americans who watched helplessly as each evening’s newscast counted the days the hostages were being held captive.Buliiet says terrorists frequently exploit images of a group of masked individuals exerting total power over their captives to send the message that the act is a collective demonstration of the group’s power rather than an individual cmninal act. “You don’t have the notion that a certain person has taken a hostage. It’s an image of group p ower, and the force becomes generalized rather than personalized，” says Buliiet. ‘The randomness and the ubiquity of the threat give the impression of vastly greater capacities•，’Psychiatrist Ansar Haroun, who served in the U.S. Army Reserves in the first Gulf War and more recently in Afghanistan，says that terrorist groups often resort to psychological warfare because it’s tihe only tactic they have available to them. “They don’t have M-16s, and we have M-16S. They don’t have the mighty military power that we have，and they only have access to things like kidnapping，，，says Haroun, who is also a clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego.“In psychological warfare，even one beheading can have the psychological impact that might be associated with killing 1,000 of the enemy，” Haroun tells WebMD. ‘"You haven’t really harmed the enemy very much by killing one person on the other side. But in terms of inspiring fear, anxiety, terror, and making us all feel bad, you’ve achieved a lot of demoralization,”49. Which of the following statement is NOT among the reasons that change the rules of psychological warfare?A. Break the morale of their opponent.B. Advances in technology.C. The popularity of the Internet,D. Prosperity of media.50. According to Richard Bulliet, why does “publicizing an act of violence becomes an important part of terrorism itself’？A. Because psychological terrorism is a tactic.B. Because terrorism depends on a climate of fear rather than on the actual threat.C. Because the use of terrorism is to inspire fear that is more destructive than the actual threat. D‘ Because publicizing the violence can make more people know the actual threat.51. The Iranian hostage crisis shows that .A. the impact of psychological terror relies largely on how the acts are publicizedB. there are various ways to have the impact of psychological terrorC. the American media is effectiveD. the ways determines the effect52. The randomness and the ubiquity of the terrorist acts bring to the public the impressionthat •A. the terrorists are exerting total power over their captivesB. the threat is a collective demonstration of the group’s powerC. the terrorists are powerful and pervasiveD. the force becomes generalized rather than personalizedPassage FourIn a year marked by uncertainty and upheaval, officials at New Orleans universities that draw applicants nationwide are not following the usual rules of thumb when it comes to college admissions. The only sure bet, they say, is that this fall’s entering classes—the first since Katrina—will be smaller than usual.In typical years, most college admissions officials can predict fairly accurately by this point in the admissions cycle how many high school seniors will commit to enrolling in their institutions. Many of the most selective schools require students—who increasingly are applying to multiple institutions—to make their choices by May 1. Loyola University, whose trustees will vote May 19 on whether to drop several degree programs and eliminate 17 faculty positions, received fewer applications—about 2,900 to date, compared with 3,500 in recent years. The school hopes to enroll 700 freshmen, down from 850 in the past few years. Historically black Dillard University, which is operating out of a hotel and was forced to cancel its annual March open house, also saw drops, as did Xavier University, a historically black Catholic institution that fell behind its recruitment schedule. Dillard won’t release numbers’ but spokeswoman Maureen Lar kins says applications were down and enrollments are expected to be lower than in the past. Xavier admissions dean Winston Brown says its applicant pool fell by about half of last year’s record 1,014; he hopes to enroll 500 freshmen.In contrast, Tulane University, which is the most selective of the four and developed an aggressive recruitment schedule after the hurricane, enjoyed an 11% increase in applications this year, to a record 20,715. Even so, officials predict that fewer admitted students will enroll and are projecting a smaller-than-usual freshman class—1,400, compared with a more typical 1,600. Tulane officials announced in December that they would eliminate some departments and faculty positions.Like Tulane, other schools are taking extra steps this year to woo admitted students, often by enlisting help from alumni around the country and reaching out to students with more e-mails, phone calls or Web-based interactions such as blogs. In addition, Loyola is relaxing deadlines, sweetening the pot wi th larger scholarships and freezing tuition at last year’s level. Dillard, too, is freezing tuition. It，s also hosting town meetings in target cities and regions nationwide, and moved its academic calendar back from August to mid-September “to avert the ma jority of the hurricane season，” Larkins says. Xavier extended its application deadline and stepped up its one-on-one contact with accepted students. And Tulane, among other tihings, has doubled the number of on-campus programs for accepted students and hosted a community service weekend program.While the schools expect applicants to be apprehensive, the admissions officials also see encouraging signs of purposefulness among applicants, “A lot of students who are choosing to come to this city (are) saying, ‘I want to be a part of (the action)，，，，says Stieffel, noting that Loyola’s transfer applications were up 30%. And while applications to Xavier are down, Brown is betting that students who do apply are serious. “The ones who are applying, we feel, are mor e likely to come，，，he says.53. It can be inferred from the passage that .A. many of the students require smaller classes than usual in the institutionsB. most college admissions officials cannot predict how many students will commit to enrolling in their institutions by May 1 this yearC many of the students are increasingly applying to multiple institutions to make theirchoices by May 1 this yearD. in typical years, most colleges require students to apply and commit to theirinstitutions54. The following statements are false other than ♦A* Tulane University also saw drops in application this yearB. Xavier University, as a historically black Catholic institution, fell behind the recruitment schedule of Dillard UniversityC. Xavier University dean Winston Brown says the total number that he hopes to enroll is about 1,500 freshmenD. Loyola University will vote on whether to eliminate 17 faculty positions due to receiving fewer applications of students55. In order to attract applicants, Loyola University and Dillard University are ,A. reducing the tuition respectivelyB. hosting meetingsC. increasing the scholarships respectivelyD. extending the application deadline56. The passage mainly concentrates on the subject of .A. the drops of the applicants of the universitiesB. the dilemma of the admission officialsC. the usual rules of college admissionsD. the effects of the hurricanesPassage FiveThe difference between avian flu and human flu that should be commanding our rapt attention today is that avian influenza, specifically the H5N1 strain known as bird flu, threatens to become the young people's plague. And it is a growing contender to cause a devastating worldwide pandemic in the next few years.We are too used to thinking of flu as an annual annoyance that kills only the frail and elderly. But that just isn't the case for H5N1. With a mortality rate of over 50 percent, this bird flu has killed over 110 people, striking the young and able-bodied the hardest. Its victims cluster predominantly among 5-to-30-year-old, a pattern that has held up in the 34 known to have died from bird flu so far this year.This vulnerability may stem from the robust and fast-responding immune systems of the young. The victims overreact to the alien virus, triggering a massive immune response called a cytokine storm, turning healthy lungs into a sodden mass of dying tissues congested with blood, toxic fluid, and rampaging inflammatory cells. As air spaces choke off, the body loses oxygen and other organs fail.Scientists have recently shown that H5N1 has ominous parallels with the devastating 1918 flu pandemic, which also jumped directly to humans from birds and disproportionately attacked the young and the strong. With a pattern highly suggestive of a cytokine storm, death sometimes camewithin just hours，turning many World War I troop ships into death ships.Now imagine hundreds of thousands of young people laboring on respirators, or lying alone in corridors and makeshift hospital rooms, too sick to be helped when the supply of beds, equipment, and trained staff run out. Seem like hype? Not to the medical experts who discussed these scenarios during last week’s US. News Health Summit on emergency preparedness.This picture puts a face on the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ projections that, if H5N1 mutates into a readily human-transmissible from 209,000 to 1.9 million Americans could die. Part of our readiness thinking should be to heed the blunt words of HHS Secretary Michael Leavitt at the summit: Any family or community that fails to prepare for the worst, with the expectation that the federal or state government will come to the rescue，will be “tragically wrong/5 In a pandemic, the govemmenfs medical resources will be stretched thin, and it w on’t be able to guarantee first-line help to any hometown, local hospital, or college campus. Even the national stockpile of Tamiflu，the antiviral that is the best we have to prevent or lessen the impact of the illness, has its limits. If a college student is hospitalized with a possible H5N1 infection, the feds will provide drugs. But they will not make it available to fend off the virus in the many others who may have come in dose contact with the infected student. In the existing federal guidance on H5N1, the young and healthy fall into the lowest-priority group for antiviral drugs and vaccines. Student health centers or other providers had better scrounge up their own stockpiles. Containing possible outbreaks on college campuses may be all but impossible. Social distancing—avoiding close contact with other people with air kisses instead of smooches, or even by donning masks and gloves—will be tough to enforce.The threat poses a uniquely difficult challenge. In the best of all scenarios, the virus will lose its fury and leave in its wake a new culture of individual and community preparedness. But we need to get ready now, and not for the best scenario but for the worst.57. The difference between avian flu and human flu is that .A. the avian flu should be commanding our rapt attentionB. the avian flu mainly threatens the young peopleC. the avian flu is to cause a devastating worldwide pandemic in the next few yearsD. the avian flu is an annual annoyance that kills only the frail and elderly58. The reason that bird flu strikes the young and able-bodied the hardest may be .A. the body loses oxygen and other organs failB. a sodden mass of dying tissuesC. the enthusiastic immune systems of the youngD. the overreaction of blood, toxic fluid, and rampaging inflammatory cells59. According to the author, which is the best source that college students can rely upon if there are outbreaks of bird flu on college campuses?A. The national stockpile of Tamifu,B. The govemmenfs medical resources.C. Drugs provided by the feds.D. The stockpile of the students health centers.60. We can learn from the passage that ,A. it is impossible that bird flu outbreaks on college campusesB. the reason that bird flu may impossibly outbreak on college campuses is that social distancing will be tough to enforce there。
清华04北大02年考博英语试题
清华04北大02年考博英语试题清华大学2004年博士研究生英语考试试题2006年8月Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension (20%)Part Ⅱ Vocabulary (10%)21. The_____of the spring water attracts a lot of visitors from other parts of the country A. clash B.clarify C. clarity D. clatter22. Business in this area has been__________because prices are too high.A. prosperousB. secretiveC. slackD. shrill23. He told a story about his sister who was in a sad_______when she was ill and had nomoney. A.plight B. polarization C. plague D. pigment24. He added a__________to his letter by saying that he would arrive before 8 pm.A. presidencyB. prestigeC. postscriptD. preliminary25. Some linguists believe that the___age for children learning a foreign language is 5 to 8. A.optimistic B. optional C. optimal D. oppressed26. It all started in 1950, when people began to build their houses on the___of their cities. A.paradises B. omissions C. orchards D. outsk27.The meeting was__________over by the mayor of the city.A. presumedB. proposedC. presentedD. presided28. The crowd__________into the hall and some had to stand outside.A. outgrewB. overthrewC. overpassedD. overflew29. It was clear that the storm__________his arrival by two hours.A. retardedB. retiredC. refrainedD. retreated30. This problem should be discussed first, for it takes__________over all the other issues. A. precedence B. prosperity C. presumption D. probabilityer sadness was obvious, but she believed that her feeling of depression was__________.A. torrentB. transientC. tensileD. textured32. Nobody knew how he came up with this__________idea about the trip.A. wearyB. twilightC. unanimousD. weird33. The flower under the sun would__________quickly without any protection.A. winkB. withholdC. witherD. widower34. The__________of gifted children into accelerated classes will start next week according to their academic performance.A. segregationB. specificationC. spectrumD. subscription35. He__________himself bitterly for his miserable behavior that evening.A. repealedB. resentedC. relayedD. reproached36. Any earthquake that takes place in any area is certainly regarded as a kind of a __event. A.cholesterol B. charcoal C. catastrophic D. chronic37. He cut the string and held up the two__________to tie the box.A. segmentsB. sedimentsC. seizuresD. secretes38. All the music instruments in the orchestra will be__________before it starts.A. civilizedB. chatteredC. chamberedD. chorded39. When the air in a certain space is squeezed to occupy a smaller space, the air is said to be__________.A. commencedB. compressedC. compromisedD. compensated40. She made two copies of this poem and posted them__________to different publishers.A. sensationallyB. simultaneouslyC. strenuouslyD. simplyPart ⅢReading Comprehension (40%)Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage:Each year, millions of people in Bangladesh drink ground water that has been polluted by naturally high levels of arsenic poison. Finding safe drinking water in that country can be a problem. However, International Development Enterprises has a low-cost answer. This non-governmental organization has developed technology to harvest rainwater.e around the world have been harvesting rainwater for centuries. It is a safe, dependable source of drinking water. Unlike ground water, rainwater contains no minerals or salts and is free of chemical treatments. Best of all, it is free. The rainwater harvesting system created by InternationalDevelopment Enterprises uses pipes to collect water from the tops of buildings. The pipes stretch from the tops of buildings to a two-meter tall storage tank made of metal. At the top of the tank is a so-called “fir st-flush”device made of wire screen. This barrier prevents dirt and leaves in the water from falling inside the tank. A fitted cover sits over the “first-flush” device. It protects the water inside the tank from evaporating. The cover also prevents mosquito insects from laying eggs in thewater. Inside the tank is a low coat plastic bag that collects the water. The bag sits inside another plastic bag similar to those used to hold grains. The two bags are supported inside the metal tank. All total, the water storage system can hold up to three-thousand-five-hundred liters of water. International Development Enterprises says the inner bags may need to be replaced every two to three years. However, if the bags are not damaged by sunlight, they could last even longer.International Development Enterprises says the water harvesting system should be built on a raised structure to prevent insects from eating into it at the bottom. The total cost to build this rainwater harvesting system is about forty dollars. However, International Development Enterprises expects the price to drop over time. The group says one tank can provide a family of five with enough rainwater to survive a five-month dry season.41. People in Bangladesh can use__________as a safe source of drinking water.A. ground waterB. rainwaterC. drinking waterD. fresh water42. Which of the following contributes to the low-cost of using rainwater?A. Rainwater is free of chemical treatments.B. People have been harvesting rainwater for centuries.C. The water harvesting system is built on a platform.D. Rainwater can be collected using pipes.43. Which of the following actually prevents dirt and leaves from falling inside the tank?A. a barrierB. a wire screenC. a first-flushD. a storage tank44. The bags used to hold water are likely to be damaged by__________.A. mosquito insectsB. a fitted coverC. a first-flush deviceD. sunlight45. What should be done to prevent insects from eating into the water harvesting system at the bottom?A. The two bags holding the water should be put inside the metal tank.B. The inner bags need to be replaced every two years.C. The water harvesting system should be built on a platform.D. A cover should be used to prevent insects from eating it.Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:Where one stage of child development has been left out, or not sufficiently experienced, the child may have to go back and capture the experience of it. A good home makes this possible,for example by providing the opportunity for the child to play with a clockwork car or toy railway train up to any age if he still needs to do so. This principle, in fact, underlies all psychological treatment of children in difficulties with their development, and is the basis of work in child clinics.The beginnings of discipline are in the nursery. Even the youngest baby is taught by gradual stages to wait for food, to sleep and wake at regular intervals and so on. If the child feels the world around him is a warm and friendly one, he slowly accepts its rhythm and accustoms himself to conforming to its demands. Learning to wait for things, particularly for food, is a very importantelement in upbringing, and is achieved successfully only if too great demands are not made before the child can understand them.Every parent watches eagerly the child's acquisition of each new skill—the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feeling of failure and states of anxiety in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning o f the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural zest for life and his desire to find out new things for himself.Learning together is a fruit source of relationship between children and parents. By playing together, parents learn more about their children and children learn more from their parents. Toys and games which both parents and children can share are an important means of achieving this co-operation. Building-block toys, jigsaw puzzles and crossword are good examples.Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness or indulgence towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters, others are severe over times of coming home at night, punctuality for meals or personal cleanliness. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child's own happiness and well-being.46. The principle underlying all treatment of developmental difficulties in children________A. is to send them to clinicsB. offers recapture of earlier experiencesC. is in the provision of clockwork toys and trainsD. is to capture them before they are sufficiently experienced47. The child in the nursery__________.A. quickly learns to wait for foodB. doesn't initially sleep and wake at regular intervalsC. always accepts the rhythm of the world around themD. always feels the world around him is warm and friendly48. The encouragement of children to achieve new skills__________.A. can never be taken too farB. should be left to school teachersC. will always assist their developmentD. should be balanced between two extremes49. Jigsaw puzzles are__________.A. too difficult for childrenB. a kind of building-block toyC. not very entertaining for adultsD. suitable exercises for parent-child cooperation50. Parental controls and discipline__________.A. serve a dual purposeB. should be avoided as much as possibleC. reflect the values of the communityD. are designed to promote the child's happinessQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:More than half of all Jews married in U. S. since 1990 have wed people who aren't Jewish. Nearly 480, 000 American children under the age of ten have one Jewish and one non-Jewish parent. And, if a survey compiled by researchers at the University of California at Los Angeles is any indication, it's almost certain that most of thesec hildren will not identify themselves as “Jewish” when they get older. That survey asked college freshmen, who are usually around age 18, about their own and their parents' religious identities. Ninety-three percent of those with two Jewish parents said they thought of themselves as Jewish. But when the father wasn't Jewish, the number dropped to 38 percent, and when the mother wasn't Jew, just 15 percent of the students said they were Jewish, too.“I think what was surprising was just how low the Jewish identification was in these mixed marriage families.” Linda Sax is a professor of education at UCLA. She directed the survey which was conducted over the course of more than a decade and wasn't actually about religious identity specifically. But Professor Sax says the answers to questions about religion were particularly striking, and deserve a more detailed study. She says it's obvious that interfaith marriage works against the development of Jewish identity among children, but says it's not clear at this point whythat's the case. “This new study is necessary to get more in-depth about their feelings about their religion. That's something that the study that I completed was not able to do. We didn't have information on how they feel about their religion, whether they have any concern about their issues of identification, how comfortable they feel about their lifelong goals. I think the new study's going to cover some of that,” she says.Jay Rubin is executive director of Hilel, a national organization that works with Jewish college students. Mr. Rubin says Judaism is more than a religion, it's an experience. And with that in mind, Hillel has commissioned a study of Jewish attitudes towards Judaism. Researchers will concentrate primarily on young adults, and those with two Jewish parents, and those with just one, those who see themselves as Jewish and those who do not. Jay Rubin says Hillel will then use this study to formulate a strategy for making Judaism more relevant to the next generation of American Jews.51. The best title of this passage is__________.A. Jewish and Non-Jewish in AmericanB. Jewish Identity in AmericaC. Judaism-a Religion?D. College Jewish Students52. Among the freshmen at UCLA__________thought themselves as Jewish.A. mostB. 93% of those whose parents were both JewishC. 62% of those only whose father were JewishD. 15% of those only whose mother were Jewish he phrase “interfaith marriage” in the Paragraph 3 refers tothe__________.A. marriage of people based on mutual beliefB. marriage of people for the common faithC. marriage of people of different religious faithsD. marriage of people who have faith in each other54. Which of the following statements is NOT true about professor Sax's research?A. The research indicates that most students with only one Jewish parent will not think themselves as Jewish.B. The survey was carried out among Jewish Freshmen.C. The research survey didn't find out what and how these Jewish students think about their religion.D. The research presents a new perspective for the future study.55. Which of the following is true according to the last paragraph?A. Mr. Rubin is the founder of Hillel.B. Mr. Rubin thinks that Judaism is not a religion and it's an experience.C. Hillel is an organization concerned with Jewish college students in the world.D. Hillel has asked certain people to carry out a study about Jewish attitudes towards Judaism.Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:Governments that want their people to prosper in the burgeoning world economy should guarantee two basic rights: the right to private property and the right to enforceable contracts, says Mancur Olson in his book Power and Prosperity. Olson was an economics professor at the University of Maryland until his death in 1998.Some have argued that such rights are merely luxuries thatwealthy societies bestow, but Olson turns that argument around and asserts that such rights are essential to creating wealth. “In comes are low in most of the countries of the world, in short, be cause the people in those countries do not have secure in dividual rights,” he says.Certain simple economic activities, such as food gathering and making handicrafts, rely mostly on individual labor; property is not necessary. But more advanced activities, such as the mass production of goods, require machines and factories and offices. This production is often called capital-intensive, but it is really property-intensive, Olson observes.“No one would normally engage in capital-intensive production if he or she did not have rights that kept the valuable capital from being taken by bandits, whether roving or stationary,”he argues. “There is no private property without government—individuals may have possessions, the way a dog possesses a bone, but there is private property only if the society protects and defends a private right to that possession against other private parties and against the government as well.”Would-be entrepreneurs, no matter how small, also need a government and court system that will make sure people honor their contracts. In fact, the banking systems relied on by developed nations are based on just such an enforceable contract system. “We would not deposit our money in banks...if we could not rely on the bank having to honor its contract with us, and the bank would not be able to make the profits it needs to stay in business if it could not enforce its loan contracts with borrowers,” Olson writes.Other economists have argued that the poor economies of Third World and communist countries are the result ofgovernments setting both prices and the quantities of goods produced rather than letting a free market determine them. Olson agrees there is some merit to this point of view, but he argues that government intervention is not enough to explain the poverty of these countries. Rather, the real problem is lack of individual rights that give people incentive to generate wealth. “If a society has clear and secure individual rights, there are strong incentives (刺激，动力）to produce, invest, and engage in mutually advantageous trade, and therefore at least some economic advance,” Olson concludes.56. Which of the following is true about Olson?A. He was a fiction writer.B. He edited the book Power and Prosperity.C. He taught economics at the University of Maryland.D. He was against the ownership of private property.57. Which of the following represents Olson's point or view?A. Protecting individual property rights encourages wealth building.B. Only in wealthy societies do people have secure individual rights.C. Secure individual rights are brought about by the wealth of the society.D. In some countries, people don't have secure individual rights because they're poor.58. What does Olson think about mass production?A. It's capital intensive.B. It's property intensive.C. It relies on individual labor.D. It relies on individual skills.59. What is the basis for the banking system?A. Contract system that can be enforced.B. People's willingness to deposit money in banks.C. The possibility that the bank can make profits from its borrowers.D. The fact that some people have surplus money while some need loans.60. According to Olson, what is the reason for the poor economies of Third World countries?A. government interventionB. lack of secure individual rightsC. being short of capitalck of a free marketPart Ⅳ Cloze (10%)For the people who have never traveled across the Atlantic the voyage is a fantasy. But for the people who cross it frequently one crossing of the Atlantic is very much like another, and they do not make the voyage for the__61__of its interest. Most of us are quite happy when we feel__62__to go to bed and pleased when the journey__63__. On the first night this time I felt especially lazy and went to bed__64__earlier than usual. When I__65__my cabin, I was surprised__66__that I was to have a companion during my trip, which made me feel a little unhappy.I had expected__67__but there was a suitcase__68__mine in the opposite corner. I wondered who he could be and what he would be like. Soon afterwards he came in. He was the sort of man you might meet__69__, except that he was wearing__70__good clothes that I made up my mind that we would not__71__whoever he was and did notsay__72__. As I had expected, he did not talk to me either but went to bed immediately.I suppose I slept for several hours because when I woke up it was already the middle of the night. I felt cold but covered__73__as well as I could and tries to go back to sleep. Then I realized that a __74__was coming from the window opposite. I thought perhaps I had forgotten__75__the door, so I got up__76__the door but found it already locked from the inside. The cold air was coming from the window opposite. I crossed the room and__77__the moon shone through it on to the other bed.__78__there. It took me a minute or two to__79__the door myself. I realized that my companion__80__through the window into the sea.61. A. reason B. motive C. cause D. sake62. A. tired enough B. enough tired C. enough tiring D. enough tiring63. A. is achieved B. finish C. is over D. is in the end64. A. quite B. rather C. fairly D. somehow65. A. arrived in B. reached to C. arrived to D. reached at66. A. for seeing B. that I saw C. at seeing D. to see67. A. being lonely B. to be lonely C. being alone D. to be alone68. A. like B. as C. similar than D. the same that69. A. in each place B. for all parts C. somewhere D. anywhere70. A. a so B. so C. such a D. such71. A. treat together wel B. pass together well C. get on well together D. go by well together72. A. him a single word B. him not one word single word to hi m D. not one word to him73. A. up me B. up myself C. up to myself D. myself up74.A.draft B. voice C. air D. sound75. A. to close B. closing C. to have to close D. for closing76. A. to shut B. for shutting C. in shutting D. but shut77. A. while doing like that B. as I did like that C. as I did soD. at doing so78. A. It was no one B. There was no one C. It was anyone D. There was anyone79. A. remind to lock B. remember to lock C. remind lockingD. remember locking80. A. had to jump B. was to have jumped C. must have jumped D. could be jumpedPart Ⅴ Writing(20%) Directions: In this part, you are asked to write a composition on the title of “Effect of Research Event on My Later Life and Work” with no less than 200 English words. Your composition should be based on the following outline given in Chinese. Put your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.1. 在科研和学习中使我最难忘的一件事情是。
清华大学博士考试英语模拟试题及答案
清华大学博士考试英语模拟试题及答案Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension (20%)(略）Part ⅡVocabulary (10%) Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one that completes the sentence and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWET SHEET with a single line through the center.21. The__________of the spring water attracts a lot of visitors from other parts of the country.A. clashB. clarifyC. clarityD. clatter22. Business in this area has been__________because prices are too high.A. prosperousB. secretiveC. slackD. shrill23. He told a story about his sister who was in asad__________when she was ill and had no money.A. plightB. polarizationC. plagueD. pigment24. He added a__________to his letter by saying that he would arrive before 8 pm.A. presidencyB. prestigeC. postscriptD. preliminary25. Some linguists believe that the__________age for children learning a foreign language is 5 to 8.A. optimisticB. optionalC. optimalD. oppressed26. It all started in 1950, when people began to buildtheir houses on the__________of their cities.A. paradisesB. omissionsC. orchardsD. outskirts27. The meeting was__________over by the mayor of the city.A. presumedB. proposedC. presentedD. presided28. The crowd__________into the hall and some had to stand outside.A. outgrewB. overthrewC. overpassedD. overflew29. It was clear that the storm__________his arrival by two hours.A. retardedB. retiredC. refrainedD. retreated30. This problem should be discussed first, for ittakes__________over all the other issues.A. precedenceB. prosperityC. presumptionD. probability31. Her sadness was obvious, but she believed that her feeling of depression was__________.A. torrentB. transientC. tensileD. textured32. Nobody knew how he came up with this__________idea about the trip.A. wearyB. twilightC. unanimousD. weird33. The flower under the sun would__________quickly without any protection.A. winkB. withholdC. witherD. widower34. The__________of gifted children into accelerated classes will start next week according to their academic performance.A. segregationB. specificationC. spectrumD. subscription35. He__________himself bitterly for his miserable behavior that evening.A. repealedB. resentedC. relayedD. reproached36. Any earthquake that takes place in any area iscertainly regarded as a kind of a __________event.A. cholesterolB. charcoalC. catastrophicD. chronic37. He cut the string and held up the two__________to tie the box.A. segmentsB. sedimentsC. seizuresD. secretes38. All the music instruments in the orchestra willbe__________before it starts.A. civilizedB. chatteredC. chamberedD. chorded39. When the air in a certain space is squeezed to occupy a smaller space, the air is said to be__________.A. commencedB. compressedC. compromisedD. compensated40. She made two copies of this poem and postedthem__________to different publishers.A. sensationallyB. simultaneouslyC. strenuouslyD. simplyPartⅢ Reading Comprehension (40%) Directions:There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions of unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage:Each year, millions of people in Bangladesh drink ground water that has been polluted by naturally highlevels of arsenic poison. Finding safe drinking water in that country can be a problem. However, International Development Enterprises has a low-cost answer. This non-governmental organization has developed technology to harvest rainwater.People around the world have been harvesting rainwater for centuries. It is a safe, dependable source of drinking water. Unlike ground water, rainwater contains no minerals or salts and is free of chemical treatments. Best of all, it is free.The rainwater harvesting system created by International Development Enterprises uses pipes to collect water from the tops of buildings. The pipes stretch from the tops of buildings toa two-meter tall storage tank made of metal. At the top of the tank is a so-called “first-flush”device made of wire screen. This barrier prevents dirt and leaves in the water from falling inside the tank.A fitted cover sits over the “first-flush” device. It protects the water inside the tank from evaporating. The cover also prevents mosquito insects from laying eggs in the water.Inside the tank is a low coat plastic bag that collects the water. The bag sits inside another plastic bag similar to those used to hold grains. The two bags are supported inside the metal tank. All total, the water storage system can hold up to three-thousand-five-hundred liters of water. International Development Enterprises says the inner bags may need to be replaced every two to three years. However, if the bags are not damaged by sunlight, they could last evenlonger.International Development Enterprises says the water harvesting system should be built on a raised structure to prevent insects from eating into it at the bottom. Thetotal cost to build this rainwater harvesting system is about forty dollars. However, International Development Enterprises expects the price to drop over time. The groupsays one tank can provide a family of five with enough rainwater to survive a five-month dry season.41. People in Bangladesh can use__________as a safe source of drinking water.A. ground waterB. rainwaterC. drinking waterD. fresh water42. Which of the following contributes to the low-cost of using rainwater?A. Rainwater is free of chemical treatments.B. People have been harvesting rainwater for centuries.C. The water harvesting system is built on a platform.D. Rainwater can be collected using pipes.43. Which of the following actually prevents dirt and leaves from falling inside the tank?A. a barrierB. a wire screenC. a first-flushD.a storage tank44. The bags used to hold water are likely to be damaged by__________.A. mosquito insectsB. a fitted coverC. a first-flush device D. sunlight45. What should be done to prevent insects from eating into the water harvesting system at the bottom?A. The two bags holding the water should be put inside the metal tank.B. The inner bags need to be replaced every two years.C. The water harvesting system should be built on a platform.D. A cover should be used to prevent insects from eating it.Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage: Where one stage of child development has been left out, or not sufficiently experienced, the child may have to go back and capture the experience of it. A good home makes this possible, for example by providing the opportunity for the child to play with a clockwork car or toy railway train up to any age if he still needs to do so. This principle,in fact, underlies all psychological treatment of childrenin difficulties with their development, and is the basis of work in child clinics.The beginnings of discipline are in the nursery. Even the youngest baby is taught by gradual stages to wait for food, to sleep and wake at regular intervals and so on. If the child feels the world around him is a warm and friendly one, he slowly accepts its rhythm and accustoms himself to conforming to its demands. Learning to wait for things, particularly for food, is a very important element in upbringing, and is achieved successfully only if too great demands are not made before the child can understand them.Every parent watches eagerly the child's acquisition of each new skill―the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry thechild beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feeling of failure and states of anxiety in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural zest for life and hisdesire to find out new things for himself.Learning together is a fruit source of relationship between children and parents. By playing together, parents learn more abouttheir children and children learn more from their parents. Toys and games which both parents and children can share are an important means of achieving this co-operation. Building-block toys, jigsaw puzzles and crossword are good examples.Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness or indulgence towards their children. Some may beespecially strict in money matters, others are severe over times of coming home at night, punctuality for meals or personal cleanliness. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child's own happiness and well-being.46. The principle underlying all treatment of developmental difficulties in children__________.A. is to send them to clinicsB. offers recapture ofearlier experiencesC. is in the provision of clockwork toys and trainsD. is to capture them before they are sufficiently experienced47. The child in the nursery__________.A. quickly learns to wait for foodB. doesn't initially sleep and wake at regular intervalsC. always accepts the rhythm of the world around themD. always feels the world around him is warm and friendly 48. The encouragement of children to achieve newskills__________.A. can never be taken too farB. should be left to school teachersC. will always assist their developmentD. should be balanced between two extremes49. Jigsaw puzzles are__________.A. too difficult for childrenB. a kind of building-block toyC. not very entertaining for adultsD. suitable exercises for parent-child cooperation50. Parental controls and discipline__________.A. serve a dual purposeB. should be avoided as much as possibleC. reflect the values of the communityD. are designed to promote the child'shappinessQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:More than half of all Jews married in U. S. since 1990 have wed people who aren't Jewish. Nearly 480, 000 American children under the age of ten have one Jewish and one non-Jewish parent. And, if a survey compiled by researchers at the University of California at Los Angeles is any indication, it's almost certain that most of these children will not identify themselves as “Jewish” when they get older.That survey asked college freshmen, who are usually around age 18, about their own and their parents' religious identities. Ninety-three percent of those with two Jewish parents said they thought of themselves as Jewish. But when the father wasn't Jewish, the number dropped to 38 percent, and when the mother wasn't Jew, just 15 percent of the students said they were Jewish, too.“I think what was surprising was just how low the Jewish identification wasin these mixed marriage families.” Linda Sax is a professor of education at UCLA. She directed the survey which was conducted over the course of more than a decade and wasn't actually about religious identity specifically. But Professor Sax says the answers to questions about religion were particularly striking, and deserve a more detailed study. She says it's obvious that interfaith marriage works against the development of Jewish identity among children, but says it's not clear at this point why that's the case. “This new study is necessary to get more in-depth about their feelings about their religion. That's something that the study that I completed was not able to do. We didn't have information on how they feel about their religion, whether they have any concern about their issues of identification, how comfortable they feel about their lifelong goals. I think the new study's going to cover some of that,” she says.Jay Rubin is executive director of Hilel, a national organization that works with Jewish college students. Mr. Rubin says Judaism is more than a religion, it's an experience. And with that in mind, Hillel has commissioned a study of Jewish attitudes towards Judaism. Researchers will concentrate primarily on youngadults, and those with two Jewish parents, and those with just one, those who see themselves as Jewish and those who do not. Jay Rubin says Hillel will then use this study to formulate a strategy for making Judaism more relevant to the next generation of American Jews.51. The best title of this passage is__________.A. Jewish and Non-Jewish in AmericanB. Jewish Identity in AmericaC. Judaism-a Religion?D. College Jewish Students52. Among the freshmen at UCLA__________thought themselves as Jewish.A. mostB. 93% of those whose parents were both JewishC. 62% of those only whose father were JewishD. 15% of those only whose mother were Jewish53. The phrase “interfaith marriage” in the Paragraph 3 refers to the__________.A. marriage of people based on mutual beliefB. marriage of people for the common faithC. marriage of people of different religious faithsD. marriage of people who have faith in each other54. Which of the following statements is NOT true about professor Sax's research?A. The research indicates that most students with only one Jewish parent will not think themselves as Jewish.B. The survey was carried out among Jewish Freshmen.C. The research survey didn't find out what and how these Jewish students think about their religion.D. The research presents a new perspective for the future study.55. Which of the following is true according to the last paragraph?A. Mr. Rubin is the founder of Hillel.B. Mr. Rubin thinks that Judaism is not a religion and it's an experience.C. Hillel is an organization concerned with Jewish college students in the world.D. Hillel has asked certain people to carry out a study about Jewish attitudes towards Judaism.Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage: Governments that want their people to prosper in the burgeoning world economy should guarantee two basic rights: the right to private property and the right to enforceable contracts, says Mancur Olson in his book Power and Prosperity. Olson was an economics professor at the University of Maryland until his death in 1998.Some have argued that such rights are merely luxuries that wealthy societies bestow, but Olson turns that argument around and asserts that such rights are essential to creating wealth. “In comes are low in most of the countries of the world, in short, because the people in those countries do not have secure in dividual rights,” he says.Certain simple economic activities, such as food gathering and making handicrafts, rely mostly on individual labor; property is not necessary. But more advanced activities, such as the mass production of goods, require machines and factories and offices. This production is often called capital-intensive, but it is really property-intensive, Olsonobserves.“No one would normally engage in capital-intensive production if he or she did not have rights that kept the valuable capital from being taken by bandits, whether roving or stationary,”he argues. “There is no private property without government―individuals may have possessions, the way a dog possesses a bone, but there is private property only if the society protects and defends a private right to that possession against other private parties and against the government as well.”Would-be entrepreneurs, no matter how small, also need a government and court system that will make sure people honor their contracts. In fact, the banking systems relied on by developed nations are based on just such an enforceable contract system. “We would not deposit our money in banks...if we could not rely on the bank having to honorits contract with us, and the bank would not be able to make the profits it needs to stay in business if it could not enforce its loan contracts with borrowers,” Olson writes.Other economists have argued that the poor economies of Third World and communist countries are the result of governments setting both prices and the quantities of goods produced rather than letting a free market determine them.Olson agrees there is some merit to this point of view, but he argues that government intervention is not enough to explain the poverty of these countries. Rather, the real problem is lack of individual rights that give people incentive to generate wealth. “If a society has clear and secure individual rights, there are strong incentives (刺激，动力）to produce, invest, and engage in mutually advantageous trade, and therefore at least some economic advance,” Olson concludes.56. Which of the following is true about Olson?A. He was a fiction writer.B. He edited the book Power and Prosperity.C. He taught economics at the University of Maryland.D. He was against the ownership of private property.57. Which of the following represents Olson's point or view?A. Protecting individual property rights encourages wealth building.B. Only in wealthy societies do people have secure individual rights.C. Secure individual rights are brought about by the wealth of the society.D. In some countries, people don't have secure individual rights because they're poor.58. What does Olson think about mass production?A. It's capital intensive.B. It's property intensive.C. It relies on individual labor.D. It relies onindividual skills.59. What is the basis for the banking system?A. Contract system that can be enforced.B. People's willingness to deposit money in banks.C. The possibility that the bank can make profits from its borrowers.D. The fact that some people have surplus money while some need loans.60. According to Olson, what is the reason for the poor economies of Third World countries?A. government interventionB. lack of secure individual rightsC. being short of capitalD. lack of a free marketPart Ⅳ Cloze (10%) Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage.For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.For the people who have never traveled across the Atlantic the voyage is a fantasy. But for the people who cross it frequently one crossing of the Atlantic is very much like another, and they do not make the voyage forthe__61__of its interest. Most of us are quite happy when we feel__62__to go to bed and pleased when thejourney__63__. On the first night this time I felt especially lazy a。
清华大学考博英语真题paper two
清华大学考博英语真题paper twoI had visited the capital before although my friend Arthur had not, I first visited London as a student,reluctantly released from the bosom of a tearful mum,with a traveling trunk stuffed full of home-made fruit cakes and woolly vests.I was ill-prepared for the Spartan standards of the South.Through even the grimmest post-war days,as kids we had ploughed our way through corner cuts of beef and steamed puddings.So you can imagine my dismay when I arrived,that first day,at my London digs to be faced with a plate of tuna-paste sandwiches and a thin slice of cake left curling under a tea-towel. And that was supposed to be Sunday lunch!When I eventually caught up with my extremely irritating landlady, I met with a vision of splendor more in keeping with the Royal Enclosure at the races than the area in which she lived.Festooned with jewels and furs and plastered with exclusive cosmetics,she was a walking advert for Bond Street.Now,we have a none too elegant but very apt phrase for this in the North of England,and it was the one my friend Arthur came up with to describe London after three days there:‘All fur coat and nothing underneath’.Take our hotel.The reception area was plush and inviting,the lounge and dining-room posh enough to start Arthur speaking ‘properly’.But journey upstairs from one landing to the next,and the veneers of civilization fell away before your eyes.By the time we reached our room,all pretension to refinement and comfort had disappeared.The fur coat was off(back in the hands of the hire purchase company),and what we were really expected to put up with for a small fortune a night was exposed in all its shameful nakedness. It was little more than a garret,a shabby affair with patched and peeling walls.There was a stained sink with pipes that grumbled and muttered all night long and an assortment of furnishings that would have disgraced Her Majesty’s Prison Service.But the crowning glory was the view from the window.A peek behind the handsome façade of our fabled city.Rank gardens choked with rubbish;all the debris of life piled against the back door.It was a good job the window didn’t open,because from it all arose the unmistakable odor of the abyss.Arthur,whose mum still polishes her back step and disinfects her dustbin once a week,slumped on to the bed in a sudden fit of depression.‘Never mind’,I said,drawing the curtains.‘You can watch telly.’This was one of the hotel’s luxuries,which in the newspaper ad had persuaded us we were going to spend the week in style.It turned out to be a yellowing plastic thing with a picture which rolled over and over like a floundering fish until you took your fist to it.But Arthur wasn’t going to be consoled by any cheap technological gimmicks.He was sure his dad had forgotten to feed his pigeons and that his dogs were pining away for him.He grew horribly homesick.After a terrible night spent tossing and turning to a ceaseless cacophony of pipes and firedoors,traffic,drunks and low-flying aircraft, Arthur surfaced next day like a claustrophobic mole.London had got squarely on top of him.Seven million people had sat on him all night, breathed his air,generally fouled his living space,and come between him and that daily quota of privacy and peace which prevents us all from degenerating into mad axemen or reservoir poisoners.Arthur had to be got out of London for a while.81.When the writer first came to the capital.A he had been very reluctant to leave his motherB his mother had not wanted him to leave homeC he had made no preparations for his journey southD he had sent his possessions on ahead in a trunk82.The writer was surprised at what he received for Sunday lunch because.A food had always been plentiful at homeB he had been used to grimmer times at homeC things had been difficult after the war up NorthD beef had always been available from the butcher on the corner at home83.The landlady seemed to epitomize a phrase used in the North of England to indicate that things were.A tender underneath the surfaceB vulnerable to the outside worldC more profound than they seemedD beautiful but only superficially84.The room which the writer and his friend were to share.A was more suited to housing prisoners than hotel guestsB had a magnificent view from one of its windowsC had a door which provided access to a rubbish tipD was situated above some foul-smelling gardens85.The writer feels that in order to remain sane,one needs a certain amount of.A physical exerciseB fresh airC daily nourishmentD breathing spacePaper TwoPart V Translation(25%)Section A(12%)Directions:Translate the following English passage into Chinese. Write your version on Answer Sheet II.The idea that public status comes with a loss of privacy is unpersuasive.Far more persuasive is the thought that a person’s privacy may be breached if the information disclosed serves a proven public interest.A code of press practice specifies the various conditions that could count as involving a genuine public interest in publication,such as detecting or exposing crime,protecting public health,preventing the public from being misled.Showing public officials to be corrupt,grossly inefficient,criminally negligent,or dishonest is certainly in the public’s interest, provided that these failings bear directly on their performance of their public duties.Thus,for example,a revealing that a minister is a highly paid non-executive director of a company which regularly seeks contracts with the government is a matter for public concern. However,the majority of cases where privacy is breached touch on matters of sexual morality and it is much harder to see how the public interest is served by their disclosureSection B(13%)Directions:Translate the following Chinese passage into English. Write your version on Answer Sheet II.可以相当有把握地预言，未来的机械所需要的动力将主要是原子能。
2004年北京清华大学考博英语真题及答案
2004年北京清华大学考博英语真题及答案(总分100, 考试时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ VocabularyDirections: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one that completes the sentence and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1.Her sadness was obvious, but she believed that her feeling of depression was ______.A torrentB transientC tensileD textured该问题分值: 1答案:B2.Nobody knew how he came up with this ______ idea about the trip.A wearyB twilightC unanimousD weird该问题分值: 1答案:D3.The flower under the sun would ______ quickly without any protection.A winkB withholdC witherD widower该问题分值: 1答案:C4.The ______ of gifted children into accelerated classes will start next week according to their academic performance.A segregationB specificationC spectrumD subscription该问题分值: 1答案:A5.He ______ himself bitterly for his miserable behavior that evening.A repealedB resentedC relayedD reproached该问题分值: 1答案:D6.Any earthquake that takes place in any area is certainly regarded as a kind of a event.A cholesterolB charcoalC catastrophicD chronic该问题分值: 1答案:C7.He cut the string and held up the two ______ to tie the box.A segmentsB sedimentsC seizuresD secretes该问题分值: 1答案:A8.All the musical instruments in the orchestra will be ______ before it starts.A civilizedB chatteredC chamberedD chorded该问题分值: 1答案:D9.When the air in a certain space is squeezed to occupy a smaller space, the air is said to be ______.A commencedB compressedC compromisedD compensated该问题分值: 1答案:B10.She made two copies of this poem and posted them ______ to different publishers.A sensationallyB simultaneouslyC strenuouslyD simply该问题分值: 1答案:B11.The ______ of the spring water attracts a lot of visitors from other parts of the country.A clashB clarifyC clarityD clatter该问题分值: 1答案:C12.Business in this area has been ______ because prices are too high.A prosperousB secretiveC slackD shrill该问题分值: 1答案:C13.He told a story about his sister who was in a sad ______ when she was ill and had no money.A plightB polarizationC plagueD pigment该问题分值: 1答案:A14.He added a ______ to his letter by saying that he would arrive before 8 pm.A presidencyB prestigeC postscriptD preliminary该问题分值: 1答案:C15.Some linguists believe that the ______ age for children learning a foreign language is 5 to 8.A optimisticB optionalC optimalD oppressed该问题分值: 1答案:C16.It all started in 1950, when people began to build their houses on the ______ of their cities.A paradisesB omissionsC orchardsD outskirts该问题分值: 1答案:D17.The meeting was ______ over by the mayor of the city.A presumedB proposedC presentedD presided该问题分值: 1答案:D18.The crowd ______ into the hall and some had to stand outside.A. outgrew B, overthrew C. overpassed D. overflewA B C D该问题分值: 1答案:C19.It was clear that the storm ______ his arrival by two hours.A retardedB retiredC refrainedD retreated该问题分值: 1答案:A20.This problem should be discussed first, for it takes ______ over all the other issues.A precedenceB prosperityC presumptionD probability该问题分值: 1答案:APart Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Governments that want their people to prosper in the burgeoning world economy should guarantee two basic rights: the right to private property and the right to enforceable contracts, says Mancur Olson in his book Power and Prosperity. Olson was an economics professor at the University of Maryland until his death in 1998.Some have argued that such rights are merely luxuries that wealthy societies bestow, but Olson turns that argument around and asserts that such rights are essential to creating wealth. "Incomes are low in most of the countries of the world, in short, because the people in those countries do not have secure individual rights," he says.Certain simple economic activities, such as food gathering and making handicrafts, rely mostly on individual labor; property is not necessary. But more advanced activities, such as the mass production of goods, require machines and factories and offices. This production is often called capital-intensive, but it is really property-intensive, Olson observes."No one would normally engage in capital-intensive production if he or she did not have rights that kept the valuable capital from being taken by bandits, whether roving or stationary," he argues. "There is no private property without government--individuals may have possessions, the way a dog possesses a bone, butthere is private property only if the society protects and defends a private right to that possession against other private parties and against the government as well."Would-be entrepreneurs, no matter how small, also need a government and court system that will make sure people honor their contracts. In fact, the banking systems relied on by developed nations are based on just such an enforceable contract system. "We would not deposit our money in banks ... if we could not rely on the bank having to honor its contract with us, and the bank would not be able to make the profits it needs to stay in business if it could not enforce its loan contracts with borrowers," Olson writes.Other economists have argued that the poor economies of Third World and communist countries are the result of governments setting both prices find the quantities of goods produced rather than letting a free market determine them. Olson agrees that there is some merit to this point of view, but he argues that government intervention is not enough to explain the poverty of these countries. Rather, the real problem is lack of individual rights that give people incentive to generate wealth. "If a society has clear and secure individual rights, there are strong incentives (刺激，动力) to produce, invest, and engage in mutually advantageous trade., and therefore at least some economic advance," Olson concludes.21.Which of the following is true about Olson?A He was a fiction writeB He edited the book Power and ProsperitC He taught economics at the University of MarylanD He was against the ownership of private propert该问题分值: 2答案:B22.Which of the following represents Olson's point of view?A Protecting individual property rights encourages wealth buildinB Only in wealthy societies do people have secure individual rightC Secure individual rights are brought about by the wealth of the societD In some countries, people don't have secure individual rights because they're poo该问题分值: 2答案:A23.What does Olson think about mass production?A It's capital intensivB It's property intensivC It relies on individual laboD It relies on individual skill该问题分值: 2答案:B24.What is the basis for the banking system?A Contract system that can be enforceB People's willingness to deposit money in bankC The possibility that the bank can make profits from its borrowerD The fact that some people have surplus money while some need loan该问题分值: 2答案:A25.According to Olson, what is the reason for the poor economies of Third World countries?A government interventionB lack of secure individual rightsC being short of capitalD lack of a free market该问题分值: 2答案:BWhere one stage of child development has been left out, or not sufficiently experienced, the child may have to go back and capture the experience of it. A good home makes this possible, for example by providing the opportunity for the child to play with a clockwork car or toy railway train up to any age if he still needs to do so. This principle, in fact, underlies all psychological treatment of children in difficulties with their development, and is the basis of work in child clinics.The beginnings of discipline are in the nursery. Even the youngest baby is taught by gradual stages to wait for food, to sleep and wake at regular intervals and so on. If the child feels the world around him is a warm and friendly one, he slowly accepts its rhythm and accustoms himself to conforming to its demands. Learning to wait for things, particularly for food, is a very important element in upbringing, and is achieved successfully only if too great demands are not made before the child can understand them.Every parent watches eagerly the child's acquisition of each new skill--the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feeling of failure and states of anxiety in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural zest for life and his desire to find out new things for himself.Learning together is a fruit source of relationship between children and parents. By playing together, parents learn more about their children and children learn more from their parents. Toys and games which both parents and children can share are an important means of achieving this co-operation. Building-block toys, jigsaw puzzles and crossword are good examples.Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness or indulgence towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters, others are severe over times of coming home at night, punctuality for meals or personal cleanliness. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child's own happiness and well-being.26.The principle underlying all treatment of developmental difficulties in children ______.A is to send them to clinicsB offers recapture of earlier experiencesC is in the provision of clockwork toys and trainsD is to capture them before they are sufficiently experienced该问题分值: 2答案:B27.The child in the nursery ______.A quickly learns to wait for foodB doesn't initially sleep and wake at regular intervalsC always accepts the rhythm of the world around himD always feels the word around him is warm and friendly该问题分值: 2答案:B28.The encouragement of children to achieve new skills ______.A can never be taken too farB should be left to school teachersC will always assist their developmentD should be balanced between two extremes该问题分值: 2答案:D29.Jigsaw puzzles are ______.A too difficult for childrenB a kind of building-block toyC not very entertaining for adultsD suitable exercises for parent-child cooperation该问题分值: 2答案:D30.Parental controls and discipline ______.A serve a dual purposeB should be avoided as much as possibleC reflect the values of the communityD are designed to promote the child's happiness该问题分值: 2答案:CMore than half of all Jews married in U. S. since 1990 have wed people who aren't Jewish. Nearly 480, 000 American children under the age of ten have one Jewish and one non-Jewish parent. And, if a survey compiled by researchers at the University of California at Los Angeles is any indication, it's almost certain that most of these children will not identify themselves as "Jewish" when they get older.That survey asked college freshmen, who are usually around age 18, about their own and their parents' religious identities. Ninety-three percent of those with two Jewish parents said they thought of themselves as Jewish. But when the father wasn't Jewish, the number dropped to 38 percent, and when the mother wasn't Jewish, just 15 percent of the students said they were Jewish, too."I think what was surprising was just how low the Jewish identification was in these mixed marriage families." Linda Sax is a professor of education at UCLA. She directed the survey which was conducted over the course of more than a decade and wasn't actually about religious identity specifically. But Professor Sax says the answers to questions about religion were particularly striking, and deserve a more detailed study. She says it's obvious that interfaith marriage works against the development of Jewish identity among children, but says it's not clear at this point why that's the case. "This new study is necessary to get more in-depth about their feelings about their religion. That's something that the study that I completed was not able to do. We didn't have information on how they feel about their religion, whether they have any concern about their issues of identification, how comfortable they feel about their lifelong goals. I think the new study's going to cover some of that," she says.Jay Rubin is executive director of Hillel, a national organization that works with Jewish college students. Mr. Rubin says Judaism is more than a religion, it's an experience. And with that in mind, Hillel has commissioned a study of Jewish attitudes towards Judaism. Researchers will concentrate primarily on young adults, those with two Jewish parents, and those with just one, those who see themselves as Jewish, and those who do not. Jay Rubin says Hillel will then use this study to formulate a strategy for making Judaism more relevant to the next generation of American Jews.31.The best title of this passage is ______.A Jewish and Non-Jewish in AmericanB Jewish Identity in AmericaC Judaism--a Religion?D College Jewish Students该问题分值: 2答案:B32.Among the freshmen at UCLA ______ thought themselves as Jewish.A mostB 93% of those whose parents were both JewishC 62% of those only whose father were JewishD 15% of those only whose mother were Jewish该问题分值: 2答案:B33.The phrase "interfaith marriage" in the Paragraph 3 refers to the ______.A marriage of people based on mutual beliefB marriage of people for the common faithC marriage of people of different religious faithsD marriage of people who have faith in each other该问题分值: 2答案:C34.Which of the following statements is NOT true about professor Sax's research?A The research indicates that most students with only one Jewish parent will not think themselves as JewisB The survey was carried out among Jewish FreshmeC The research survey didn't find out what and how these Jewish students think about their religioD The research presents a new perspective for the future stud该问题分值: 2答案:B35.Which of the following is true according to the last paragraph?A M Rubin is the founder of HilleB M Rubin thinks that Judaism is not a religion and it's an experiencC Hillel is an organization concerned with Jewish college students in the worlD Hillel has asked certain people to carry out a study about Jewish attitudestowards Judais该问题分值: 2答案:BEach year, millions of people in Bangladesh drink ground water that has been polluted by naturally high levels of arsenic poison. Finding safe drinking water in that country can be a problem. However, International Development Enterprises has a low-cost answer. This nongovernmental organization has developed technology to harvest rainwater.People around the world have been harvesting rainwater for centuries. It is a safe, dependable source of drinking water. Unlike ground water, rainwater contains no minerals or salts and is free of chemical treatments. Best of all, it is free.The rainwater harvesting system created by International Development Enterprises uses pipes to collect water from the tops of buildings. The pipes stretch from the buildings to a two-meter tall storage tank made of metal. At the top of the tank is a so-called "first-flush" device made of wire screen. This barrier prevents dirt and leaves in the water from falling inside the tank.A fitted cover sits over the "first-flush" device. It protects the water inside the tank from evaporating. The cover also prevents mosquito insects from laying eggs in the water.Inside the tank is a low cost plastic bag that collects the water. The bag sits inside another plastic bag similar to those used to hold grains. The two bags are supported inside the metal tank. All total, the water storage system can hold up to three-thousand-five-hundred liters of water. International Development Enterprises says the inner bags may need to be replaced every two to three years. However, if the bags are not damaged by sunlight, they could last even longer.International Development Enterprises says the water harvesting system should be built on a raised structure to prevent insects from eating into it at the bottom. The total cost to build this rainwater harvesting system is about forty dollars. However, International Development Enterprises expects the price to drop over time. The group says one tank can provide a family of five with enough rainwater to survivea five-month dry season.36.People in Bangladesh can use ______ as a safe source of drinking water.A ground waterB rainwaterC drinking waterD fresh water该问题分值: 2答案:B37.Which of the following contributes to the low-cost of using rainwater?A Rainwater is free of chemical treatmentB People have been harvesting rainwater for centurieC The water harvesting system is built on a platforD Rainwater can be collected using pipe该问题分值: 2答案:D38.Which of the following actually prevents dirt and leaves from falling inside the tank?A a barrierB a wire screenC a first-flushD a storage tank该问题分值: 2答案:C39.The bags used to hold water are likely to be damaged by ______.A mosquito insectsB a fitted coverC a first-flush deviceD sunlight该问题分值: 2答案:D40.What should be done to prevent insects from eating into the water harvesting system at the bottom?A The two bags holding the water should be put inside the metal tanB The inner bags need to be replaced every two yearC The water harvesting system should be built on a platforD A cover should be used to prevent insects from eating i该问题分值: 2答案:CPart Ⅲ ClozeDirections: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.For the people who have never traveled across the Atlantic the voyage is a fantasy. But for the people who cross it frequently one crossing of the Atlantic is very much like another, and they do not make the voyage for the (41) of its interest. Most of us are quite happy when we feel (42) to go to bed and pleased when the journey (43) . On the first night this time I felt especially lazy and went to bed (44) earlier than Usual. When I (45) my cabin, I wassurprised (46) that I was to have a companion during my trip, which made me feel a little unhappy. I had expected (47) but there was a suitcase (48) mine in the opposite corner. I wondered who he could be and what he would be like. Soon afterwards he came in. He was the sort of man you might meet (49) , except that he was wearing (50) good clothes that I made up my mind that we would not (51) whoever he was and did not say (52) . As I had expected, he did not talk to me either but went to bed immediately.I suppose I slept for several hours because when I woke up it was already the middle of the night. I felt cold but covered (53) as well as I could and tried to go back to sleep. Then I realized that a (54) was coming from somewhere.I thought perhaps I had forgotten (55) the door, so I got up (56) the door but found it already locked from the inside. The cold air was coming from the window opposite. I crossed the room and (57) , the moon shone through it on to the other bed. (58) there. It took me a minute or two to (59) the door myself.I realized that my companion (60) through the window into the sea.41.该问题分值: 1答案:D42.该问题分值: 1答案:A43.该问题分值: 1答案:C44.该问题分值: 1答案:A45.该问题分值: 1答案:A46.该问题分值: 1 答案:D47.该问题分值: 1 答案:D48.该问题分值: 1 答案:A49.该问题分值: 1 答案:D50.该问题分值: 1 答案:D51.该问题分值: 1 答案:C52.该问题分值: 1 答案:C53.该问题分值: 1 答案:B54.该问题分值: 1 答案:A55.该问题分值: 1 答案:A56.该问题分值: 1 答案:A57.该问题分值: 1 答案:B58.该问题分值: 1 答案:B59.该问题分值: 1 答案:D60.该问题分值: 1答案:CPart ⅣWritingDirections: In this part, you are asked to write a composition on the title of "Effect of Research Event on My Late Life and Work" with no less than 200 English words. Your composition should be based on the following outline given in Chinese. Put your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.1.1．在科研和学习中使我最难忘的一件事是 ______。
清华大学考博英语阅读题及其解析
清华大学考博英语阅读题及其解析Being a man has always been dangerous.There are about105malesborn for every100females,but this ratio drops to near balance atthe age of maturity,and among70-year-olds there are twice as manywomen as men.But the great universal of male mortality is beingchanged.Now,boy babies survive almost as well as girls do.This meansthat,for the first time,there will be an excess of boys in thosecrucial years when they are searching for a mate.More important,another chance for natural selection has been removed.Fifty yearsago,the chance of a baby(particularly a boy baby)surviving dependedon its weight.A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certaindeath.Today it makes almost no difference.Since much of the Gengduo yuan xiao zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zixun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xunqq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi variation is due to genes,one moreagent of evolution has gone.There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide:stay alive,but have fewer children.Few people are as fertile as in the past.Except in some religious communities,very few women have15children.Nowadays the number of births,like the age of death,has becomeaverage.Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring.Again,differences between people and the opportunity for natural selectionto take advantage of it have diminished.India shows what is happening.The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and povertyfor the remaining tribal peoples.The grand mediocrity of today―everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring means that natural selection has lost80%of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.For us,this means that evolution is over;the biological Utopia has arrived.Strangely,it has involved little physical change.No other species fills so many places in nature.But in the past100,000 years—even the past100years—our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not.We did not evolve,because machines and society did it for us.Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution:“they look at an organic being as average looks at a ship,as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.”No doubt we will remember a20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness.But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were,they will look just like us.15.What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?[A]A lack of mates.[B]A fierce competition.[C]A lower survival rate.[D]A defective gene.16.What does the example of India illustrate?[A]Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.[B]Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.[C]The middle class population is80%smaller than that of the tribes.[D]India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.17.The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because____.[A]life has been improved by technological advance[B]the number of female babies has been declining[C]our species has reached the highest stage of evolution[D]the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing18.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?[A]Sex Ration Changes in Human Evolution[B]Ways of Continuing Man's Evolution[C]The Evolutionary Future of Nature[D]Human Evolution Going Nowhere名师解析15.What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?根据第一段，做男人以前有什么危险?[A]A lack of mates.缺少配偶。
清华大学2007年考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
清华大学2007年考博英语真题及详解Part One Listening Comprehension(15points)Section OneDirections:In this section you will hear a talk about some language problems you may encounter while in the United States.The speaker will mainly talk about five problems.Listen to the recording and write down the five problems.Make your answers as brief as possible.You will hear the recording twice.Topic:language problems you may encounter in the United states1.2.3.4.5.【答案】1.You might not understand the different local accents right away.2.The Americans might not understand you because of your different accent and vocabulary.3.You might need time to completely understand the slang widely used in their speech.4.You may have trouble adapting to and understanding the American way of humor.5.You might not know all the abbreviations and technical terms used in your studyprogram or workplace.【录音原文】Speaking a foreign language in a classroom is one thing.But living in a society where you will have to use this language on a daily basis is completely different.So here are some language problems you may encounter while in the United States.You know you might not understand the local accent right away.Regional accents vary greatly.In a group of people from all over the US,Americans can usually pick out who is from Boston,New York,the Middle West or the south just by the way they speak.So give yourself some time to get used to the local accent and in time you will probably find yourself speaking in the same way.You know Americans might not understand you right away.You also have your own accent and you might use different vocabulary.So try to speak slowly at first to make sure you are understood.Don’t be shy.Ask others to speak slowly if you have trouble understanding them.Americans use a lot of slang in their speech.Their languages are very colorful and full of imagery and it might take you some time to completely understand it.You know humor is also an important part of American English.Some of the international students have a little trouble adapting to this informal style of conversation.And they also have trouble understanding whether the person they are speaking with is being serious or not.This,however,should be interpreted as a sign of friendliness rather than a show of disrespect.You know you might not know all of the abbreviations and technical terms used in your study program or workplace.Terms such as“poli sci”for political science,“dorms”for dormitories,or“TA”for teaching assistant,are just a few examples of campus slang you will encounter.The abbreviation is often the first syllable of the word or,if two or more words are together,their initials.If you don’t understand a word or an abbreviation,simply ask the meaning.You should give yourself time to adapt to the language and don’t hesitate to ask people to repeat what they have said,speak slowly,or to explain what they mean.It will be wise to carry a small dictionary with you in case of an emergency. Most importantly,don’t be afraid to make mistakes.This will all be a part of your learning experience.Section TwoDirections:In this section you will hear a lecture by a journalism professor.Listen to the recording and take notes to fill in the outline below.You will hear the recording twice.Main Idea:Government regulation of television has had limited success and will continue to be a challenge in the future.Original problems/reasons for regulation:-watching TV violence leads to violent behavior-6-7Solutions:Telecommunications ActTV industry responsibility:ratings system-8-9Manufacturer responsibility:V-chips-10-11Continuing problems:V-chips-12-13Ratings system-14-15【答案】6.American children watch too much violent shows on TV7.many people demand violent shows to decrease ratings of different signs means it suitable for different audience9.The FCC controls TV ratings10.V-chips allow parents to block inappropriate program11.The FCC regulates and monitors V-chips12.People seldom use V-chips,and it is easy to undo the block industry regards V-chip as an excuse to release inappropriate program14.Movie ratings don’t work as effective as for TV15.No box office,no intermediary point to check.【录音原文】Hello everyone.Ok,so,today we are going to continue our discussion of media censorship by looking at television.Since government regulation of television is fairly new in the United States, there is still plenty of debate about whether or not regulation should exist and how effective it is.Concerned about the effects of TV on children have existed,well, almost since the birth of television.Most researches show watching violent TV shows often leads to more violent behaviors in children.Now one study proves that the average American child will have watched8000murders on television by the age of12.It is no wonder then that many people believe that the amount of violent shows on TV should be decreased.OK,now in1996,congress responded to these concerns by passing the Telecommunications Act.This law ordered the TV industry to establish a rating system based on the system used to rate movies.The TV ratings are those signs on your screen that related to about program content.You see them,right?Like,for instance,TV14means parents strongly cautioned.The content maybe unsuitable for viewers under the age of14or TV MA means matured audience only.And details about the content released to as S for sex,V for violence,L for language,you get the idea.The FCC,the FederalCommunications Commission is the government agency that controls the TV ratings and issues defines when net work program with inappropriate content.Now the Telecommunications Act also require TV manufactures to install blocking devices on all new sets.These blocking devices are called V-chips,violence chips.And what they do is they allow parents to program the TV to block out inappropriate channels or programs.The FCC regulates and monitors these V-chips too,by the way.So the question is,has the Telecommunications Act lived up to its goals of cleaning up television programming,or the answer is mixed depending on which side of debate you are on.Ok,now on one side,parents,educators and religious leaders complain that V-chips have been ineffective.Most Americans don’t even know their TV as a V-chip.Most people don’t use them.And when they do,many children find it easy to undo the blocking.And parents and others complain the children can still see sex and violence on TV at all hours.And on the other side,the TV industry which opposed the V-chips when they first came out,they have been promoting it stations are probably reacting to the FCC’s clamping down,and issuing huge fines for recent violations.But you know the net work response isn’t as noble as you might have seen.I mean,after all,V-chip gives TV stations an excuse to offer any kind of program they want.And they can just say:“oh well,look,if you don’t like your program,just use your ratings have been more effective than V-chips.But even Richard Helphner,the creator of the movie ratings system,he warns that ratings don’t work as well as for TVs as for the movies,because there is。
清华大学考博英语真题及答案详解
Part I Vocabulary (20%)Directions: There are forty incomplete sentences in this part For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one that completes the sentence, and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1. The European Union countries, were once worried that they would not have suppliesof petroleum.A. sufficientB. efficient C potential D. proficient2. We'd like to a table for five for dinner this evening.A. preserveB. reserveC. sustainD. retain3. Britain has the highest of road traffic in the world-over 60 cars for every mile ofroad.A. popularityB. prosperityC. intensityD. density4. I would never have a court of law if I hadn’t been so desperate.A. sought forB. accounted forC. turned upD. restored to5. The energy by the chain reaction is transformed into heat.A. transferredB. releasedC. conveyedD. delivered6. It is required that during the process, great care has to be taken to protect the silkfrom damage.A. sensitiveB. sensible C tender D. delicate7. To our , Geoffrey’s illne ss proved not to be as serious as we had feared.A. reliefB. viewC. anxietyD. judgment8. The government will take some action to the two big quarreling companies.A. jigsawB. jotC. impulseD. reconcile9. As automation became popular in most factories, labor was made ♦A. disincentiveB. redundantC. diverseD. discontent10. They have her unreasonable request for her annual salary.A. destinedB. chordedC. repelledD. commenced11. When you prepare for your speech, be sure to cite qualified sources of informationand examples.A. unbiasedB. manipulatedC. distortedD. conveyed12. It is apparent that winning the scholarship is o f one's intelligence in the field ofphysics.A. parallelismB. alliterationC. testimonyD. rhythm13. In court he repeated his that he was not guilty in front of the jury.A. impressionsB. alliterationsC. clausesD. assertions14. Shopping malls have some advantage in suffering from shorter periods of business.A. staleB. slackC. ferrousD. abundant5. According to the Geneva n o prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. RoutinesBefore the general election many senior citizens signed the against the spreading ofnuclear arms.A. contractB. petitionC. supplicationD. potential7. Scientists believe that there is not enough oxygen in the Moon’s atmosphere to plant life.A. adaptB. personalizeC. sustain D, describeI can’t remember exactly what triggered the explosion but it was pretty .A. estimatingB. devastatingC. reprocessingD. preferringThe industry has pumped amounts of money into political campaigns, making itless and less likely that politicians will deal with the issue sensibly.A. potentialB. substantialC. massiveD. traditional20. I was entrusted to to a newspaper article making predictions for the New Year.A. contributeB. detractC. convertD. entail21. After 1989, the external vanished, but the danger to American civilization remained.A. disruption B, menace C. liability D, emergence22. The government is trying to help these enterprises out of the by various means.A. flightB. plight C delight D. twilight23. An archaeologist has to pay much attention to details of an unearthed object.A. miserableB. minusC. minuteD. moist24. The girl her tab lemate’s arm to see if she was fast asleep at class.A. pinchedB. punchedC. pitchedD. preached25. Most of the local people involved in the affair have been and dismissed.A. smuggledB. prosecutedC. salutedD. thrived26. I can respect someone who is f or their actions, but I cannot respect someone who is always pointing the finger.A. millenniumB. dominantC. accountableD. commercial27. All the products made in China are sold and distributed in with the U.S. Export Administration Regulations and also local country rules.A. complianceB. prosperityC. merchandise D‘ intersection28. One of the main reasons is that the university’s attracts students and faculty staff all over the world.A. fraudB. respondentC. misconductD. prestige29. Even though the investigation has been going on for two months, the police have no further details about the accident.A. comprisedB. formulatedC. releasedD. incorporated30. They want to stimulate economic growth in the region by offering to foreign investors.A. incentivesB. abundancesC. warriorsD. outnumbers31. Why be about that old coat? There’s no point in keeping it just because you were wearing it when you first met me.A. sensitiveB. sensibleC. sentimental D, sensational32. and hard work are the cornerstones of this company.A. MutilationB. InnovationC. EmpireD. Strength33. The protests were part of their against the proposed building development in the area.A. commissionB. commitmentC. conventionD. campaign34. Some people seem to on the pressure of working under a deadline.A. render B- evolve C. prevail D. thrive35. These changes have not been sufficient to the losses.A. stemB. stimulate C cause D. compensate36. Psychologists believe that children are easily influenced by their .A. conditionsB. combinations C, peersD. granaries37. Several for global warming have been suggested by climate researchers.A. systemsB. sentences C fallacies D. hypotheses38. These natural resources will be sooner or later if the present rate of exploitation continues.A, depleted B. deployed C. inclined D. mingled39. The military operations yesterday were targeted at the military installations.A. propelledB. commencedC. plaguedD. modulated40. Artificial intelligence deals partly with the between the computer and the human brain.A. profile B- mighty C. analogy D, leakagePart II Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: In this part of the test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer from the four choices given and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneThere are over 6,000 different computer and online games in the world now. A segment of them are considered to be both educational and harmlessly entertaining. One such game teaches geography, and another trains pilots. Others train the player in logical thinking and problem solving. Some games may also help young people to become more computer literate, which is more important in this technology-driven era.But the dark side of the computer games has become more and more obvious. “A segment of games features anti-social themes of violence, sex and crude language，，，says David Walsh, president of the National Institute on Media and Family. “Unfortunately，it’s a segment that seems particularly popular with kids aged eight to fifteen.，，One study showed that almost 80 percent of the computer and online games young people preferred contained violence. The investigators said * These are not just games anymore. These are learning machines. We’re teaching kids in the most incredible manner wh at it，s like to pull the trigger. What they are not learning are the real-life consequences.”They also sa id “The new and more sophisticated games are even worse, because they have better graphics and allow the player to participate in even more realistic violent acts.” In the game Carmageddon, for example, the player will have driven over and killed up to 33,OCX) people by the time all levels are completed. A description of the outcome of the game says: “Your victims not only squish under your tires and splatter blood on the windshield. They also get on their knees and beg for mercy, or commit suidde. If you like, you can also dismember them.”Is all this simulated violence harmful? Approximately 3,000 different studies have been conducted on this subject. Many have suggested that there is a connection between violence in games and increased aggressiveness in the players.Some specialists downplay the influence of the games, saying that other factors must be taken into consideration, such as the possibility that kids who already have violent tendencies are choosing such games. But could it be that violent games still play a contributing role? It seemsunrealistic to insist that people are not influenced by what they see. If that were true, why would the commercial world spend billions of dollars annually for television advertising?41. Which of the following computer games are NOT mentioned as educational and harmlessly entertaining?A. Those that teach how to fly an airplane.B. Those that teach the features of the earth.C Those that help people use computer language.D. Those that teach computer technology.42. According to the investigators, .A. the new and more sophisticated games allow the players to take part in real violent actsB. the new and more sophisticated games teach the players how to kill other peopleC. most computer and online games make the players forget the real life resultsD. most computer and online games may cultivate young people with bad manners43. It can be inferred from the passage that .A. more and more young people enjoy cruel computer gamesB- it is hard to find evidence of a link between violence and computer gamesC. there are now more incidents of violence due to computer gamesD. simulated violence in computer games is different from real violence44. The author uses “television advertising” as an example to show that•A. the commercial world is contributing to the increased violence in real lifeB. computer and online games are not the only cause of increased violence in real lifeC. there is a close link between computer games and increased violence in real lifeD. other factors must be considered as possible causes of violence in real lifePassage TwoThe collapse of the Earth’s magnetic field—which guards the planet and guides many of its creatures—appears to have started seriously about 150 years ago, the New York Times reported last week.The field’s strength has decreased by 10 or 15 percent so far and this has increased the debate over whether it signals a reversal of the planet’s lines of magnetic force*During a reversal，the main field weakens, almost vanishes, and reappears with opposite polarity (极）•The transition would take thousands of years. Once completed, compass needles that had pointed north would point south. A reversal could cause problems for both man and animals. Astronauts and satellites would have difficulties. Birds, fish and anintals that rely on the inagnetic field for navigation would find migration confusing. But experts said the effects would not be a big disaster, despite daims of doom and vague evidence of links between past field reversals and species extinctions.Although a total transition may be hundreds or thousands of years away, the rapid decline in magnetic strength is already affecting satellites. Last month, the European Space Agency approved the world’s largest effort at tracking the field’s shifts. A grou p of new satellites, called Swarm, is to monitor the collapsing field with far greater precision. “We want to get some idea * of how this would evolve in the near future, just like people trying to predict the weather，，，said Gauthier Hulot, a French geophysicist working on the satellite plan. “I，m personally quite convinced we should be able to work out the first predictions by the end of the mission.”No matter what the new findings, the public has no reason to panic. Even if a transition is comingon its way, it might take 2,000 years to mature. The last one took place 780,000 years ago，when early humans were learning how to make stone tools. Deep inside the Earth flow hot currents of melted iron. This mechanical energy creates electromagnetism. This process is known as the geophysical generator. In a car’s generator, the same principle turns mechanical energy into electricity.No one knows precisely why the field periodically reverses. But scientists say the responsibility probably lies with changes in the disorderly flows of melted iron, which they see as similar to the gases that make up the clouds of Jupiter.45. According to the passage, the Earth’s magnetic field has•A, misguided many a man and animalB. begun to change in the opposite direction C caused the changes on the polaritiesD. been weakening in strength for a long time46. During the transition of the Earth’s magnetic field*A. the compass will become uselessB. man and animals will be confused in directionsC. the magnetic strength of the Earth will disappearD. the magnetic strength of the Earth will be stronger47. The author says '. the public has no reason to panic” because•A. the transition is still thousands of years from nowB. the transition can be precisely predicted by scientistsC. the process of the transition will take a very long time to finishD. the new transition will come 780,000 years from now48. The cause of the transition of tiKe Earth、magnetic field comes from .A. the movement deep inside the EarthB. the periodical reverses of the Earth C the force coming from outer space D. the mechanical movement of the EarthPassage ThreeThe terrorist attacks in London Thursday served as a jarring reminder that in today’s world, you never know what you might see when you pick up the newspaper or turn on the TV. Disturbing images of terror can trigger a visceral response no matter how close ox far away from home tihe event happened.Throughout history, every military conflict has involved psychological warfare in one way or another as the enemy sought to break the morale of their opponent. But thanks to advances in technology, the popularity of the Internet, and proliferation of news coverage, the rules of engagement in this type of mental battle have changed.Whether it’s a massive attack or a single horrific act, the effects of psychological warfare aren’t limited to the physical damage inflicted. Instead, the goal of these attacks is to instill a sense of fear that is much greater than the actual threat itself.Therefore, the impact of psychological terror depends largely on how the acts are publicized and interpreted. But that also means there are ways to defend yourself and your loved ones by putting these fears into perspective and protecting your children from horrific images.What Is Psychological Terror? “The use of terrorism as a tactic is predicated upon inducing a climate of fear that is incommensurate with the actual threat，’，says Middle Eastern historian Richard Buliiet of Columbia University. uEvery time you have an act of violence, publicizing that violence becomes an important part of the act itself.”‘There are various ways to have your impact. You can have your impact by the magnitude of what you do, by the symbolic character of target，or the horrific quality of what you do to a single person，，，Buliiet tells WebMD. “The point is that it isn’t what you do, but ifs how it，s covered that determines the effect”For example, Buliiet says the Iranian hostage crisis, which began in 1979 and lasted for 444 days, was actually one of the most harmless things that happened in the Middle East in the last 25 years. All of the U.S. hostages were eventually released unharmed，but the event remains a psychological scar for many Americans who watched helplessly as each evening’s newscast counted the days the hostages were being held captive.Buliiet says terrorists frequently exploit images of a group of masked individuals exerting total power over their captives to send the message that the act is a collective demonstration of the group’s power rather than an individual cmninal act. “You don’t have the notion that a certain person has taken a hostage. It’s an image of group power, and the force becomes generalized rather than personalized，”says Buliiet. ‘The randomness and the ubiquity of the threat give the impression of vastly greater capacities•，’Psychiatrist Ansar Haroun, who served in the U.S. Army Reserves in the first Gulf War and more recently in Afghanistan，says that terrorist groups often resort to psychological warfare because it’s tihe only tactic they have available to them. “They don’t have M-16s, and we have M-16S. They don’t have the mighty military power that we have，and they only have access to things like kidnapping，，，says Haroun, who is also a clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego.“In psychological warfare，even one beheading can have the psychological impact that might be associated with killing 1,000 of the enemy，”Haroun tells WebMD. ‘"You haven’t really harmed the enemy very much by killing one person on the other side. But in terms of inspiring fear, anxiety, terror, and making us all feel bad, you’ve achieved a lot of demoralization,”49. Which of the following statement is NOT among the reasons that change the rules of psychological warfare?A. Break the morale of their opponent.B. Advances in technology.C. The popularity of the Internet,D. Prosperity of media.50. According to Richard Bulliet, why does “publicizing an act of violence becom es animportant part of terrorism itself’？A. Because psychological terrorism is a tactic.B. Because terrorism depends on a climate of fear rather than on the actual threat.C. Because the use of terrorism is to inspire fear that is more destructive than the actual threat.D‘ Because publicizing the violence can make more people know the actual threat.51. The Iranian hostage crisis shows that .A. the impact of psychological terror relies largely on how the acts are publicizedB. there are various ways to have the impact of psychological terrorC. the American media is effectiveD. the ways determines the effect52. The randomness and the ubiquity of the terrorist acts bring to the public the impressionthat •A. the terrorists are exerting total power over their captivesB. the threat is a collective demonstration of the group’s powerC. the terrorists are powerful and pervasiveD. the force becomes generalized rather than personalizedPassage FourIn a year marked by uncertainty and upheaval, officials at New Orleans universities that draw applicants nationwide are not following the usual rules of thumb when it comes to college admissions. The only sure bet, they say, is that this fall’s entering classes—the first since Katrina—will be smaller than usual.In typical years, most college admissions officials can predict fairly accurately by this point in the admissions cycle how many high school seniors will commit to enrolling in their institutions. Many of the most selective schools require students—who increasingly are applying to multiple institutions—to make their choices by May 1. Loyola University, whose trustees will vote May 19 on whether to drop several degree programs and eliminate 17 faculty positions, received fewer applications—about 2,900 to date, compared with 3,500 in recent years. The school hopes to enroll 700 freshmen, down from 850 in the past few years. Historically black Dillard University, which is operating out of a hotel and was forced to cancel its annual March open house, also saw drops, as did Xavier University, a historically black Catholic institution that fell behind its recruitment schedule. Dillard won’t release numbers’ but spokeswoman Maureen Larkins says applications were down and enrollments are expected to be lower than in the past. Xavier admissions dean Winston Brown says its applicant pool fell by about half of last year’s record 1,014; he hopes to enroll 500 freshmen.In contrast, Tulane University, which is the most selective of the four and developed an aggressive recruitment schedule after the hurricane, enjoyed an 11% increase in applications this year, to a record 20,715. Even so, officials predict that fewer admitted students will enroll and are projecting a smaller-than-usual freshman class—1,400, compared with a more typical 1,600. Tulane officials announced in December that they would eliminate some departments and faculty positions.Like Tulane, other schools are taking extra steps this year to woo admitted students, often by enlisting help from alumni around the country and reaching out to students with more e-mails, phone calls or Web-based interactions such as blogs. In addition, Loyola is relaxing deadlines, sweetening the pot with larger scholarships and freezing tuition at last year’s level. Dillard, too, is freezing tuition. It，s also hosting town meetings in target cities and regions nationwide, and moved its academic calendar back from August to mid-September “to avert the majority of the hurricane season，”Larkins says. Xavier extended its application deadline and stepped up its one-on-one contact with accepted students. And Tulane, among other tihings, has doubled the number of on-campus programs for accepted students and hosted a community service weekend program.While the schools expect applicants to be apprehensive, the admissions officials also see encouraging signs of purposefulness among applicants, “A lot of students who are choosing to come to this city (are) saying, ‘I want to be a part of (the action)，，，，says Stieffel, noting that Loyola’s transfer applications were up 30%. And while applications to Xavier are down, Brown is betting that students who do apply are serious. “The ones who are applying, we feel, are more likely to come，，，he says.53. It can be inferred from the passage that .A. many of the students require smaller classes than usual in the institutionsB. most college admissions officials cannot predict how many students will commit to enrolling in their institutions by May 1 this yearC many of the students are increasingly applying to multiple institutions to make theirchoices by May 1 this yearD. in typical years, most colleges require students to apply and commit to theirinstitutions54. The following statements are false other than ♦A* Tulane University also saw drops in application this yearB. Xavier University, as a historically black Catholic institution, fell behind the recruitment schedule of Dillard UniversityC. Xavier University dean Winston Brown says the total number that he hopes to enroll is about 1,500 freshmenD. Loyola University will vote on whether to eliminate 17 faculty positions due to receiving fewer applications of students55. In order to attract applicants, Loyola University and Dillard University are ,A. reducing the tuition respectivelyB. hosting meetingsC. increasing the scholarships respectivelyD. extending the application deadline56. The passage mainly concentrates on the subject of .A. the drops of the applicants of the universitiesB. the dilemma of the admission officialsC. the usual rules of college admissionsD. the effects of the hurricanesPassage FiveThe difference between avian flu and human flu that should be commanding our rapt attention today is that avian influenza, specifically the H5N1 strain known as bird flu, threatens to become the young people's plague. And it is a growing contender to cause a devastating worldwide pandemic in the next few years.We are too used to thinking of flu as an annual annoyance that kills only the frail and elderly. But that just isn't the case for H5N1. With a mortality rate of over 50 percent, this bird flu has killed over 110 people, striking the young and able-bodied the hardest. Its victims cluster predominantly among 5-to-30-year-old, a pattern that has held up in the 34 known to have died from bird flu so far this year.This vulnerability may stem from the robust and fast-responding immune systems of the young. The victims overreact to the alien virus, triggering a massive immune response called a cytokine storm, turning healthy lungs into a sodden mass of dying tissues congested with blood, toxic fluid, and rampaging inflammatory cells. As air spaces choke off, the body loses oxygen and other organs fail.Scientists have recently shown that H5N1 has ominous parallels with the devastating 1918 flupandemic, which also jumped directly to humans from birds and disproportionately attacked the young and the strong. With a pattern highly suggestive of a cytokine storm, death sometimes came within just hours，turning many World War I troop ships into death ships.Now imagine hundreds of thousands of young people laboring on respirators, or lying alone in corridors and makeshift hospital rooms, too sick to be helped when the supply of beds, equipment, and trained staff run out. Seem like hype? Not to the medical experts who discussed these scenarios during last week’s US. News Health Summit on emergency preparedness.This picture puts a face on the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ projections that, if H5N1 mutates into a readily human-transmissible from 209,000 to 1.9 million Americans could die. Part of our readiness thinking should be to heed the blunt words of HHS Secretary Michael Leavitt at the summit: Any family or community that fails to prepare for the worst, with the expectation that the federal or state government will come to the rescue，will be “tragically wrong/5 In a pandemic, the govemmenfs medical resources will be stretched thin, and it won’t be able to guarantee first-line help to any hometown, local hospital, or college campus. Even the national stockpile of Tamiflu，the antiviral that is the best we have to prevent or lessen the impact of the illness, has its limits. If a college student is hospitalized with a possible H5N1 infection, the feds will provide drugs. But they will not make it available to fend off the virus in the many others who may have come in dose contact with the infected student. In the existing federal guidance on H5N1, the young and healthy fall into the lowest-priority group for antiviral drugs and vaccines. Student health centers or other providers had better scrounge up their own stockpiles. Containing possible outbreaks on college campuses may be all but impossible. Social distancing—avoiding close contact with other people with air kisses instead of smooches, or even by donning masks and gloves—will be tough to enforce.The threat poses a uniquely difficult challenge. In the best of all scenarios, the virus will lose its fury and leave in its wake a new culture of individual and community preparedness. But we need to get ready now, and not for the best scenario but for the worst.57. The difference between avian flu and human flu is that .A. the avian flu should be commanding our rapt attentionB. the avian flu mainly threatens the young peopleC. the avian flu is to cause a devastating worldwide pandemic in the next few yearsD. the avian flu is an annual annoyance that kills only the frail and elderly58. The reason that bird flu strikes the young and able-bodied the hardest may be .A. the body loses oxygen and other organs failB. a sodden mass of dying tissuesC. the enthusiastic immune systems of the youngD. the overreaction of blood, toxic fluid, and rampaging inflammatory cells59. According to the author, which is the best source that college students can rely upon if there are outbreaks of bird flu on college campuses?A. The national stockpile of Tamifu,B. The govemmenfs medical resources.C. Drugs provided by the feds.D. The stockpile of the students health centers.60. We can learn from the passage that ,A. it is impossible that bird flu outbreaks on college campuses。
清华大学考博英语-4.doc
清华大学考博英语-4(总分：134.50，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Vocabulary(总题数：10，分数：7.50)1.The child should always ______ the same basic procedure: seeing the whole word-hearing and pronouncing-writing from memory.（分数：1.00）A.go throughB.take overC.respond toD.carry off2.The government decided to take a______action to strengthen the market management.（分数：0.50）A.diverseB.durableC.epidemicD.drastic3.They need to move to new and large apartments. Do you know of any______ones in this area?（分数：0.50）A.evacuatedB.emptyC.vacantD.vacate4.He told a story about his sister who was in a sad ______ when she was ill and had no money.（分数：1.00）A.plightB.polarizationC.plagueD.pigment5.Her talk at the seminar clearly______from the topic the supervisor expected in the field of sociology.（分数：0.50）A.alternatedB.amplifiedC.designatedD.diverged6.In the new shark repellent method, an insulated cable is buried on the bottom of the sea arounda beach from which people swim.（分数：1.00）A.frighteningB.resistingC.protectiveD.raising7.Nobody knew how he came up with this ______ idea about the trip.（分数：1.00）A.wearyB.twilightC.unanimousD.weird8.Some people seem to______on the pressure of working under a deadline.（分数：0.50）A.renderB.evolveC.prevailD.thrive9.The industry has pumped______amounts of money into political campaigns, making it less and less likely that politicians will deal with the issue sensibly.（分数：0.50）A.potentialB.substantialC.massiveD.traditional10.These melodious folk songs are generally ______ to Smith, a very important musician of the century.（分数：1.00）A.devotedB.contributedposedD.ascribed二、Part Ⅱ Reading Compr(总题数：5，分数：88.00)There are over 6,000 different computer and online games in the world now. A segment of them are considered to be both educational and harmlessly entertaining. One such game teaches geography and another trains pilots. Others train the player in logical thinking and literate, which is more important in this technology-driven era.But the dark side of the computer games has become more and more obvious. "A segment of games features anti-social themes of violence, sex and crude language," says David Walsh, president of the National Institute on Media and Family. "Unfortunately. It"s a segment that seems particularly popular with kids aged from eight to fifteen."One study showed that almost 90 percent of the computer and online games young people preferred contained violence. The investigators said, "There are not just games anymore. These are learning machines. We"re teaching kids in the most incredible manner what it"s like to pull the trigger. What they are not learning are the real-life consequences.They also said, "The new and more sophisticated games are even worse, because they have better graphics and allow the player to participate in even more realistic violent acts." In the game Carmageddon, for example, the player will have driven over and killed up to 33,000 people by the time all levels are compelled. A description of the outcome of the game says: "Your victims not only squish under your tires and splatter blood on the windshield, they also get on their knees and beg for mercy, or commit suicide. If you like, you can also dismember them."Is all this simulated violence harmful? Approximately 3,000 different studies have been conducted on this subject. Many have suggested that there is a connection between violence in games and increased aggressiveness in the players.Some specialists downplay the influence of the games, saying that other factors must be taken into consideration, such as the possibility that kids who already have violent tendencies are choosing such games. But could it be that violent games still play a contributing role? It seems unrealistic to insist that people are not influenced by what they see. If that were true, why would the commercial world spend billions of dollars annually for television advertising?（分数：8.00）(1).Which of the following computer games are NOT mentioned as educational and harmlessly entertaining?（分数：2.00）A.Those that teach how to fly an airplane.B.Those that teach the features of the earth.C.Those that help people use computer language.D.Those that teach computer technology.(2).According to the investigators,______（分数：2.00）A.the new and more sophisticated games allow the players to take parting real violent actsB.the new and more sophisticated games teach the players how to kill other peopleC.most computer and online games male the players forget the real life resultsD.most computer and online games may cultivate young people with bad manners(3).It can be inferred from the passage that______（分数：2.00）A.more and more young people enjoy cruel computer gamesB.it is hard to find evidence of a link between violence and computer gamesC.there are now more incidents of violence because of computer gamesD.simulated violence in computer games is different from real violence(4).The author uses" television advertising" as an example to show that______（分数：2.00）A.the commercial world is contributing to the increased violence in real lifeputer and online games are not the only cause of increased violence in real lifeC.there is little link between computer games and increased violence in real lifeD.other factors must be considered as possible causes of violence in real lifeWhere one stage of child development has been left out, or not sufficiently experienced, the child may have to go back and capture the experience of it. A good home makes this possible, for example by providing the opportunity for the child to play with a clockwork car or toy railway train up to any age if he still needs to do so. This principle, in fact, underlies all psychological treatment of children in difficulties with their development, and is the basis of work in child clinics.The beginnings of discipline are in the nursery. Even the youngest baby is taught by gradual stages to wait for food, to sleep and wake at regular intervals and so on. If the child feels the world around him is a warm and friendly one, he slowly accepts its rhythm and accustoms himself to conforming to its demands. Learning to wait for things, particularly for food, is a very important element in upbringing, and is achieved successfully only if too great demands are not made before the child can understand them.Every parent watches eagerly the child"s acquisition of each new skill--the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feeling of failure and states of anxiety in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural zest for life and his desire to find out new things for himself.Learning together is a fruit source of relationship between children and parents. By playing together, parents learn more about their children and children learn more from their parents. Toys and games which both parents and children can share are an important means of achieving this co-operation. Building-block toys, jigsaw puzzles and crossword are good examples.Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness or indulgence towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters, others are severe over times of coming home at night, punctuality for meals or personal cleanliness. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child"s own happiness and well-being.（分数：10.00）(1).The principle underlying all treatment of developmental difficulties in children ______.（分数：2.00）A.is to send them to clinicsB.offers recapture of earlier experiencesC.is in the provision of clockwork toys and trainsD.is to capture them before they are sufficiently experienced(2).The child in the nursery ______.（分数：2.00）A.quickly learns to wait for foodB.doesn"t initially sleep and wake at regular intervalsC.always accepts the rhythm of the world around himD.always feels the word around him is warm and friendly(3).The encouragement of children to achieve new skills ______.（分数：2.00）A.can never be taken too farB.should be left to school teachersC.will always assist their developmentD.should be balanced between two extremes(4).Jigsaw puzzles are ______.（分数：2.00）A.too difficult for childrenB.a kind of building-block toyC.not very entertaining for adultsD.suitable exercises for parent-child cooperation(5).Parental controls and discipline ______.（分数：2.00）A.serve a dual purposeB.should be avoided as much as possibleC.reflect the values of the communityD.are designed to promote the child"s happinessI have had just about enough of being treated like a second-class citizen, simply because I happen to be that put-upon member of society--a customer. The more I go into shops and hotels, banks and post offices, railway stations, airports and the like, the more I am convinced the things are being run solely to suit the firm, the system, or the union. There seems to be a deceptive new motto for so-called "service" organizations--Staff Before Service.How often, for example, have you queued for what seems like hours at the Post office or the supermarket because there were not enough staff on duty to man all the service grilles or checkout counters? Sure? in these days of high unemployment it must be possible to hire cashiers and counter staff. Yet supermarkets, hinting darkly at higher prices, claim that uncovering all their cash registers at any one time would increase overheads. And the Post office says we cannot expect all their service grilles to be occupied "at times when demand is low".It is the same with hotels. Because waiters and kitchen staff must finish when it suits them, dining rooms close earlier or menu choice is cut short. As for us guests, we just have to put up with it. There is also the nonsense of so many friendly hotel night porters having been thrown out of their jobs in the interests of "efficiency" (i. e. profits) and replaced by coin--eating machines which offer everything from lager to laxatives. Not to mention the creeping threat of the tea-making kit in your room: a kettle with a mixed collection of tea bags, plastic milk cartons and lump sugar. Who wants to wake up to a raw teabag? I do not, especially when I am paying for "service".Can it be stopped, this worsening of service, this growing attitude that the customer is always a nuisance? I angrily hope so because it is happening, sadly, in all walks of life.Our only hope is to hammer home our anger whenever and wherever we can and, if all else fails, bring back into practice that other, older slogan--Take Our Custom Elsewhere.（分数：50.00）(1).The writer feels that nowadays a customer ______（分数：10.00）A.deserves the lowest status in society.B.is unworthy of proper consideration.C.receives unexpected quality service.D.is the victim of some public services.(2).The writer argues that the quality of service is changing because ______（分数：10.00）A.customers" demands have radically changed.B.services provided never become consistent.C.the staff receive more consideration than customers.D.the staff are less considerate than their employers.(3).According to the writer, long queues at counters are caused by ______（分数：10.00）A.difficulties in hiring employees.B.deliberate understaffing.ck of cooperation between staff members.D.employers" irresponsibility.(4).Service organizations contend that keeping all checkout counters operated can result in ______（分数：10.00）A.demands by cashiers for a pay raise.B.insignificant benefits for the customers.C.a rise in the coat for providing service.D.needs to purchase expensive equipment.(5).The writer suggests that a customer ______（分数：10.00）A.put up with the rode manners of the staff.B.be patient when queuing before checkout counters.C.try to control his temper when ill-treated.D.go to other places where good service is available.Rubidium, potassium and carbon are three common elements used to date the history of Earth. The rates of radioactive decay of these elements are absolutely regular when averaged out over a period of time; nothing is known to change them. To be useful as clocks, the elements have to be fairly common in natural minerals, unstable but decay slowly over millions of years to form recognizable "daughter" products which are preserved minerals.For example, an atom of radioactive rubidium decays to form an atom of strontium (another element) by converting a neutron in its nucleus to a proton and releasing an electron, generating energy in the process. The radiogenic daughter products of the decay-in this case strontiumatoms--diffuse away and are lost above a certain very high temperature. So by measuring the exact proportions of rubidium and strontium atoms that are present in a mineral, researchers can work out how long it has been since the mineral cooled below that critical "blocking" temperature. The main problems with this dating method are the difficulty in finding minerals containing rubidium, the accuracy with which the proportions of rubidium and strontium are measured, and the fact that the method gives only the date when the mineral last cooled below the blocking temperature. Because the blocking temperature is very high, the method is used, mainly for recrystallized (igneous or metamorphic) rocks, not for sediments--rubidium-bearing minerals in sediments simply record the age of cooling of the rocks which were eroded to form the sediments, not the age of deposition of the sediments themselves.Potassium decays to form (a gas) which is sometimes lost from its host mineral by escaping through pores. Although potassium-argon dating is therefore rather unreliable, it can sometimes be useful in dating sedimentary rocks because potassium is common in some minerals which form in sediments at low temperatures. Assuming no argon has escaped, the potassium-argon date records the age of the sediments themselves.Carbon dating is mainly used in archaeology. Most carbon atoms (carbon-12) are stable and do not change over time. However, cosmic radiation bombarding the upper atmospheres constantly interacting with nitrogen in the atmosphere to create an unstable form of carbon, carbon-14.（分数：10.00）(1).What is the common feature of rubidium, potassium and carbon?（分数：2.00）A.They can be made into clocks.B.They are rich in content.C.Their decay is slow but regular.D.The products of their decay are the same.(2).What aspect of rubidium decay is useful for dating?（分数：2.00）A.The atom produced by the decay is above a certain point of temperature.B.The atom produced by the decay is easy to be detected at a cool temperature.C.The decay produced a. neutron and an electron.D.The decay is sensitive to the changes in temperature.(3).What is the limitation of the rubidium method?（分数：2.00）A.Rubidium is everywhere in the rock.B.Strontium atoms are hard to detect at the normal temperature.C.It cannot date sediments.D.It is time-consuming.(4).Which of the following is the major factor that affects the accuracy of potassium dating?（分数：2.00）A.the number of the mineral poresB.the number of missing argon atomsC.external temperatureD.mineral temperature(5).The underlined word "cosmic" in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to ______.（分数：2.00）A.radioactiveanicC.terrestrialD.universalToday"s college students are more narcissistic (自恋的) and self-centered than their predecessors, according to a comprehensive new study by five psychologists who worry that the trend could be harmful to personal relationships and American society."We need to stop endlessly repeating "You"re special" and having children repeat that back," said the study"s lead author, Professor Jean Twenge of San Diego State University. "Kids areself-centered enough already. Unfortunately, narcissism can also have very negative consequences for society, including the breakdown of close relationships with others," he said. The study asserts that narcissists "are more likely to have romantic relationships that are short-lived, at risk for infidelity, lack emotional warmth, and to exhibit game-playing, dishonesty, and over-controlling and violent behaviors". Twenge, the author of "Generation Me: Why Today"s Young Americans Are More Confident, Assertive, Entitled- and More Miserable Than Ever Before", said narcissists tend to lack empathy, react aggressively to criticism and favor self-promotion over helping others.Some analysts have commended today"s young people for increased commitment to volunteer work. But Twenge viewed even this phenomenon skeptically, noting that many high schools require community service and many youths feel pressure to list such endeavors on college applications. Campbell said the narcissism upsurge seemed so pronounced(非常明显的)that he was unsure if there were obvious remedies. "Permissiveness seems to be a component," he said. "A potential antidote would be more authoritative parenting. Less indulgence might be called for."Yet students, while acknowledging some legitimacy to such findings, don"t necessarily accept negative generalizations about their generation.Hanady Kader, a University of Washington senior, said she worked unpaid last summer helping resettle refugees and considers many of her peers to be civic-minded. But she is dismayed (气馁；灰心) by the competitiveness of some students who seem prematurely focused on career status. "We"re encouraged a lot to be individuals and go out there and do what you want, and nobody shouldstand in your way," Kader said. "I can see goals and ambitions getting in the way of other things like relationships."Kari Dalane, a University of Vermont sophomore, says most of her contemporaries are politically active and not overly self-centered. "People are worried about themselves--but in the sense of where are they"re going to find a place in the world," she said. "People want to look their best, have a good time, but it doesn"t mean they"re not concerned about the rest of the world." Besides, some of the responses on the narcissism test might not be worrisome, Dalane said. "It would be more depressing if people answered, "No, you are not special.""（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, a narcissistic person may______（分数：2.00）A.hate criticismB.be dishonest to his / her partnerC.be unwilling to help othersD.all the above(2).The italicized word "commended"(Line 1, Para.3) means______（分数：2.00）A.praisedB.criticizedC.recommendedD.disfavored(3).Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Narcissism may result in bad consequences.B.College students are active to participate in volunteer work.C.Some people doubt whether there are remedies to counter the narmssism upsurge.D.Some college students are overly engaged in self-promotion.(4).It is implied that______（分数：2.00）A.both the researchers and college students are worried about the trend of narcissismB.the researchers and college students disagree on the findings of the studyC.the researchers and college students disagree on some of the findings of the studyD.college students are pessimistic about their future(5).It is proper to be______when you hear someone say "you are special".（分数：2.00）A.objectiveB.pessimisticC.optimisticD.worried三、Part Ⅲ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：20.00)For the people who have never traveled across the Atlantic the voyage is a fantasy. But for the people who cross it frequently one crossing of the Atlantic is very much like another, and they do not make the voyage for the 1 of its interest. Most of us are quite happy when we feel 2 to go to bed and pleased when the journey 3 . On the first night this time I felt especially lazy and went to bed 4 earlier than Usual. When I 5 my cabin, I was surprised 6 that I was to have a companion during my trip, which made me feel a little unhappy. I had expected 7 but there was a suitcase 8 mine in the opposite corner. I wondered who he could be and what he would be like. Soon afterwards he came in. He was the sort of man you might meet 9 , except that he was wearing 10 good clothes that I made up my mind that we would not 11 whoever he was and did not say 12 . As I had expected, he did not talk to me either but went to bed immediately.I suppose I slept for several hours because when I woke up it was already the middle of the night.I felt cold but covered 13 as well as I could and tried to go back to sleep. Then I realized thata 14 was coming from somewhere. I thought perhaps I had forgotten 15 the door, so I got up 16 the door but found it already locked from the inside. The cold air was coming from the window opposite. I crossed the room and 17 , the moon shone through it on to the other bed. 18 there.It took me a minute or two to 19 the door myself. I realized that my companion 20 through the window into the sea.（分数：20.00）A.reasonB.motiveC.causeD.sakeA.tired enoughB.enough tiredC.enough tiringD.enough tiringA.is achievedB.finishC.is overD.is in the endA.quiteB.ratherC.fairlyD.somehowA.arrived inB.reached toC.arrived toD.reached atA.for seeingB.that I sawC.at seeingD.to seeA.being lonelyB.to be lonelyC.being aloneD.to be aloneA.likeB.asC.similar thanD.the same thatA.in each placeB.for all partsC.somewhereD.anywhereA.a soB.soC.such aD.suchA.treat together wellB.pass together wellC.get on well togetherD.go by well togetherA.him a single wordB.him not one wordC.a single word to himD.not one word to himA.up meB.up myselfC.up to myselfD.myself upA.draftB.voiceC.airD.soundA.to closeB.closingC.to have to closeD.for closingA.to shutB.for shuttingC.in shuttingD.but shutA.while doing like thatB.as I did like thatC.as I did soD.at doing soA.It was no oneB.There was no oneC.It was anyoneD.There was anyoneA.remind to lockB.remember to lockC.remind lockingD.remember lockingA.had to jumpB.was to have jumpedC.must have jumpedD.could be jumped四、Part Ⅳ Translation(总题数：1，分数：-1.00)11.The hardest hit of all that week were Wall Street"s specialist firms, the traders who were charged with maintaining orderly markets. That task required them to purchase stocks when there were no other buyers and to make sales when other sellers disappeared. Until the end of that week, a total 52 specialist lb-ms had worked on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange: each had handled the shares of 20 to 30 specified Big Board companies. on Black Monday, the specialists grimly fulfilled their responsibilities, buying millions of shares as prices plunged all around them. Their losses could amount to as much as $ 50 million. Securities firms outside Wall Street also felt mortal pain. The 4,500 accounts of the New York Stock Exchange member were taken over by Rodman & Renshaw, a Chicago firm.（分数：-1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________五、Part Ⅴ Writing(总题数：1，分数：20.00)12.1．优秀的科研工作者需要具备什么素质?2．举例说明这些素质的重要性。
清华大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和详解
清华大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和详解Part ⅠListening Comprehension (20 points)Section OneDirections:In this section you will hear some people talking about how their parents met each other and got married. Each of the conversations is followed by an interview with one of their parents about his or her marriage. Listen to the recording and answer the questions below with what you hear. You should use a short sentence or a phrase for each answer. You will hear the recording only once.1．How did Craig's parents meet each other?2．What was his father's first impression of his mother?What does he think now?He still thinks so.3．How did Dave's parents meet each other?4．What was his mother's first impression of his father?5．What does she think now?6．How did Sara's parents meet each other?7．What was her father's first impression of her mother?What does he think now?He still thinks so.8．How did Lisa's parents meet each other?9．What was her mother's first impression of her father?10．What does she think now?Section TwoDirections.. In this section you will hear a short lecture. Listen to the recording and complete the notes below about the lecture. You will hear the recording only once.Lecture NotesLecture field/area:11．_______________________________________Lecture Topic/Theme: MemoryThree types of memory:12．_______________________________________13．_______________________________________14．_______________________________________Three ways of measuring memory:15．_______________________________________16．_______________________________________17．_______________________________________Three Techniques for remembering information:18．_______________________________________19．_______________________________________20．_______________________________________Part ⅡVocabulary (10 points)Directions:There are 20 incomplete sentences or sentences with underlined words in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one that completes the sentence or is nearest in meaning with the underlined word. And then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.21．Ploughs and other agricultural implements were on display at the recent exhibition.A．equations B．playthings C．tools D．machinery22．My own inclination, if I were in your situation, would be to look for another position.A．symptom B．likeness C．habit D．tendency23．The combination of lenses in a compound microscope makes possible greater amplification than can be achieved with a single lens.A．management B．magnificence C．magnetism D．magnification 24．The degree of downward slope of a beach depends on its composition of deposits as well as on the action of waves across its surface.A．sentiment B．sediment C．semester D．segment25．The rigor of the winter in Russia was often described by Mogol.A．harshness B．perturbation C．dismay D．pessimism26．Nowadays, the prescribed roles of t he man as “breadwinner” and the woman ashousewife are changing.A．ascribed B．prevalent C．original D．settled27．A divorcee, Tom is the sole provider in a typical “single parent” family.A．religious B．spiritual C．exclusive D．chief28．The old woman is chronically ill in bed and seldom goes out.A．seriously B．dangerously C．continually D．incurably29．The driver stopped his car so abruptly that he was hit by the cab right behind him.A．impolitely B．violently C．suddenly D．maladroitly30．Benin Mayer Alcott based the principal characters of her book Little Women on her sisters and herself.A．original B．central C．subjunctive D．oriental31．Largely due to the university tradition and the current academic milieu, every college student here works ______.A．industrially B．industriously C．consciously D．purposefully 32．I don't think it's sensible of you to ______ your greater knowledge in front of the chairwoman, for it may well offend her.A．show up B．show off C．show out D．show away33．______, he did become annoyed with her at times.A．Much as he liked her B．As he liked her muchC．Although much he liked her D．Much although he liked her34．If we don't stop flirting with those deathly nuclear weapons, the whole globe will ______.A．empowered B．punished C．polluted D．annihilated35．One of the important properties of a scientific theory is its ability to ______ further research and further thinking about a particular topic.A．invent B．stimulate C．renovate D．advocate36．When in his rebellious years, that is when he was sixteen or eighteen, Frank Anderson ______ going around with a strange set of people and staying out very late.A．took to B．took up C．took on D．took in37．In spite of the wide range of reading material specially designed or ______ for language learning purposes, there is yet no effective and systematic program for the reading skills.A．appointed B．assembled C．acknowledged D．adapted 38．In 1816, an apparently insignificant event in a remote part of Northern Europe ______ Europe into a bloody war.A．imposed B．plunged C．pitched D．inserted39．The municipal planning commission said that their financial outlook for the next year was optimistic. They expect increased tax ______.A．privileges B．efficiency C．revenues D．validity40．The problem of pollution as well as several other issues is going to be discussed when the Congress is in ______ again next spring.A．convention B．conference C．session D．assemblyPart ⅢReading Comprehension (40 points)Directions:There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B,C and D. You should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneQuestions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage:On September 7, 2001, a 68-year-old woman in Strasbourg, France, had her gall bladder (胆囊)removed by surgeons operating, via computer from New York. It was the first complete telesurgery procedure performed by surgeons nearly 4,000 miles away from their patient.In New York, Marescaux teamed up with surgeon Michel Gagner to perform the historic long-distance operation. A high-speed fiber-optic service provided by France Telecom made the connection between New York and Strasbourg. The two surgeons controlled the instruments using an advanced robotic surgical system, designed by Computer Motion Inc., that enabled the procedure to be minimally invasive. The patient was released from the hospital after about 48 hours and regained normal activity the following week.The high-speed fiber-optic connection between New York and France made it possible to overcome a key obstacle to telesurgery time delay. It was crucial that a continuous time delay of less than 200 milliseconds be maintained throughout the operation, between the surgeon's movements in New York and the return video (from Strasbourg) on his screen. The delay problemincludes video coding decoding and signal transmission time.France Telecom's en gineers achieved an average time delay of 150 milliseconds. “I felt as comfortable operating on my patient as if I had been in the room,” says Marescaux.The successful collaboration (合作)among medicine, advanced technology, and telecommunications is likely to have enormous implications for patient care and doctor training. Highly skilled surgeons may soon regularly perform especially difficult operations through long-distance procedures. The computer systems used to control surgical movement can also lead to a breakthrough in teaching surgical techniques to a new generation of physicians. More surgeons-in-training will have the opportunity to observe their teachers in action in telesurgery operating rooms around the world.Marescaux describes the success of the remotely performed surgical procedure as the beginning of a “third revolution” in surgery within the last decade. The first was the arrival of minimally invasive surgery, enabling procedures to be performed with guidance by a camera, meaning that the abdomen (腹部)and thorax (胸腔)do not have to be opened. The second was the introduction of computer-assisted surgery, where complicated software algorithms (计算法)enhance the safety of the surgeon's movements during a procedure, making them more accurate, while introducing the concept of distance between the surgeon and the patient. It was thus natural to imagine that this distance—currently several meters in the operating room—could potentially be up to several thousand kilometers.41．The title that best expresses the main idea is ______.A．How The Second Revolution in Surgery Comes OutB．The Telesurgery RevolutionC．A Patient Was SavedD．Dream Comes True42．The italicized word “telesurgery” (Para. 1, Sentence 2) can be best explained as ______.A．an operation done over a distanceB．an operation done on televisionC．an operation demanding special skillD．an operation demanding high technology43．How long did it take the patient to resume her normal activity after the operation?A．24 hours B．48 hoursC．about a week D．almost a month44．What is the major barrier to telesurgery?A．distance B．advanced technologyC．delay D．medical facilities45．The writer implies that ______.A．difficult operation can be successfully performed all over the world nowB．compared to the “third revolution” in surgery, the first two are less importantC．all patients can be cured by a gall bladder-removal operationD．a new breakthrough has been made in surgeryPassage TwoQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:The multi-billion-dollar western pop music industry is under fire. It is being blamed by the United Nations for the dramatic rise in drug abuse worldwide. “The most worrisome development is a culture of drug-friendliness that seems to be gaining prominence (显著) ,” said the UN's 13-member International Narcotics Control Board in a report released in late February 1998．The 74-page study says that pop music, as a global industry, is by far the most influential trend-setter for young people of most cultures. “Some lyrics advocate the smoking of marijuana (大麻) or taking other drugs, and certain pop stars make statements and set examples as if the use of drugs for non-medicinal purposes were a normal and acceptable part of a person's lifestyle,” the study says.Surprisingly, says the Board, the effect of drug-friendly pop music seems to survive despite the occasional shock of death by overdose (过量用药). “Such incidents tend to be seen as an occasion to mourn the loss of a role model, and not an opportunity to confront the deadly effect of ‘recreational’ drug use,” it notes. Since the 1970s, several internationally famous singers and movie stars—including Elvis Presley, Janice Joplin, John Belushi, Jimi Hendrix, Jonathan Melvin and Andy Gibbs—have died of either drug abuse or drug related illnesses. With the globalization of popular music, messages tolerating or promoting drug abuse are now reaching beyond their countries of origin. “In most countries, the names of certain pop stars have become familiar tothe members of every household,” the study says.The UN study also blames the media for its description of certain drug issues—especially the use of marijuana and issues of liberalization and legalization—which encourages,rather than prevents, drug abuse. “Over the last years, we have seen how drug abuse is increasingly regarded as being acceptable or even attractive,” says Hamid Ghodse, president of the Board. “Powerful pressure groups run political campaigns aimed at legalizing controlled drugs,” he says.Ghodse also points out that all these developments have created an environment which is tolerant of or even favorable to drug abuse and spoils international drug prevention efforts currently underway.The present study, focuses on the issue of demand reduction and prevention within an environment that has become tolerant of drug abuse. The Board calls on governments to do their legal and moral duties, and to act against the pro-drug messages of the youth culture to which young people increasingly are being exposed.46．Which of the following statements does the author tend to agree with?A．The use of drugs for non-medicinal purposes is an acceptable part of a person's lifestyle.B．The spreading of pop music may cause the drug abuse to go beyond country boundaries.C．No efforts have been made to prevent the spreading of drug abuse.D．The governments have no ability to act against the pro-drug messages of the youth culture.47．The italicized phrase “under fire” (Para. 1, Sentence 1) means ______.A．in an urgent situationB．facing some problemsC．being criticizedD．quite popular48．Under the influence of drug-friendly pop music, what might the youth think of the death of some pop stars caused by overdose?A．They tend to mourn the pop stars as role models.B．They are shocked to know even pop stars may abuse drugs.C．They try to confront the deadly effect of “recreational” drug use.D．They may stop abusing the drugs.49．Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage as a factor that has contributed to creating an environment tolerant of or even favorable to drug abuse?A．The spreading of pop music.B．The media.C．Political campaigns run by powerful pressure groups.D．The low price of some drugs.50．The pop music ______.A．has a great influence on young people of most culturesB．only appeals to a small number of young peopleC．is not a profitable industryD．is the only culprit (罪魁祸首) responsible for drug amusePassage ThreeQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:The Alaska pipeline starts at the frozen edge of the Arctic Ocean. It stretches southward across the largest and northern most state in the United States, ending at a remote ice-free seaport village nearly 800 miles from where it begins. It is massive in size and extremely operate.The steel pipe cresses windswept plains and endless miles of delicate tundra that tops the frozen ground. It weaves through crooked canyons, climbs sheer mountains, plunges over rocky crags, makes its way through thick forests, and passes over or under hundreds of rivers and streams. The pipe is 4 feet in diameter, and up to 2 million barrels of crude oil can be pumped through it daily.Resting on H-shaped steel racks called “bents”, long sections of the pipeline follow a zigzag course high above the frozen earth. Other long sections drop out of sight beneath spongy or rocky ground and return to the surface later on. The pattern of the pipeline's up-and-down route is determined by the often harsh demands of the arctic and subarctic climate, the tortuous lay of the land, and the varied compositions of soil, rock, or permanently frozen ground. A little more than half of the pipeline is elevated above the ground. The remainder is buried anywhere from 3 to 12 feet, depending largely upon the type of terrain and the properties of the soil.One of the largest in the world, the pipeline cost approximately $ 8 billion and is by far the biggest and most expensive construction project ever undertaken by private industry.In fact, no single business could raise that much money, so 8 major oil companies formed a consortium in order to share the costs. Each company controlled oil rights to particular shares of land in the oilfields and paid into the pipeline-construction fund according to the size of its holdings. Today, despite enormous problems of climate, supply shortages,equipment breakdowns, labor disagreements, treacherous terrain, a certain amount of mismanagements, and even theft, the Alaska pipeline has been completed and is operating.51．The passage primarily discusses the pipeline's ______.A．operating costs B．employeesC．consumers D．construction52．The word “it” (Para. 1, Sentence 3) refers to ______.A．pipeline B．oceanC．state D．village53．The author mentions all of the following as important in determining the pipeline's route EXCEPT the ______.A．climateB．lay of the land itselfC．local vegetationD．kind of soil and rock54．How many companies shared the costs of constructing the pipeline?A．3．B．4．C．8．D．12．55．Which of the following determined what percentage of the construction costs each member of the consortium would pay?A．How much oil field land each company owned.B．How long each company had owned land in the oil fields.C．How many people worked for each company.D．How many oil wells were located on the company's land.Passage FourQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:Margherita is a London girl and arriving at Capital was like coming home. “I grew up listening to Capital Radio,” she says, “People say, ‘Wasn't it frightening, joining such well-known presenters?' But everyone here is so down to earth. It would be off-putting if the others had people doing their make-up, or star sings on their office doors. But there's none of that—Mick Brown, forinstance, finishes his show and wanders off to get the bus home with everyone else.”Margherita says that her own musical tastes varied. But she doesn't pick her own music for her shows. The Capital computer selects the records in advance from a list approved by the station managers. “The station has a certain sound, and if we all picked our own music, it wouldn't sound like Capital,” she says, “But for someone who likes music, this is a dream job. I get to go to concerts and meet the bands you can hear on my show. It's great to hear the ‘behind the scenes' gossip.”Most people would expect that a presenter's most important qualities are a nice voice and huge amounts of confidence, but Margherita say that basic maths is handy as well.“You have to make sure that you've got an eye on everything that's going on in the studio,but you've got to be able to add and subtract and think in minutes and seconds,” she says,“You're dealing with timed records, and with announcements and commercials that are also timed precisely, and you have to be ready to switch to the news at exactly the right second. If you're going over to a live event, you need to be ready, for that on time, not a second earlier or later.”This isn't the sort of girl to let the rock ‘n' roll lifestyle g o to her head. Even if she did her family would bring her down to earth. “When I started at Capital the only thing my brothers asked was whether they'd get free records,” she remembers, “And my mum couldn't even find the station on her radio.”Margherita Taylor is very nice and very easy-going, but very much in control. She is so much a “Capital Radio girl” that you might think she is just doing a good job for the station's publicity, department, although you know what she's saying really comes from the heart. She smiles a lot, laughs a lot and is generally a great advert for Capital.56．What does “that” (Para. 1, Sentence 5) refer to?A．The fame of the other presenters.B．Margherita's fear of the other staff.C．Self-important behaviour by the other presenters.D．Bad treatment of Margherita by the other staff.57．One point Margherita makes about her job is that ______.A．she has changed her attitude to musicB．she is unhappy that records she plays are chosen for herC．she likes most of the music that she plays on her showD．she enjoys talking to the people whose records she plays58．What does Margherita say about presenting a show?A．It is essential to keep in mind what is going to happen next.B．It is more complicated than she had previously thought.C．The ability to add and subtract is the most important requirement.D．The contend of a show is sometimes changed suddenly.59．How have Margherita's family reacted to her success?A．with cautionB．without interestC．with surpriseD．without excitement60．In the final paragraph, what does the author say about Margherita?A．She was different from what she had expected.B．She genuinely believes that Capital is a good radio station.C．She feels it necessary to talk about Capital Radio all the time.D．She has already changed her job at Capital radio.Part ⅣCloze (10 points)Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.The most exciting kind of education is also the most personal. Nothing can 61 the joy of discovering for yourself something that is important to you. It may be an idea or a bit of information you 62 across accidentally—or a sudden 63 , fitting together pieces of information or working through a problem. Such personal 64 are the “pay off” in education.A teacher may 65 you to learning and even encourage you in it—but no teacher can make the excitement or the joy happen. That's 66 to you.A research paper, 67 in a course and perhaps checked at various stages by an instructor, 68 you beyond classrooms, beyond the texts for classes and into a 69 where the joy of discover and learning can come to you many times. 70 the research paper is an active and individualprocess, and ideal learning process. It provides a structure 71 which you can make exciting discoveries, of knowledge and of self, that are basic to education. But the research paper also gives you a chance to individualize a school assignment, to 72 a piece of work to your own interests and abilities, to show others 73 you can do. Waiting a research paper is more than just a classroom exercise. It is an experience in 74 out, understanding and synthesizing, which forms the basis of many skills 75 to both academic and nonacademic tasks. It is, in the fullest sense, a discovering education. So, to produce a good research paper is both a useful and a thoroughly 76 experience!To some, the thought of having to write an assigned number of pages often more than ever produced 77 , is disconcerting. To others, the very idea of having to work 78 is threatening. But there is no need to approach the research paper assignment with anxiety, and nobody should view the research paper as an obstacle to 79 . Instead, consider it a goal to 80 , a goal within reach if you use the help this book can give you.61．A．exterminate B．impulse C．intervene D．exceed62．A．conform B．confront C．come D．console63．A．insight B．relaxation C．relay D．ingredient64．A．serials B．separations C．encounters D．segregations 65．A．help B．salute C．scrub D．direct66．A．here B．off C．up D．with67．A．assigning B．assigned C．lounged D．lounging68．A．litters B．intervenes C．jots D．leads69．A．process B．interface C．interpretation D．prosecution 70．A．Designing B．Designed C．Preparing D．Prepared 71．A．outside B．within C．without D．upon72．A．grease B．glare C．suffix D．suit73．A．which B．what C．how D．because74．A．searching B．supplementing C．popularizing D．polarizing 75．A．arrogant B．concise C．chronic D．applicable76．A．segmenting B．satisfying C．characterizing D．chartering 77．A．later B．beforehand C．afterwards D．before78．A．accordingly B．acceptably C．independently D．infinitely 79．A．overwork B．overcome C．lumber D．lull80．A．accelerate B．caution C．accomplish D．boycottPart ⅤWriting (20 points)Directions: In this part, you are asked to write a composition on the title of “My Aim for Doctoral Study” with no less than 200 English words. Your composition should be based on the following outline given in Chinese. Put your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.1．你攻读博士学位的目标是______。
清华大学考博英语试题带答案
清华大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试试题2006-08-16 10:56:00Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension (20%)(略）Part Ⅱ Vocabulary (10%)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one that completes the sentence and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWET SHEET with a single line through the center.21. The__________of the spring water attracts a lot of visitors from other parts of the country.A. clashB. clarifyC. clarityD. clatter22. Business in this area has been__________because prices are too high.A. prosperousB. secretiveC. slackD. shrill23. He told a story about his sister who was in a sad__________when she was ill and had no money.A. plightB. polarizationC. plagueD. pigment24. He added a___to his letter by saying that he would arrive before 8 pm.A. presidencyB. prestigeC. postscriptD. preliminary25. Some linguists believe that the__________age for children learning a foreign language is 5 to 8.A. optimisticB. optionalC. optimalD. oppressed26. It all started in 1950, when people began to build their houses on the__________of their cities.A. paradisesB. omissionsC. orchardsD. outskirts27. The meeting was__________over by the mayor of the city.A. presumedB. proposedC. presentedD. presided28. The crowd__________into the hall and some had to stand outside.A. outgrewB. overthrewC. overpassedD. overflew29. It was clear that the storm__________his arrival by two hours.A. retardedB. retiredC. refrainedD. retreated30. This problem should be discussed first, for it takes__________over all the other issues.A. precedenceB. prosperityC. presumptionD. probability31. Her sadness was obvious, but she believed that her feeling of depressionwas__________.A. torrentB. transientC. tensileD. textured32. Nobody knew how he came up with this__________idea about the trip.A. wearyB. twilightC. unanimousD. weird33. The flower under the sun would__________quickly without any protection.A. winkB. withholdC. witherD. widower34. The__________of gifted children into accelerated classes will start next week according to their academic performance.A. segregationB. specificationC. spectrumD. subscription35. He____himself bitterly for his miserable behavior that evening.A. repealedB. resentedC. relayedD. reproached36. Any earthquake that takes place in any area is certainly regarded as a kind of a__________event.A. cholesterolB. charcoalC. catastrophicD. chronic37. He cut the string and held up the two__________to tie the box.A. segmentsB. sedimentsC. seizuresD. secretes38. All the music instruments in the orchestra will be__________before it starts.A. civilizedB. chatteredC. chamberedD. chorded39. When the air in a certain space is squeezed to occupy a smaller space, the air is said to be__________.A. commencedB. compressedC. compromisedD. compensated40. She made two copies of this poem and posted them__________to different publishers.A. sensationallyB. simultaneouslyC. strenuouslyD. simplyPart ⅢReading Comprehension (40%)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions of unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage:Each year, millions of people in Bangladesh drink ground water that has been polluted by naturally high levels of arsenic poison. Finding safe drinking water in that country can be a problem. However, International Development Enterprises has a low-cost answer. This non-governmental organization has developed technology to harvest rainwater.People around the world have been harvesting rainwater for centuries. It is a safe, dependable source of drinking water. Unlike ground water, rainwater contains no minerals or salts and is free of chemical treatments. Best of all, it is free.The rainwater harvesting system created by International Development Enterprises uses pipes to collect water from the tops of buildings. The pipes stretch from the tops of buildings to a two-meter tall storage tank made of metal. At the top of the tank is aso-called “first-flush”device made of wire screen. This barrier prevents dirt and leaves in the water from falling inside the tank. A fitted cover sits over the “first-flush” device. It protects the water inside the tank from evaporating. The cover also prevents mosquito insects from laying eggs in the water.Inside the tank is a low coat plastic bag that collects the water. The bag sits inside another plastic bag similar to those used to hold grains. The two bags are supported inside the metal tank. All total, the water storage system can hold up tothree-thousand-five-hundred liters of water. International Development Enterprises says the inner bags may need to be replaced every two to three years. However, if the bags are not damaged by sunlight, they could last even longer.International Development Enterprises says the water harvesting system should be built on a raised structure to prevent insects from eating into it at the bottom. The total cost tobuild this rainwater harvesting system is about forty dollars. However, International Development Enterprises expects the price to drop over time. The group says one tank can provide a family of five with enough rainwater to survive a five-month dry season.41. People in Bangladesh can use__________as a safe source of drinking water.A. ground waterB. rainwaterC. drinking waterD. fresh water42. Which of the following contributes to the low-cost of using rainwater?A. Rainwater is free of chemical treatments.B. People have been harvesting rainwater for centuries.C. The water harvesting system is built on a platform.D. Rainwater can be collected using pipes.43. Which of the following actually prevents dirt and leaves from falling inside the tank?A. a barrierB. a wire screenC. a first-flushD. a storage tank44. The bags used to hold water are likely to be damaged by__________.A. mosquito insectsB. a fitted coverC. a first-flush deviceD. sunlight45. What should be done to prevent insects from eating into the water harvesting system at the bottom?A. The two bags holding the water should be put inside the metal tank.B. The inner bags need to be replaced every two years.C. The water harvesting system should be built on a platform.D. A cover should be used to prevent insects from eating it.Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:Where one stage of child development has been left out, or not sufficiently experienced, the child may have to go back and capture the experience of it. A good home makes this possible, for example by providing the opportunity for the child to play with a clockwork car or toy railway train up to any age if he still needs to do so. This principle, in fact, underlies all psychological treatment of children in difficulties with their development, and is the basis of work in child clinics.The beginnings of discipline are in the nursery. Even the youngest baby is taught by gradual stages to wait for food, to sleep and wake at regular intervals and so on. If the child feels the world around him is a warm and friendly one, he slowly accepts its rhythm and accustoms himself to conforming to its demands. Learning to wait for things, particularly for food, is a very important element in upbringing, and is achieved successfully only if too great demands are not made before the child can understand them.Every parent watches eagerly the child's acquisition of each new skill—the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feeling of failure and states of anxiety in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural zest for life and his desire to find out new things for himself.Learning together is a fruit source of relationship between children and parents. By playing together, parentslearn more about their children and children learn more from their parents. Toys and games which both parents and children can share are an important means of achieving this co-operation. Building-block toys, jigsaw puzzles and crossword are good examples.Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness or indulgence towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters, others are severe over times of coming home at night, punctuality for meals or personal cleanliness. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child's own happiness and well-being.46. The principle underlying all treatment of developmental difficulties in children__________.A. is to send them to clinicsB. offers recapture of earlier experiencesC. is in the provision of clockwork toys and trainsD. is to capture them before they are sufficiently experienced47. The child in the nursery__________.A. quickly learns to wait for foodB. doesn't initially sleep and wake at regular intervalsC. always accepts the rhythm of the world around themD. always feels the world around him is warm and friendly48. The encouragement of children to achieve new skills__________.A. can never be taken too farB. should be left to school teachersC. will always assist their developmentD. should be balanced between two extremes49. Jigsaw puzzles are__________.A. too difficult for childrenB. a kind of building-block toyC. not very entertaining for adultsD. suitable exercises for parent-child cooperation50. Parental controls and discipline__________.A. serve a dual purposeB. should be avoided as much as possibleC. reflect the values of the communityD. are designed to promote the child's happinessQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:More than half of all Jews married in U. S. since 1990 have wed people who aren't Jewish. Nearly 480, 000 American children under the age of ten have one Jewish and one non-Jewish parent. And, if a survey compiled by researchers at the University of California at Los Angeles is any indication, it's almost certain that most of these children will not identify themselves as “Jewish” when they get older.That survey asked college freshmen, who are usually around age 18, about their own and their parents' religious identities. Ninety-three percent of those with two Jewish parents said they thought of themselves as Jewish. But when the father wasn't Jewish, the number dropped to 38 percent, and when the mother wasn't Jew, just 15 percent of thestudents said they were Jewish, too.“I think what was surprising was just how low the Jewish identification was in these mixed marriage families.” Linda Sax is a professor of education at UCLA. She directed the survey which was conducted over the course of more than a decade and wasn't actually about religious identity specifically. But Professor Sax says the answers to questions about religion were particularly striking, and deserve a more detailed study. She says it's obvious that interfaith marriage works against the development of Jewish identity among children, but says it's not clear at this point why that's the case. “This new study is necessary to get more in-depth about their feelings about their religion. That's something that the study that I completed was not able to do. We didn't have information on how they feel about their religion, whether they have any concern about their issues of identification, how comfortable they feel about their lifelong goals. I think the new study's going to cover some of that,” she says.Jay Rubin is executive director of Hilel, a national organization that works with Jewish college students. Mr. Rubin says Judaism is more than a religion, it's an experience. And with that in mind, Hillel has commissioned a study of Jewish attitudes towards Judaism. Researchers will concentrate primarily on young adults, and those with two Jewish parents, and those with just one, those who see themselves as Jewish and those who do not. Jay Rubin says Hillel will then use this study to formulate a strategy for making Judaism more relevant to the next generation of American Jews.51. The best title of this passage is__________.A. Jewish and Non-Jewish in AmericanB. Jewish Identity in AmericaC. Judaism-a Religion?D. College Jewish Students52. Among the freshmen at UCLA__________thought themselves as Jewish.A. mostB. 93% of those whose parents were both JewishC. 62% of those only whose father were JewishD. 15% of those only whose mother were Jewish53. The phrase “interfaith marriage” in the Paragraph 3 refers to the__________.A. marriage of people based on mutual beliefB. marriage of people for the common faithC. marriage of people of different religious faithsD. marriage of people who have faith in each other54. Which of the following statements is NOT true about professor Sax's research?A. The research indicates that most students with only one Jewish parent will not think themselves as Jewish.B. The survey was carried out among Jewish Freshmen.C. The research survey didn't find out what and how these Jewish students think about their religion.D. The research presents a new perspective for the future study.55. Which of the following is true according to the last paragraph?A. Mr. Rubin is the founder of Hillel.B. Mr. Rubin thinks that Judaism is not a religion and it's an experience.C. Hillel is an organization concerned with Jewish college students in the world.D. Hillel has asked certain people to carry out a study about Jewish attitudes towards Judaism.Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:Governments that want their people to prosper in the burgeoning world economy should guarantee two basic rights: the right to private property and the right to enforceable contracts, says Mancur Olson in his book Power and Prosperity. Olson was an economics professor at the University of Maryland until his death in 1998.Some have argued that such rights are merely luxuries that wealthy societies bestow, but Olson turns that argument around and asserts that such rights are essential to creating wealth. “In comes are low in most of the countries of the world, in short, because the people in those countries do not have secure in dividual rights,” he says.Certain simple economic activities, such as food gathering and making handicrafts, rely mostly on individual labor; property is not necessary. But more advanced activities, such as the mass production of goods, require machines and factories and offices. This production is often called capital-intensive, but it is really property-intensive, Olson observes.“No one would normally engage in capital-intensive production if he or she did not have rights that kept the valuable capital from being taken by bandits, whether roving or stationary,”he argues. “There is no private property without government—individuals may have possessions, the way a dog possesses a bone, but there is private property only if the society protects and defends a private right to that possession against other private parties and against the government as well.”Would-be entrepreneurs, no matter how small, also need a government and court system that will make sure people honor their contracts. In fact, the banking systems relied on by develope d nations are based on just such an enforceable contract system. “We would not deposit our money in banks...if we could not rely on the bank having to honor its contract with us, and the bank would not be able to make the profits it needs to stay in business if it could not enforce its loan contracts with borrowers,” Olson writes.Other economists have argued that the poor economies of Third World and communist countries are the result of governments setting both prices and the quantities of goods produced rather than letting a free market determine them. Olson agrees there is some merit to this point of view, but he argues that government intervention is not enough to explain the poverty of these countries. Rather, the real problem is lack of individualri ghts that give people incentive to generate wealth. “If a society has clear and secure individual rights, there are strong incentives (刺激，动力）to produce, invest, and engage in mutually advantageous trade, and therefore at least some economic advance,” Olson concludes.56. Which of the following is true about Olson?A. He was a fiction writer.B. He edited the book Power and Prosperity.C. He taught economics at the University of Maryland.D. He was against the ownership of private property.57. Which of the following represents Olson's point or view?A. Protecting individual property rights encourages wealth building.B. Only in wealthy societies do people have secure individual rights.C. Secure individual rights are brought about by the wealth of the society.D. In some countries, people don't have secure individual rights because they'repoor.58. What does Olson think about mass production?A. It's capital intensive.B. It's property intensive.C. It relies on individual labor.D. It relies on individual skills.59. What is the basis for the banking system?A. Contract system that can be enforced.B. People's willingness to deposit money in banks.C. The possibility that the bank can make profits from its borrowers.D. The fact that some people have surplus money while some need loans.60. According to Olson, what is the reason for the poor economies of Third World countries?A. government interventionB. lack of secure individual rightsC. being short of capitalD. lack of a free marketPart Ⅳ Cloze (10%)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.For the people who have never traveled across the Atlantic the voyage is a fantasy. But for the people who cross it frequently one crossing of the Atlantic is very much like another, and they do not make the voyage for the__61__of its interest. Most of us are quite happy when we feel__62__to go to bed and pleased when the journey__63__. On the first night this time I felt especially lazy and went to bed__64__earlier than usual. When I__65__my cabin, I was surprised__66__that I was to have a companion during my trip, which made me feel a little unhappy. I had expected__67__but there was a suitcase__68__mine in the opposite corner. I wondered who he could be and what he would be like. Soon afterwards he came in. He was the sort of man you mightmeet__69__, except that he was wearing__70__good clothes that I made up my mind that we would not__71__whoever he was and did not say__72__. As I had expected, he did not talk to me either but went to bed immediately.I suppose I slept for several hours because when I woke up it was already the middle of the night. I felt cold but covered__73__as well as I could and tries to go back to sleep. Then I realized that a __74__was coming from the window opposite. I thought perhaps I had forgotten__75__the door, so I got up__76__the door but found it already locked from the inside. The cold air was coming from the window opposite. I crossed the room and__77__the moon shone through it on to the other bed.__78__there. It took me a minute or two to__79__the door myself. I realized that my companion__80__through the window into the sea.61. A. reason B. motive C. cause D. sake62. A. tired enough B. enough tired C. enough tiring D. enough tiring63. A. is achieved B. finish C. is over D. is in the end64. A. quite B. rather C. fairly D. somehow65. A. arrived in B. reached to C. arrived to D. reached at66. A. for seeing B. that I saw C. at seeing D. to see67. A. being lonely B. to be lonely C. being alone D. to be alone68. A. like B. as C. similar than D. the same that69. A. in each place B. for all parts C. somewhere D. anywhere70. A. a so B. so C. such a D. such71. A.treat together well B. pass together well C. get on well together D. go by well together72. A. him a single word B. him not one word C. a single word to him D. not one word to him73. A. up me B. up myself C. up to myself D. myself up74. A. draft B. voice C. air D. sound75. A. to close B. closing C. to have to close D. for closing76. A. to shut B. for shutting C. in shutting D. but shut77. A. while doing like that B. as I did like that C. as I did so D. at doing so78. A. It was no one B. There was no one C. It was anyone D. There was anyone79. A. remind to lock B. remember to lock C. remind locking D. remember locking80. A. had to jump B. was to have jumped C. must have jumped D. could be jumpedPart Ⅴ Writing (20%)Directions: In this part, you are asked to write a composition on the title of “Effect of Research Event on My Later Life and Work” with no less than 200 English words. Your composition should be based on the following outline given in Chinese. Put your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.1. 在科研和学习中使我最难忘的一件事情是。
2023清华大学考博英语模拟题1(考卷附答案)
2012清华大学考博英语模拟题1（考卷）一、阅读理解（每题2分，共40分）Section A下列每篇文章后面有5个问题，请根据文章内容回答问题。
Passage 1Questions:1. When did the concept of sustainable development first appear in the world?2. Which organization proposed the concept of sustainable development?3. What is the main idea of sustainable development?4. What does sustainable development emphasize?5. According to the passage, what is the relationship between sustainable development and the three aspects of economy, society and environment?Passage 2Questions:1. What is the main idea of this passage?2. What are the advantages of the Internet mentioned in the passage?3. What are the disadvantages of the Internet mentioned in the passage?4. How do countries address the issues of Internet security?5. Why is it important to safeguard Internet security?Section B下列每篇文章后面有5个问题，请根据文章内容回答问题。
2018年北京清华大学考博英语真题及答案
2018年北京清华大学考博英语真题及答案Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension (20 points)Section OneDirections: In this section you will hear some people talking about how their parents met each other and got married. Each of the conversations is followed by an interview with one of their parents about his or her marriage. Listen to the recording and answer the questions below with what you hear. You should use a short sentence or a phrase for each answer. You will hear the recording only once.1．How did Craig's parents meet each other?2．What was his father's first impression of his mother?What does he think now?He still thinks so.3．How did Dave's parents meet each other?4．What was his mother's first impression of his father?5．What does she think now?6．How did Sara's parents meet each other?7．What was her father's first impression of her mother?What does he think now?He still thinks so.8．How did Lisa's parents meet each other?9．What was her mother's first impression of her father?10．What does she think now?Section TwoDirections.. In this section you will hear a short lecture. Listen to the recording and complete the notes below about the lecture. You will hear the recording only once.Lecture NotesLecture field/area:11．_______________________________________Lecture Topic/Theme: MemoryThree types of memory:12．_______________________________________13．_______________________________________14．_______________________________________Three ways of measuring memory:15．_______________________________________16．_______________________________________17．_______________________________________Three Techniques for remembering information:18．_______________________________________19．_______________________________________20．_______________________________________Part Ⅱ Vocabulary (10 points)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences or sentences with underlinedwords in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C andD. Choose the best one that completes the sentence or is nearest in meaning withthe underlined word. And then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEETwith a single line through the center.21．Ploughs and other agricultural implements were on display at the recent exhibition.A．equations B．playthings C．tools D．machinery22．My own inclination, if I were in your situation, would be to look for another position.A．symptom B．likeness C．habit D．tendency23．The combination of lenses in a compound microscope makes possible greater amplification than can be achieved with a single lens.A．management B．magnificence C．magnetismD．magnification24．The degree of downward slope of a beach depends on its composition of depositsas well as on the action of waves across its surface.A．sentiment B．sediment C．semester D．segment25．The rigor of the winter in Russia was often described by Mogol.A．harshness B．perturbation C．dismay D．pessimism26．Nowadays, the prescribed roles of the man as “breadwinner” and the womanas housewife are changing.A．ascribed B．prevalent C．original D．settled27．A divorcee, Tom is the sole provider in a typical “single parent” family.A．religious B．spiritual C．exclusive D．chief28．The old woman is chronically ill in bed and seldom goes out.A．seriously B．dangerously C．continually D．incurably29．The driver stopped his car so abruptly that he was hit by the cab rightbehind him.A．impolitely B．violently C．suddenly D．maladroitly30．Benin Mayer Alcott based the principal characters of her book Little Womenon her sisters and herself.A．original B．central C．subjunctive D．oriental31．Largely due to the university tradition and the current academic milieu,every college student here works ______.A．industrially B．industriously C．consciously D．purposefully32．I don't think it's sensible of you to ______ your greater knowledge in frontof the chairwoman, for it may well offend her.A．show up B．show off C．show out D．show away33．______, he did become annoyed with her at times.A．Much as he liked her B．As he liked her muchC．Although much he liked her D．Much although he liked her34．If we don't stop flirting with those deathly nuclear weapons, the whole globe will ______.A．empowered B．punished C．polluted D．annihilated 35．One of the important properties of a scientific theory is its ability to ______ further research and further thinking about a particular topic.A．invent B．stimulate C．renovate D．advocate36．When in his rebellious years, that is when he was sixteen or eighteen, Frank Anderson ______ going around with a strange set of people and staying out very late.A．took to B．took up C．took on D．took in37．In spite of the wide range of reading material specially designed or ______ for language learning purposes, there is yet no effective and systematic program for the reading skills.A．appointed B．assembled C．acknowledged D．adapted 38．In 1816, an apparently insignificant event in a remote part of Northern Europe ______ Europe into a bloody war.A．imposed B．plunged C．pitched D．inserted39．The municipal planning commission said that their financial outlook for the next year was optimistic. They expect increased tax ______.A．privileges B．efficiency C．revenues D．validity 40．The problem of pollution as well as several other issues is going to be discussed when the Congress is in ______ again next spring.A．convention B．conference C．session D．assemblyPart Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B,C and D. You should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneQuestions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage:On September 7, 2001, a 68-year-old woman in Strasbourg, France, had her gall bladder (胆囊)removed by surgeons operating, via computer from New York. It was the first complete telesurgery procedure performed by surgeons nearly 4,000 miles away from their patient.In New York, Marescaux teamed up with surgeon Michel Gagner to perform the historic long-distance operation. A high-speed fiber-optic service provided by France Telecom made the connection between New York and Strasbourg. The two surgeons controlled the instruments using an advanced robotic surgical system, designed by Computer Motion Inc., that enabled the procedure to be minimally invasive. The patient was released from the hospital after about 48 hours and regained normal activity the following week.The high-speed fiber-optic connection between New York and France made it possible to overcome a key obstacle to telesurgery time delay. It was crucial that a continuous time delay of less than 200 milliseconds be maintained throughout the operation, between the surgeon's movements in New York and the return video (from Strasbourg) on his screen. The delay problem includes video coding decoding and signal transmission time.France Telecom's engineers achieved an average time delay of 150 milliseconds. “I felt as comfortable operating on my patient as if I had been in the room,”says Marescaux.The successful collaboration (合作)among medicine, advanced technology, and telecommunications is likely to have enormous implications for patient care and doctor training. Highly skilled surgeons may soon regularly perform especially difficult operations through long-distance procedures. The computer systems used to control surgical movement can also lead to a breakthrough in teaching surgical techniques to a new generation of physicians. More surgeons-in-training will have the opportunity to observe their teachers in action in telesurgery operating rooms around the world.Marescaux describes the success of the remotely performed surgical procedureas the beginning of a “third revolution” in surgery within the last decade. The first was the arrival of minimally invasive surgery, enabling procedures to be performed with guidance by a camera, meaning that the abdomen (腹部)and thorax (胸腔)do not have to be opened. The second was the introduction of computer-assisted surgery, where complicated software algorithms (计算法)enhance the safety of the surgeon's movements during a procedure, making them more accurate, while introducing the concept of distance between the surgeon and the patient. It was thus natural to imagine that this distance—currently several meters in the operating room—could potentially be up to several thousand kilometers.41．The title that best expresses the main idea is ______.A．How The Second Revolution in Surgery Comes OutB．The Telesurgery RevolutionC．A Patient Was SavedD．Dream Comes True42．The italicized word “telesurgery” (Para. 1, Sentence 2) can be best explained as ______.A．an operation done over a distanceB．an operation done on televisionC．an operation demanding special skillD．an operation demanding high technology43．How long did it take the patient to resume her normal activity after the operation?A．24 hours B．48 hoursC．about a week D．almost a month44．What is the major barrier to telesurgery?A．distance B．advanced technologyC．delay D．medical facilities45．The writer implies that ______.A．difficult operation can be successfully performed all over the world nowB．compared to the “third revolution” in surgery, the first two are less importantC．all patients can be cured by a gall bladder-removal operationD．a new breakthrough has been made in surgeryPassage TwoQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:The multi-billion-dollar western pop music industry is under fire. It is being blamed by the United Nations for the dramatic rise in drug abuse worldwide. “The most worrisome development is a culture of drug-friendliness that seems to be gaining prominence (显著) ,” said the UN's 13-member International Narcotics Control Board in a report released in late February 1998．The 74-page study says that pop music, as a global industry, is by far the most influential trend-setter for young people of most cultures. “Some lyrics advocate the smoking of marijuana (大麻) or taking other drugs, and certain pop stars make statements and set examples as if the use of drugs for non-medicinal purposes were a normal and acceptable part of a person's lifestyle,” the study says.Surprisingly, says the Board, the effect of drug-friendly pop music seems to survive despite the occasional shock of death by overdose (过量用药). “Such incidents tend to be seen as an occasion to mourn the loss of a role model, and not an opportunity to confront the deadly effect of ‘recreational’ drug use,”it notes. Since the 1970s, several internationally famous singers and movie stars —including Elvis Presley, Janice Joplin, John Belushi, Jimi Hendrix, Jonathan Melvin and Andy Gibbs—have died of either drug abuse or drug related illnesses. With the globalization of popular music, messages tolerating or promoting drug abuse are now reaching beyond their countries of origin. “In most countries, the names of certain pop stars have become familiar to the members of every household,” the study says.The UN study also blames the media for its description of certain drug issues —especially the use of marijuana and issues of liberalization and legalization—which encourages,rather than prevents, drug abuse. “Over the last years, we have seen how drug abuse is increasingly regarded as being acceptable or even attractive,” says Hamid Ghodse, president of the Board. “Powerful pressure groups run political campaigns aimed at legalizing controlled drugs,” he says. Ghodse also points out that all these developments have created an environment which is tolerant of or even favorable to drug abuse and spoils international drug prevention efforts currently underway.The present study, focuses on the issue of demand reduction and prevention within an environment that has become tolerant of drug abuse. The Board calls on governments to do their legal and moral duties, and to act against the pro-drug messages of the youth culture to which young people increasingly are being exposed.46．Which of the following statements does the author tend to agree with?A．The use of drugs for non-medicinal purposes is an acceptable part of a person's lifestyle.B．The spreading of pop music may cause the drug abuse to go beyond country boundaries.C．No efforts have been made to prevent the spreading of drug abuse.D．The governments have no ability to act against the pro-drug messages of the youth culture.47．The italicized phrase “under fire” (Para. 1, Sentence 1) means ______.A．in an urgent situationB．facing some problemsC．being criticizedD．quite popular48．Under the influence of drug-friendly pop music, what might the youth think of the death of some pop stars caused by overdose?A．They tend to mourn the pop stars as role models.B．They are shocked to know even pop stars may abuse drugs.C．They try to confront the deadly effect of “recreational” drug use.D．They may stop abusing the drugs.49．Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage as a factor that has contributed to creating an environment tolerant of or even favorable to drug abuse?A．The spreading of pop music.B．The media.C．Political campaigns run by powerful pressure groups.D．The low price of some drugs.50．The pop music ______.A．has a great influence on young people of most culturesB．only appeals to a small number of young peopleC．is not a profitable industryD．is the only culprit (罪魁祸首) responsible for drug amusePassage ThreeQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:The Alaska pipeline starts at the frozen edge of the Arctic Ocean. It stretches southward across the largest and northern most state in the United States, ending at a remote ice-free seaport village nearly 800 miles from where it begins. It is massive in size and extremely operate.The steel pipe cresses windswept plains and endless miles of delicate tundra that tops the frozen ground. It weaves through crooked canyons, climbs sheer mountains, plunges over rocky crags, makes its way through thick forests, and passes over or under hundreds of rivers and streams. The pipe is 4 feet in diameter, and up to 2 million barrels of crude oil can be pumped through it daily.Resting on H-shaped steel racks called “bents”, long sections of the pipeline follow a zigzag course high above the frozen earth. Other long sections drop out of sight beneath spongy or rocky ground and return to the surface later on. The pattern of the pipeline's up-and-down route is determined by the often harsh demands of the arctic and subarctic climate, the tortuous lay of the land, and the variedcompositions of soil, rock, or permanently frozen ground. A little more than half of the pipeline is elevated above the ground. The remainder is buried anywhere from 3 to 12 feet, depending largely upon the type of terrain and the properties of the soil.One of the largest in the world, the pipeline cost approximately $ 8 billion and is by far the biggest and most expensive construction project ever undertaken by private industry.In fact, no single business could raise that much money, so 8 major oil companies formed a consortium in order to share the costs. Each company controlled oil rights to particular shares of land in the oil fields and paid into the pipeline-construction fund according to the size of its holdings. Today, despite enormous problems of climate, supply shortages,equipment breakdowns, labor disagreements, treacherous terrain, a certain amount of mismanagements, and even theft, the Alaska pipeline has been completed and is operating.51．The passage primarily discusses the pipeline's ______.A．operating costs B．employeesC．consumers D．construction52．The word “it” (Para. 1, Sentence 3) refers to ______.A．pipeline B．oceanC．state D．village53．The author mentions all of the following as important in determining the pipeline's route EXCEPT the ______.A．climateB．lay of the land itselfC．local vegetationD．kind of soil and rock54．How many companies shared the costs of constructing the pipeline?A．3． B．4． C．8． D．12．55．Which of the following determined what percentage of the construction costs each member of the consortium would pay?A．How much oil field land each company owned.B．How long each company had owned land in the oil fields.C．How many people worked for each company.D．How many oil wells were located on the company's land.Passage FourQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:Margherita is a London girl and arriving at Capital was like coming home. “I grew up listening to Capital Radio,” she says, “People say, ‘Wasn't it frightening, joining such well-known presenters?' But everyone here is so down to earth. It would be off-putting if the others had people doing their make-up, or star sings on their office doors. But there's none of that—Mick Brown, for instance, finishes his show and wanders off to get the bus home with everyone else.”Margherita says that her own musical tastes varied. But she doesn't pick her own music for her shows. The Capital computer selects the records in advance from a list approved by the station managers. “The station has a certain sound, and if we all picked our own music, it wouldn't sound like Capital,” she says, “But for someone who likes music, this is a dream job. I get to go to concerts and meet the bands you can hear on my show. It's great to hear the ‘behind the scenes' gossip.”Most people would expect that a presenter's most important qualities are a nice voice and huge amounts of confidence, but Margherita say that basic maths is handy as well.“You have to make sure that you've got an eye on everything that's going on in the studio,but you've got to be able to add and subtract and think in minutes and seconds,” she says,“You're dealing with timed records, and with announcements and commercials that are also timed precisely, and you have to be ready to switch to the news at exactly the right second. If you're going over to a live event, you need to be ready, for that on time, not a second earlier or later.”This isn't the sort of girl to let the rock ‘n' roll lifestyle go to her head. Even if she did her family would bring her down to earth. “When I started at Capital the only thing my brothers asked was whether they'd get free records,” she remembers,“And my mum couldn't even find the station on her radio.”Margherita Taylor is very nice and very easy-going, but very much in control. She is so much a “Capital Radio girl” that you might think she is just doing a good job for the station's publicity, department, although you know what she's saying really comes from the heart. She smiles a lot, laughs a lot and is generally a great advert for Capital.56．What does “that” (Para. 1, Sentence 5) refer to?A．The fame of the other presenters.B．Margherita's fear of the other staff.C．Self-important behaviour by the other presenters.D．Bad treatment of Margherita by the other staff.57．One point Margherita makes about her job is that ______.A．she has changed her attitude to musicB．she is unhappy that records she plays are chosen for herC．she likes most of the music that she plays on her showD．she enjoys talking to the people whose records she plays58．What does Margherita say about presenting a show?A．It is essential to keep in mind what is going to happen next.B．It is more complicated than she had previously thought.C．The ability to add and subtract is the most important requirement.D．The contend of a show is sometimes changed suddenly.59．How have Margherita's family reacted to her success?A．with cautionB．without interestC．with surpriseD．without excitement60．In the final paragraph, what does the author say about Margherita?A．She was different from what she had expected.B．She genuinely believes that Capital is a good radio station.C．She feels it necessary to talk about Capital Radio all the time.D．She has already changed her job at Capital radio.Part Ⅳ Cloze (10 points)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.The most exciting kind of education is also the most personal. Nothing can 61 the joy of discovering for yourself something that is important to you. It may be an idea or a bit of information you 62 across accidentally—or a sudden 63 , fitting together pieces of information or working through a problem. Such personal 64 are the “pay off” in education. A teacher may 65 you to learning and even encourage you in it—but no teacher can make the excitement or the joy happen. That's 66 to you.A research paper, 67 in a course and perhaps checked at various stages by an instructor, 68 you beyond classrooms, beyond the texts for classes and intoa 69 where the joy of discover and learning can come to you many times. 70 the research paper is an active and individual process, and ideal learning process.It provides a structure 71 which you can make exciting discoveries, of knowledge and of self, that are basic to education. But the research paper also gives youa chance to individualize a school assignment, to 72 a piece of work to your own interests and abilities, to show others 73 you can do. Waiting a research paperis more than just a classroom exercise. It is an experience in 74 out, understanding and synthesizing, which forms the basis of many skills 75 to both academic and nonacademic tasks. It is, in the fullest sense, a discovering education. So, to produce a good research paper is both a useful and a thoroughly 76 experience!To some, the thought of having to write an assigned number of pages often more than ever produced 77 , is disconcerting. To others, the very idea of having to work 78 is threatening. But there is no need to approach the research paperassignment with anxiety, and nobody should view the research paper as an obstacleto 79 . Instead, consider it a goal to 80 , a goal within reach if you usethe help this book can give you.61．A．exterminate B．impulse C．intervene D．exceed62．A．conform B．confront C．come D．console63．A．insight B．relaxation C．relay D．ingredient64．A．serials B．separations C．encounters D．segregations65．A．help B．salute C．scrub D．direct66．A．here B．off C．up D．with67．A．assigning B．assigned C．lounged D．lounging68．A．litters B．intervenes C．jots D．leads69．A．process B．interface C．interpretation D．prosecution70．A．Designing B．Designed C．Preparing D．Prepared71．A．outside B．within C．without D．upon72．A．grease B．glare C．suffix D．suit73．A．which B．what C．how D．because74．A．searching B．supplementing C．popularizing D．polarizing75．A．arrogant B．concise C．chronic D．applicable76．A．segmenting B．satisfying C．characterizing D．chartering77．A．later B．beforehand C．afterwards D．before78．A．accordingly B．acceptably C．independently D．infinitely79．A．overwork B．overcome C．lumber D．lull80．A．accelerate B．caution C．accomplish D．boycottPart Ⅴ Writing (20 points)Directions: In this part, you are asked to write a composition on the title of “My Aim for Doctoral Study” with no less than 200 English words. Your composition should be based on the following outline given in Chinese. Put your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.1．你攻读博士学位的目标是______。
清华大学2007年博士入学英语真题
清华大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠListening Comprehension (15 points)(请将答案写在答题纸上)Section OneDirections:In this section you will hear a talk about some language problems you may encounter while in the United States. The speaker will mainly talk about five problems. Listen to the recording and write down the five problems. Make your answers as brief as possible. You will hear the recording twice.(请将本部分1～5题的答案写在答题纸上)Topic: language problems you may encounter in the United States1．________________________________________________________________________ 2．________________________________________________________________________ 3．________________________________________________________________________ 4．________________________________________________________________________ 5．________________________________________________________________________ Section TwoDirections:In this section you will hear a lecture by a journalism professor. Listen to the recording and take notes to fill in the outline below. You will hear the recording twice.(请将本部分6～15题的答案写在答题纸上)Main Idea: Government regulation of television has had limited success and will continue to be a challenge in the future.Original problems/reasons for regulation:— watching TV violence leads to violent behavior —________________________________________________________________________ —________________________________________________________________________ — Solutions: Telecommunications Act— TV industry responsibility: ratings system— ________________________________________________________________________ —________________________________________________________________________ Manufacturer responsibility: V-chips— ________________________________________________________________________ — ________________________________________________________________________ Continuing problems: V-chips— ________________________________________________________________________ — ________________________________________________________________________ Ratings system— ________________________________________________________________________ — ________________________________________________________________________Part ⅡReading Comprehension (40 points)(请将答案涂在答题卡上，从16题开始)Directions:There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:Sometimes, over a span of many years, a business will continue to grow, generating ever-increasing amounts of cash, repurchasing stock, paying increased dividends, reducing debt, opening new stores, expanding production facilities, moving into new markets, etc., while at the same time its stock price remains stagnant (or even falls).When this happens, the average and professional investors alike tend to overlook the company because they become familiar with the trading range.Take, for example, Wal-Mart. Over the past five years, the retailing behemoth has grown sales by over 80%, profits by over 100%, and yet the stock price has fallen as much as 30% during that timeframe. Clearly, the valuation picture has changed. An investor that read the annual report back in 2000 or 2001 might have passed on the security, deeming it too expensive based on a metric such as the price to earnings ratio. Today, however, the equation is completely different—despite the stock price, Wal-Mart is, in essence, trading at half its former price because each share is backed by a larger dividend, twice the earnings power, more stores, and a bigger infrastructure. Home Depot is in much the same boat, largely because some Wall Street analystsquestion how fast two of the world's largest companies can continue to grow before their sheer size slows them down to the rate of the general economy.Coca-Cola is another excellent example of this phenomenon. Ten years ago, in 1996,the stock traded between a range of $ 36.10 and $ 54.30 per share. At the time, it had reported earnings per share of $1.40 and paid a cash dividend of $ 0.50 per share. Corporate per share book value was $ 2.48．Last year, the stock traded within a range of $ 40.30 and $ 45.30 per share; squarely in the middle of the same area it had been nearly a decade prior! Yet, despite the stagnant stock price, the 2006 estimates Value Line Investment Survey estimates for earnings per share stand around $ 2.16 (a rise of 54%), the cash dividend has more than doubled to $1.20, book value is expected to have grown to $ 7.40 per share (a gain of nearly 300%), and the total number of shares outstanding (未偿付的，未完成的)has actually decreased from 2.481 billion to an estimated 2.355 billion due to the company's share repurchase program.16．This passage is probably a part of ______.A．Find Hidden Value in the Market B．Become RicherC．Get Good Bargains D．Identify Good Companies17．The italicized word “stagnant” (Line 4, P ara. 1) can be best paraphrased as ______.A．prominent B．terrible C．unchanged D．progressing18．Wal-Mart is now trading at a much lower price because ______.A．it has stored a large quantity of goodsB．it has become financially more powerfulC．it has been eager to collect money to prevent bankruptcyD．it is a good way to compete with other retailing companies19．All the following are shared by Wal-Mart and Coco-Cola EXCEPT ______.A．The cash dividend has increasedB．The earning power has become strongerC．Both businesses have continued to growD．The stock price has greatly decreased20．According to the author, one had better ______.A．buy more shares when the stock price falls downB．sell out the shares when the stock price falls downC．do some research on the value of a business when its stock price falls downD．invest in the business when its stock price falls downPassage TwoQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:Today's college students are more narcissistic (自恋的)and self-centered than their predecessors, according to a comprehensive new study by five psychologists who worry that the trend could be harmful to personal relationships and American society.“We need to stop endlessly repeating …You're special' and having children repeat that back,” said the study's lead author, Professor Jean Twenge of San Diego State University. “Kids are self-centered enough already.” “Unfortunately, narcissism can also have very negative consequences for society, including the breakdown o f close relationships with others,” he said. The study asserts that narcissists “are more likely to have romantic relationships that are short-lived, at risk for infidelity, lack emotional warmth, and to exhibit game-playing, dishonesty, and over-controlli ng and violent behaviors.” Twenge, the author of “Generation Me: Why Today's Young Americans Are More Confident, Assertive, Entitled—and More Miserable Than Ever Before,” said narcissists tend to lack empathy, react aggressively to criticism and favor self-promotion over helping others.Some analysts have commended today's young people for increased commitment to volunteer work. But Twenge viewed even this phenomenon skeptically, noting that many high schools require community service and many youths feel pressure to list such endeavors on college applications.Campbell said the narcissism upsurge seemed so pronounced (非常明显的)that he was unsure if there were obvious remedies. “Permissiveness seems to be a component,” he said. “A potential antidote would be m ore authoritative parenting. Less indulgence might be called for.”Yet students, while acknowledging some legitimacy to such findings, don't necessarily accept negative generalizations about their generation.Hanady Kader, a University of Washington senior, said she worked unpaid last summer helping resettle refugees and considers many of her peers to be civic-minded. But she is dismayed (气馁；灰心)by the competitiveness of some students who seem prematurely focused on career status. “We're encouraged a lot to be individuals and go out there and do what you want, andnobody should stand in your way,” Kader said, “I can see goals and ambitions getting in the way of other things like relationships.”Kari Dalane, a University of Vermont sophomore, says most of her contemporaries are politically active and not overly self-centered. “People are worried about themselves—but in the sense of where are they're going to find a place in the world,” she said, “People want to look their best, have a good time, but it doesn't mean they're not concerned about the rest of the world.”Besides, some of the responses on the narcissism test might not be worrisome, Dalane said, “It would be more depressing if people answered, …No, I'm not special‟.”21．According to the passage, a narcissistic person may ______.A．hate criticism B．be dishonest to his/her partnerC．be unwilling to help others D．all the above22．The italicized word “commended” (Line 1, Para. 3) means ______.A．praised B．criticized C．recommended D．disfavored23．Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A．Narcissism may result in bad consequences.B．College students are active to participate in volunteer work.C．Some people doubt whether there are remedies to counter the narcissism upsurge.D．Some college students are overly engaged in self-promotion.24．It is implied that ______.A．both the researchers and college students are worried about the trend of narcissismB．the researchers and college students disagree on the findings of the studyC．the researchers and college students disagree on some of the findings of the studyD．college students are pessimistic about their future25．It is proper to be ______ when you hear someone say “I'm special.”A．objective B．pessimistic C．optimistic D．worriedPassage ThreeQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:The House is expected to pass a piece of legislation Thursday that seeks to significantly rebalance the playing field for unions and employers and could possibly reverse decades of declining membership among private industries.The Employee Free Choice Act would allow a union to be recognized after collecting a majority of vote cards, instead of waiting for the National Labor Relations Board to oversee a secret ballot election, which can occur more than 50 days after the card vote is completed.Representatives of business on Capitol Hill oppose the bill. The National Association of Manufacturers, The National Federation of Independent Business, the US Chamber of Commerce and other business groups oppose the shift away from secret ballots saying the change could threaten the privacy of the workers. “This isn't about preventing increased unionization, it's about protecting rights,” said the National A ssociation of Manufacturer's Jason Straczewski, of his organization's opposition to bill. Straczewski says eliminating the secret-ballot step would open up employees to coercion (强迫；胁迫)from unions.Samuel of the AFL-CIO contends the real coercion comes fro m employers. “Workers talking to workers are equals, while managers talking to workers aren't,” Samuel said. He cites the 31,358 cases of illegal employer discrimination acted on by the National Labor Relations Board in 2005．Samuel also points out that counter to claims from the business lobby, the secret ballot would not be eliminated. The change would only take the control of the timing of the election out of the hands of the employers. “On the ground, the difference between having this legislation and n ot would be the difference between night and day,” said Richard Shaw of the Harris County Central Labor Council, who says it would have a tremendous impact on the local level.The bill has other provisions (规定，条款)as well. The Employee Free Choice Act would also impose binding arbitration (仲裁)when a company and a newly formed union cannot agree on a contract after 3 months. An agreement worked out under binding compulsory arbitration would be in effect for 2 years, a fact that Straczewski calls, “borderline unconstitutional.” “I don't see how it will benefit employees if they're locked into a contract,” said Straczewski.The bill's proponents point to the trend of recognized unions unable to get contracts from unwilling employers. The Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, the organization that oversees arbitration, reported that in 2004, 45 percent of newly formed unions were denied first contracts by employers. The bill would also strengthen the penalties for companies that illegally coerce or intimidate employees. As it stands, the law on the books hasn't changed substantially since the National Labor Relations Act was made into law in 1935．The NLBR can enforce no other penalty than reinstating wrongfully fired employees or recovering lost wages.26．Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage?A．House bill aims to spur labor union growth.B．House bill aims to counter labor union growth.C．Employee Free Choice Act aims to spur employment.D．Employee Free Choice Act aims to raise employees' income.27．According to its opponents, the bill ______.A．will protect employees' rightsB．will benefit workers by binding contractsC．will empower unions too muchD．makes it possible for employees to yield to coercion from unions28．Th e word “it” (Line 5, Para. 5) refers to ______.A．the change B．the legislation C．the AFL-CIO D．the difference29．People support the bill because of the following reasons EXCEPT ______.A．the bill will probably enable unions to have fewer members of private industriesB．the bill will allow a union to be recognized earlier and have a great effect on the local level C．binding arbitration will be imposed to protect employees if a contract can't be agreed on between a recently established union and a companyD．the bill will strengthen the punishment for companies which illegally coerce or threaten employees30．It is implied that ______.A．fewer private industries joined unions in the pastB．workers' coercion often comes from unionsC．the bill will be a win-and-win one for employees and employersD．punishment authorized by the bill will be lighterPassage FourQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:Some African Americans have had a profound impact on American society, changing many people's views on race, history and politics. The following is a sampling of African Americans who have shaped society and the world with their spirit and their ideals.Muhaimmad Ali Cassius Marcellus Clay grew up a devout Baptist in Louisville, Kentucky, learning to fight at age 12 after a police officer suggested he learn to defend himself. Six years later, he was an Olympic boxing champion, going on to win three world heavyweight titles. He became known as much for his swagger (趾高气扬) outside the ring as his movement in it, converting to Islam in 1965, changing his name to Muhammad Ali and refusing to join the US Army on religious grounds. Ali remained popular after his athletic career ended and he developed Parkinson's disease, even lighting the Olympic torch at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics and conveying the peaceful virtues of Islam following the September 11 terrorist attacks.W. E. B. Du Bois William Edward Burghardt Du Bois born in 1868, this Massachusetts native was one of the most prominent, prolific intellectuals of his time. An academic, activist and historian, Du Bois co-founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), edited “The Crisis” magazine and wrote 17 books,four journals and many other scholarly article s. In perhaps his most famous work, “The Souls of Black Folk”, published in 1903, he predicted “the problem of 20th century [would be]the problem of the color-line.”Martin Luther King Jr.The Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. is considered one of the most powerful and popular leaders of the American civil rights movement. He spearheaded (带头；做先锋)a massive, nonviolent initiative of marches, sit-ins, boycotts and demonstrations that profoundly affected Americans' attitudes toward race relations. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964．Malcolm X Black leader Malcolm X spoke out about the concepts of race pride and black nationalism in the early 1960s. He denounced the exploitation of black people by whites and developed a large and dedicated following, which continued even after his death in 1965．Interest in the leader surged again after Spike Lee's 1992 movie “Malcolm X” was released.Jackie Robinson In 1947, Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier by joining the Brooklyn Dodgers, becoming the first black baseball player in the US major leagues. After retirement from baseball in 1957, he remained active in civil rights and youth activities. In 1962, he became the first African-American to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.31．Which of the following is NOT true about Muhammad Ali?A．He never served in the army.B．He learned to fight at an early age.C．His popularity decreased after his retirement from boxing.D．He loves peace.32．The italicized word “prolific” (Line 2, Para. 3) is synonymous to ______.A．smart B．skilled C．productive D．pioneering33．According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?A．W. E. B. Du Bois was engaged in the cause of promoting the status of colored people.B．Jackie Robinson was denied by U. S. major baseball leagues throughout his life.C．Martin Luther King Jr. was highly awarded for his contributions to the civil rights movements.D．Malcolm X directly or indirectly inspired interest in leadership even after his death.34．What is common among the celebrities mentioned in the passage?A．Each achieved enormous success in his/her field and was highly recognized.B．Each was devoted to his/her cause but didn't win recognition until death.C．All were active and famous in several fields in their lifetime.D．All loved peace and remained active in civil rights activities.35．Which of the following can be a title of the passage?A．Life of famous African AmericansB．Influence of famous African AmericansC．Political pioneers: Icons and intellectualsD．Cultural pioneers: Icons and intellectualsPart ⅢVocabulary(10 points)(请将答案划在答题卡上) Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one that completes the sentence or is nearest in meaning with the underlined word. And then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.36．The building collapsed because its foundation was not strong enough to ______ the weight of the building.A．subside B．idealize C．initiate D．sustain37．The actress was very ______ at the insulting question raised by her opponent at the conference.A．extraterrestrial B．explicit C．indignant D．innovative 38．It is known to all that children in this region have strong ______ to swimming in summer because of the hot weather.A．inclination B．exposure C．flux D．correlation39．The torch was ______ by a famous athlete at the opening of the sport meeting.A．implement B．deceive C．exemplify D．ignited40．These samples have to be ______ in certain kind of chemical water in order to protect them.A．immersed B．crisped C．armored D．arrayed41．Her talk at the seminar clearly______ from the topic the supervisor expected in the field of sociology.A．alternated B．amplified C．designated D．diverged42．Three years ______ before he returned home from the United States.A．denoted B．destined C．elapsed D．enveloped43．A______ plan needs to be considered and accepted so as to lower the prices in these cities.A．deliberate B．disincentive C．functional D．fantastic44．Sometimes in drawing and designing, the sign X______ the unknown number.A．facilitates B．fascinates C．denotes D．jots45．The speaker was very much ______ by rude words and behavior of the audience in the hall.A．jerked B．incensed C．laced D．limped46．The two countries have developed a ______ relation and increased a great deal in foreign trade.A．managerial B．lethal C．metric D．cordial47．The doctor's ______ was that she should go and see the specialist in this field.A．constraint B．counsel C．coherence D．consciousness48．The United Nation Law of the Sea Conference would soon produce an ocean-mining treaty following its ______ declaration in 1970 that oceans were the heritage of mankind.A．unanimous B．abstract C．autonomous D．almighty49．They need to move to new and large apartments. Do you know of any ______ ones in this area?A．evacuated B．empty C．vacant D．vacate50．The bad and damp weather in the hot area would enable the plants to get ______ quickly.A．decomposed B．denounced C．detached D．deduced51．The government decided to take a ______ action to strengthen the market management.A．diverse B．durable C．epidemic D．drastic52．The local residents were unhappy about the curfew in this region and decided to ______ it.A．disgrace B．disguise C．defy D．distress53．They admitted that they shared the same ______ on the matter.A．potentiality B．sentiment C．postscript D．subscription 54．We cannot be______ with him due to his misbehavior at the meeting yesterday.A．pecked B．reconciled C．perturbed D．presumed55．Bad traveling conditions had seriously ______ their progress to their destination in that region.A．tugged B．demolished C．hampered D．destroyedPart ⅣCloze(10 points)(请将答案划在答题卡上)Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Sea rise as a consequence of global warming would immediately threaten that large fraction of the globe living at sea level. Nearly one-third of all human beings live within 36miles of a coastline. Most of the world's great seaport cities would be 56 : New Orleans, Amsterdam, Shanghai, and Cairo. Some countries—Maldives Islands in the Indian Ocean, islands in the Pacific—would be inundated. Heavily populated coastal areas such as in Bangladesh and Egypt, 57 large populations occupy low-lying areas, would suffer extreme 58 .Warmer oceans would spawn stronger hurricanes and typhoons, 59 in coastal flooding, possibly swamping valuable agricultural lands around the world. 60 water quality may result as 61 flooding which forces salt water into coastal irrigation and drinking watersupplies, and irreplaceable, natural 62 could be flooded with ocean water, destroying forever many of the 63 plant and animal species living there.Food supplies and forests would be 64 affected. Changes in rainfall patterns would disrupt agriculture. Warmer temperatures would 65 grain-growing regions pole-wards. The warming would also increase and change the pest plants, such as weeds and the insects 66 the crops.Human health would also be affected. Warming could 67 tropical climate bringing with it yellow fever, malaria, and other diseases. Heat stress and heat mortality could rise. The harmful 68 of localized urban air pollution would very likely be more serious in warmer 69 . There will be some 70 from warming. New sea-lanes will open in the Arctic, longer growing seasons further north will 71 new agricultural lands, and warmer temperature will make some of today's colder regions more 72 . But these benefits will be in individual areas. The natural systems—both plant and animal—will be less able than man to cope and 73 . Any change of temperature, rainfall, and sea level of the magnitude now 74 will be destructive to natural systems and living things and hence to man as well.The list of possible consequences of global warming suggests very clearly that we must do everything we can now to understand its causes and effects and to take all measures possible to prevent and adapt to potential and inevitable disruptions 75 by global warming.56．A．ascended B．assaulted C．erased D．endangered57．A．which B．where C．when D．what58．A．dislocation B．discontent C．distribution D．distinction 59．A．rebuking B．rambling C．resulting D．rallying60．A．Increased B．Reduced C．Expanded D．Saddened 61．A．inland B．coastal C．urban D．suburban62．A．dry-land B．mountain C．wetlands D．forest63．A．unique B．precious C．interesting D．exciting64．A．geologically B．adversely C．secretively D．serially 65．A．shift B．generate C．grease D．fuse66．A．hiking B．hugging C．attacking D．activating67．A．endanger B．accommodate C．adhere D．enlarge68．A．profits B．values C．effects D．interests69．A．conditions B．accommodation C．surroundings D．evolution70．A．adjustments B．benefits C．adoptions D．profits71．A．alternate B．abuse C．advocate D．create72．A．accidental B．habitable C．anniversary D．ambient 73．A．adapt B．alleviate C．agitate D．assert74．A．ascertained B．conformed C．consoled D．anticipated 75．A．tutored B．relayed C．triggered D．reflectedPart ⅤTranslation from English into Chinese(10 points)(请将翻译写在答题纸上) Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese, and then write it on the ANSWER SHEET.Understanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between energy and human well-being. Energy contributes positively to well-being by providing such consumer services as heating and lighting as well as serving as a necessary input to economic production. But the costs of energy—including not only the money and other resources devoted to obtaining and exploiting it, but also environmental and sociopolitical impacts—detract from well-being.For most of human history, the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the benefit side of the energy-well-being equation. Inadequacy of energy resources or more often of the technologies and organizations for harvesting, converting, and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits and hence inconvenience, deprivation and constraints on growth. The 1970's, then, represented a turning point. After decades of constancy or decline in monetary costs—and of relegation of environmental and sociopolitical costs to secondary status—energy was seen to be getting costlier in all respects. It began to be probable that excessive energy costs could pose threats on insufficient supply. It also became possible to think that expanding some forms of energy supply could create costs exceeding the benefits.Part ⅥWriting(15 points)(请将作文写在答题纸上)Directions:You are asked to write in no less than 200 words about the title of Harmful Plagiarism in Academic Field in China. You should base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below. Remember to write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.目前在学术界出现了剽窃和抄袭等不良现象。
清华大学2003年博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和详解
清华大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和详解Part ⅠListening Comprehension (20%)(略)Part ⅡVocabulary (10%)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best one that completes the sentence and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through center.16．Written at least 100 years ago, the handwriting faded and certainly became ______.A．infinite B．illegible C．infectious D．immune17．It is doubtful whether anyone can be a truly ______ observer of events.A．inadequate B．impassive C．genius D．impartial18．She was ______ by the lack of appreciation shown of her hard work.A．frustrated B．dispersed C．functioned D．displaced19．The shuttle exploded in the air suddenly and broke into ______ at once.A．diversity B．fragments C．doctrine D．drought20．As the society has rigid social ______, everyone knows his role in the society.A．hemisphere B．contempt C．controversy D．hierarchy21．Three years have ______ since we last met at the conference for Internet communication in Beijing.A．elapsed B．discerned C．discontented D．electrified22．It turned out that he had ______ the whole story just to cheat his friends.A．dissipated B．diverged C．detached D．fabricated23．He had a clear ______ of what was wrong with the machine and fixed it in a short time.A．debris B．deficiency C．perception D．persecution24．For ten years the problem about the water has not been solved, we came to think that it has been a ______ problem in this area.A．perpetual B．persuasive C．picturesque D．possessive25．He was ______ by the noise outside yesterday evening and could not concentrate on his study.A．pecked B．oriented C．perturbed D．paddled26．He is often inclined to ______ in other people’s affairs, which is none of his business.A．manipulated B．lumbered C．meddle D．littered27．He practiced ______ on her and managed to get $ 2,000．A．linen B．deception C．longitude D．paradise28．He was ______ to take over the duties and responsibilities of his father from an early age.A．deduced B．damped C．diminished D．destined29．Such questions should be approached honestly and in full awareness that______ loan agreements will cost money due to cancellation or other charges.A．compressing B．terminating C．conforming D．contending30．The room was full of people and smoke. She started to feel ______ with the heat inside.A．oppressed B．congested C．confronted D．craned31．The language experts believe that the ______ age for learning a foreign language is 6 years old.A．conceptual B．considerate C．optimal D．component32．She got very angry and ______ her clothes about in the room.A．flung B．flew C．clamped D．clashed33．He knew that he would be punished severely because of his serious error. Therefore he ______ away the day before yesterday.A．cautioned B．fled C．chattered D．civilized34．The evil manners would be ______ root and branch due to the forceful action taken by the local government.A．exterminated B．exemplified C．facilitated D．emitted35．We all know that it is very hard to ______ him to give his plan up.A．endeavor B．reduce C．assert D．inducePart ⅢReading Comprehension (40%)Directions:There are 4 reading passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D．You should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWERSHEET.Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.A scorching sun, an endless sea of sand and a waterless, forbiddingly lonely land that is the image most people have of deserts.But how true is this picture? Deserts are dry lands where rainfall is low. This is not to say rain never falls in deserts: it may fall once or twice a year in a fierce torrent that fades almost as soon as it has begun, or which evaporates in the hot air long before it has got anywhere near the earth.It may fall in a sudden sweeping flood that carries everything in its path. Rains may only come once in five or six years or not fall for a decade or more. The Mojave desert in the United States remained dry for twenty-five years.Without water no living thing can survive, and one feature of the true desert landscape is the absence of vegetation.With little rain and hardly any vegetation the land suffers under the sun.There are virtually no clouds or trees to protect the earth’s surface and it can be burning ho t. Under the sun, soils break up and crack.Wind and torrential rain sweep away and erode the surface further.Eight million square kilometers of the world’s land surface is desert. Throughout history deserts have been expanding and retreating again. Cave paintings show that parts of the SaharaDesert were green and fertile about 10,000 years ago, and even animals like elephants and giraffes roamed the land. Fossil and dunes found in fertile and damp parts of the world show that these areas were once deserts. But now the creation of new desert areas is happening on a colossal scale. Twenty million square kilometers, an area twice the size of Canada, is at a high to very high risk of becoming desert. With a further 1.25 million square kilometers under moderate risk, an area covering 30% of the earth’s land surface is desert, becoming desert, or in danger of becoming desert. The rate of growth of deserts is alarming.The world’s dry lands which are under threat include some of the most important stock-rearing and wheat-growing areas and are the homes of 600～700 million people.These regions are becoming deserts at the rate of more than 58,000 square kilometers a year or 44 hectares a minute.In North Africa at least 100,000 hectares of cropland are lost each year. At this rate there is a high risk that we will be confined to living on only 50% of this planet's land surface within one more century unless we are able to do something about it.36．What does the passage tell us about rainfall in the desert?A．It never rains.B．It rains so little that nothing can live.C．It rains unexpectedly.D．It rains very infrequently.37．Desert soils break up and crack because of______.A．the effects of wind and min B．the lack of protection from the sunC．the tropical location of deserts D．the absence of rain38．What do we learn about deserts from this text?A．Deserts can change into green and fertile areas.B．Certain areas have always been desert.C．Deserts were once the home of elephants and giraffes.D．Deserts have been growing since the beginning of the world.39．How much of the world's land surface is at risk of becoming desert?A．Less than ten million square kilometers.B．Twenty million square kilometers.C．More than twenty million square kilometers.D．30% of the world's land surface.40．What does the writer think about the creation of new desert areas?A．It is a natural development.B．The problem is not very serious.C．It is a very worrying problem.D．The situation will improve in time.Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage.The first thing to notice is that the media we're all familiar with—from books to television are one-way propositions: they push their content at us. The Web is two-way, push and pull. In finer point, it combines the one-way reach of broadcast with the two-way reciprocity(互惠)of a mid-cast.Indeed, its user can at once be a receiver and sender of broadcast— a confusing property, but mind-stretching!A second aspect of the Web is that it is the first medium that honors the notion of multiple intelligences. This past century's concept of literacy grew out of our intense belief in text, a focus enhanced by the power of one particular technology—the typewriter. It became a great tool for writers but a terrible one for other creative activities such as sketching, painting, notating music, or even mathematics. The typewriter prized one particular kind of intelligence, but with the Web, we suddenly have a medium that honors multiple forms of intelligence—abstract, textual, visual,musical, social, and kinesthetic.As educators, we now have a chance to construct amedium that enables all young people to become engaged in their ideal way of learning. The Web affords the match we need between a medium and how a particular person learns.A third and unusual aspect of the Web is that it leverages (起杠杆作用)the small efforts of the many with the large efforts of the few.For example, researchers in the Maricopa County Community College system in Phoenix have found a way to link a set of senior citizens with pupils in the Longview Elementary School, as helper-mentors (顾问) . It's wonderful to see kids listen to these grandparents better than they do to their own parents, the mentoring really helps their teachers,and the seniors create a sense of meaning for themselves. Thus, the small efforts of the man— the seniors—complement the large efforts of the few—the teachers. The same thing can be found in operation at Hewlett-Packard, where engineers use the Web to help kids with science or math problems. Both of these examples barely scratch the surface as we think about what's possible when we start interlacing resources with needs across a whole region.41．What does the word mind-stretching imply?A．Obtaining one's mental power.B．Strengthening one's power of thought.C．Making great demands on one's mental power.D．Exerting one's mental power as far as possible.42．What is a terrible tool for activities such as sketching and painting?A．Technology.B．Typewriter.C．Text.D．The web.43．Which group of people make some efforts to help pupils in elementary schools?A．Teachers.B．Researchers.C．Grandparents.D．Senior citizens.44．The sentence the seniors create a sense of meaning for themselves means the seniors ______.A．acquire a new meaning of their lives B．understand the meaning of the webC．create a web site for themselves D．add a new meaning to the web45．The expression “scratch the surface” most probabl y meansA．think hard in a puzzled way B．deal with a problem thoroughlyC．treat a subject without being thorough D．work out a solution for a problem easily Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.There is no question that the old style of air pollution could kill people.In one weekfollowing the infamous “peasouper” fog in December 1952, 4,700 people died in London. Most of these people were elderly and already had heart or lung diseases. A series of these killer fogs eventually led to the British Passing the Clean Air Act which restricted the burning of coal.Fortunately the effect of smog on the lungs is not so dramatic.Scientists have now conducted a number of laboratory experiments in which volunteers are exposed to ozone inside a steel chamber for a few hours. Even at quite low concentrations there is a reversible fall in lung function, an increase in the irritability of the lungs and evidence of airway inflammation (发炎). Although irritable and inflamed lungs are particularly seen in people with asthma (哮喘) and other lung diseases, these effects of ozone also occur in healthy subjects. Similar changes are also seen after exposure to nitrogen dioxide, although there is some disagreement about the concentration at which they occur.Other studies have found that people living in areas with high levels of pollution have more symptoms and worse hung function than those living in areas with clean air. Groups of children attending school camps show falls in lung function even at quite low concentrations of ozone.There is also a relationship between ozone levels and hospital admissions for asthma, both in North America and Australia. It is suspected that long-term exposure to smog may result in chronic bronchitis (支气管炎) and emphysema (肺气肿), but this has yet to be proven.Recently an association has been found between the levels of particles in the air and death rates in North American cities. The reason for this association is not understood and as yet there is no evidence this occurs in Australia. However, we do know that hazy days are associated with more asthma attacks in children.46．Which ofthe following is NOT the result of laboratory experiments?A．Low concentrations.B．Fall in lung function.C．Irritability of the lungs.D．Airway inflammation.47．Irritable and inflamed lungs are also seen in people with ______.A．asthma B．lung diseases C．good health D．weak health48．Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a possible cause of lung diseases?A．The burning of coal.B．Long-term exposure to smog.C．Exposure to nitrogen dioxide.D．Attending school camps.49．The relationship between exposure to ______ has not yet been determined.A．ozone and fall in lung functionB．ozone and lung diseases such as asthmaC．nitrogen dioxide and worse lung functionD．smog and chronic bronchitis and emphysema50．The association between ______ has not yet been found in Australia.A．ozone levels and hospital admissions for asthmaB．hazy days and more asthma attacks in childrenC．the levels of particles in the air and death ratesD．high levels of pollution and more symptomsQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.The events of Sept. 11 have ratcheted up security at American airports to the highest level ever,according to a spokesman for Transportation Secretary Norman Mineta. But to say there is plenty of room for improvement puts it mildly:Hundreds of employees with access to high-security areas at 15 U.S.airports have been arrested or indicted by federal law enforcement officials for using phony Social Security numbers,lying about criminal convictions or being in the United States illegally. None of those arrested had terrorist links, but some aviation experts said the workers were in a position to help smuggle weapons or bombs aboard aircraft ifthey had ranted.Tests ordered by President Bush and conducted by federal agents at 32 airports between November and February, when airports were on highest alert, showed that Security screeners failed to detect knives 70% of the time, guns 30% of the time and simulated explosives 60% of the time.Two members of the House Transportation Committee are pushing to reverse the administration's opposition to arming pilots because groups representing pilots are insisting that their members need to be armed as a last line of defense.Attorney General John Ashcroft said the arrests of hundreds of airport employees showed that the system of background checks—done piecemeal by airlines, private contractors and others—needs tightening. That much is painfully obvious. What isn't clear is why the system was so porous (有漏洞的) to begin with and why it wasn't immediately tightened after that infamous Tuesday in September.Some people in the industry wisely have suggested that all airport workers be required to pass through the same metal detectors and other Security checks as flight crews do. Congress has ordered the new Transpiration Security Administration to find ways to enact just such a requirement.Unfortunately, no deadline has been set, in part because federal officials are preoccupied with getting thousands of new baggage screeners in place by Nov.19—when the feds take over airport security—and installing bomb— detection equipment in all airports by the end of the year.Plainly, those two goals are critical. But it would be a mistake to give low priority to fixing other gaping holes in the nation's airport security net.If the federal crackdown is going to be effective, it needs to be comprehensive.51．The possible reason for hundreds of airport employees being arrested might be one of the following except ______.A．using false ID B．helping others in smugglingC．being in the U.S. illegally D．denying or not mentioning past crimes 52．Figures showed that security screeners were ______ dangerous items.A．able to detect B．not able to detectC．not effective in detecting D．very effective in detecting53．Who is/are against the point that pilots need to be armed?A．Pilots.B．Federal agents.C．The administration.D．Two members of the House Transportation Committee.54．What does the word “infamous” mean?A．Not famous.B．Well known for something bad.C．Well known for something exciting.D．Well known for something permanent.55．Which one is NOT true according to the passage?A．All the passengers are supposed to go through security checks.B．All the airport workers are supposed to go through security checks.C．All the flight crews are supposed to go through security checks.D．Not all the federal officials are supposed to go through security checks.Part ⅣCloze (10%)Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage.For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D．You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.When an invention is made, the inventor has three possible 56 of action open to him: he can give the invention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea 57, or patent it.A 58 patent is the result of a bargain 59 between an inventor and the state, but the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period 60.Only in the most exceptional circumstances 61 the lifespan of a patent 62 to alter this normal process of events.The longest extension ever 63 was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuit was extended until 1971 because for most of the patent's normal life there was no color TV to 64 and thus no hope for reward for the invention.Because a patent remains permanently 65 after it has terminated, the shelves of the library attached to the 66 office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and, if 67 than half a century, sometimes even re-patent.Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone 68 to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through 69 patents that the one sure way of violation of rely other inventor's right is to plagiarize a dead patent.Likewise, because publication of an idea in any other form 70 invalidates further patents on that idea, it is traditionally 71 to take ideas from other areas of print. Much modem technological advance is 72 on these presumptions of legal security.Anyone closely 73 in patents and inventions soon learns that most “new” ideas are, in fact,as old as the hills.It is theft reduction to commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication,or through the availability of new technology, 74 makes news and money. The basic patent for the theory for magnetic recording dates back to 1886．Many of the original ideas behind television originate 75 the late 19th and early 20th century. Even the V olkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear.56．A．work B．possibility C．measures D．courses57．A．open B．covered C．secret D．improved58．A．granted B．granting C．inventing D．invented59．A．striking B．struck C．to be striking D．to strike60．A．terminating B．continuing C．continues D．terminates 61．A．are B．to be C．be D．is62．A．extending B．will extend C．extended D．to be extended 63．A．granted B．granting C．to grant D．being granted 64．A．receiving B．sending C．receive D．send65．A．public B．secret C．close D．concealed 66．A．customer B．commerce C．patent D．television 67．A．longer B．older C．weaker D．younger68．A．wished B．refusing C．refused D．wishing69．A．live B．dead C．working D．recording 70．A．temporarily B．suddenly C．permanently D．sharply71．A．dangerous B．undesirable C．safe D．terrible72．A．constructed B．sent C．anticipated D．based73．A．involving B．involved C．contained D．containing 74．A．which B．when C．that D．where75．A．with B．off C．before D．fromPart Ⅴ Writing (20%)Directions:In this part, you are asked to writ e a composition on the title of “Effect of China’s Entry into WTO on Ph.D Program in China” with no less than 200 English words. Your composition should be based on the following outline given in Chinese. Put your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.1．中国加入WTO后，博士研究生的培养也会受到一定程度的影响。
清华大学考博英语-7
清华大学考博英语-7(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}Writing{{/B}}(总题数：3，分数：100.00)1.1、有些大学允许学生自由选择某些课程的任课老师。
2、学生选择老师时所考虑的主要因素是。
3、学生自选任课老师的益处及可能产生的问题。
（分数：34.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(On Students Choosing LecturersNowadays, some universities give students the right to choose who teaches some of their classes. This has led to some debate over whether students should be give this much power.There are several factors that students consider when choosing a lecturer, including the teaching style of the lecturer, the lecturer's academic background, and the lecturer's reputation among students. The ideal lecturer is one who has an interesting teaching style, a diverse academic background, and a good reputation among students.There are both positive and negative aspects to allowing students to choose their lecturers. Giving students the choice encourages them to take ownership for their classes, and also puts pressure on teachers to improve their teaching quality.However, the factors that students consider might not be the ones that lead to the highest quality of education. Schools might end up with lecturers who teach interesting classes without much content.)解析：2.1．近几年大学校园出现了一股过洋节热。
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清华大学2002年博士研究生入学考试试题Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension (20%)Section ADirections: You will hear a news story about the explosion on the World Trade Center in New York City. Listen to it and fill out the table with the information you've heard for questions 1—5. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write no more than 3 words in each numbered box. Put your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. You will hear the recording only once.Section BDirections: You will hear a customer calling a car rental service to rent a car. For questions 6—10, complete the sentences and answer the questions while you are listening. Use no more than 3 words for each answer. Put your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. You will hear the recordingSection CDirections:In this section you will hear a radio program. This program is about the production of postage stamps. Listen to the recording and either choose the correct answer for each statement or complete the notes as required. Circle the letter of your choice and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. You will hear the recording, twice.11. The weekly radio program is on__________.A. topics suggested by listenersB. local news itemsC. listeners' hobbies12. The process of stamp production is__________.A. difficultB. expensiveC. time consuming13. In the search for suitable subjects, people are invited to__________.A. research a number of topicsB. give an opinion on possible topicsC. produce a list of topics14. Topics are sent for final approval to__________.A. a group of graphic artistsB. The Board of DirectorsC. a designers’ committee15. Australian artists receive money__________.A. only if the stamp goes into circulationB. for the design onlyC. for the design and again if it is usedQuestions (16～18): Complete the notes using no more than 3 words for each answer, and then put your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Stamps must represent aspects of (16)_____________________e. g. characters from literature or examples of wildlife.There are no (17)_______________on Australian or British stamps.A favourite topic in Britain is (18)__________________.19. The speaker says that__________.A. many people produce designs for stampsB. few people are interested in stamp designC. people will never agree about stamp design20. The speaker suggests that__________.A. stamps play an important role in our livesB. too much attention is devoted to stamp productionC. stamps should reflect a nation's characterPart Ⅱ Vocabulary (10%)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one that completes the sentence and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.21. The day was breaking and people began to go to work so the murderer was unable to__________of the body.A. dispenseB. disposeC. discardD. discharge22. Can you imagine! He offered me 5000 to break my contract. That's__________. Of course I didn't agree. I would take legal action.A. fraudB. blackmailC. briberyD. compensation23. Her remarks__________a complete disregard for human rights.A. magnifiedB. maintainedC. manipulatedD.manifested24. I should be able to finish the task on time,__________you provide me with the necessary guidance.A. in caseB. provided thatC. or elseD. as if25. The unfortunate death of the genius poet caused__________loss to this country.A. pricelessB. countlessC. incalculableD. imaginable26. Before the disastrous earthquake there was__________chaos.A. massiveB. ominousC. suspendingD. imminent27. On behalf of my company, I am__________to you and your colleagues for your generous help.A. subjectedB. inclinedC. availableD. obliged28. The appearance of the used car is__________, it's much newer than it really is.A. descriptiveB. indicativeC. deceptiveD. impressive29. His office is__________to the President's; it usually takes him about three minutes to get there.A. relatedB. adhesiveC. adherentD. adjacent30. The none of students in the class likes the mistress, who is used to being__________of everything they do.A. emotionalB. optimisticC. interestedD. critical31. I didn't know it then, but this disruptive way of reading started with the very first novel I ever picked up.A. harmfulB. persistentC. interruptiveD. characteristic32. The problem is that the loss of confidence among the soldiers can be highly contagious.A. spreadingB. contemptibleC. contentedD. depressing33. The sales manager was so adamant about her idea that it was out of the question for any one to talk her out of it.A. adaptableB. anxiousC. firmD. talkative34. Other non-dominant males were hyperactive; they were much more active than is normal, chasing others and fighting each other.A. hardly activeB. relatively activeC. extremely inactiveD. pathologically active35. While he was not dumber than an ox, he was not any smarter; so most of his classmates were lenient and helped him along.A. helpfulB. mercifulC. enthusiasticD. intelligent36. Before the construction of the road, it was prohibitively expensive to transport any furs or fruits across the mountains.A. determinedlyB. incrediblyB. amazingly D. forbiddingly37. At dusk, Mr. Hightower would sit in his old armchair in the backyard and wistfully lose in reminiscence of his youth romances.A. hopefullyB. reflectivelyC. sympatheticallyD. irresistibly38. The prodigal son spent his money extravagantly and soon after he left home he was reduced toa beggar.A. lavishlyB. economicallyC. thriftilyD. extrovertly39. The chimney vomited a cloud of smoke.A. ignitedB. immersedC. emittedD. hugged40. The rear section of the brain does not contract with age, and one can continue living without intellectual or emotional faculties.A. advancedB. growingC. frontD. backPart ⅢReading Comprehension (40%)Directions:There are 2 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. you should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Questions 31 to 45 are based on the following passage:Motorola Inc., the world's second-largest mobile phone make, will begin selling all of the technology needed to build a basic mobile phone to outside manufacturers, in a key change of strategy. The inventor of the cell phone, which has been troubled by missteps compounded by a recent industry slump in sales, is trying to become a neutral provider of mobile technology to rivals, with an eye toward fostering a much larger market than it could create itself. The Chicago area-based company, considered to have the widest range of technologies needed to build a phone, said it planned to make available chips, a design layout for the computer board, software, development tools and testing tools. Motorola has previously supplied mobile phone manufacturers with a couple of its chips, but this is the first time the company will offer its entire line of chips as well as a detailed blueprint. Mobile phones contain a variety of chips and components to control power, sound and amplification. Analysts said they liked the new strategy but were cautious about whether Motorola's mobile phone competitors would want to buy the technology from a rival.The company, long known for its top-notch (等级) engineering culture, is hoping to profit from its mobile phone technology now that the basic technology to build a mobile phone has largely become a commodity. Motorola said it will begin offering the technology based on the next-generation GPRS (Global Packet Radio Service) standard because most mobile phone makers already have technology in place for current digital phones. GPRS offers faster access to data through “always on” network connections, and customers are charged only for the information they retrieve, rather than the length of download.Burgess said the new business will not conflict with Motorola's own mobile phone business because the latter will remain competitive by offering advanced features and designs. Motorola's phones have been criticized as being too complicated and expensive to manufacture, but Burgess said Motorola will simplify the technology in the phones by a third. In addition to basic technology, Burgess said, Motorola would also offer additional features such as Bluetooth, a technology that allows wireless communications at a short distance, and Global Positioning System, which tracks the user's whereabouts, and MP3 audio capability.41. The word “slump” in the first paragraph may be replaced by__________.A. slouchB. declineB. increase D. stamp42. According to this passage, Motorola Inc.__________.A. is the world's largest mobile phone makerB. is trying to become a mobile technology provider besides being a mobile phone makerC. will only sell chips of the mobile phonesD. is going to sell all its manufacturing plants43. Analysts don't think that__________.A. Motorola will be successfulB. the technology offered by Motorola will be selected by its competitorsC. its competitors will want to buy the technology from itD. its mobile phones contain a variety of chips44. The technology supplied by Motorola is based on__________.A. Bluetooth featuresB. MP3 audio capabilityC. Global Positioning SystemD. GPRS standard45. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. GPRS offers faster access to data through network connections, so customers should pay more.B. Motorola Inc. is the inventor of the cell phone.C. Previously Motorola only supplied mobile phone manufacturers with some of its chips.D. Motorola Inc. is known for its high-class engineering culture.Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:Hurricanes are violent storms that cause millions of dollars in property damage and take many lives. They can be extremely dangerous, and too often people underestimate their fury. Hurricanes normally originate as a small area of thunderstorms over the Atlantic Ocean west of the Cape Verde Islands during August or September. For several days, the area of the storm increases and the air pressure falls slowly. A center of low pressure forms, and winds begin to whirl around it. It is blown westward, increasing in size and strength.Hurricane hunters then fly out to the storm in order to determine its size and intensity and to track its direction. They drop instruments for recording temperature, air pressure, and humidity (湿度), into the storm. They also look at the size of waves on the ocean, the clouds, and the eye of the storm. The eye is a region of relative calm and clear skies in the center of the hurricane. People often lose their lives by leaving shelter when the eye has arrived, only to be caught in tremendous winds again when the eye has passed.Once the forecasters have determined that it is likely the hurrican will reach shore, they issue a hurricane watch for a large, general area that may be in the path of the storm. Later, when theprobable point of landfall is clearer, they will issue a hurricane warning for a somewhat more limited area. People in these areas are wise to stock up on nonperishable foods, flash light and radio batteries, candles, and other items they may need if electricity and water are not available after the storm. They should also try to hurricane-proof their houses by bringing in light-weight furniture and other items from outside and covering windows. People living in low-lying areas are wise to evacuate their houses because of the storm surge, which is a large rush of water that may come ashore with the storm. Hurricanes generally lose power slowly while traveling over land, but many move out to sea, gather up force again, and return to land. As they move toward the north, they generally lose their identity as hurricanes.46. The eye of the hurricane is__________.A. the powerful center of the stormB. the part that determines its directionC. the relatively calm center of the stormD. the center of low pressure47. Which of the following statements is true?A. A storm surge is a dramatic increase in wind velocity.B. A hurricane watch is more serious than a hurricane warning.C. Falling air pressure is an indicator that the storm is increasing in intensity.D. It is safe to go outside once the eye has arrived.48. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?A. How to Avoid Hurricane damageB. Forecasting HurricanesC. The dangerous HurricaneD. Atlantic Storms49. The low-lying areas refer to those regions that__________.A. close to the ground levelB. one-storey flatC. flat housesD. near to the lowest level of hurricane50. Which of the following is NOT a method of protecting one's house from a hurricane?A. taking out heavy thingsB. moving in light-weight furnitureC. equipping the house with stonesD. covering windowsQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:Attacking an increasingly popular Internet business practice, a consumer watchdog group Monday filed a complaint with the Federal Trade Commission, asserting that many online search engines are concealing the impact special fees have on search results by Internet users. Commercial Alert, a 3-year-old group founded by consumer activist Ralph Nader, asked the FTC to investigate whether eight of the Web' s largest search engines are violating federal laws against deceptive advertising.The group said that the search engines are abandoning objective formulas to determine the order of their listed results and selling the top spots to the highest bidders without making adequate disclosures to Web surfers. The complaint touches a hot-button issue affecting tens of millions of people who submit search queries each day. With more than 2 billion pages and more than 14 billion hyperlinks on the Web, search requests rank as the second most popular online activity after E-mail.The eight search engines named in Commercial Alert's complaint are: MSN, owned by Microsoft; Netscape, owned by AOL Time Warner; Directhit, owned by Ask Jeeves; HotBot and Lycos, both owned by Terra Lycos; Altavista, owned by CMGI; LookSmart, owned by LookSmart;and iWon, owned by a privately held company operating under the same name.Portland, Ore.-based Commercial Alert could have named more search engines in its complaint, but focused on the biggest sites that are auctioning off spots in their results, said Gary Ruskin, the group's executive director.“Search engines have become central in the quest for learning and knowledge in our society. The ability to skew (扭曲）the results in favor of hucksters (小贩）without telling consumers is a serious problem.” Ruskin said. By late Monday afternoon, three of the search engines had responded to The Associated Press' inquiries about the complaint. Two, LookSmart and AltaVista, denied the charges. Microsoft spokesman Matt Pilla said MSN is delivering “compelling search results that people want.”The FTC had no comment about the complaint Monday. The complaint takes aim at the new business plans embraced by more search engines as they try to cash in on their pivotal (关键）role as Web guides and reverse a steady stream of losses. To boost revenue, search engines in the past year have been accepting payments from businesses interested in receiving a higher ranking in certain categories or ensuring that their sites are reviewed more frequently.51. The consumer group complained about__________.A. special fees that Internet users were chargedB. Federal Trade CommissionC. Commercial AlertD. online search engines52. __________is the most popular activity online.A. Sending pages of informationB. Sending E-mailC. Surfing the netD. Selling the top spot53. Which of the following is NOT a correct statement?A. There are too many pages or hyperlinks on the Internet, so people usually use search engine to find a certain site.B. More than 8 search engines are accused of selling their search engine spots by Commercial Alert.C. The headquarters of Commercial Alert is in Portland Oregon.D. The search engines are Web guides.54. All the following share one similarity EXCEPT__________.A. LookSmartB. CMGIC. AltavistaD. Microsoft55. The primary aim of some companies’ sponsoring the search engines is to__________.A. cash in on their important role as Web guidesB. boost their avenueC. reverse a series of lossesD. have their sites visited by the internet users moreQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:D. H. Lawrence was the fourth child of Arthur Lawrence and Lydia Beardsall, and their first to have been born in Eastwood. Ever since their marriage in 1875, the couple had been on the move: Arthur's job as a miner had taken them where the best-paid work had been during the boom years of the 1870s, and they had lived in a succession of small and recently built grimy colliery villages all over Nottinghamshire. But when they moved to Eastwood in 1883, it was to a placewhere they would remain for the rest of their lives; the move seems to have marked a watershed in their early history.For one thing, they were settling down: Arthur Lawrence would work at Brinsley colliery until he retired in 1909. For another, they now had three small children and Lydia may have wanted to give them the kind of continuity in schooling they had never previously had. It was also the case that, when they came to Eastwood, they took a house with a shop window, and Lydia ran a small clothes shop: presumably to supplement their income, but also perhaps because she felt she could do it in addition to raising their children. It seems possible that, getting on badly with her husband as she did, she imagined that further children were out of the question. Taking on the shop may have marked her own bid for independence.Arthur's parents lived less than a mile away, down in Brinsley, while his youngest brother Walter lived only 100 yards away from them in another company house, in Princes Street. When the family moved to Eastwood, Arthur Lawrence was coming back to his own family's center: one of the reasons, for sure, why they stayed there.Lydia Lawrence probably felt, on the other hand, more as if she were digging in for a siege. East wood may have been home to Arthur Lawrence, but to Lydia it was just another grimy colliery village which she never liked very much and where she never felt either much at home or properly accepted. Her Kent accent doubtless made Midlands people feel that she put on airs.56. This passage is mainly about the introduction of__________.A. D. H. LawrenceB. D. H. Lawrence's parentsC. D. H. Lawrence's residenceD. D. H. Lawrence's family background and education57. Which of the following is NOT the reason for D. H. Lawrence's family settling down in East wood?A. Children in the family needed consistent education.B. D. H. Lawrence's father could be near to his family members.C. D. H. Lawrence's mother could seek for her independence.D. D. H. Lawrence could accumulate enough materials to write about in his novels.58. Which of the following might be an image of D. H. Lawrence's mother in other people's mind?A. A mother who was quite amiable.B. A wife who was considerate.C. An arrogant woman.D. A faithful wife.59. The family had been on the move, because__________.A. they had to stay with the father who had to go everywhere to find a job in depressionB. the father could find better-paid jobs in the prosperity of economyC. the father wanted to be near with his own homeD. the mother always wanted to change the location of their house60. Which of the following statement is NOT true?A. The relationship between D. H. Lawrence's parents may not be so good.B. D. H. Lawrence's mother was a woman of strong will.C. D. H. Lawrence's mother did not like her home at Eastwood.D. D. H. Lawrence was the first child in the family.Part Ⅳ Cloze (10%)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.The history of African—Americans during the past 400 years is traditionally narrated__61__an ongoing struggle against__62__and indifference on the part of the American mainstream, and a struggle__63__as an upward movement is__64__toward ever more justice and opportunity.Technology in and of__65__is not at fault; it's much too simple to say that gunpowder or agricultural machinery or fiber optics__66__been the enemy of an__67__group of people. A certain machine is put__68__work in a certain way the purpose__69__which it was designed. The people who design the machines are not intent on unleashing chaos; they are usually trying to__70__a task more quickly, cleanly, or cheaply, __71__the imperative of innovation and efficiency that has ruled Western civilization__72__the Renaissance.Mastery of technology is second only__73__money as the true measure of accomplishment in this country, and it is very likely that by__74__this under-representation in the technological realm, and by not questioning and examining the folkways that have__75__it, blacks are allowing__76__to be kept out of the mainstream once again. This time, however, they will be__77__from the greatest cash engine of the twenty-first century. Inner-city blacks in particular are in danger, and the beautiful suburbs __78__ring the decay of Hartford, shed the past and learn to exist without contemplating or encountering the tragedy of the inner city.And blacks must change as well. The ways that__79__their ancestors through captivity and coming to freedom have begun to loose their utility. If blacks__80__to survive as full participants in this society, they have to understand what works now.61. A. like B. as C. for D. with62. A. charity B. clarity C. cohesion D. oppression63. A. charting B. charts C. charted D. to chart64. A. progressing B. progressed C. clutched D. clutching65. A. itself B. themselves C. ourselves D. himself66. A. have B. to have C. has D. to has67. A. entirely B. enter C. entire D. entrance68. A. for B. off C. on D. at69. A. for B. to C. with D. before70.A. envelop B. accomplish C. enveloping D. accomplishing71. A. followed B. follows C. to follow D. following72. A. since B. on C. in D. at73. A. before B. to C. with D. from74. A. to tolerate B. tolerate C. tolerated D. tolerating75. A. encountered B. encountering C. to encounter D. encounters76. A. them B. us C. themselves D. ourselves77. A. excluding B. included C. including D. excluded78. A. where B. that C. how D. what79. A. servicing B. encircle C. encircling D. served80. A. is B. were C. are D. havePart Ⅴ Short Answer Questions (5%)Directions: In this part there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully, then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewer possible English words and then put your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.The years between 1870 and 1895 brought enormous changes to the theater in the United States as the resident company was undermined by touring groups, as New York became the only major center of production, and as the long run replaced the repertory (库存) system. By 1870, the resident stock company was at the peak of its development in the United States. The 50 permanent companies of 1870, however, had dwindled to 20 by 1878, to 8 by 1880, to 4 by 1887, and had almost disappeared by 1900.While the causes of this change are numerous, probably the most important was the rise of the “combination” company (that is, one that travels with stars and full company). Sending out a complete production was merely a logical extension of touring by stars. By the 1840's many major actors were already taking along a small group of lesser players, for they could not be sure that local companies could supply adequate support in secondary roels.There is much disagreement about the origin of the combination company. Bouciault claimed to have initiated it around 1860 when he sent out a troupe with Colleen Bawn, but a book published in 1859 speaks of combination companies as already established. Joseph Jefferson Ⅲalso declared that he was a pioneer in the movement. In actuality, the practice probably began tentatively during the 1850's, only to be interrupted by the Civil War. It mushroomed in the 1870's, as the rapid expansion of the railway system made it increasingly feasible to transport full productions. In 1872, Lawrence Barrett took his company, but no scenery, on tour; in 1876, Rose Michel was sent out with full company, scenery, and properties. By the season of 1876—1877 there were nearly 100 combination companies on the road, and by 1886 there were 282.81. What was the trend for the resident stock companies at the end of the 19th century?_________________________________________________________________________82. According to the passage, the major reason for the decline of the resident stock companies was_________________________________________________________________________83. Why did many important actors join some minor players in 1840's?_________________________________________________________________________84. According to the passage, the development of full touring companies was aided by_________________________________________________________________________85. Why is Lawrence Barrentt mentioned in the passage?_________________________________________________________________________Part Ⅵ Writing (15%)Directions: In this part, you are asked to write a composition on the title of “My View on an Admission Interview for Ph. D. Candidates” with no less than 200 English words. Your composition should be based on the following outline given in Chinese. Put your composition onthe ANSWER SHEET.1. 博士研究生入学面试是否必要？2. 在博士研究生入学面试中，你认为最重要的是展示哪几个方面？3. 你将如何展示这个方面？试题详解Part Ⅰ Listening ComprehensionSection A1. 12:182. Over/More than 50,000.3. The basement area.4. Over/More than 60, 000.5. 2 or more hours.Section C11. A 12.C 13.B 14.B 15.C 16. national interest/the country/the nation 17. Living people 18. (past)kings & queens 19. C 20.BPart Ⅱ Vocabulary21. B dispense分配，分发；dispose处置，处理；discard丢弃，抛弃；discharge卸货，放出；只有dispose和of构成固定搭配，其他都不对。