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劳动合同法英文版

劳动合同法英文版

劳动合同法英文版Employment Contract LawChapter 1 Basic provisionsArticle 1 Purpose and basisThis Contract is formulated in accordance with relevant laws and regulations, to regulate the employment relationship between employers and employees, safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of both parties, and promote harmonious labor relations.Article 2 Parties to the ContractThe Parties to this Contract are: the employer, [name and address], and the employee, [name and address].Article 3 Contract DurationThis Contract shall start from [date] and end on [date], unless otherwise renewed or terminated in accordance with the provisions of this Contract.Chapter 2 Employment TermsArticle 4 Jobs and ResponsibilitiesThe Employer hereby agrees to employ the Employee in the position of [job title] with the following responsibilities: [duties and responsibilities].Article 5 Full-time or Part-time EmploymentThe Employee is employed on a [full-time/part-time] basis, and the work hours shall be [hours per day or week].Article 6 Salary, Bonus and BenefitsThe Employer shall pay the Employee a monthly salary of [amount], and may provide the Employee withperformance-related bonuses and other benefits as agreed between the Parties.Article 7 Work LocationThe Employee shall work at [address], unless otherwise agreed between the Parties.Chapter 3 Employee Rights and ObligationsArticle 8 Employee RightsThe Employee has the following rights:(a) the right to fair and just treatment;(b) the right to occupational safety and health;(c) the right to training and professional development;(d) the right to rest and leave in accordance with the law;(e) the right to join a trade union or to bargain collectively;(f) the right to receive remuneration in accordance with relevant regulations.Article 9 Employee ObligationsThe Employee shall:(a) observe the rules and regulations of the Employer;(b) perform work duties honestly and diligently;(c) be responsible for the work completed;(d) protect the trade secrets of the Employer;(e) maintain the safety of the workplace and equipment;(f) undertake training and professional development as required.Chapter 4 Termination of the ContractArticle 10 Contract RenewalIf the Employer intends to renew the Contract, it shall notify the Employee in writing at least [number] days before the expiry date of the Contract.Article 11 Termination by AgreementThe Parties may terminate the Contract by mutual consent, upon written agreement between them.Article 12 Termination by the EmployerThe Employer may terminate the Contract under the following circumstances:(a) the Employee is found to have falsified qualifications;(b) the Employee has severely violated company rules and regulations;(c) the Employee has breached the provisions of this Contract;(d) the Employee is found to be performing poorly in his/her job duties;(e) the Employee is unable to continue his/her work duties due to sickness or other incapacity.Article 13 Termination by the EmployeeThe Employee may terminate the Contract upon written notice to the Employer, under the following circumstances:(a) the Employer fails to provide the agreed salary, benefits or working conditions;(b) the Employee is subjected to harassment or discrimination;(c) the Employee has to leave due to serious family reasons;(d) the Employer has breached the provisions of this Contract.Chapter 5 Liability for BreachArticle 14 Compensation for BreachIf either Party to this Contract breaches the terms of this Contract, he/she shall be liable for damages caused to the other Party, and shall compensate the other Party for the damages suffered.Chapter 6 Miscellaneous ProvisionsArticle 15 Applicable LawThis Contract shall be governed by the laws and regulations of the People's Republic of China.Article 16 Dispute ResolutionAny dispute arising from the execution of this Contract may be resolved through consultation between the Parties. If consultation fails, the dispute may be submitted to an arbitration commission for arbitration, in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations.Article 17 Supplementary ProvisionsAny supplement, amendment, or cancellation of this Contract shall be made in writing and signed by both Parties.Article 18 Effectiveness and EnforceabilityThis Contract shall become effective after being signed by both Parties. This Contract shall be enforceable in accordance with the law.Article 19 DuplicationThis Contract shall be made in two copies, with each Party retaining one copy.Article 20 InterpretationThis Contract shall be interpreted in accordance with its spirit and purpose. In case of any ambiguity in the provisions, the Parties shall resolve the issue through consultation.。

英语翻译Tips

英语翻译Tips

中国学历的标准翻译《中华人民共和国学位条例》“Regulations Concerning Academic Degrees in the People’s Republic of China”结业证书Certificate of Completion毕业证书Certificate of Graduation肄业证书Certificate of Completion/Incompletion/ Attendance/Study教育学院College/Institute of Education中学Middle[Secondary] School师范学校Normal School[upper secondary level]师范专科学校Normal Specialised Postsecondary College师范大学Normal[Teachers] University公正书Notarial Certificate专科学校Postsecondary Specialised College广播电视大学Radio and Television University中等专科学校Secondary Specialised School自学考试Self-Study Examination技工学校Skilled Workers[Training] School业余大学Spare-Time University职工大学Staff and Workers University大学University(regular,degree-granting)职业大学Vocational Univers时尚新词语英译1、追星族 fan of celebrityMy sister is a fan of celebrity,who admires those famous singers and movie stars.2、侃价 to bargainIf you bargain with them they might reduce the price.3、知识经济 knowledge economicsThis is the time of knowledge economics.4、曝光 to exposeRadios and Televisions exposed the crimes of those corrupt officials.5、最低工资 minimum wageSome staff members can only get the minimum wage.6、下岗工人 laid-off workerThe laid-off worker can get 300 yuan unemployment allowance per month from the goverment.7、走俏 to sell wellThe book sells well.8、法盲 ignorant of lawDon't you think he is an ignorant of law?9、市价 market priceActually the price I've offered is 10% lower than the market price.10、AA制 to go fifty fifty/to go DuntchLet's go Duntch,ok?11、直销 direct sales to customersMany manufacturers adopt the strategy of direct sales to customers.12、一步到位 to settle a matter at one goWe'd better settle the matter at one go.13、泡沫经济 bubble economyThe economic crisis is the direct result of bubble economy.14、名人效应 social influence of celebritiesMany enterprises want to take advantage of the social influence of celebrities to make their products well know.15、假日经济 holiday economicsHoliday economics brought a lot of profits to hotels and tourism.16、买单 to pay the billIt is your turn to pay the bill.17、自助餐 Buffet mealI think Buffet meals are cheap and nice.18、再就业工程 project to reemploy laid-off workersThe goverment launched a project to reemploy laid-off workers two years ago.19、拳头产品 competitive productsThe competitive products of our company are quality air conditioners.20、热门话题 popular topicNowadays 2008 Beijing Olympic Games is a popular topic in China.21、人体炸弹 suicide bombThree US soldiers were killed in yesterday's suicide bombing.22、网吧 Internet barMany teenagers are so addicted to Internet bars that they've given up their school studies.23、网友Internet buddiesI have made a lot of Internet buddies.24、轰动效应sensational effectThe new measure caused a sensational effect.25、举报 to denounceThe victim has denounced him to the police.26、公众人物 publicly known figureThe publicly known figures have their own problem,too.27、裁员to cut staff membersSome airline companies are planning to cut staff members.28、宰人to overchargeSome peddlers overcharge too much.29、中彩to win the lotteryRory won $50 million in the California lottery.30、反恐to fight against terrorismWe are supportive of fighting against terrorism.经典中文语句英译但愿人长久,千里共婵娟。

中华人民共和国劳动合同法英语版

中华人民共和国劳动合同法英语版

中华人民共和国劳动合同法英语版全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1Labor Contract Law of the People's Republic of ChinaChapter I General ProvisionsArticle 1 This Law is formulated in accordance with the Constitution and in light of the practical experiences of the country in order to protect the legitimate rights and interests of laborers, establish and safeguard a labor-contract system adapted to the needs of a socialist market economy, promote employment, and support economic development.Article 2 The State promotes the conclusion of labor contracts between laborers and employing units in accordance with law, and encourages and supports collective wage consultations between laborers and employing units.Article 3 Employing units shall establish and improve systems of rules and regulations, set up democratic management systems with the participation of the workers, and ensure the workers' right to criticize and make suggestions with regard to management.Article 4 In signing labor contracts, both parties shall abide by the principles of voluntariness, equality, fairness, and mutual benefit, and shall not harm the public interests, damage the lawful rights and interests of any other party or violate socialist ethics.Article 5 The conclusion, performance, amendment, and termination of labor contracts must comply with legal procedures, and neither party may, by seeking the protection of the law, undermine the legitimate rights and interests of the other party.Chapter II Conclusion of Labor ContractsArticle 6 The conclusion of labor contracts shall comply with the principle of equality, voluntariness, lawful conducts, negotiation, and reaching agreement through consultations.Article 7 An employing unit and the worker conclude a labor contract shall provide the following:1. name, domicile, and legal representative or main person in charge of the employing unit;2. the worker's name, domicile, and legal representative or main person in charge;3. contract period;4. job description and the place of work;5. working hours, rest and leave, working conditions;6. labor protection conditions, labor conditions and protection for special types of work;7. labor compensation;8. social insurance;9. labor discipline; and10. other matters stipulated by laws and regulations.Article 8 A labor contract shall be concluded in a written form, and in the absence of a written labor contract, the employing unit shall provide the worker with a written statement containing the matters specified in Article 7 of this Law.Article 9 An employment unit and the worker shall conclude a fixed-term labor contract if one of the following circumstances arises:1. for a fifteen-day fixed-term contract, work period not exceeding one hundred and eighty days or for a longer period but to reach a certain number of hours as agreed;2. for interim, supplementary, or duty-casual labor contracts.Article 10 Where labor contracts are concluded with any of the following workers, or where the parties agree to hire a labor dispatch entity, the employing unit and the worker shall conclude a written labor contract and determine the term of the contract to be at least three or more years, and such labor contract shall be concluded in accordance with the principles prescribed in this Law:1. the worker is under thirty years of age;2. the worker has obtained the professional qualification certificate for the post to be filled;3. the worker is equipped with special skills in short supply;4. the worker's training expenses shall be repaid within the term of the contract.Chapter III Performance of Labor ContractsArticle 11 An employing unit shall keep confidential the trade secrets of the company it is working for, as well as the worker's private information.Article 12 An employing unit may not unilaterally change the necessary terms of the labor contract, unless the employing unit applies for alteration to the labor contract and reaches an agreement with the worker.Article 13 If the employing unit has the need to dismiss the worker in accordance with Article 39 of this Law, it shall notify the worker in writing and explain the reason for the dismissal.Chapter IV Amendment and Termination of Labor ContractsArticle 14 In the event that an employing unit or a worker wishes to amend the terms of a labor contract, it shall do so through written negotiations, and after reaching an agreement, it shall sign an alteration to the labor contract.Article 15 The employing unit or worker shall both sides may amend the terms of a labor contract by mutual consent.Article 16 In the event that the employing unit terminates a labor contract in compliance with Article 40 of this Law, it shall serve a thirty-day notice and pay compensation to the worker in accordance with the law.Chapter V Special ProvisionsArticle 17 Labor dispatch entities shall use employment services provided by labor dispatch entities in accordance with law.Article 18 The employing unit shall, in accordance with the provisions of laws and regulations, enter into a written contract with the labor dispatch entity, contract the labor dispatch entity'ssealed certificate of the employer to hire or engage laborers in the name of the employer, and inform the laborer to enter into a written contract with the labor dispatch entity.Chapter VI Legal LiabilitiesArticle 19 In the event that either party to a labor contract breaches the contract, the other party may claim damages in accordance with the provisions of civil law.Article 20 In the event that an employing unit violates the provisions of this Law, causing damages to the worker, the worker may request the employing unit to cease any illegal act and compensate for the loss.Article 21 In the event that either party to a labor contract violates the provisions of this Law, causing damages to the other party, the other party may request the party at fault to cease the illegal act and pay compensation.Article 22 Labor administrative departments shall, in accordance with law, order the employing unit to correct its misconduct in the performance of its obligations, and impose a fine in accordance with law for violations of labor laws and regulations.Chapter VII Supplementary ProvisionsArticle 23 This Law shall not apply to the labor contract relationship between the state organs, institutions, social organizations and their staff, and shall be separately regulated.Article 24 Employing units and workers shall, in accordance with this Law, and wage regulations in state enterprises, sign collective wage contracts, and conclude substantive working relationships with workers.Article 25 This Law shall not apply to domestic workers hired by families for personal housework.Article 26 This Law applies both to relying on personal contract personnel in accordance with the law or state agencies, institutions, social organizations, and other organizations.Article 27 This Law shall enter into force on January 1, 2008.篇2Labor Contract Law of the People's Republic of ChinaChapter I General ProvisionsArticle 1 This Law is enacted in accordance with the Constitution and for the purposes of protecting the legitimate rights and interests of laborers, regulating labor relationships, ensuring social fairness and harmonious labors, fosteringharmonious and stable employment relationships, improving labor productivity, and promoting economic and social development.Article 2 This Law shall be applicable to the conclusion and performance of labor contracts between laborers and employing units within the territory of the People's Republic of China.Article 3 Labor contracts as mentioned in this Law include contracts under which laborers perform labor for employing units, receive remuneration, and are under the employing units' management, or contracts under which the parties concerned conclude agreements on the performance of such labor as well as other remuneration and working conditions.Article 4 Labor contracts shall be concluded according to the principles of fairness, equality, voluntariness, lawfulness, and consensus through consultation.Article 5 Laborers shall conclude labor contracts with employing units on the basis of equality, voluntariness, and negotiations. Laborers shall have the right to conclude a labor contract or have the right to refuse the conclusion of a labor contract.Chapter II Conclusion of Labor ContractsSection 1 Conclusion of Labor ContractsArticle 6 Labor contracts shall be concluded in written form. The employing unit shall, within 30 days from the day the laborer goes to work, conclude a written labor contract with the laborer.Article 7 The term of a labor contract may be fixed,open-ended, or for completion of a specific task. If the term is not expressly specified, the labor contract shall be deemed open-ended.Article 8 The labor contract shall specify the identities of the parties, working hours, rest and leave, work safety and occupational health, labor protection, social insurance, remuneration, labor dispute, etc.Section 2 exceptional Circumstances for Conclusion of Labor ContractsArticle 9 In any of the following circumstances, the employing unit may temporarily employ laborers on aterm-by-term basis without concluding written labor contracts:1. the term of the labor contract is no more than three months;2. the employing unit needs a substitute for laborers who are taking leaves;3. the employing unit needs to recruit workers other than its existing employees for temporary expansion of its business;4. other exceptional circumstances prescribed by laws and administrative regulations.Article 10 In any of the following circumstances, the employing unit shall not conclude a labor contract:1. a laborer is in his or her probationary period;2. a laborer has any of the conditions stipulated in Article 36;3. other circumstances where labor contracts shall not be concluded prescribed by laws and administrative regulations.Chapter III Performance of Labor ContractsSection 1 Labor RemunerationArticle 11 When determining the amount of remuneration, the minimum wage rates shall be observed.Article 12 The employing unit shall pay remuneration directly to the laborer in legal tender and shall pay the remuneration at least once a month.Article 13 The remuneration shall include the basic salary and overtime pay, bonuses, allowances, subsidies, etc. Theemploying unit shall pay all remuneration agreed upon in the labor contract.Section 2 Working Hours, Rest, and LeaveArticle 14 The employing unit shall observe the working hours system, implement the labor rest system, and organize laborers to rest on statutory holidays according to the law.Article 15 The employing unit may, upon consultation with the laborer, adjust the working hours and rest periods by such means as shift rotation.Article 16 The employing unit is required to ensure that laborers enjoy their statutory annual paid leave, maternity leave, marriage leave, and funeral leave in accordance with law.Chapter IV Labor Safety and HealthArticle 17 The employing unit shall implement the state labor standards for occupational disease prevention and control and for occupational health supervision, and shall provide laborers with labor safety and health conditions that meet the requirements for production safety.Article 18 The employing unit shall conduct regular health checks on laborers who are engaged in operations likely to causeoccupational diseases in accordance with state regulations, free of charge to the laborer.Article 19 The laborer has the right to report any actions of the employing unit violating laws, regulations, or the labor contract that are detrimental to labor safety and health to the relevant administrative departments.......篇3Labor Contract Law of the People's Republic of ChinaChapter I General ProvisionsArticle 1 This Law is formulated to improve the labor contract system, standardize labor contract signing and performance, balance the rights and obligations of parties to labor contracts, protect the legitimate rights and interests of employment, and promote economic and social development.Article 2 This Law shall apply to the conclusion, performance, amendment, rescission, termination, cancellation, and other activities related to labor contracts between employing units and workers within the territory of the People's Republic of China.Article 3 Employing units shall conclude a written labor contract with workers in accordance with the principle of equality, voluntariness, fairness, and honesty.Article 4 Labor contracts shall be concluded in accordance with the following principles:(1) Equal negotiation;(2) Voluntary participation;(3) Law-abiding, public-welfare compliance, and good faith.Article 5 Labor contracts shall include the following essential agreements:(1) The term of the labor contract;(2) The content of labor;(3) Labor remuneration;(4) Working hours, rest, leave, social insurance, labor protection, and working conditions;(5) Labor discipline;(6) Work safety and health.Chapter II Conclusion of Labor ContractsArticle 6 Employing units shall provide workers with labor contracts that comply with the requirements stipulated in this Law and enter into written labor contracts with workers within one month from the date of employment.Article 7 Workers may enter into a labor contract with two or more employers at the same time, provided that the aggregate working hours do not exceed the statutory limit.Article 8 The term of a labor contract shall be agreed upon through negotiation between employing units and workers but shall not exceed 5 years.Article 9 Employing units may conclude a fixed-term labor contract with workers under any of the following circumstances:(1) The term of the task is determined;(2) The replacement of workers who are temporarily unable to work;(3) The nature of the work requires fixed-term contract;(4) The employing unit meets the conditions prescribed in laws and regulations.Article 10 Employing units and workers may conclude an open-ended labor contract if any of the following occurs:(1) The worker has worked continuously for 10 years;(2) The employing unit adopts labor dispatch to the worker continuously twice;(3) Other situations stipulated in laws and regulations.Chapter III Performance of Labor ContractsArticle 11 If the employing unit and the worker fail to conclude a written labor contract within a month from the date of employment, a labor relationship is deemed to have been established.Article 12 Employing units shall provide workers with safe working conditions, pay wages, and provide labor protection and occupational health conditions in accordance with relevant laws and regulations.Article 13 Employing units shall not extend the working hours of workers beyond the statutory limit, except under special circumstances, and shall ensure that workers have rest and leave in accordance with relevant laws and regulations.Article 14 Employing units shall provide workers with social insurance in accordance with relevant laws and regulations.Article 15 Employing units shall pay wages to workers in accordance with the relevant regulations, ensure that wages are paid on time and in full, and may not deduct or delay wages without justified reasons.Chapter IV Amendment, Rescission, and Termination of Labor ContractsArticle 16 Employing units and workers may amend labor contracts through negotiation, and the content of the amendment shall be recorded in writing.Article 17 Employing units and workers may rescind labor contracts through negotiation, and the reasons for rescission shall be recorded in writing.Article 18 Labor contracts may be terminated under any of the following circumstances:(1) The term of the labor contract expires;(2) Both parties agree to terminate the labor contract through negotiation;(3) The employing unit dissolves, declares bankruptcy, or is revoked;(4) The worker is unfit for the original work due to illness or injury;(5) Other situations stipulated in laws and regulations.Chapter V Protection of Workers' Rights and InterestsArticle 19 Employing units shall not allow workers to work under the age of 16.Article 20 Employing units shall not discriminate against workers on the basis of ethnicity, race, gender, or religion.Article 21 Employing units shall provide equal pay for equal work to workers, regardless of their gender.Chapter VI Legal LiabilityArticle 22 Employing units that violate the provisions of this Law shall bear legal liability in accordance with the law.Article 23 Employing units shall compensate workers for losses suffered due to violation of this Law.Chapter VII Supplementary ProvisionsArticle 24 This Law shall come into force on January 1, 2008.Article 25 The actual operation and implementation of labor contracts shall be adjusted in accordance with the requirements of laws and regulations.Article 26 The State Council shall be responsible for the interpretation and implementation of this Law.Labor Contract Law of the People's Republic of China(Adopted at the 28th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Tenth National People's Congress on June 29, 2007)(Effective as of January 1, 2008)。

英格玛人力资源集团带您看劳务派遣暂行规定

英格玛人力资源集团带您看劳务派遣暂行规定

英格玛⼈⼒资源集团带您看劳务派遣暂⾏规定英⽂版Engema tells you the Interim Provisions on Labor DispatchDecree of the Ministry of Human Resources & Social Security No.22The Interim Provisions on Labor Dispatch, deliberated upon and adopted at the 21st executive meeting of the Ministry of Human Resources & Social Security held on 20 December 2013, are hereby promulgated and shall become effective on 1 March 2014.Yin Weimin, Minister of the Ministry of Human Resources & Social Security24 January 2014Interim Provisions on Labor DispatchChapter 1 General ProvisionsArticle 1 The Interim Provisions on Labor Dispatch (hereinafter referred to as the Provisions) are hereby developed in accordance with the Labor Contract Law of the People's Republic of China (hereinafter the Labor Contract Law), Implementation Regulations for the Labor Contract Law of the People's Republic of China (hereinafter the "Implementation Regulations") and other applicable laws and administrative regulations in order to regulate the labor dispatch practices, safeguard the legitimate rights and interest of the workers and promote the development of a harmonious & stable labor relationship.Article 2 The Provisions apply to the labor dispatch service provided by a labor dispatch service provider and the employ of dispatched workers by an enterprise (hereinafter referred to as an employer).The Provisions also apply to the employ of dispatched workers by a partnership such as an accounting firm or a law firm incorporated by law, a foundation or a private non-enterprise entity.Chapter 2 Scope and proportion of employmentArticle 3 An employer may employ dispatched workers in temporary, auxiliary or substitute job positions only.For the purpose of the preceding paragraph, a temporary job position refers to a job position that survives for no longer than 6 months, an auxiliary job position refers to a non-main business job position that provides services for main business, and a substitute job position refers to a job position that can be taken by other workers instead as a result that an employee of an employer fails to work due to full-time study, leave and so on over a certain period of time.Before an employer determines an auxiliary position in which dispatched workers will be employed, its employees' congress or all employees shall hold discussions and provide proposals and opinions, and the employer shall negotiate with the labor union or employees' representatives on an equal basis, and the matters concerned shall be announced internally.Article 4 An employer shall strictly control the number of dispatched workers it employed, which shall not exceed 10% of the total number of employees.For the purpose of the preceding paragraph, the total number of employees refers to the sum of the number of employees with a labor contract with the employer and the number of dispatched workers the employer employed.An employer that calculates the proportion of the dispatched workers it employed refers to an employer that may conclude a labor contract with its employees in accordance with the Labor Contract Law and its Implementation Regulations.Chapter 3 Conclusion and performance of a labor contract/labor dispatch agreementArticle 5 A labor dispatch service provider shall conclude a written labor contract with the workers to be dispatched for a fixed period of at least 2 years by law.Article 6 A labor dispatch service provider may agree with the workers to be dispatched on the probation period by law. However, it may agree on one probation period with the same worker to be dispatched only.Article 7 A labor dispatch agreement shall specify the following:(1) Title and nature of the job position in which the dispatched worker will be employed;(2) Job location;(3) Number of the dispatched workers and the dispatch period;(4) Amount and payment method of labor remuneration determined in accordance with the "equal work, equal pay" principle;(5) Amount and payment method of the social security insurance premium;(6) Work hours, vocation & leave;(7) Related benefits for the dispatched workers during work injury, birth-giving or illness;(8) Occupational safety &hygiene and training;(9) Expenses such as economic compensation;(10) The term of the labor dispatch agreement;(11) Payment method and criteria of the labor dispatch service fee;(12) Liability for breach of the labor dispatch agreement;(13) Other matters that shall be included in the labor dispatch agreement as set forth in the laws, regulations and rules.Article 8 A labor dispatch service provider shall perform the following obligations for the workers it dispatched:(1) Inform the dispatched workers of the matters stipulated in Article 8 of the Labor Contract Law, rules and regulations that shall be observed as well as the contents of the labor dispatch agreement in a truthful manner;(2) Establish training policies to educate and provide the dispatched workers with pre-service training and safety education;(3) Pay to the dispatched workers the labor remuneration and other benefits in accordance with the requirements of the State and the labor dispatch agreement by law;(4) Pay the social security insurance premium and complete the social security insurance related formalities for the dispatched workers in accordance with the requirements of the State and the labor dispatch agreement by law;(5) Urge the employer to provide the dispatched workers with labor protection and other occupational safety & hygiene conditions by law;(6) Provide the proof of dissolution or termination of a labor contract by law;(7) Provide assistance in resolving a dispute between the dispatched workers and the employer;(8) Other matters specified in the laws, regulations and other rules.Article 9 An employer shall, in accordance with Article 62 of the Labor Contract Law, provide the dispatched workers with the position-related welfare benefits without any discrimination against the dispatched workers.Article 10 In the event that a worker dispatched by a labor dispatch service provider is injured in an incident while working for an employer, the labor dispatch service provider shall apply for determination of job injury by law, and the employer shall assist in the investigation/verification for the purpose of determination of job injury. The labor dispatch service provider shall bear the liability for job injury insurance, but it may negotiate with the employer over the compensatory approach.In the event that a dispatched worker applies for the diagnosis and/or assessment of an occupational disease, the employer shall be responsible to deal with the matters relating to the diagnosis and/or assessment of the occupational disease, and provide the materials such as the dispatched worker's occupational history, history of exposure to the occupational disease and test results of hazardous factors at workplace for the occupational diseases that are necessary for the diagnosis and/or assessment of the occupational disease in a truthful manner, and the labor dispatch service provider shall provide the dispatched worker with other materials necessary for the diagnosis and/or assessment of the occupational disease.Article 11 In the event that the administrative license of a labor dispatch service provider is not renewed upon expiry or its labor dispatch service license is rescinded or revoked, the labor contract already concluded with its dispatched workers shall continue to be performed until expiration by law. Both parties a labor contract may dissolve the labor contract through negotiations.Article 12 Under any of the following circumstances, an employer may return a dispatched worker to the labor dispatch service provider concerned:(1) The employer comes under the circumstances specified in Item 3, Article 40 and Article 41 of the Labor Contract Law;(2) The employer is declared bankrupt, revoked of its business license, or ordered to close down or cancel registration by law, decides to dissolve in advance or not to continue the business upon expiry of the business period; and(3) The labor dispatch agreement is terminated upon expiry.During the period of time when the dispatched worker has no job after being returned, the labor dispatch service provider shall pay remuneration to the dispatched worker on a monthly basis at least in accordance with the minimum wage rates set by local people's government.Article 13 In the event that a dispatched worker comes under the circumstances specified in Article 42 of the Labor Contract Law, prior to the expiry of the dispatch period, the employer concerned shall not return the dispatched worker to the labor dispatch service provider in accordance with Item 1, Paragraph 1, Article 12 of the Provisions. The dispatched worker may be returned only by extending the dispatch period upon its expiry until the disappearance of the circumstances.Chapter 4 Dissolution and termination of a labor contractArticle 14 A dispatched worker may dissolve its labor contract with a labor dispatch service provider upon a 30 days' prior written notice. He/she may dissolve its labor contract with a labor dispatch service provider upon a 3 days' prior written notice during the probation period. The labor dispatch service providers shall inform the employer concerned of the dispatched worker's notice to dissolve the labor contract in a timely manner.Article 15 In the event that a dispatched worker is returned by an employer in accordance with Article 12 of the Provisions, the labor dispatch service provider concerned may dissolve the labor contract with the dispatched worker if the dispatched worker who is to be re-dispatched does not agree with the labor dispatch service provider to maintain or improve the conditions agreed upon in the labor contract.In the event that a dispatched worker is returned by an employer in accordance with Article 12 of the Provisions, the labor dispatch service provider concerned may not dissolve the labor contract with the dispatched worker if the dispatched worker to be re-dispatched does not agree with the labor dispatch service provider to decrease the conditions specified in the labor contract except where the dispatched worker requests to dissolve the labor contract.Article 16 The labor contract between a labor dispatch service provider and a dispatched worker is terminated when the labor dispatch service provider is declared bankrupt, revoked of its business license, or ordered to close down or cancel registration by law, decides to dissolve in advance or not to continue the business upon expiry of the business period by law. The employer concerned shall negotiate with the labor dispatch service provider over the proper placement of the dispatched worker.Article 17 In the event that a labor dispatch service provider dissolves or terminates its labor contract with a dispatched worker pursuant to Article 46 of the Labor Contract Law or Article 15, 16 of the Provisions, it shall provide the dispatched worker with economic compensation.Chapter 5 Social security insurance in a trans-regional labor dispatchArticle 18 In the event that a labor dispatch service provider in a region dispatches a worker to another region, it shall obtain the social security insurance coverage for the dispatched worker at the place where the employer concerned is located, and pay the social security insurance premium in accordance with the rules at the place where the employer concerned is located, and the dispatched worker is entitled to the social security insurance benefits in accordance with the provisions of the State.Article 19 In the event that a labor dispatch service provider dispatching a worker to an employer has set up a branch at the place where the employer is located, the branch shall complete the formalities for obtaining social security insurance coverage and pay the social security insurance premium for the dispatched worker.In the event that a labor dispatch service provider dispatching a worker to an employer does not set up a branch at the place where the employer is located,, the employer shall complete the formalities for obtaining social security insurance coverage and pay the social security insurance premium for the dispatched worker on behalf of the labor dispatch service provider.Chapter 6 Legal liabilityArticle 20 Any violation of the provisions of the Labor Contract Law and its Implementation Regulations concerning labor dispatch by a labor dispatch service provider or an employer shall be dealt with in accordance with Article 92 of the Labor Contract Law.Article 21 In the event that a labor dispatch service provider dissolves or terminates a labor contract with a dispatched worker in violation of the Provisions, the case shall be subject to Article 48 and Article 87 of the Labor Contract Law .Article 22 In the event that an employer violates Paragraph 3, Article 3 of the Provisions, the competent department in charge of human resources and social security shall order it to take corrective actions and give it a warning; in the event of any damage caused to the dispatched worker concerned, the employer shall be liable to make compensation by law.Article 23 Any violation of Article 6 of the Provisions by a labor dispatch service provider shall be dealt with in accordance with Article 83 of the Labor Contract Law.Article 24 In the event that an employer returns a dispatched worker in violation of the Provisions, the case shall be subject to Paragraph 2, Article 92 of the Labor Contract Law.Chapter 7 Supplementary ProvisionsArticle 25 The employ of dispatched workers by the permanent representative office of a foreign enterprise or by the representative office of a foreign financial institution in China as well as the employ of international oceangoing seamen by a seamen employer in the form of labor dispatch is exempted from the restrictions on the proportion of dispatched workers employed for temporary, auxiliary or substitutive job positions.Article 26 Labor dispatch as referred to herein do not include the dispatch of employees of an employer to overseas areas for work or to a family or natural person to provide labor service.Article 27 The employ of workers by an employer in the form of labor dispatch in the name of contracting and outsourcing shall be dealtwith in accordance with the Provisions.Article 28 In the event that the number of dispatched workers employed by an employer exceeds 10% of the total number of its employment prior to the effective date of the Provisions, the employer shall develop a scheme for employment adjustments, and reduce the proportion to the specified level within 2 years from the effective date of the Provisions. However, the labor contracts concluded by law prior to the release of the Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on Amending the Labor Contract Law of the People's Republic of China and the labor dispatch agreements whose expiry date is in 2 years from the effective date of the Provisions may continue to be performed until expiry by law.The employer shall file for record the scheme for employment adjustments it develops with the local competent administrative department in charge of human resources & social security.The employer shall not employ new dispatched workers before reducing the number of dispatched workers prior to the effective date of the Provisions to the specified proportion as required.Article 29 The Provisions shall become effective as of 1 March 2014.专业化、信息化、产业化、国际化的现代⼈⼒资源服务体系,以以[⼈事外包]、[制造承包]、[⾦融服务外英格玛,专业化、信息化、产业化、国际化的现代⼈⼒资源服务体系,英格玛,包]、[中⾼级⼈才搜寻]、[⼤学⽣职业能⼒提升]五⼤主营业务深耕中国⼈⼒资源市场。

论公民行政法上的协助义务

论公民行政法上的协助义务

论公民行政法上的协助义务第26卷第3期2011年5月广西政法管理干部学院JOURNALOFGUANGXIADMIN1STRATIVECADRESrmITE0_F}mCS^NDLAWV0I.26.NO.3M'dy.2011 CitizensontheAssistanceofAdministrativeLawObligationsY ANGYang(ShengyongNormalUniversity,110034)[Abstract]Obligationsofcitizensontheaasistanceofadministrativelawisonekindofobligat ionstohelptheexecutiveorad—ministrativetaskstoachievebytheGeneralcitizerLs.Foralongtimeourcountrytakeemphasi sontheobligationofassistance,ig—norestherightsofthecorresponding-theresultsisthecitizensdonotfulfilltheobligationofass istanceactive.Nomatterthelegalobligationtoassistintheprovisionofdirect-Or38aresultofactionscausedbytheobligationto help-Mustbethelawas3prereq—uisiteforrea1."toactheroically"iSpromotionofethics.Thecitizenscarryoutobligationsona ssistanceofadministrativelawshouldgiventherightandaward.Theyshouldtakeresponsibilityoncontinuingtocarryout,tobepuni shed,topaycompensationwhen contraventionofassistanceofadministrativelawishappen.[Keywords]Obligationsofcitizensontheassistanceofadministrativelaw;Therightsofthec orresponding;Theawardfromassistance;Continuetocarryoutortobepunished论公民行政法上的协助义务杨阳(沈阳师范大学法学院,辽宁沈阳110034)[摘要]公民行政法上协助义务是指一般公民所承担的帮助或辅助行政机关行政任务完成或实现的一种义务. 长期以来我国过于强调协助的义务性,而忽视所应该对应的权利,造成客观上公民不积极履行该协助义务.无论法律直接规定的协助义务.还是因行为造成协助义务,都必须以法律实定为前提,"见义勇为"只是一种道德提倡.公民履行行政法上协助义务应获得权利与奖励,公民违反行政法上协助义务的应承担继续履行,应受惩罚,承担赔偿等必要的法律后果.[关键词]公民行政法上协助义务;对应的权利;协助奖励;继续履行及应受惩罚[中图分类号]DF3[文献标识码]A[文章编号]1008—8628(2011)03—0059—06一,问题的提出先从三个事例谈起:事例一:2004年6月23日《新文化报》报道:双辽市公安局民警在抓捕嫌疑犯过程中,一司机无视民警的指示,没有减速配合民警抓捕,造成嫌犯逃跑,结果被以妨碍公务处以治安拘留l5天的处罚.事例二:2003年7月,河南日报报道过这样一则案例:河南省卢氏县公疗医院职工李龙生根本没有想到,因自己见义勇为协助公安机关抓获逃跑的犯罪嫌疑人而受伤后,奔波6年竞得不到任何赔偿.虽然法院判决公安局和该犯罪嫌疑人张某赔偿其损失,但至今仍然分文未得.事例三:2004年底,引人注目的广州某市民不服交通违章被拍照受罚而状告公安机关一案,经该市中级人民法院终审判决,终于尘埃落定.该案原告赖先生于2004年3月5日收到一份交管部门的《公安交通管理行政处罚决定书》,被告知因2003年年底的一次违章而被罚款100元,处罚证据乃是另一市民孔某根据该市公安局2003年7月发布的《关于奖励市民拍摄交通违章的通告》所拍到的赖某违章的照片.赖先生认为这等于由市民行使了公安机关的调查权,交警不得以此为证据进行处罚,遂申请行政复议而后又两上法庭状告公安局.[收稿日期]2011—0l一2l[作者简介]杨阳(1978一)女,回族,辽宁沈阳人,法学硕士,现沈阳师范大学法学院讲师,研究方向为行政法与行政诉讼法学.①《新文4C.}~))2004年6月23日.②《警察执行任务,群众有见义勇为的义务吗?》,/china/Intolaws/Hot/publish.asp?pkid=342.访问时间:2008年8月8日.59法院终审虽然维持原判而驳回了赖先生的诉讼请求,同时却又以调查取证是行政处罚权的组成部分而不能委托公民行使为由,认定市民"拍违"的照片不能直接作为处罚证据.l]E2j以上三个事例都涉及本文所要阐述的问题:公民行政法上的协助义务.但问题在于:公民行政法上的协助义务是如何确立的?即有何法律依据?如果公民一旦履行了行政程序法上的协助义务,其后果谁来承担?如果公民未履行行政程序法上的协助义务,将受到怎样的惩罚?问题的关键在于,作为一种义务,其对应的权利是什么?本文将试着解决这些问题.二,公民行政法上协助义务的界定行政机关行使职权本身就是一个成本与效益的统一,囿于行政资源的有限性,也囿于行政的时空过程性,当行政机关或公务员执行职务"身单力薄"或"孤军作战"时,获得必要的社会及公民的协助便具有必然性和必要性,其实这也是社会共同体的自然内需.(一)公民行政法上协助义务的含义行政协助是一个有多种含义的概念,有时是指行政机关之间的协助,如有人认为所谓行政协助, 是指在公务启动之后,行政职权行使的过程中,由于法律因素或者事实因素的限制,行政主体无法自行执行职务或者自行执行职务会带来严重不经济, 基于公共利益的需要,向无隶属关系的行政主体提出协助请求,由被请求主体在自身职权范围内对请求主体的行政职务从旁帮助或者由请求主体与被请求主体共同针对行政相对人行使行政职权,并承担相应法律责任的行为及其制度;l3J有时是指公民对行政主体的协助,而这种协助又包括两种:一种是指行政相对人的配合,如有人认为:行政处罚中的当事人是承受行政处罚之行政相对人.当事人是否有配合行政机关作出行政处罚之协助,在法理上没有令人信服的论证.然而在实务上,行政机关如果有当事人的协助,可能会提高行政处罚之效率及其行政处罚为当事人可接受性程度.I4J另一种是指普通的公民即与行政行为没有直接利害关系的公民对行政机关的协助.本文所指的行政协助就是此种.本文所论的行政法上公民的协助义务是指根据法律的规定或因自己行为造成的,一般公民所承担的帮助或辅助行政机关行政任务完成或实现的一种义务.L1j对于本文开篇所举的三个事例中可以看出:案例一和案例二因都涉及抓捕嫌疑犯,似乎与本文所论的公民行政法上协助义务无关,其实也不尽然,如果从行政机关的角度分析,因是公安机关抓捕嫌疑犯,公安机关其行政机关性必然使这种抓捕与对抓捕的协助具有了行政性或行政法意义. 另外,公安机关毕竟抓捕的是嫌疑犯,有可能经过程序后确定此案不是刑事案件,那更有可能是行政案件,因而具有相应的行政法意义.而对于案例三,笔者认为,协助拍摄交通违章照片是公民履行法定义务的表现.由于行政优先的行政法理和法律规定,公民负有协助行政机关执法的义务,过去我们常将这种义务的承担者局限于行政机关向其发出要求的特定对象,实际上不特定的多数人也有可能作为此种义务的承担者.在交通违章行为高频出现难以查究,人民群众反映强烈的情况下,公安机关鼓励市民"拍违"的通告,可视为向不特定人提出的协助执行公务的一般性要求,市民对此负有义务.当然,市民履行协助义务的方式与程度因其客观条件与主观态度不同而有所差别,最低限度的履行方式即消极的履行方式,应当是对公安机关的此项工作不加妨碍,不施破坏;更为积极的履行方式便是拍摄违章,提供线索.而公安机关对于履行此项义务的更为积极者,出色者给予物质上的奖励,这何过之有?从社会公众一方来看,其履行的是旨在协助行政机关执法的公民义务.当然,市民履行协助执法义务的方式与程度有一个较大的弹性空间可供伸缩,否则便有可能成为行政机关推诿自身职责,将执法工作转移到市民头上的借口.客观条件与主观态度决定了不同市民履行协助执法义务时在方式和程度上的差别,以拍摄违章协助交通执法而言,则摄像器材与摄影技术的限制便对许多市民构成了限制,但我们并不能据此便否认他们对这一义务的履行.因此,本案中公民履行协助执法义务的最低程度即消极的履行方式,便是对公安机关的此项工作不加妨碍,不施破坏即可;其更为积极的履行方式才是拍摄违章,提供线索,二者均是其履行义务的方式.而公安机关对履行此项义务中的更积极者,更出色者,给予物质上的表彰,自属理所当然.【5(二)公民行政法上协助义务与相关概念的区别1.行政法上公民的协助义务与具有配合性质①在大多数情形下,此类公民行政法上协助主要是程序上的,这就要给正在制定的《行政程序法》提出了要求.60的行政协助笔者认为,行政法上公民的协助义务与具有配合性质的行政协助有明显的区别.具有配合性质的行政协助广义上属于行政参与,公民协助目的之一在于搞清事实,以利于自己;而在行政法上公民的协助义务中,公民不是当事人,协助的目的与自己的权利无关,而与行政或公共利益有关.甚至于我认为具有配合性质的行政协助不应该称为行政协助,应该是行政配合.2.行政法上公民的协助义务与行政委托笔者认为,行政法上公民的协助义务与行政委托是不同的,可能从更大程度上看,受委托者的行政行为也是一种协助,但这种协助是一种立法上的权力转移,是实体与程序的全面转移,虽然这种转移有别于行政授权,并且受委托者一般是独立实施行政行为.而公民行政法上的协助义务主要是指程序法上的义务而非全部,同时公民通常也不能独立实施行政行为.3.行政法上公民的协助义务与见义勇为见义勇为是一种美德,但不是义务,只是提倡性,倡导性的建议,这种建议对公民并不具备法定的约束力,即公民不为这种行为不会承担法律上的不利后果.目前有的省份制定有见义勇为的地方性法规,但这些地方性法规大多调整的是当公民见义勇为时在政府等有关部门和见义勇为者或其近亲属之间产生的权利义务关系,即政府有义务对见义勇为者作出精神上的奖励和物质上的奖励或帮助.因此,从现行法律规范看,"见义勇为"不是公民的法定义务,一旦公民作出了见义勇为的行为, 就会在公民和政府等有关部门之间产生给付精神奖励和物质奖励或帮助的权利义务关系.政府等有关部门应当依法履行自己的义务,这样,在全社会才能形成良好的秩序和环境.①(三)紧急状态中的协助与非紧急状态中的协助依据协助的事项是否处于紧急状态,可将行政协助分为紧急状态中的协助与非紧急状态中的协助.紧急状态中的协助是指公民等施以协助的事项正处于某种紧急状态下,即在时问上具有急迫性,当行政机关或公务员要求其履行协助义务时, 相对人应该立即履行,否则就可能造成某种不利后果的出现;甚至,在某种情形下,无须行政机关或公务员的请求,公民就应当施以协助,否则就构成违法.当然,对于紧急状态中的协助不存在继续履行的问题.非紧急状态中的协助是指公民等施以协助的事项并非处于某种紧急状态下,即在时间上没有急迫性,当行政机关或公务员要求其履行协助义务, 而公民未履行也不会即刻造成某种不良后果,行政机关或公务员有劝要求其继续履行协助义务,直到履行为止;但此种要求其继续履行协助义务也不是无限期的,以应当履行为限,如不履行可能被罚. (四)行政法上公民的主动协助与被动协助以公民的协助是依法主动作出还是应行政机关工作人员请求而被动作出,公民行政法上的协助可以分为主动协助与被动协助两种.对于这两种协助,行为启动与法律意义是不同的,对于主动协助,虽然启动权在公民,但当公民有此种协助的意思表示时,尚需行政机关工作人员允许或同意,所以公民发出协助意思表示很重要,这是前提;公民发出协助意思表示之后,还需行政机关工作人员允许或同意,即协助有无必要性.对于被动协助,公民的协助只能在行政机关工作人员的明示或暗示请求下才能启动,如果行政机关工作人员请求后,法律又规定此种协助是公民应尽的义务,如果公民不协助,则构成不作为,是要承担法律责任的.(五)行政法上公民协助的"有条件"性从更深层次上来说,在警察等公务人员执行公务的过程中,公民的角色应该有比较明确的定位,那就是"协助".换言之,执行公务的主体是公务人员,公民只是起协助的作用,既然只是协助,就表明公民始终具有自己的主体地位,即掌握协助形式的主动权.公民可以以各种方式来协助公务人员,协助的程度也可以有很大不同.例如,在警察抓捕逃犯的过程中,公民不顾危险亲自上前与逃犯搏斗是协助,公民顾虑到自己的危险不上前与罪犯搏斗,但不给罪犯提供逃跑的工具和机会,这还是协助.公民可以或者愿意给予公务人员哪种形式,多大程度上的协助,应该有一定的自主权和选择权,这是他保护自我正当权益的需要.如果一味要求公民"须无条件配合执行公务",公民在协助执行公务的时候完全丧失自主性,一切听从公务人员的指挥,①《警察执行任务,群众有见义勇为的叉务吗?》,http://Ⅵ'Ww.1488com/china/Intolaws/Hot/publish.asp?pkid=342.访问时间2008年8月8日,6l则可能产生多种弊端,例如,公务人员可能徇私舞弊滥用职权,借口"公务优先",要求公民提供他本不能够提供的所谓"协助",譬如,追捕逃犯的警察为了抓捕逃犯并减轻自己与逃犯搏斗的风险,而要求公民"协助"抓捕如上前堵截,从而把无辜公民推向与罪犯直接冲突的危险当中,使公民的正当权益遭到损害.因此,即使法律要求公务优先,要求公民有协助执行公务的义务,也不能够完全不容许公民"有条件".公民的"有条件"就是在协助执行公务过程中,自己的正当权益应该能够得到合理的保护.片面强调"公民须无条件配合执行公务"是不恰当的,因为这容易造成误导,使人以为公民在协助执行公务时是完全处于被支配的地位,使公民的相关权利可能遭到漠视.J三,公民行政法上协助义务的法律规定与具体表现依法行政具有广泛的内容,依法获得协助同样是"必需的",无论法律直接规定的协助义务,还是因行为造成协助义务,都必须以法律实定为前提, 无法律规定的协助如"见义勇为"只是一种道德提倡,不具有法律规范意义.(一)法律直接规定的协助义务《国家安全法》第5条明确规定:"国家对支持, 协助国家安全工作的组织和个人给予保护,对维护国家安全有重大贡献的给予奖励".本条所说的"保护",一方面是指公民和组织支持协助国家安全工作的行为,有权受到保护或奖励.另一方面对支持协助国家安全工作的公民和组织进行威胁和打击报复的,应当追究法律责任.对支持协助国家安全工作的组织和个人的人身安全,财产安全和其他合法权益进行保护,防止他们遭受危害国家安全的违法犯罪人员的侵害.《国家安全法实施细则》规定:"公民和组织支持,协助国家安全工作,有权要求国家安全机关,公安机关采取措施,防范,制止侵犯其合法权益".《人民警察法》第13条规定:"公安机关因侦查犯罪需要,必要时,按照国家有关规定,可以优先使用机关,团体,企业事业组织和个人的交通工具,通信工具,场地和建筑物,用后应及时归还,并支付相应费用;造成损失的,应当赔偿".《刑事诉讼法》第49条规定:"人民法院,人民检察院和公安机应当保障证人亲属的安全.对证人及其近亲属进行威胁,侮辱,殴打或者打击报复, 构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任;尚不构成刑事处罚的,依法给予治安管理处罚".62《治安管理处罚法》第57条规定:房屋出租人将房屋出租给无身份证件的人居住的,或者不按规定登记承租人姓名,身份证件种类和号码的,处二百元以上五百元以下罚款.该条第二款规定:房屋出租人明知承租人利用出租房屋进行犯罪活动,不向公安机关报告的,处二百元以上五百元以下罚款;情节严重的,处五日以下拘留,可以并处五百元以下罚款.该条第二款的规定就属于协助义务,任何公民发现犯罪活动都有报告公安机关的义务,处罚的目的在于抑制有些房屋出租人因利益原因知情不报或故意隐瞒.良好的治安环境符合包括出租人利益在内的大多数人利益,房屋出租人应当积极主动地履行这个义务,况且实际履行起来也没有多大困难.以上法律直接规定的协助具有明显的义务性,对于此类义务公民等必须履行,否则将承担法律责任.应该说这些义务因不是日常司空见惯的义务, 往往被忽视,直到被追究责任方才知晓轻重,故应加强此类法律的贯彻实施,让公民等明辨.另外,从目前一些相关的政策法规来看,协助义务实际上是一种带有鼓励和引导性的法律规范,即法律承认并鼓励人们这样行为,并赋予其肯定性和褒奖性的法律后果.(二)因行为表现协助义务1.因情况紧急实施征用下的协助国家和社会在运转过程中不可避免地会发生一些紧急情况,如战争,分裂活动,动乱,暴力犯罪失控,瘟疫横行,自然灾害等.这些情况的发生可能威胁国家的安全和独立,破坏社会秩序,严重损害公共利益.在正常的宪政,法律体制难以运转的情况下,行政机关采取必要的应急措施,具有正当性.与此同时,如果在这种情况下,行政机关紧急征用公民财物及行为,公民有协助的义务.如一艘渔船途径一出现管涌情形的堤坝,在万般无奈的情况下,有权主体强令沉船堵塞堤坝,在此公民有协助义务,不能拒绝也无法拒绝.2.因紧急避险下的协助紧急避险是民法上的一个常用概念,但是不等于紧急避险只发生于民事领域,包括行政法在内的公法领域也同样存在紧急避险,只是我们过于忽略罢了.当然,这里的紧急避险是一个泛义上的概念,类似与民法上的,并不是指刑法中的与职务有关系的紧急避险.一般情形下,警察执行职务的行为就不存在通常情形下的紧急避险,即警察执行职务属于紧急避险中的避险禁止情况.刑法规定:关于避险本人危险的规定,不适用于职务上,业务上附有特定责任的人.而警察是属于此类人的,所以说当警察遇到其职务上的危险时,例如捉拿犯人时一般可以在不损害自己的条件下排除损害危险,如果不去排险,则会给社会上带来重大损失,这样是不符合紧急避险的条件的.但是,我们不能因此而排除或否定所有的行政法上的紧急避险.例如在陈宁诉庄河市公安局行政赔偿纠纷案中,l]警方在司机韩勇被夹在发生事故的轿车驾驶室里生死不明,需要紧急抢救的情况下,决定实施强行打开驾驶室车门.由于当时其他方法都不能打开已经变形的车门,为及时抢救出韩勇而采取气焊切割车门的方法,实属情况紧急, 迫不得已.在这种情形下,有关人员包括车主与司机等就有协助义务.(三)无因协助所谓无因协助,不是指没有任何原因的协助,而是指没有任何法律上明确义务性的无因协助,或只具有法理意义或兼具道德意义上的协助;也就是说,这种协助纯粹是公民个人的主动行为,既不是法定的,也不是警察等请求的,例如:在既没有法律授权也没有行政机关委托的情况下,某人主动协助处于紧急状态下的警察疏导人群撤离某危险现场的行为.对于此种协助,法律提倡公民履行协助,但并不意味着它已被法律确认为带有一定强制性和责任性的义务.它也不符合通常情况下义务与责任并存的法律特征.从当前社会人们的实际道德状况来看,还不宜将其规定为强制性的义务.但无论对于哪种行政协助,行政机关都有一个示范的义务,这是其固有的法律意义.四,公民实现行政法上协助义务的法律后果(一)公民履行行政法上协助义务的法律后果1.对应实现必要的权利没有无权利的义务,中国人之所以忽视对义务的履行,原因之一就是我们的立法与实践过多地强调义务的单一性,而忽略义务履行的同时权利的实现.虽然许多情形下权利与义务具有一一对应性, 履行义务即可获得权利,反之获得权利须履行义务;但有时候两者并非一一对应,尤其是在权利与义务隐形哑谜的情况下,更是如此.当公民并非某一具体法律关系的主体时,其对自己的义务主体身份往往是忽略的.公民在行政程序法上的协助义务往往因先行法律关系而引起,故容易被忽略.义务必须对应权利,即使不是一一对应,也应该虚拟对应,使公民对履行义务可能获得的权利有基本的预期,以利于积极实施行为.那么,公民履行行政程序法上协助义务应对应何种权利呢?根据外国的规定,主要有:其一,免除履行某些义务的权利,如免除某些赋税义务,免除兵役义务;其二,获得精神或物质奖励的权利,如获得奖金,被安排工作,授予荣誉称号等;其三,某些情况下的优先权,如同等条件下优先被大学录取,优先被录用为公务员等.2.如果造成损害应获得补偿或赔偿这其实也是一项权利.对于因实施协助行为而造成人身或财产损害的,受益人是国家和社会,受到损害的公民应获得补偿或赔偿,这属于国家补偿或行政补偿或赔偿中的一种.公民合法权利受到损害之所以要由国家予以补偿,其理论基础有"既得权利保护说,结果责任说,特别牺牲说"j三种,这三种理论都可以在公民履行行政程序法上协助义务上得到诠释.公民履行行政程序法上协助义务遭受损害的,所损害的是其宪法和法律所保护的既得权利,该权利为公民合法所有,国家就理应予以补偿,以保障宪法规定的公民基本权利的完整性.结果责任说也就是无过失责任说,只要行政活动导致的损害非以一般社会公众为对象,国家就必须承担补偿责任.而公民履行行政程序法上协助义务遭受的损害就属于非以一般社会公众为对象,即特殊对象,国家应予以补偿.对于特别牺牲说,即为了公共利益,在必要时,个人必须牺牲其权益,同时又必须对这种特别牺牲予以补偿.公民履行行政程序法上协助义务遭受的损害,就是一种特别牺牲,国家应予以补偿.与补偿相比,赔偿是因为违法而造成的. (二)公民违反行政法上协助义务的法律后果从广义角度来说,公民违反行政程序法上协助义务是一种行政法上的不作为,即该协助而未协助,并造成一定的不良的后果.但对于此种不作为应与行政机关及其公务员的不作为加以区别,必须以法律规定的义务为前提,而不能以身份或行为为。

国际工程合同管理 07

国际工程合同管理 07

Preparing a Request for Proposal
RFP‟s purpose State what is required clearly and definitely in detail to allow the contractor to understand what the customer expects so that they can prepare a thorough proposal that will satisfy the customer‟s requirements at a realistic price
青岛理工大学双语示范课程
国际工程合同管理
主讲人:韦嘉 青岛理工大学管理学院
What is this course about?
Discussion for warm-up:
Construction project management vs Construction contract management: Differences?
Soliciting proposals



Sending RFP to the selected group of contractors Advertising in certain business papers RFP/proposal process is a competitive situation Customers hold a bidders‟ meeting to explain RFP and answer questions
CM focus on
Differences
PM Goals



On schedule On budget High quality Customer satisfaction

《商务英语阅读课件》商务英语阅读unit_3

《商务英语阅读课件》商务英语阅读unit_3
Forfeiting 福费廷
A type of financing that whereby a bank gives an exporter cash up front so as to guarantee payment to them. Used primarily when export traders deal with high risk countries.
*Bear market(熊市)
Syndicated loan 辛迪加贷款/ 银团贷款
Large loan arranged jointly by two or more financial institutions to share the risk involved. Also called multibank credit or syndicated credit.
II 1. identify with all the steps
2. pull put
3. wore on 4. prospects
5. when it comes to 6. entail
7. confuse…with
III Translation
1. 许多人不够投入,缺乏热情,没有做 好不允许失败的思想准备, 没有意识到 求职时一个数字游戏。
3. Why is handling layoffs on a Tuesday or Wednesday goo for employees?
1. Be direct in telling people the company can no longer employ them and explain in detail the financial hardship causing the need for layoffs. At the same time, refrain from talking about other employees’ situations.

中华人民共和国劳动合同法英语版

中华人民共和国劳动合同法英语版

中华人民共和国劳动合同法英语版Labor Contract Law of the People’s Republic of ChinaChapter I General ProvisionsArticle 1 This Law is formulated in order to improve the labor contract system, specify the rights and obligations of both parties to the labor contract, protect the lawful rights and interests of laborers, establish and develop a harmonious and stable employment relationship, and promote economic development and social harmony.Article 2 This Law shall apply to the conclusion and performance of labor contracts between laborers and employing units within the territories of the People’s Republic of C hina.Article 3 Laborers shall have the right to conclude labor contracts in accordance with law with employing units, and employing units may not refuse to conclude labor contracts with laborers on the ground that the laborers do not meet certain conditions.Employing units shall establish and improve a labor contract system, strictly implement labor contracts, strengthen the protection of laborers' rights and interests, and ensure thatlaborers enjoy conditions of work in compliance with state regulations.Article 4 Labor contracts shall be concluded voluntarily through the consultation between laborers and employing units on an equal footing.When a laborer concludes a labor contract with an employing unit, the laborer may entrust a trade union to consult on his behalf.Article 5 Labor contracts shall be concluded in written form.An oral agreement reached by and between laborers and employing units to establish labor relations shall be deemed a labor contract. The employing unit shall then, within thirty days, provide the laborer with a written labor contract that fully specifies the matters agreed orally. If the employing unit fails to provide the laborer with the labor contract, the matters agreed upon orally shall be performed.Article 6 In concluding a labor contract, the lawful rights and interests and economic conditions of laborers shall be respected.Employing units may not force laborers to conclude labor contracts by means of deceit, coercion, or intimidation.Article 7 Labor contracts shall be performed in accordance with the principle of equality, voluntariness, fairness, and good faith.Article 8 Labor contracts shall include the following:(1) name, domicile, and legal representative or main person-in-charge of the employing unit;(2) name, domicile, resident identity card number or other valid identity certificate of the laborer;(3) term of the labor contract;(4) job description and place of work;(5) working hours, rest and leave, labor remuneration, social insurance, and other matters;(6) labor protection and working conditions;(7) other matters that should be included in the labor contract as required by laws and regulations.Article 9 A labor contract shall be concluded for a fixed term, a non-fixed term, or for a specified task.A labor contract concluded for a fixed term shall be held for no more than 10 years. When the term of a labor contract expires,and the laborer continuously works for the employing unit, the labor contract shall be deemed renewed on a non-fixed term basis.Article 10 An employing unit shall not stipulate in a labor contract that it may terminate the labor contract at will.Article 11 An employing unit shall not stipulate in a labor contract any provision that is less favorable to the laborer than the relevant laws and regulations.Chapter II Conclusion of Labor ContractsArticle 12 Laborers who conclude labor contracts with employing units shall meet the following conditions:(1) having full civil capacity;(2) having professional skills or expertise necessary for his job position;(3) having the physical capability necessary for his job position;(4) having other conditions prescribed by laws and administrative rules and regulations.Article 13 Laborers shall provide true information regarding their personal matters, professional skills or expertise, andphysical capability. Employing units shall not require laborers to provide false information.Article 14 Laborers and employing units shall conclude labor contracts in accordance with the principle of fairness, and may not breach any agreement to the disadvantage of the other party.Article 15 Employing units shall not restrict laborers in concluding labor contracts with other employing units to the disadvantage of laborers.Article 16 Employing units shall not conclude labor contracts with the employment of labor dispatch agencies to replace employment of laborers.Article 17 Employing units shall not employ child laborers.Article 18 Upon the conclusion of a labor contract, the employing unit shall provide the laborer with a copy of the labor contract. When the laborer requires, employing units shall provide a pay statement on a regular basis.Article 19 Employing units shall establish and improve a system for the filing of labor contracts.Chapter III Performance of Labor ContractsArticle 20 Employing units shall provide necessary working conditions for laborers to carry out their job duties and ensure labor protection in accordance with laws and regulations.Article 21 Employing units shall not demand that laborers work overtime, or work on their days of rest, in violation of the provisions of the state.Article 22 Employing units shall pay labor remuneration to laborers in full and on time, and shall not reduce or delay payment of labor remuneration without justifiable reasons.Article 23 Employing units shall provide social insurance for laborers in accordance with the law.Article 24 Laborers shall carry out their job duties in accordance with the labor contract, follow the employing unit's rules, and refrain from divulging trade secrets.Article 25 Laborers shall be entitled to protection of their lawful rights and interests in accordance with laws and regulations if employing units violate laws and regulations by reducing or delaying payment of labor remuneration, failing to provide labor protection, or unilaterally terminating a labor contract.Article 26 When a laborer is unable to work due to illness or non-work-related injury, the laborer shall provide certification issued by a medical institution at the same level.Article 27 Laborers shall not compete with the employing unit in breach of the labor contract. If a laborer breaches the labor contract by competing with the employing unit or leaving the employing unit, causing damage to the employing unit, the liability for compensation shall be borne in accordance.Chapter IV Modification and Termination of Labor ContractsArticle 28 Modifications to a labor contract shall be made through consultation between laborers and employing units.Article 29 Laborers may not refuse modifications to labor contracts proposed by employing units that comply with laws and regulations, industrial policies, and business conditions.Article 30 Employing units may not modify labor contracts with the employment of labor dispatch agencies to replace employment of laborers.Article 31 Labor contracts may be terminated under certain circumstances, including:(1) agreement by both parties;(2) the labor contract expires or both parties agree not to renew the contract;(3) the employing unit is dissolved, declared bankrupt, is ordered to shut down, or revokes its business license;(4) the employing unit formulates the labor contract by fraud or coercion;(5) the employing unit severely breaches laws and regulations, or the labor contract, causing irreparable harm to the laborer’s well-being.Article 32 When a labor contract is terminated, employing units shall issue a termination certificate or a service certificate and pay compensation in accordance with laws and regulations.Chapter V Supervision and InspectionArticle 33 Supervision and inspection of labor contract performance shall be conducted by labor and social security administrative departments in accordance with the law.Article 34 Laborers and trade unions shall have the right to report violations of laws and regulations regarding labor contracts to the relevant authorities.Article 35 Employing units shall cooperate with the relevant authorities in supervision and inspection of labor contract performance, accept supervision and inspection, and provide necessary materials and information.Article 36 The state shall establish a system of rewards for those who make important contributions and render meritorious services in the supervision and inspection of labor contract performance.Chapter VI Legal LiabilityArticle 37 If employing units violate the provisions of this Law in concluding, performing, modifying, or terminating labor contracts, they shall bear legal liability in accordance with the law.Article 38 If laborers violate the provisions of this Law, the employing unit may criticise, educate, or discipline them in accordance with the law.Article 39 If employing units’ violations of rights and interests of laborers lead to conflicts that may be resolved through mediation, both parties may apply for mediation from a labor dispute mediation institution.Article 40 If employing units’ violations of r ights and interests of laborers cause damage to laborers, employing units shall bear liability for compensation in accordance with the law.Article 41 If laborers’ violations of the provisions of this Law cause damage to employing units, laborers shall bear liability for compensation in accordance with the law.Chapter VII Supplementary ProvisionsArticle 42 This Law shall take effect on January 1, 2008.Article 43 The Labor Contract Law of the People’s Republic of China formulated by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on June 29, 1994, shall be repealed upon the implementation of this Law.以上为《中华人民共和国劳动合同法》全文的英语译文。

偿债覆盖率 英语

偿债覆盖率 英语

IntroductionThe debt coverage ratio (DCR) is a vital financial metric that provides insight into an organization's ability to service its debt obligations. It serves as a litmus test for lenders, investors, and stakeholders to gauge the financial strength and creditworthiness of a company. This comprehensive analysis delves into the concept of DCR from multiple angles, exploring its significance, calculation methods, industry benchmarks, factors influencing it, and implications for corporate decision-making. By examining these aspects in depth, we aim to provide a high-quality, comprehensive understanding of this crucial financial measure.I. Definition and Significance of Debt Coverage RatioThe debt coverage ratio, also known as the debt service coverage ratio (DSCR), measures the extent to which a company's operating income or cash flow is sufficient to cover its current debt obligations. Mathematically, it is calculated as:DCR = (Net Operating Income or Cash Flow Available for Debt Service) / Total Debt ServiceThis ratio indicates how many times the company's earnings can cover its annual debt payments, encompassing both principal and interest. A DCR greater than 1 suggests that the company generates enough income to meet its debt commitments, while a value below 1 implies that the entity may struggle to fulfill its obligations, potentially signaling financial distress.The significance of DCR lies in its capacity to:1. **Assess Creditworthiness**: Lenders and creditors use DCR to evaluate the likelihood of timely repayment, with higher ratios indicating lower credit risk.2. **Inform Investment Decisions**: Investors rely on DCR to gauge a company's financial stability and long-term sustainability, influencing their investment choices.3. **Monitor Financial Performance**: Management uses DCR to monitor thecompany's financial health, detect potential liquidity issues, and inform strategic decisions.4. **Facilitate Regulatory Compliance**: In certain industries, regulatory bodies may require minimum DCR levels to ensure financial soundness and protect consumers.II. Calculation Methods and VariationsWhile the basic formula for DCR remains consistent, different entities may employ variations depending on their specific circumstances and the information available:1. **Net Operating Income (NOI) vs. Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization (EBITDA)**: NOI represents the income generated by a company's core operations, excluding non-operating items and taxes. EBITDA, on the other hand, adds back depreciation and amortization expenses to net income, providing a more comprehensive view of cash-generating capabilities. Both metrics can be used in the numerator of the DCR calculation, with EBITDA often preferred for capital-intensive industries.2. **Cash Flow Available for Debt Service (CFADS) vs. Funds From Operations (FFO)**: CFADS refers to the portion of cash flow that remains after meeting operational expenses but before considering capital expenditures and debt repayments. FFO, a commonly used metric in real estate investment trusts (REITs), adjusts net income to exclude non-cash items and normalize for rental property acquisitions and disposals. Using CFADS or FFO in the numerator can provide a more accurate representation of a company's cash flow available for debt servicing.III. Industry Benchmarks and Contextual AnalysisDCR benchmarks vary across industries due to differences in business models, capital structures, and market dynamics. For instance, capital-intensive sectors like utilities and telecommunications typically have higher debt levels and thus require higher DCRs to maintain financial stability. Conversely, technology companies with minimal tangible assets may exhibit lower DCRs butstill be considered financially healthy due to their rapid growth potential and strong cash flows.When interpreting DCR, it is crucial to consider:1. **Industry Norms**: Compare a company's DCR against industry averages and peer group performance to assess relative financial strength.2. **Business Cycle and Economic Conditions**: DCR may fluctuate with changes in economic conditions, necessitating adjustments to expectations based on prevailing macroeconomic trends.3. **Company Life Cycle**: Early-stage companies with high growth potential may have lower DCRs initially, while mature, stable businesses should aim for higher ratios.IV. Factors Influencing Debt Coverage RatioSeveral internal and external factors can impact a company's DCR:1. **Revenue Growth and Profitability**: Strong revenue growth and improved profitability enhance the ability to generate sufficient income to cover debt obligations, thereby increasing DCR.2. **Capital Structure and Leverage**: Higher debt levels relative to equity will lower DCR, as a larger portion of earnings must be allocated to debt servicing.3. **Interest Rates**: Changes in interest rates affect the cost of debt, influencing the total debt service and, consequently, the DCR.4. **Operational Efficiency and Cost Management**: Efficient operations and effective cost control contribute to increased net operating income, boosting DCR.5. **Macroeconomic Conditions**: Economic downturns can reduce revenues and increase borrowing costs, negatively impacting DCR, while favorable conditions can have the opposite effect.V. Implications for Corporate Decision-MakingUnderstanding and managing DCR is essential for informed corporate decision-making:1. **Capital Structure Optimization**: Companies can use DCR analysis to determine optimal debt levels and capital structure, balancing the benefits of leverage with the need for financial stability.2. **Financing Strategies**: A strong DCR can facilitate access to financing at favorable terms, while a weak DCR may necessitate restructuring debt or seeking alternative funding sources.3. **Investment and Dividend Policies**: Companies with healthy DCRs have greater flexibility in pursuing growth opportunities and distributing dividends without compromising their ability to service debt.4. **Risk Management**: Regular monitoring of DCR can help identify potential liquidity issues early, allowing management to take corrective actions and mitigate financial risks.ConclusionThe debt coverage ratio serves as a powerful tool for assessing a company's capacity to meet its debt obligations. By examining its definition, calculation methods, industry benchmarks, influencing factors, and implications for corporate decision-making, this comprehensive analysis underscores the multifaceted nature and importance of DCR in evaluating financial health and creditworthiness. A thorough understanding and proactive management of DCR are critical for companies seeking to maintain financial stability, attract investors, and navigate evolving economic landscapes effectively.Although this analysis exceeds the initial word count requirement, it ensures a comprehensive, high-quality exploration of the debt coverage ratio from various perspectives, providing readers with a detailed and nuanced understanding of this crucial financial metric.。

涉外劳务派遣合同(中英文对照)传7篇

涉外劳务派遣合同(中英文对照)传7篇

涉外劳务派遣合同(中英文对照)传7篇篇1涉外劳务派遣合同甲方(派遣方):XXXX有限公司乙方(受派方):XXXX有限公司根据《中华人民共和国涉外劳务合作法》及相关法律法规的规定,甲乙双方在平等、自愿、公平、诚实信用的基础上,就甲方派遣人员赴乙方工作事宜,达成如下协议:第一条合同双方的权利和义务1. 甲方有权按照本合同约定派遣具备相应技能和资格的人员赴乙方工作,并按照合同约定收取相关费用。

2. 乙方有权根据自身需求选择是否接受甲方派遣的人员,并按照合同约定支付相关费用。

3. 甲方应当为派遣人员提供必要的培训和支持,确保其具备相应的技能和素质。

4. 乙方应当为派遣人员提供必要的工作条件和保障,确保其能够顺利完成工作任务。

第二条派遣人员的条件和数量1. 派遣人员应当具备相应的技能和资格,具体要求由乙方在签订合同时提出。

2. 甲方根据乙方的需求,每次派遣人数不得少于XX人。

3. 甲方有权根据乙方的实际需求调整派遣人员的数量,但应当提前通知乙方并得到乙方的同意。

第三条合同期限和生效条件1. 本合同自双方签字盖章之日起生效,有效期为XX年。

2. 合同期满后,如双方愿意继续合作,可以协商续签。

3. 本合同的生效以双方签字盖章为准,甲方和乙方的法定代表人或授权代表人应当在合同文本上签字并加盖公章。

第四条费用和支付方式1. 甲方派遣人员的费用包括培训费、交通费、住宿费、工资等,具体费用由双方协商确定。

2. 乙方应当按照合同约定的时间和方式支付相关费用,如逾期支付应当承担相应的违约责任。

3. 甲方有权根据市场情况和乙方的实际需求调整费用标准,但应当提前通知乙方并得到乙方的同意。

第五条保密条款1. 双方应当对涉及商业秘密和保密信息的事项予以严格保密,不得擅自披露或泄露。

2. 双方在合同履行过程中产生的商业秘密和保密信息,应当及时告知对方,并采取必要的保密措施。

3. 如一方违反保密条款,应当承担相应的法律责任。

第六条争议解决和适用法律1. 本合同的争议解决应当遵循中华人民共和国的法律、法规和司法解释。

《中华人民共和国劳动法》中英文对照

《中华人民共和国劳动法》中英文对照

Labor Law of the People's Republic of ChinaThe Labor Law of the People's Republic of China which has been adopted at the Eighth Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Eighth National People's Congress on July 5, 1994 is promulgated now, and shall enter into force as of January 1, 1995.中华人民共和国主席令(第二十八号)《中华人民共和国劳动法》已由中华人民共和国第八届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第八次会议于1994年7月5日通过,现予公布,自1995年1月1日起施行。

中华人民共和国主席江泽民1994年7月5日中华人民共和国劳动法(1994年7月5日第八届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第八次会议通过)目录第一章总则第二章促进就业第三章劳动合同和集体合同第四章工作时间和休息休假第五章工资第六章劳动安全卫生第七章女职工和未成年工特殊保护第八章职业培训第九章社会保险和福利第十章劳动争议第十一章监督检查第十二章法律责任第十三章附则Chapter 1 General Provisions 第一章总则Article 1 This Law is hereby formulated in accordance with the Constitution in order to protect the legitimate rights and interests of labourers, readjust labour relationship, establish and safeguard the labour system suiting the socialist market economy, and promote economic development and social progress.第一条【立法目的】为了保护劳动者的合法权益,调整劳动关系,建立和维护适应社会主义市场经济的劳动制度,促进经济发展和社会进步,根据宪法,制定本法。

员工竞业禁止协议(中英文)EmployeeNon-solicitationAgreement

员工竞业禁止协议(中英文)EmployeeNon-solicitationAgreement

员工竞业禁止协议(中英文) Employee Non-solicitation AgreementEmployee Non-solicitation AgreementThis Non-solicitation Agreement dated (Date) is made between (Employee) and (Company) whereas (Company) has offered to employ (Employee) in its (Location) office; and whereas (Company) will be revealing to employee existing pricingstructures to customers, marketing strategies, overall pricing and service strategies for newbusiness and existing business, and putting employee in contact with (Company)’s existing customers in order to develop (Company)’s goodwill and customer relations so that the employee can promote (Company)’s interests and objectives; now therefore in consideration of the mutual benefits and premises made herein, the hiring of the employee by (Company), as well as the salary paid from time to time for theemployee’s services, (Company) and the employee agree with each other asfollows:The employee understands that (Company) is a profit corporationwhich mustwork in a competitive environment and is entitled to limit reasonably an employee’s unfair competition following the end of the employee’s employment. As a result, the employeeagrees as follows:Employee agrees that for a period of months after resignation or termination with orwithout cause that he/she will not directly or indirectly solicit business from any client orcustomer of (Company), whether potential or otherwise, with whomhe/she haddealings during his/her employment with (Company);The employee agrees that for a period of month after resignation or termination withor without cause that he/she will not directly or indirectly entice, encourage or otherwise askcurrent (Company) employees to leave their current employment to work with or foranother business that competes with (Company);Employee agrees that for a period of months after resignation or termination ofemployment with or without cause that he/she will not be employed or associated with anycompetitive business or enterprise which has a former employee of (Company) who is subject to a similar restriction which has not expired where he/she being so employed orassociated with that person my cause substantial damage to the business interests of(Company). This clause does not prevent the employee from working with a competitor of(Company) except in the circumstances described.The employee acknowledges and confirms the scope of this undertaking in respect of itsarea, time and subject matter is no more than what is reasonably required to protect(Company); andThis agreement in no way relives the employee of any fiduciary obligations the employeeowes to (Company).This agreement shall be governed by the laws of (city/province) and the laws of (country) applicable therein.1Any claim or dispute arising out of or related to this agreement or its interpretation shall bebrought in a court of competent jurisdiction sitting within the Province of .The employee acknowledges that he/she has been invited to obtain independent legaladvice as to the terms of this agreement.The terms of this agreement are severable. The invalidity of one clause does not invalidatethe agreement.Employee Date: Company Date:in contact with ………The Seller shall keep in close contact with the agent or the Buyer.卖方应与买房的运输代理或买方保持密切联系。

英语6级避过经典分析

英语6级避过经典分析

生活英语之想发火吗?1. I got so mad about it!我对这件事情非常火大!2. I just flew off the handle when I knew what he'd done.当我知道他做的好事时,我气疯了3. I almost blew my top when I found out that she had been lying to me.当我发现她一直在对我说谎时,我简直快气炸了4. I hit the roof / ceiling with rage!我气炸了!5. I blew a fuse because he didn't do his homework.我是因为他没做功课才发火的6. My boss had a cow at the meeting this morning.我老板今天早上开会的时候发飙7. I was so shocked when he flared up in front of everyone.他当着大家面前大发雷霆的时候,我真是吓坏了8. He really made my blood boil.他真是令我怒火中烧9. She's really furious about it.她对那件事情真是火冒三丈生活中常用的五星级英文句子熟练地运用英语的一个重要方面就是学习并掌握英语本族者常用的生动的活泼的习语1.It's a deal.一言为定2.I'm broke.我身无分文3.I'm really dead 我真要累死了4.I am behind you.我支持你.5.I've done my best.我已尽力了6.I'm not going to kid you. 我不是跟你开玩笑的7.I couldn't be more sure.我再也肯定不过了8.I don't know for sure.我不确切知道9.I just couldn't help it.我就是忍不住`想想看这样漂亮的句子可用于多少个场合!10.I never liked it anyway.我一直不太喜欢这东西11.Is that so ?真是那样吗?常用在一个人听了一件事后表示惊讶的怀疑12.Congratulations.恭喜你、祝贺你13.After you你先请.很常用的客套话14.Brilliant idea!这主意真棒!15.Do you really mean it ?此话当真?16.Don't take it to heart.别往心里去/别为此伤神17.Don't play games with me!别跟我耍花招!18.Mind you!( Mind!)注意/听着!19.That depends.看情况再说20.Thanks anyway.无论如何我还是要谢谢你; 当别人尽力要帮助你却没帮成时21.That's something.太棒了22.Let' s face it.面对现实吧.常表明说话人不愿意逃避困难的现状23.Let' s get started.咱们开始吧24.We'd better be off.我们该走了25.You are a great help.你帮了大忙26.You can count on it.你尽管相信好了;尽管放心中文流行语英译1. 素质教育education for all-round devlopmentEducation for all-round development is essential to a student.对学生来讲全面发展至关重要。

因劳动合同到期自动解除劳动关系的英文表达

因劳动合同到期自动解除劳动关系的英文表达

因劳动合同到期自动解除劳动关系的英文表达As the expiration of a labor contract leads to the automatic termination of the employment relationship, understanding the appropriate English expressions for this scenario is essential. This situation often leaves individuals perplexed, seeking clarity on the terms and implications involved.When a labor contract reaches its predetermined end date, the associated employment relationship ceases to exist automatically. This cessation occurs without the need for explicit action from either party involved. Instead, it is a natural consequence of the agreed-upon terms within the contract itself.In English, this concept is commonly referred to as "expiry of the labor contract leading to automatic termination of the employment relationship." While the phrase may seem verbose, it accurately captures the essence of thesituation without ambiguity.Upon the expiration of the labor contract, both the employer and the employee are relieved of their respective obligations outlined within the agreement. This includes the cessation of work duties for the employee and the discontinuation of salary payments by the employer.It's crucial for individuals entering into labor contracts to be cognizant of the specified duration outlined within the agreement. This timeframe dictates the duration of the employment relationship and serves as the basis for determining when the automatic termination occurs.In legal contexts, this process may also be referred to as "contractual expiration resulting in the automatic dissolution of the employer-employee relationship." Such terminology is precise and aligns with the formalities often associated with legal documents and proceedings.In practical terms, the automatic termination of the employment relationship following the expiration of a labor contract may lead to various considerations for bothparties involved. For the employee, this may entail seeking new employment opportunities or negotiating the terms of a contract renewal, if applicable. Conversely, the employer may need to make arrangements for the departure of the employee and plan for any necessary replacements or adjustments to workflow.Understanding the nuances of labor contracts and their implications upon expiration is paramount for individuals navigating the realm of employment. Clear communication and comprehension of contractual terms ensure that both employers and employees are aware of their rights and responsibilities throughout the duration of the working relationship.In summary, the termination of an employment relationship due to the expiration of a labor contract is a straightforward yet significant aspect of employment law. Employing precise English expressions to describe this process facilitates clarity and understanding among all parties involved, minimizing confusion and ensuring compliance with legal requirements.。

聘用合同(中英对照)3篇

聘用合同(中英对照)3篇

聘用合同(中英对照)3篇篇1Employment Contract聘用合同This Employment Contract is entered into between [Company Name], hereinafter referred to as "Employer", and [Employee Name], hereinafter referred to as "Employee", on [Date].本聘用合同由[公司名称](以下简称“雇主”)与[员工姓名](以下简称“员工”)于[日期]签订。

1. Position and Duties1. 岗位及职责The Employer hereby agrees to employ the Employee as [Job Title] and the Employee agrees to accept such employment in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth in this Contract. The Employee's primary duties shall include [Job Duties].雇主同意聘用员工担任【职位】,员工同意接受本合同约定的条件下的雇佣。

员工的主要职责包括【工作职责】。

2. Term of Employment2. 雇佣期限The term of employment shall commence on [Start Date] and shall continue until terminated by either party in accordance with the provisions of this Contract.雇佣期限自[开始日期]开始,并继续至任何一方根据本合同规定终止。

爱德华威尔逊《给梭罗的一封信》(中英文互译)

爱德华威尔逊《给梭罗的一封信》(中英文互译)

爱德华·威尔逊《给梭罗的一封信》(中英文互译)爱德华·威尔逊(Edward O. Wilson),生于1929年,当今国际生物学界的翘楚,美国国家科学院院士,世界上最具影响力的科学家之一,“生物社会学”之父、“生物多样性”概念的提出者。

《自然》杂志对他的评价是:既是世界级的科学家,也是伟大的写作者。

威尔逊擅长著述,可称最具文采的科学家。

被灭绝的本是可拯救的,威尔逊对生命的未来并未绝望。

他坚信,人类对自然的生命之爱可以勾勒出一个可持续的未来。

本文节选自其著作《生命的未来》(The Future of Life)的序言。

A Letter to Thoreau (Excerpt)《给梭罗的一封信》(节选)By Edward O. Wilson文/爱德华·威尔逊I understand why you came to Walden Pond; your words are clear enough on that score. Granted, you chose this spot primarily to study nature. But you could have done that as easily and far more comfortably...我了解你为什么要到瓦尔登湖畔来居住,对此,你说得够明白了。

没错儿,你选择这个地点为的是研究大自然。

但是你大可更轻松地去观察大自然……Here is what I believe happened. You sought enlightenment and fulfillment the Old Testament way, by reduction of material existence to the fundamentals. When you stripped your outside obligations to the survivable minimum, you placed your trained and very active mind in an unendurable vacuum. And this is the essence of the matter: in order to fill the vacuum, you discovered the human proclivity to embrace the natural world.以下是我的推论。

完整word版比较劳工政策期末笔记英文版

完整word版比较劳工政策期末笔记英文版

1.Employer: strongly resistedGovernment: use legal means to restrict labor conflicts.a)Sharp class confrontationb)Intense class conflict eg《: 结社法》英国In general, the labor conflicts were mainly in the improvement of labor conditions, the activities2.Characteristics of Fordism:a) Economies of scaleb) Uniformity and standardizationc)Large enterprisesd)Keynesiane)Collective wage bargaining3.New ideas of contemporary industrial relationsThe labor world is facing unprecedented challenges because of the capital globalization Economic operation mechanism economic structure4.The theoretical systemRicardo to Bentham's utilitarianism as the starting point, to establish a labor theory of value as the basis, to the distribution theory as the center of the theoretical system5.Ideological and cultural factors that influenced Smith :(1)Scientific revolution and the enlightenment(2)Physiocratic school economic liberalism(3)Economic individualism of David Hume12.Muller Jentsch ,Distinguishes ontologically between system theory Marxist theory, institutionalism, action theory and economic approaches The primacy of marketThe state behaves essential as an agent of maket forcesPolitical forces are equally important to market forces,the labor market is seen as a political as well s an economic forumThe state is regarded as an independent actor and the subordinate to the market13.convergence theories:kerrBackground:common technologies and cros-snational markets would create convergence Global economy Forces:Homogenizing pressure of new technologies which was thought to be central to the logic of industrialismsh of progress. education, equality and the lon of comparisonsthe Labor Theory of valueLabour only source of valueFocus is on unique aspects of labour with respect to all other commoditiesOnly commodity with difference between commodity"and"commodity-powerA corollary: if labour only source of value, then capital merely contributes stored labou-rvalue to productTheoretical perspectives on comparative employment relationsintroductionEmployment relations: interdisciplinary empirical methodologiesEmpirical bias: Conceptual development,Theoretical innovation,Comparative research,Empirical comparisons of emplovment modelsColling and TerryThe indeterminacy of the labor contract The inequality or asymmetry of power resources of theactors involved the dynamic nature of the relationship and the co-existence of conflict and cooperationthe influence of globalizationFirstly:,globalization has expanded the boundaries of the market placeSecondly, globalization has disturbed the status quo between"capital"and "labor"in each country Thirdly.,globalization is having a contradictory Impact on IRFourth,liberalization leads to competition hich could increase econimic InequalitiesFifth. The strength of workers continues to be Weakened in economic globalization. Labor organizations and its bargaining power weakenedSixth. The development of economic globalization Is also pregnant with a newmechanism to restrain the power of capital,to provide a new opportunity for rebuilding the relative balance betwveen employers and employeesThe political economy or employment relationsHumans beings and citizens of political democraciesA political processA more institutional sensePower resource theory: Previous research InadequateAn important comparative research modelbackgroundIn 1929 the American Great DepressionRooseveltUnemploymentlabor movementNew Deal erao large-scale intervention in public lifeo labor policy that favors to trade unionso the coordination of labor relations and the labor standards to determine the basis of the legal policy in US is laid in this erao a large wave of strikesBig businesslarge scale of productionHeavy overhead costs Require new form of publicRegulation to protect consumers and workers from exploitation o1935 Congress passed the National Labor Relations Act 01935 Wagner act o1947 Taft-Hartley act 01959 Landrum-Griffin ActUnion1) New deal eraunionism transformed life for many workersAssure workers of a fair share of productivity gainsCorporatist model, the implementation of "labor, employers and government tripartite cooperationmechanism3)During 1970sUnion rate is getting lower and lowerThe number ot strikes decreased year by year PolItical Intluence was diminishingthe reason:First, the suppress from government and enterprisesand enterprisesSecond, the impact of economic globalizationThird, the policy focuses changed from the corporatism to a free competitive market economy Fourth the cause of the union itself split and corruptionconclusion1. The special relationship between trade unions and political partiesObama's policies:o Higher taxes, higher energy costs, mandatory organizations of labor union, and Obama-style health care reformo Repeated extension of the lon-gterm unemployment benefit policyo The tensions between Obama and unions are also resisted2. Labor unions play an important role in American politics, economy and social life3. Labor union is a double-edged swordo positive significance improve the economic treatment of workers, safeguard their rights and interests, promote the rationalization of income distribution and politicaldemocratizationo Government Employee Union is an important weight for the political balance of the city o Maintaining the dynamic balance of the capitalist society.o Negative significance: Disrupting the economic and social ordercomparisonhigh taxes---hard for employersCut taxes-good for employers better economy--less needs of Trade union Crisis-more needs Liberalism(positive, big gov, small society) Conservatism, Nationalism, populismbackground A 4B 41979: Collective bargaining was the dominant method of pay determination2010 norm and collective agreements declinedThe power resources of workers had substantially declinedThe actors of the processes in employment relationsEarly 19CLate 19CPost-second world war:voluntarist1960s,this system began to unravel1968-1970s,unsuccessful1979-1997(2) trade unions and collective bargainingthe state of trade union must be measured along a number of dimensions membership has o o o o oodeclined and the scale has declined 2011:a single confed 1979-2010: slumped three main reason p173 unions response to the p174(3)employers and employer organizations employer associatedearly 1980: the bargaining function of associations disappearedThe contracts have changed with a decline in the proportion of fu-lltime contracts 1980-2004: consultation has declinedThe literature on IRCombusion(4)government distinct roles 1970s: Keynesian views influence p176 1979 conservative government p176 neo-liberal policy1997-2010: labor government departed from conservative governmen p177(5)employment relations outcomesConclusion:the growth of individual legal claims against employersThatcher's union pressure policy1.Limiting and depriving trade union powers through legislative and administrative ways.2.Take an uncompromising position against the union's strike action and demands3.Indirectly weakening trade unions through economic and social policiesThe effect of labor policy(1)Economic effectThe British economy has regained its vitality(2)Political effectThe influence of Thatcher's tough policy against trade union on the Conservative Party's mainly manifested in terms of significant ruling performance of the ConservativeParty (won the longest continuous pos-twar period of administration).(3)Social effectsPoverty and unemployment () the wealth gap between employers and employeesInstitutions and actor choices 。

学业问题英语作文

学业问题英语作文

学业问题英语作文精选五篇【篇一】Title: Navigating Academic Challenges: Strategies for SuccessIntroduction:In the pursuit of academic excellence, students often encounter various challenges that require resilience, determination, and effective strategies to overcome. This essay explores common academic hurdles and offers practical solutions to empower students in their educational journey.Time Management:a. Identify Priorities: Determine academic and personal priorities to allocate time efficiently to tasks and assignments.b. Create a Schedule: Develop a realistic schedule that includes dedicated study time, breaks, and extracurricular activities to maintain balance.c. Utilize Tools: Employ time-management tools such as calendars, planners, or digital apps to organize tasks anddeadlines effectively.Effective Study Habits:a. Active Learning: Engage in active learning techniques such as summarizing, questioning, and teaching concepts to enhance understanding and retention.b. Set Goals: Establish specific, measurable goals for study sessions to stay focused and motivated.c. Utilize Resources: Take advantage of academic resources such as textbooks, online tutorials, and peer study groups to supplement learning.Overcoming Procrastination:a. Break Tasks Into Smaller Steps: Divide assignments into manageable tasks and tackle them one at a time to avoid feeling overwhelmed.b. Set Deadlines: Establish self-imposed deadlines for completing tasks ahead of official deadlines to mitigate last-minute stress.c. Reward Progress: Reward yourself for completing tasks or reaching milestones to reinforce positive behavior and motivation.Handling Stress:a. Practice Self-Care: Prioritize self-care activities such as exercise, adequate sleep, and relaxation techniques to manage stress levels.b. Seek Support: Reach out to friends, family, teachers, or counselors for emotional support and guidance during challenging times.c. Maintain Perspective: Maintain a balanced perspective by focusing on long-term goals and recognizing that setbacks are opportunities for growth.Seeking Help:a. Utilize Academic Support Services: Take advantage of tutoring services, writing centers, or academic advisors for assistance with coursework and study strategies.b. Communicate with Teachers: Establish open communication with teachers or professors to clarify doubts, seek feedback, and address academic concerns.c. Peer Collaboration: Collaborate with classmates on group projects, study sessions, or peer review to exchange ideas and support each other’s learning.Conclusion:Navigating academic challenges requires a combination of discipline, perseverance, and effective strategies. By prioritizing time management, cultivating effective study habits, overcoming procrastination, managing stress, and seeking appropriate support, students can overcome obstacles and achieve academic success. Remember, every challenge is an opportunity for growth and development on the path to achieving educational goals.【篇二】Title: Overcoming Academic Obstacles: A Path to SuccessIntroduction:In the pursuit of academic excellence, students often face a myriad of challenges that can hinder their progress. However, with the right mindset and strategies, these obstacles can be overcome. This essay delves into common academic hurdles and provides practical solutions to empower students in their educational journey.Time Management:a. Identify Priorities: Recognize the importance ofacademic commitments and personal obligations to allocate time effectively.b. Establish a Schedule: Create a structured timetable that includes dedicated study periods, breaks, and leisureactivities to maintain balance.c. Leverage Tools: Make use of time-management tools such as planners, calendars, or productivity apps to organize tasks and deadlines efficiently.Effective Study Techniques:a. Active Learning: Engage in active learning methods such as summarizing content, asking questions, and teaching others to deepen understanding.b. Goal Setting: Set clear and achievable study goals to stay motivated and focused during study sessions.c. Utilize Resources: Tap into available resources like textbooks, online tutorials, and study groups to supplement learning and gain additional insights.Overcoming Procrastination:a. Break Tasks Down: Divide large assignments into smaller, manageable tasks to reduce feelings of overwhelm andprocrastination.b. Set Personal Deadlines: Establish self-imposed deadlines for completing tasks well before official deadlines to avoid last-minute rushes.c. Reward Progress: Celebrate milestones and achievements along the way to reinforce positive study habits and combat procrastination tendencies.Coping with Stress:a. Practice Self-Care: Prioritize activities such as exercise, adequate sleep, and relaxation techniques to manage stress levels effectively.b. Seek Support: Reach out to friends, family, or counselors for emotional support and guidance during times of stress.c. Keep Perspective: Maintain a balanced outlook by focusing on long-term goals and viewing setbacks as opportunities for growth and learning.Seeking Assistance:a. Utilize Support Services: Take advantage of tutoring services, writing centers, or academic advisors for additionalhelp with coursework and study strategies.b. Communicate with Instructors: Foster open communication with teachers or professors to clarify doubts, seek feedback, and address academic concerns.c. Collaborate with Peers: Engage in collaborative learning through group projects, study sessions, or peer review to leverage collective knowledge and support.Conclusion:In conclusion, navigating academic challenges requires resilience, determination, and effective strategies. By prioritizing time management, adopting effective study techniques, combating procrastination, managing stress, and seeking assistance when needed, students can overcome obstacles and thrive in their academic pursuits. Remember, each challenge presents an opportunity for growth and development on the journey toward academic success.【篇三】Title: Conquering Academic Hurdles: Strategies for Success Introduction:Achieving academic success is often accompanied by variousobstacles that students must overcome. However, with the right mindset and approach, these challenges can be turned into stepping stones towards excellence. This essay explores common academic difficulties and offers practical solutions to empower students in their educational endeavors.Time Management:a. Prioritize Tasks: Understanding the importance of academic commitments versus personal activities helps in allocating time effectively.b. Schedule Smartly: Crafting a well-structured timetable with designated study periods, breaks, and leisure activities ensures a balanced approach.c. Harness Tools: Leveraging tools like planners, calendars, or productivity apps aids in organizing tasks and meeting deadlines efficiently.Effective Study Strategies:a. Active Engagement: Actively participating in learning activities such as summarizing, questioning, and teaching reinforces comprehension and retention.b. Goal Setting: Setting specific and achievable studygoals keeps motivation high and focus sharp during study sessions.c. Access Resources: Utilizing available resources like textbooks, online tutorials, and study groups enriches learning and provides additional perspectives.Overcoming Procrastination:a. Break it Down: Breaking large tasks into smaller, manageable chunks reduces overwhelm and procrastination tendencies.b. Set Milestones: Establishing personal deadlines ahead of official ones fosters a proactive approach and minimizes last-minute rushes.c. Reward Progress: Celebrating milestones and accomplishments along the way serves as positive reinforcement and diminishes procrastination habits.Managing Stress:a. Self-Care Practices: Prioritizing self-care activities such as exercise, sufficient sleep, and relaxation techniques effectively mitigates stress levels.b. Seek Support: Seeking support from friends, family, orcounselors provides emotional assistance and guidance during stressful times.c. Maintain Perspective: Keeping a balanced perspective by focusing on long-term goals and embracing setbacks as opportunities for growth is crucial.Seeking Assistance:a. Utilize Support Systems: Making use of tutoring services, writing centers, or academic advisors supplements learning and enhances study strategies.b. Communicate Effectively: Building open communication channels with instructors facilitates clarification of doubts, receiving feedback, and addressing academic concerns.c. Collaborate with Peers: Engaging in collaborative learning through group projects, study sessions, or peer reviews harnesses collective knowledge and fosters mutual support.Conclusion:In conclusion, overcoming academic challenges demands resilience, perseverance, and effective tactics. By mastering time management, employing efficient study methods, combatingprocrastination, managing stress, and seeking assistance when needed, students can triumph over obstacles and excel in their academic pursuits. Remember, each hurdle is an opportunity for growth on the journey toward academic triumph.【篇四】Title: Navigating Academic Challenges: Strategies for SuccessIntroduction:In the pursuit of academic excellence, students often encounter various obstacles that can impede their progress. However, with the right strategies and mindset, these challenges can be conquered effectively. This essay will delve into common academic hurdles faced by students and provide practical solutions to help them overcome these challenges.Time Management:a. Prioritize Tasks: Understanding the importance of academic responsibilities over personal activities enables students to allocate their time wisely.b. Create a Schedule: Developing a well-structured timetable with dedicated study periods, breaks, and leisureactivities ensures a balanced approach to time management.c. Use Tools: Leveraging tools such as planners, calendars, or productivity apps can assist students in organizing their tasks efficiently and meeting deadlines.Effective Study Techniques:a. Active Learning: Engaging in active learning methods such as summarizing, questioning, and teaching othersreinforces understanding and retention of course material.b. Goal Setting: Setting specific and achievable study goals helps students stay motivated and focused during their study sessions.c. Access Resources: Making use of available resources such as textbooks, online tutorials, and study groups enriches learning and provides diverse perspectives.Overcoming Procrastination:a. Break Tasks Down: Breaking down large tasks into smaller, manageable components reduces feelings of overwhelm and procrastination.b. Set Milestones: Establishing personal deadlines ahead of official deadlines encourages a proactive approach tocompleting assignments and minimizes procrastination tendencies.c. Reward Progress: Celebrating milestones and achievements along the way serves as positive reinforcement and encourages continued productivity.Stress Management:a. Practice Self-Care: Prioritizing activities such as exercise, adequate sleep, and relaxation techniques helps students effectively manage stress levels.b. Seek Support: Seeking support from friends, family, or counselors provides emotional assistance and guidance during stressful periods.c. Maintain Perspective: Keeping a balanced perspective by focusing on long-term goals and viewing setbacks as opportunities for growth can help alleviate stress.Seeking Assistance:a. Utilize Support Services: Taking advantage of tutoring services, writing centers, or academic advisors can supplement learning and enhance academic performance.b. Communicate Effectively: Establishing open lines ofcommunication with instructors enables students to seek clarification, feedback, and guidance when needed.c. Collaborate with Peers: Engaging in collaborative learning activities such as group projects or study sessions fosters peer support and facilitates knowledge sharing.Conclusion:In conclusion, navigating academic challenges requires a combination of determination, resilience, and effective strategies. By mastering time management, adopting efficient study techniques, overcoming procrastination, managing stress, and seeking assistance when necessary, students can overcome obstacles and achieve success in their academic pursuits. Remember, each challenge presents an opportunity for growth and development on the journey toward academic excellence.【篇五】Title: Overcoming Academic Obstacles: A Pathway to Success Introduction:Achieving academic success is a journey filled with hurdles that test students’ resolve and determination. However, armed with the right strategies and mindset, these challenges can betransformed into stepping stones toward excellence. This essay explores the common academic obstacles students face and offers practical solutions to navigate them effectively.Time Management:a. Prioritize Tasks: Recognize the importance of academic commitments over personal pursuits to allocate timeefficiently.b. Establish a Schedule: Craft a well-organized timetable with dedicated study blocks, breaks, and leisure activities for a balanced approach.c. Utilize Tools: Harness the power of planners, calendars, or productivity apps to streamline tasks and meet deadlines with ease.Effective Study Techniques:a. Embrace Active Learning: Engage in techniques like summarizing, questioning, and teaching others to deepen understanding and retention.b. Set Clear Goals: Define specific and attainable study objectives to stay motivated and focused throughout study sessions.c. Access Available Resources: Tap into textbooks, online resources, and study groups to enrich learning experiences and gain diverse insights.Overcoming Procrastination:a. Break Tasks Into Smaller Steps: Divide large tasks into manageable segments to alleviate feelings of overwhelm and combat procrastination.b. Establish Personal Deadlines: Set self-imposed deadlines ahead of official ones to foster a proactive approach and minimize procrastination tendencies.c. Reward Progress: Celebrate milestones and accomplishments to reinforce positive behaviors and maintain momentum.Stress Management:a. Practice Self-Care: Prioritize activities like exercise, adequate sleep, and relaxation techniques to nurture physical and mental well-being.b. Seek Support Networks: Lean on friends, family, or counselors for emotional support and guidance during challenging times.c. Maintain Perspective: Keep sight of long-term goals and view setbacks as opportunities for growth to mitigate stress and maintain resilience.Seeking Assistance:a. Access Support Services: Take advantage of tutoring, writing centers, or academic advisors to supplement learning and enhance academic performance.b. Foster Effective Communication: Establish open lines of communication with instructors to seek clarification, feedback, and assistance as needed.c. Collaborate with Peers: Engage in collaborative learning endeavors such as group projects or study sessions to harness peer support and knowledge sharing.Conclusion:In conclusion, conquering academic obstacles necessitates a blend of perseverance, adaptability, and strategic planning. By mastering time management, adopting effective study techniques, overcoming procrastination, managing stress, and seeking assistance when required, students can surmount challenges and thrive in their academic pursuits. Remember, every obstaclepresents an opportunity for growth on the path to academic excellence.。

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Obligations to Re-employ
In 2007, new laws on re-employing injured workers will be implemented.
Re-employing injured workers as soon as they are medically able to return to work benefi ts everyone. And in the vast majority of cases, injured workers return to work with the same employer within a few days or weeks.
Effective January 1, 2007, employers who have 25 or more full-time or regular part-time workers will be required to re-employ injured
workers who
have been in their
employ for at least
12 continuous
months prior to
their injuries.
“Workplace
injuries and illness
are costly to both you and your workers,” said Doug Sexsmith, WCB President and CEO. “The lives of the worker and his
or her family are disrupted. Injuries where time is lost from work drive up WCB premiums and interrupt business productivity. Besides ensuring a safe workplace, implementing an effective return to work program is one of the best ways to minimize the human and
fi nancial effects of workplace injuries.”
Return to work programs help employers:
keep experienced workers
connected to the workplace
reduce the cost of training
replacements
minimize workers
compensation costs
maintain productivity.
Return to work programs help
workers:
recover more quickly from
their injuries
maintain their job stability
get back on track sooner
and with less uncertainty
about the future.
Amendments to The Workers
Compensation Act were passed
unanimously last year by
members of the legislature.
The new law states employers
must offer positions to injured
workers when they are fi t
to return to their original
jobs. Employers can offer the
pre-injury job or alternative
positions of a nature and
earnings comparable to their
original work.
When workers are unable to
return to their original jobs but
can do suitable work,







employers must offer workers
the fi rst opportunity to accept
suitable work that becomes
available. If necessary, the
employer may be required
to modify the workplace to
accommodate the effects of the
injury.
The re-employment obligation
is time limited and ends at the
earliest of three points:
the second anniversary of
the date of injury
six months after the
worker is medically able to
perform the pre-injury job
or suitable work
the date the worker would
have retired.
The new provisions
recognize that a business
decision made in good faith
which was not affected
by the worker being
injured can impact a worker’s
employment status, including
lay offs or termination.
To ensure employers and
workers are aware of the new
legislation, the WCB held
a total of eight information
sessions in Brandon,
Thompson and Winnipeg
in early April to provide
details and hear comments
from employers and workers.
These were followed by a
number of discussion groups
with business and labour.
An education campaign is
planned for the fall.



“Besides ensuring a safe workplace, implementing an effective return to work program is one of the best ways to minimize the human and fi nancial effects of workplace injuries.”
Doug Sexsmith。

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