UQ_SOE Presentation March 2013 Shandong University

合集下载

2013级研究生外语期末考试考场安排

学号
120303042889 120304012250 120304012252 120304012253 120501042443 120501042444 120304032271 120304032270 120501072472 120501072464 120501072482 120501072474 120501072479 130351012267 130351012269 130351012272 130351012273 130351012274 130351012275 130351012276 130351012277 130351012278 130351012279 130351012280 130351012281 130351012282 130351012283 130351012285 130351012286 130351012287
专业名称
民俗学民族学民族学民族学中国古典文献学中国古典文献学中国少数民族经济中国少数民族经济
中国少数民族语言文学中国少数民族语言文学中国少数民族语言文学中国少数民族语言文学中国少数民族语言文学
准考证号
303042889 304012250 304012252 304012253 501042443 501042444 304032271 304032270 501072472 501072464 501072482 501072474 501072479 351012267 351012269 351012272 351012273 351012274 351012275 351012276 351012277 351012278 351012279 351012280 351012281 351012282 351012283 351012285 351012286 351012287

Presentation of 1st Youth Olympic Games Singapore 2010

Presentation to the Presentation to theANOC Executive CouncilonSingapore 2010Singapore 2010 Youth Olympic Games y p14 June 2009Status of Singapore 2010 St t f Si2010 Youth Olympic Games Youth Olympic GamesEmblem &Sport Pictogram Emblem & Sport PictogramSpirit of Youth pTh di ti t l tThree distinct elements •The Flame of passion•The Star of Champions Sport PictogramThe Star of Champions •The Crescent of TomorrowPlanning Status Planning Status•Sport Competitionp–Competition formats finalised.–Equipment requirements andp p gprovision in progressPlanning StatusPlanning Status•CEP–5 themes and 7 format endorsed–Motivation system finalisedM ti ti t fi li d–Programmes preparation on trackDi l ith Ol iDialogue with OlympiansArts & Culture ActivitiesDiscovery ActivitiesCommunity ProjectsIsland Activity Learning JourneyWorld Culture VillagePlanning Status Planning Status•Venuesp p pp–Masterplan and concept approved–Upgrading works on track–Operations planning in progressp p g p gPlanning Status Planning Status•Youth Olympic Villageg p p–Planning and preparationon Track–Upgrading works inprogressPlanning StatusPlanning Status •NOC Interactions–Meetings & Assemblies –NOC bulletins–Chefs de Mission Seminar (22 –25 March 2010)PASOXLVI PASO G l A bl (GA)O t 08EOC37th EOC General Assembly (GA), Nov 0830th EOC Seminar, May 0938th EOC GA, Nov 0939th EOC GAOCAOCA General Assembly (GA)Oct 08XLVI PASO General Assembly (GA), Oct 08 XLVII PASO GA, Nov 09Olympic Solidarity Regional Forum, Aug 09XLVIII PASO GA27th OCA General Assembly (GA), Oct 08 28th OCA GA, Jul 09Olympic Solidarity Regional Forums, Feb & Mar 0929th OCA GAONOCANOCAANOCA Sec-Gen Meeting, Dec 08Olympic Solidarity Regional Forums, Mar & May 09ANOCA Continental General Assembly Jul 092009 ONOC General Assembly (GA) &Olympic Solidarity Regional Forum, Mar 092010 ONOC GAANOCA Continental General Assembly, Jul 09Friends@YOGTwinned 178Singapore schoolsTwinned 178 Singapore schoolswith schools from 85 NOCs [asat 29May]at 29 May]New MediaNew MediaMain website --www.singapore2010.sgMain websiteYouth Microsite ––www.whyohgee.sgYouth MicrositeFlickrFlickr ––/photos/singapore2010YoutubeYoutube ––/singapore2010Million Deeds ChallengeMillion Deeds ChallengeVisitors from 83countries(Correct as of 4 Jun 09)(C f)Challenges•Need to finalise service standards before communication with NOCscommunication with NOCsDetails of plans are still being worked out due to •Details of plans are still being worked out due to “Crunch” planning timeline –likely to be ready for sharing by End 2009for sharing by End2009Thank youDistribution of this material or derivative of this material in any form is strictly prohibited without the express written permission from the Singapore Youth Olympic Games Organising Committee (SYOGOC)。

EVALUATION OF MUSICAL FEATURES FOR EMOTION CLASSIFICATION

EV ALUATION OF MUSICAL FEATURES FOR EMOTIONCLASSIFICATIONYading Song,Simon Dixon,Marcus PearceCentre for Digital Music,Queen Mary University of London{yading.song,simon.dixon,marcus.pearce}@ABSTRACTBecause music conveys and evokes feelings,a wealth of research has been performed on music emotion recogni-tion.Previous research has shown that musical mood is linked to features based on rhythm,timbre,spectrum and lyrics.For example,sad music correlates with slow tempo, while happy music is generally faster.However,only lim-ited success has been obtained in learning automatic classi-ﬁers of emotion in music.In this paper,we collect a ground truth data set of2904songs that have been tagged with one of the four words“happy”,“sad”,“angry”and“relaxed”, on the Last.FM web site.An excerpt of the audio is then retrieved ,and various sets of audio fea-tures are extracted using standard algorithms.Two clas-siﬁers are trained using support vector machines with the polynomial and radial basis function kernels,and these are tested with10-fold cross validation.Our results show that spectral features outperform those based on rhythm,dy-namics,and,to a lesser extent,harmony.We alsoﬁnd that the polynomial kernel gives better results than the radial basis function,and that the fusion of different feature sets does not always lead to improved classiﬁcation.1.INTRODUCTIONIn the past ten years,music emotion recognition has at-tracted increasing attention in theﬁeld of music informa-tion retrieval(MIR)[16].Music not only conveys emotion, but can also modulate a listener’s mood[8].People report that their primary motivation for listening to music is its emotional effect[19]and the emotional component of mu-sic has been recognised as most strongly associated with music expressivity[15].Recommender systems for managing a large personal music collections typically use collaborativeﬁltering[28] (historical ratings)and metadata-and content-basedﬁlter-ing[3](artist,genre,acoustic features similarity).Emo-tion can be easily incorporated into such systems to sub-jectively organise and search for music.Musicovery1, 1/Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for proﬁt or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on theﬁrst page.c 2012International Society for Music Information Retrieval.for example,has successfully used a dimensional model of emotion within its recommendation system.Although music emotion has been widely studied in psy-chology,signal processing,neuroscience,musicology and machine learning,our understanding is still at an early stage. There are three common issues:1.collection of ground truth data;2.choice of emotion model;3.relationships between emotion and individual acoustic features[13].Since2007,the annual Music Information Retrieval Eval-uation eXchange(MIREX)2has organised an evaluation campaign for MIR algorithms to facilitateﬁnding solu-tions to the problems of audio music classiﬁcation.In previous studies,signiﬁcant research has been carried out on emotion recognition including regressor training:us-ing multiple linear regression[6]and Support Vector Ma-chines(SVM)[23,37],feature selection[35,36],the use of lyrics[13]and advanced research including mood classiﬁ-cation on television theme tunes[30],analysis with elec-troencephalogram(EEG)[18],music expression[32]and the relationship with genre and artist[12].Other relevant work on classiﬁcation suggests that feature generation can outperform approaches based on standard features in some contexts[33].In this paper,we aim to better explain and explore the relationship between musical features and emotion.We examine the following parameters:ﬁrst,we compare four perceptual dimensions of musical features:dynamics,spec-trum,rhythm,and harmony;second,we evaluate an SVM associated with two kernels:polynomial and radial basis functions;third,for each feature we compare the mean and standard deviation feature value.The results are trained and tested using semantic data retrieved from last.fm3and audio data from7digital4.This paper is structured as follows.In section2,three psychological models are discussed.Section3explains the dataset collection we use in training and testing.The pro-cedure is described in section4,which includes data pre-processing(see section4.1),feature extraction(see section 4.2)and classiﬁcation(see section4.3).Section5explains four experiments.Finally,section6concludes the paper and presents directions for future work.2/mirex/wiki/MIREX HOME3st.fm/4/2.PSYCHOLOGICAL EMOTION MODELS One of the difﬁculties in representing emotion is to distin-guish music-induced emotion from perceived emotion be-cause the two are not always aligned[5].Different psycho-logical models of emotion have been compared in a study of perceived emotion[7].Most music related studies are based on two popular approaches:categorical[10]and dimensional[34]mod-els of emotion.The categorical approach describes emo-tions with a limited number of innate and universal cate-gories such as happiness,sadness,anger and fear.The di-mensional model considers all affective terms arising from independent neurophysiological systems:valence(nega-tive to positive)and arousal(calm to exciting).Recently a more sophisticated model of music-induced emotion-the Geneva Emotion Music Scale(GEMS)model-consisting of9dimensions,has been proposed[42].Our results and analysis are based on the categorical model since we make our data collection through human-annotated social tags which are categorical in nature.3.GROUND-TRUTH DATA COLLECTIONAs discussed above,due to the lack of ground truth data, most researchers compile their own databases[41].Man-ual annotation is one of the most common ways to do this. However,it is expensive in terms ofﬁnancial cost and hu-man labour.Moreover,terms used may differ between in-dividuals.Different emotions may be described using the same term by different people which would result in poor prediction[38].However,with the emergence of music discovery and recommendation websites such as last.fm which support social tags for music,we can access rich human-annotated pared with the tradi-tional approach of web mining which gives noisy results, social tagging provides highly relevant information for mu-sic information retrieval(MIR)and has become an im-portant source of human-generated contextual knowledge [11].Levy[24]has also shown that social tags give a high quality source of ground truth data and can be effective in capturing music similarity[40].Theﬁve mood clusters proposed by MIREX[14](such as rollicking,literate,and poignant)are not popular in so-cial tags.Therefore,we use four basic emotion classes: happy,angry,sad and relaxed,considering these four emo-tions are widely accepted across different cultures and cover the four quadrants of the2-dimensional model of emo-tion[22].These four basic emotions are used as seeds to retrieve the top30tags from last.fm.We then obtain a list of songs labelled with the retrieved tags.Table1and table 2show an example of the retrieved results.Given the retrieved titles and the names of the singers, we use a public API to get previewﬁles.The results cover different types of pop music,meaning that we avoid partic-ular artist and genre effects[17].Since the purpose of this step is toﬁnd ground truth data,issues such as cold start, noise,hacking,and bias are not relevant[4,20].Most datasets on music emotion recognition are quiteHappy Angry Sad Relaxhappy angry sad relax happy hardcore angry music sad songs relax trance makes me happy angry metal happysad relax music happy music angry pop music sad song jazz relax happysad angry rock sad&beautiful only relax Table1.Top5tags returned by last.fmSinger TitleNoah And The Whale5Years TimeJason Mraz I’m YoursRusted Root Send Me On My WayRoyksopp Happy Up HereKaren O and the Kids All Is LoveTable2.Top songs returned with tags from the“happy”category.small(less than1000items),which indicates that2904 songs(see table3)for four emotions retrieved by social tags is a good size for the current experiments.The dataset will be made available5,to encourage other researchers to reproduce the results for research and evaluation.Emotion Number of SongsHappy753Angry639Sad763Relaxed749Overall2904Table3.Summary of ground truth data collection4.PROCEDURESThe experimental procedure consists of four stages:data collection,data preprocessing,feature extraction,and clas-siﬁcation,as shown inﬁgure1.4.1Data PreprocessingAs shown in Table1,there is some noise in the data such as confusing tags and repeated songs.We manually remove data with the tag happysad which existed in both the happy and sad classes and delete the repeated songs,to make sure every song will only exist once in a single class.Moreover, we convert our dataset to standard wav format(22,050Hz sampling rate,16bit precision and mono channel).The song excerpts are either30seconds or60seconds,rep-resenting the most salient part of the song[27],therefore there is no need to truncate.At the end,we normalise the excerpts by dividing by the highest amplitude to mitigate the production effect of different recording levels.4.2Feature ExtractionAs suggested in the work of Saari and Eerola[35],two dif-ferent types of feature(mean and standard deviation)with 5The dataset can be found at https:///projects-/emotion-recognitionFigure1.Procedurea total of55features were extracted using the MIR tool-box6[21](shown in table4).The features are categorized into the following four perceptual dimensions of music lis-tening:dynamics,rhythm,spectral,and harmony.4.3ClassiﬁcationThe majority of music classiﬁcation tasks[9](genre clas-siﬁcation[25,39],artist identiﬁcation[29],and instrument recognition[31])have used k-nearest neighbour(K-NN) [26]and support vector machines(SVM)[2].In the case of audio input features,the SVM has been shown to per-form best[1].In this paper,therefore,we choose support vector ma-chines as our classiﬁer,using the implementation of the se-quential minimal optimisation algorithm in the Weka data mining toolkit7.SVMs are trained using polynomial and radial basis function(RBF)kernels.We set the cost factor C=1.0,and leave other parameters unchanged.An in-ternal10-fold cross validation is applied.To better under-stand and compare features in four perceptual dimensions, our experiments are divided into four tasks.Experiment1:we compare the performance of the two kernels(polynomial and RBF)using various features.Experiment2:four classes(perceptual dimensions)of features are tested separately,and we compare the results toﬁnd a dominant class.Experiment3:two types of feature descriptor,mean and standard deviation,are calculated.The purpose is to com-pare values for further feature selection and dimensionality reduction.6Version1.3.3:https://www.jyu.ﬁ/music/coe/materials/mirtoolbox 7/ml/weka/Dimen.No.Features Acronyms Dynamics1-2RMS energy RMSm,RMSstd 3-4Slope Ss,Sstd5-6Attack As,Astd7Low energy LEm Rhythm1-2Tempo Ts,Tstd3-4Fluctuation peak(pos,mag)FPm,FMm5Fluctuation centroid FCm Spec.1-2Spectrum centroid SCm,SCstd3-4Brightness BRm,BRstd5-6Spread SPm,SPstd7-8Skewness SKm,SKstd9-10Kurtosis Km,Kstd11-12Rolloff95R95s,R95std13-14Rolloff85R85s,R85std15-16Spectral Entrophy SEm,SEstd17-18Flatness Fm,Fstd19-20Roughness Rm,Rstd21-22Irregularity IRm.IRstd23-24Zero crossing rate ZCRm,ZCRstd25-26Spectralﬂux SPm,SPstd27-28MFCC MFm,MFstd29-30DMFCC DMFm,DMFstd31-32DDMFCC DDm,DDstd Harmony1-2Chromagram peak CPm,CPstd3-4Chromagram centroid CCm,CCstd5-6Key clarity KCm,KCstd7-8Key mode KMm,KMstd9-10HCDF Hm,Hstd Table4.The feature set used in this work;m=mean,std =standard deviation.Experiment4:different combinations of feature classes (e.g.,spectral with dynamics)are evaluated in order to de-termine the best-performing model.5.RESULTS5.1Experiment1In experiment1,SVMs trained with two different kernels are compared.Previous studies[23]have found in the case of audio input that the SVM performs better than other classiﬁers(Logistic Regression,Random Forest,GMM, K-NN and Decision Trees).To our knowledge,no work has been reported explicitly comparing different kernels for SVMs.In emotion recognition,the radial basis func-tion kernel is a common choice because of its robustness and accuracy in other similar recognition tasks[1].Polynomial RBFFeature Class Accuracy Time Accuracy Time No.Dynamics37.20.4426.332.57Rhythm37.50.4434.523.25Harmony47.50.4136.627.410Spectral51.90.4048.114.332 Table5.Experiment1results:time=model building time, No.=number of features in each classThe results in table5show however that regardless of the features used,the polynomial kernel always achieved the higher accuracy.Moreover,the model construction times for each kernel are dramatically different.The av-erage construction time for the polynomial kernel is0.4 seconds,while the average time for the RBF kernel is24.2seconds,around60times more than the polynomial ker-nel.The following experiments also show similar results. This shows that polynomial kernel outperforms RBF in the task of emotion recognition at least for the parameter val-ues used here.5.2Experiment2In experiment2,we compare the emotion prediction re-sults for the following perceptual dimensions:dynamics, rhythm,harmony,and spectral.Results are shown inﬁg-ure2).Dynamics and rhythm features yield similar re-sults,with harmony features providing better results,but the spectral class with32features achieves the highest ac-curacy of51.9%.This experiment provides a baseline model, and further exploration of multiple dimensions is performed in experiment4.parison of classiﬁcation results for the four classes of features.5.3Experiment3In this experiment,we evaluate different types of feature descriptors,mean value and standard deviation for each feature across all feature classes,for predicting the emotion in music.The results in table6show that the use of both mean and standard deviation values gives the best results in each case.However,the processing time increased,so choosing the optimal descriptor for each feature is highly desirable.For example,choosing only the mean value in the harmony class,we lose2%of accuracy but increase the speed while the choice of standard deviation results in around10%accuracy loss.As the number of features in-creases,the difference between using mean and standard deviation will be reduced.However,more experiments are needed to explain why the mean in harmony and spectral features,and standard deviation values of dynamics and rhythm features have higher accuracy scores.5.4Experiment4In order to choose the best model,theﬁnal experiment fuses different perceptual features.As presented in table7, optimal accuracy is not produced by the combination of all features.Instead,the use of spectral,rhythm and harmony (but not dynamic)features produces the highest accuracy.Features Class Polynomial No.featuresDynamics all37.27Dynamics mean29.73Dynamics std33.83Rhythm all37.55Rhythm mean28.71Rhythm std34.21Harmony all47.510Harmony mean45.35Harmony std38.35Spectral all51.932Spectral mean49.616Spectral std47.516Spec+Dyn all52.339Spec+Dyn mean50.519Spec+Dyn std48.719Spec+Rhy all52.337Spec+Rhy mean49.817Spec+Rhy std47.817Spec+Har all53.342Spec+Har mean51.321Spec+Har std50.321Har+Rhy all49.115Har+Rhy mean45.66Har+Rhy std41.26Har+Dyn all48.817Har+Dyn mean46.98Har+Dyn std42.48Rhy+Dyn all41.712Rhy+Dyn mean32.04Rhy+Dyn std38.84parison of mean and standard deviation(std) features.Features Accuracy No.featuresSpec+Dyn52.339Spec+Rhy52.337Spec+Har53.342Har+Rhy49.115Har+Dyn48.817Rhy+Dyn41.712Spec+Dyn+Rhy52.444Spec+Dyn+Har53.849Spec+Rhy+Har54.047Dyn+Rhy+Har49.722All Features53.654Table7.Classiﬁcation results for combinations of feature sets.6.CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKIn this paper,we collected ground truth data on the emo-tion associated with2904pop songs from last.fm tags.Au-dio features were extracted and grouped into four percep-tual dimensions for training and validation.Four experi-ments were conducted to predict emotion labels.The re-sults suggest that,instead of the conventional approach us-ing SVMs trained with a RBF kernel,a polynomial ker-nel yields higher accuracy.Since no single dominant fea-tures have been found in emotion recognition,we explored the performance of different perceptual classes of feature for predicting emotion in music.Experiment3found that dimensionality reduction can be achieved through remov-ing either mean or standard deviation values,halving the number of features used,with,in some cases,only2%ac-curacy loss.The last experiment found that inclusion of dynamics features with the other classes actually impairedthe performance of the classiﬁer while the combination of spectral,rhythmic and harmonic features yielded optimal performance.In future work,we will expand this research both in depth and breadth,toﬁnd features and classes of features which best represent emotion in music.We will examine higher-level dimensions such as temporal evolution fea-tures,as well as investigating the use of auditory ing the datasets retrieved from Last.fm,we will compare the practicability of social tags with other human-annotated datasets in emotion recognition.Through these studies of subjective emotion,we will develop methods for incorporating other empirical psychological data in a sub-jective music recommender system.7.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe acknowledge the support of the Queen Mary University of London Postgraduate Research Fund(QMPGRF)and the China Scholarship Council.We would like to thank the reviewers and Emmanouil Benetos for their advice and comments.8.REFERENCES[1]K.Bischoff,C.S.Firan,R.Paiu,W.Nejdl,urier,and M.Sordo.Music Mood and Theme Classiﬁcation -A Hybrid Approach.In10th International Society for Music Information Retrieval Conference,number Is-mir,pages657–662,2009.[2]E.Boser,N.Vapnik,and I.M.Guyon.Training Algo-rithm Margin for Optimal Classiﬁers.In ACM Confer-ence on Computational Learning Theory,pages144–152,1992.[3]P.Cano,M.Koppenberger,and N.Wack.Content-based Music Audio Recommendation.In Proceedings of the13th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia,number ACM,pages211–212,2005. [4]O.Celma.Foaﬁng the Music:Bridging the SemanticGap in Music Recommendation.In The Semantic Web-ISWC,2006.[5]T.Eerola.Are the Emotions Expressed in Mu-sic Genre-speciﬁc?An Audio-based Evaluation of Datasets Spanning Classical,Film,Pop and Mixed Genres.Journal of New Music Research,40(March 2012):349–366,2011.[6]T.Eerola,rtillot,and P.Toiviainen.Predictionof Multdimensional Emotional Ratings in Music from Audio Using Multivariate Regression Models.In10th International Society for Music Information Retrieval Conference,number Ismir,pages621–626,2009. [7]T.Eerola and J.K.Vuoskoski.A Comparison of theDiscrete and Dimensional Models of Emotion in Mu-sic.Psychology of Music,39(1):18–49,August2010.[8]Y.Feng and Y.Zhuang.Popular Music Retrieval byDetecting Mood.In International Society for Music In-formation Retrieval Conference,volume2,pages375–376,2003.[9]Z.Fu,G.Lu,K.M.Ting,and D.Zhang.A Sur-vey of Audio-based Music Classiﬁcation and Anno-tation.IEEE Transactions on Multimedia,13(2):303–319,2011.[10]K.Hevner.Experimental studies of the elements of ex-pression in music.The American Journal of Psychol-ogy,48:246–268,1936.[11]X.Hu,M.Bay,and J.S.Downie.Creating a SimpliﬁedMusic Mood Classiﬁcation Grouth-truth Set.In Inter-national Conference on Music Information Retrieval, pages3–4,2007.[12]X.Hu and J.S.Downie.Exploring Mood Metadata:Relationships with Genre,Artist and Usage Metadata.In8th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval,2007.[13]X.Hu,J.S.Downie,and A.F.Ehmann.Lyric Text Min-ing in Music Mood Classiﬁcation.In10th Interna-tional Society for Music Information Retrieval Confer-ence,number Ismir,pages411–416,2009.[14]X.Hu,J.S.Downie, urier,and M.Bay.The2007MIREX Audio Mood Classiﬁcation Task:Les-son Learned.In International Society for Music Infor-mation Retrieval Conference,pages462–467,2008.[15]P.N.Juslin,J.Karlsson,E.Lindstr¨o m,A.Friberg,andE.Schoonderwaldt.Play it Again with Feeling:Com-puter Feedback in Musical Communication of Emo-tions.Journal of experimental psychology.Applied, 12(2):79–95,June2006.[16]Y.E.Kim,E.M.Schmidt,R.Migneco,B.G.Morton,P.Richardson,J.Scott,J.A.Speck,and D.Turnbull.Music Emotion Recognition:A State of the Art Re-view.In11th International Society for Music Informa-tion Retrieval Conference,number Ismir,pages255–266,2010.[17]Y.E.Kim, D.S.Williamson,and S.Pilli.TowardsQuantifying the Album Effect in Artist Identiﬁcation.In International Society for Music Information Re-trieval Conference,2006.[18]S.Koelstra,C.Muhl,and M.Soleymani.Deap:ADatabase for Emotion Analysis Using Physiological Signals.IEEE Trans.on Affective Computing,pages1–15,2011.[19]C.L.Krumhansl.Music:A Link Between Cogni-tion and Emotion.American Psychological Society, 11(2):45–50,2002.[20]mere.Social Tagging and Music Information Re-trieval.Journal of New Music Research,37(2):101–114,June2008.[21]rtillot and P.Toiviainen.MIR in Matlab(II):AToolbox for Musical Feature Extraction from Audio.In International Conference on Music Information Re-trieval,number Ii,pages237–244,2007.[22]urier and J.Grivolla.Multimodal Music MoodClassiﬁcation Using Audio and Lyrics.In Int.Conf.Machine Learning and Applications,pages1–6,2008.[23]urier,P.Herrera,M.Mandel,and D.Ellis.AudioMusic Mood Classiﬁcation Using Support Vector Ma-chine.In MIREX task on Audio Mood Classiﬁcation, pages2–4,2007.[24]M.Levy.A Semantic Space for Music Derived fromSocial Tags.In Austrian Compuer Society,volume1, page12.Citeseer,2007.[25]B.Lines,E.Tsunoo,G.Tzanetakis,and N.Ono.Be-yond Timbral Statistics:Improving Music Classiﬁca-tion Using Percussive.IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech and Language Processing,19(4):1003–1014, 2011.[26]T.M.Cover and P.E.Hart.Nearest Neighbor PatternClassiﬁcation.IEEE Transactions on Information The-ory,13(1):21–27,1967.[27]K.F.MacDorman,S.Ough,and C.Ho.AutomaticEmotion Prediction of Song Excerpts:Index Construc-tion,Algorithm Design,and Empirical Comparison.Journal of New Music Research,36(4):281–299,De-cember2007.[28]T.Magno and C.Sable.A Comparison of Signal ofSignal-based Music Recommendation to Genre Labels, Collaborative Filtering,Musicological Analysis,Hu-man Recommendation and Random Baseline.In Pro-ceedings of the9th International Conference of Music Information Retrieval,pages161–166,2008.[29]M.Mandel.Song-level Features and Support Vec-tor Machines for Music Classiﬁcation.In Proc.Inter-national Conference on Music Information Retrieval, 2005.[30]M.Mann,T.J.Cox,and F.F.Li.Music Mood Classi-ﬁcation of Television Theme Tunes.In12th Interna-tional Society for Music Information Retrieval Confer-ence,number Ismir,pages735–740,2011.[31]J.Marques and P.J.Moreno.A Study of Musical In-strument Classiﬁcation Using Gaussian Mixture Mod-els and Support Vector Machines,1999.[32]L.Mion and G.D.Poli.Score-Independent AudioFeatures for Description of Music Expression.IEEE Transactions on Audio,Speech,and Language Pro-cessing,16(2):458–466,2008.[33]F.Pachet and P.Roy.Analytical Features:AKnowledge-Based Approach to Audio Feature Gener-ation.EURASIP Journal on Audio,Speech,and Music Processing,2009(2):1–23,2009.[34]J.A.Russell,A.Weiss,and G.A.Mendelsohn.Af-fect Grid:A Single-item Scale of Pleasure and Arousal.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(3):493–502,1989.[35]P.Saari,T.Eerola,and rtillot.Generalizabilityand Simplicity as Criteria in Feature Selection:Appli-cation to Mood Classiﬁcation in Music.IEEE Trans-actions on Audio,Speech,and Language Processing, 19(6):1802–1812,2011.[36]E.M.Schmidt,D.Turnbull,and Y.E.Kim.FeatureSelection for Content-Based,Time-Varying Musical Emotion Regression Categories and Subject Descrip-tors.In Multimedia Information Retrieval,pages267–273,2010.[37]B.Schuller,J.Dorfner,and G.Rigoll.Determinationof Nonprototypical Valence and Arousal in Popular Music:Features and Performances.EURASIP Journal on Audio,Speech,and Music Processing,2010:1–19, 2010.[38]D.Turnbull,L.Barrington,and nckriet.Five Ap-proaches to Collecting Tags for Music.In Proceedings of the9th International Conference of Music Informa-tion Retrieval,pages225–230,2008.[39]G.Tzanetakis and P.Cook.Musical Genre Classiﬁca-tion of Audio Signals.IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing,10(5):293–302,2002.[40]D.Wang,T.Li,and M.Ogihara.Tags Better ThanAudio Features?The Effect of Joint use of Tags and Audio Content Features for Artistic Style Clutering.In11th International Society on Music Information Retrieval Conference,number ISMIR,pages57–62, 2010.[41]D.Yang and W.S.Lee.Disambiguating Music Emo-tion Using Software Agents.In Proceedings of the5th International Conference on Music Information Re-trieval,pages52–58,2004.[42]M.Zentner,D.Grandjean,and K.R.Scherer.Emo-tions evoked by the sound of music:characterization, classiﬁcation,and measurement.Emotion(Washing-ton,D.C.),8(4):494–521,August2008.。

山东大学信号与系统 2013年试卷B

学号
3. 4. 8. For the following difference equations y[n 1] 0.8y[n] x[n] , compute y[n] for n=1,2,3, when x[ntime-invariant ]=u[n] and y[-1]=2. A linear continuous-time system has transfer function H (s)
t )2cos (t ) for x (t ) 5u (for t 1) system. 10cos(2(t 2)) , tthen (t ) t ) , find yx (t() 3t e e2tycos 21.414 t , t cos( 0 . Determine theytransfer function the 4
姓名
得分
阅卷人
B. C. CHOOSING THE BEST ANSWER (30 points)
一、PART 1
5.
A stable linear time-invariant (LTI) continuous-time system, the unit impulse response is h(t)=(2e-t+e-2t)u(t). Then poles of the system are ______ . A. B. p1=0, p2=-1, p3=-2 p1=0, p2=-1 p1=-1, p2=-2
6e j 2 H ( ) 0 | | 8 | | 8
级
.
The input x(t ) C cos(0t ) is applied to the system for t 0 with zero initial conditions. The resulting steady-state response ySS (t ) is ySS (t ) 6cos(t 45 ), t 0 , compute C, 0 ,and

2013 CSAMSE Conference Program Chinesez国际市场营销年会

09:20—09:45
The Differential Effects of Customer Involvement on New Product Performance（英文演讲）
Fang Wu, University of Texas at Dallas
09:45—10:10
基于差距模型的服务质量的实证研究－多主体下的视角（中文演讲）
09:45—10:10
Organizational Ambidexterity and Innovation in Chinese International Services Firms（英文演讲）
Yuanyuan Zhang, City University of Hong Kong
10:10—10:30
李青
澳门城市大学工商管理系
Table 2:
圆桌讨论主持人：Sijun Wang地点：管理学院B401-1
Attendees
熊小明
中国武汉大学经济与管理学院
徐申
香港城市大学市场营销系
周雪敏
中国华中科技大学管理学院工商管理系
宁波
新西兰惠灵顿维多利亚大学
王聪
西南财经大学工商管理学院
王辉
武汉大学经济与管理学院市场营销专业
叶齐先生特步国际控股有限公司/执行董事兼副总裁
16:00—16:30
希悦尔营销案例分析
欧波先生希悦尔中国/北亚区食品与饮料业务总监
16:30—17:00
演讲
王兴元教授山东大学
17:00—17:30
颁奖环节
特邀颁奖嘉宾
欢迎晚宴13日下午18:20—20:00地点：云泉山庄大酒店
18:20—20:00

Solar Presentation for Shanghai Mar2013

Xinjiang
Beijing
Yellow Sea
Henan
Jiangsu
East China Sea
Hubei
Anhui
Sha
Zhejiang ngh Hunan Jiangxi Fujian Taiwan Guangxi Guangdong
ai
Yunnan
Guizhou
Hainan
South China Sea
A DRIVING FORCE FOR POWER Caterpillar: Green
VPSAMPLE 10
工业及流程工艺设施

化工 Chemicals
制药 Pharmaceuticals 食品及原料 Foods and Ingredients 奶制品 Dairies and Dairy Products
VPSAMPLE 13
热电联供的特点
同时产出电能和热能可用于蒸汽轮机或工业蒸汽
或两者并用系统效率极高系统可用率高连续运行
A DRIVING FORCE FOR POWER Caterpillar: Green
VPSAMPLE 14
热电联供的热电比
1538 º C
独立加热器或蒸汽发生器+电网供电

热电联供 Combined Heat and Power
- 热电联产 Cogeneration - 联合循环 Combined Cycle - 区域供热 District Heating
基荷供电 Base Load Power 分布式发电 Distributed Power 峰值发电 Peaking Power 备用/紧急发电 Standby/Emergency

A type-A-choking-oriented unified model for fast fluidization dynamics

A type-A-choking-oriented uni ﬁed model for fast ﬂuidization dynamicsMing-Chuan Zhang ⁎,Chu ZhangSchool of Mechanical Engineering,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai 200240,Chinaa b s t r a c ta r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 9October 2012Received in revised form 24January 2013Accepted 26January 2013Available online 13March 2013Keywords:Fast ﬂuidizationSeparate-phase model Type A choking Solids holdupHigh-density fast-bedStarting from analysis to Yang's formula for type A choking,a uni ﬁed and self-consistent model for fast ﬂu-idization dynamics,named the separate-phase-coexistence model,was proposed in this paper.The basic assumptions used in the model are that all the gas from outside enters the solid-saturated upward dilute phase,to which the Yang's formula is still applied,yet revised with an effective velocity factor F (β);while the clusters fall down freely at a velocity consistent with their voidage.The impact of falling clusters on the upward dilute phase was considered with the equivalent wall friction,from which the method to predict the apparent solids holdup of upper dilute region was obtained.The force balance for falling clusters was also an-alyzed,from which the cluster voidage was determined.When the cluster viodage reaches its minimum value,a small part of outside gas will invade the cluster,resulting in the so-called “secondary ﬂuidization of clusters ”.It well predicted that the solids holdups of upper dilute region and bottom dense region did not change obviously with further increase of the solid circulation rate,the most impressive feature of high-density fast beds.Further-more,by analogy to bubbling beds,the phenomena of clusters in risers of fast beds were analyzed in a meso-scale mechanism,from which the effective velocity factors of dilute phase F (β)were theoretically determined.And the solid-wall friction factors in Yang's formula and the Harris's correlation for cluster size were also reconstructed based on the experimental data available in the literatures.Without any model parameters adjusted,the uni ﬁed model predicted successfully the type C choking,the solids holdups for both upper dilute region and bottom dense region,and the transitions to high-density fast bed and dense suspension up-ﬂow.The predictions were compared with several hundreds of experimental data available in the literatures,which veri ﬁed well the model's uni ﬁcation and acceptable accuracy.©2013Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionFast ﬂuidization or circulating ﬂuidized bed (CFB)has attracted people more and more attention in chemical,metallurgy,energy en-gineering and other applied ﬁelds as an ef ﬁcient gas-solid contacting technology [1–3].With certain rate of particle circulation,fast ﬂuid-ization provides the possibility that small particles could be operat-ed under quite high gas velocity due to agglomeration of particles in the CFB riser.Under this condition,the fast ﬂuidized bed is charac-terized by a non-uniform axial distribution of particle concentration,where the solids holdup is small in the top,and large in the bottom.The basic requirements to form a fast ﬂuidized bed are generally de-scribed as [4]:i)the circulating solid ﬂux G s is greater than the min-imum value of that G sm ;and ii)for a given solid ﬂux G s >G sm ,the super ﬁcial gas velocity u f is kept within the range of velocities for type A choking and type C choking,i.e.u ch,C b u f b u ch,A .A large number of studies have been done to ﬁnd how these char-acteristic parameters change with properties of the gas and the solid,the system geometry,and operating conditions.Empirical correla-tions were usually given in the form of non-dimensional criteria.For example,correlations for different types of choking were given by Yang [5,6],Yous ﬁand Gau [7],and other researchers [8–10].There were also quite a lot empirical correlations of solids holdups for both the upper dilute region and the bottom dense region [11–15].However,most of these studies were carried out separately;there were little physical relations among them.In some cases,incompatible results would be predicted from these empirical correlations,for in-stance u ch,A b u ch,C .On the other hand,the recently recognized “high density fast ﬂuidization (HDFF)”[16]and “dense suspension up-ﬂow (DSU)”[17]have shown some different two-phase-ﬂow behaviors.How these ﬂow regimes relate with the traditional one are also not clear.The present work tried to establish a self-consistent model for fast ﬂuidization dynamics,in which all the characteristic parameters mentioned above can be easily deduced from a same origin;and the uni ﬁed model can be applied for both traditional fast ﬂuidized bed and high density fast ﬂuidized bed.2.Theoretical considerations 2.1.Start point of the modelConcepts of choking in vertical upward co-current gas –solid systems have been used for a long time to describe some critical conditions,atPowder Technology 241(2013)126–141⁎Corresponding author.E-mail address:mczhang@ (M.-C.Zhang).0032-5910/$–see front matter ©2013Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved./10.1016/j.powtec.2013.01.070Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirectPowder Technologyj o u r na l h o me p a g e :ww w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /p o w t e cwhich the two-phase ﬂow system cannot run properly or ef ﬁciently.For systems with different application purposes,the de ﬁnitions may also be different.In a pneumatic conveying system,the choking is usually de-ﬁned as the onset of particle precipitation downward,which makes the transportation less ef ﬁcient.However,it doesn't breach the system operation as a whole.On the opposite,in a CFB riser the choking is usu-ally de ﬁned as a critical condition,at which a small decrease of operat-ing gas velocity or increase of circulating solid ﬂux will cause signi ﬁcant increase of bed pressure drop,leading to collapse,to some extents,of the whole system.Differences of the two types of choking did not get enough attention until Bi and Grace [18],where the former was de ﬁned as the accumulative choking or type A choking,and the latter as the classical choking or type C choking.Predictions to type A choking and type C choking are obviously im-portant for fast ﬂuidization,since they will determine the allowable ranges for gas velocity or solid circulation ﬂux.There were quite a lot of formulas developed in the past to correlate the gas velocities and the solid ﬂuxes at the two types of choking.However,only one of them can be chosen as the start point of the uni ﬁed model,while the other should be deducted from the chosen one.Considering the re-search history for pneumatic conveying system is much longer than that for fast ﬂuidized bed,and the two-phase ﬂow structure in the for-mer is much simpler than that in the latter,it is believed that the theo-retical and experimental bases for type A choking are more reliable and universal.Among the numerous formulas existed in the literatures for type A choking,the form of Yang's formula [5,6]looks the best,since deriva-tion of the formula involves only two theoretical deductions.The ﬁrst one is that the terminal velocity of particles for a uniform suspension of voidage εin a riser of diameter D t can be calculated from Eq.(1).u 0t ¼u t ﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃ1þf p u 2pt!Âε4:7v u u t ð1ÞWhere,u p =G s /[ρs (1−ε)]is the particle velocity,while f p stands for the solid-wall friction factor.This is a theoretically logical formula,and detailed derivation and discussion on that can be found in Yang's series work from 1973to1975[5,19,20].The second deduction is when type A choking happens,the slip velocity between gas and solid,i.e.the terminal velocity of a particlesuspension in a ﬁnite diameter riser u t',is just equal to the terminal velocity of a single particle in the in ﬁnity u t [5,6].u 0t ¼u tð2ÞThis deduction was actually used in the derivation of Yang's pre-dictive equation [5,6](Eq.(3)),but was not clearly declared and explained in his work.2D t g ε−4:7ch −1 u ch −u t ðÞ2¼f p ð3ÞThe followings are the present authors'try to explain “what does the deduction really mean?”It can be seen from Eq.(1),the ﬁrst item withsquare root sign ﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃ1þf pu 2p2gD tr represents the in ﬂuence of wall friction onu t',since it will always be unity in an in ﬁnitely wide riser.When D t gets smaller,the wall friction gets greater,then u t'gets greater.The second item with square root sign ﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃε4:7p represents the in ﬂuence of bed voidage,i.e.the in ﬂuence of surrounding particles.When the particleconcentration (1−ε)gets greater,εgets smaller,then u t 'gets smaller.The reason is that the surrounding particles will cause both increase ofreal gas velocity ﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃε2pand more ﬂexuous ﬂow-pass of gas around theparticle,then increase of the drag force coef ﬁcient ﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃε2:7p[21].There-fore,the amendment of u t 'is on the basis of super ﬁcial gas velocity.If we resolve the increased ﬂuid drag on one particle in a uniform suspension into the basal ﬂuid drag on a single particle F f and the sur-plus F s due to the surrounding particles,the overall force balance for the suspension,or a single particle in a long time duration,can be expressed asF f þF s ¼G þW ð4Þwhere,G stands for the gravity of particle or particle suspension,whileW for the wall friction.Comparing the values of F s and W ,two different situations can be distinguished.For a relatively dilute suspension,the drag force caused by the surrounding particles is relatively small,resulting in F s b W ,and then F f >G .The ﬂuid drag given by the gas solely F f is greater than the gravity of the particle,which means that besides supporting the particle there will be something rest to balance the wall friction,simply shown as F f −G =W −F s .This will be a relatively simple dy-namic system centered on each single particles;the relatively indepen-dent movement of these particles will lead to a uniformly dispersed gas-solid two phase ﬂow,i.e.the custom dilute suspension transporta-tion.On the opposite,if we have F s >W and F f b G ,the ﬂuid drag given by the gas F f will no longer be able to support the particle gravity solely,but needs something else from the surrounding particles,simply shown as F f +(F s −W )=G .Then the force balance for any particle will depend more on the others,making the dynamic system more complex and easier to lose its uniformity.For instance,an occasionally local condensation of particles will result in less gas ﬂowing through them and decrease of F f ,which will make these particles to move close further to increase F s as the overall force balance needs.This may probably be the physical reason of cluster formation for the case of F s >W .Therefore,what can be used to separate the two different types of ﬂows mentioned above is just the criteria of F s =W or F f =G ,i.e.u t'=u t from their de ﬁnitions.It means that the in ﬂuence of ﬁnite riser diameter D t on u t'is just compensated by the in ﬂuence of bed voidage εat the type A choking.At this unique condition,the moving particle looks as if there is neither wall nor surrounding particles.The authors suggest that this is the real meaning of the deduction,and then can be seen as the physical essence of type A choking.Just because of its sound physical meaning,the relationship given by Eq.(3)for the super ﬁcial gas velocity and the bed voidage under solid-saturated conditions (type A choking)can be considered as “inherent ”,then the equation as “constitutive equation ”.However,it should also be pointed out here,the functional relation of u ch and εch is the most important in Eq.(3),but not the value of f p at this moment.Actually,the solid friction factor f p =0.01was taken originally by Yang in 1975[5],and changed later to the present form in 1983[6]f p ¼6:81Â105ρgρs2:2:ð5ÞThe rationality or accuracy of above mentioned values for f p will bediscussed in detail and re-correlation of f p with more experimental data will be made later in Section 3.3.For the time being,the solid fric-tion factor used in the calculations before Section 3.3was f p =0.01,the value given in 1975[5],since it was better than the other according to the accuracy evaluation of Xu et al.[10].2.2.Physical description of the modelAs we discussed above,Eq.(3)shows the relationship of super ﬁcial gas velocity u ch and bed voidage εch under solid-saturated conditions,127M.-C.Zhang,C.Zhang /Powder Technology 241(2013)126–141i.e.type A choking.For a given ﬂuidizing system,when u ch increases,εch will decrease;then the particle concentration (or solids hold-up)(1−εch )increases,and the saturation carrying capacity of gas G s ⁎will increase even faster.G Ãs ¼ρs u ch −u t ðÞ1−εchεchð6ÞThe equation derived here is a little bit different from what was used in Yang's articles [5,6]by 1/εch ,since the modi ﬁcation of ﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃε4:7p includes also the in ﬂuence of the gas velocity ﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃε2p ,then the real par-ticle velocity is (u ch −u t )/εch .As an example,Fig.1shows the cal-culated results of (1−εch )and G s ⁎varied with u ch for a FCC-air ﬂuidizing system.It can be seen from the ﬁgure that the saturation carrying capacity G s ⁎varies with the super ﬁcial gas velocity u ch in an exponential form with power >1.Just because of this special relationship between G s ⁎and u ch ,one can imagine when the circulating solid ﬂux is greater than G s ⁎at a given gas velocity,the system will not completely collapse but run in a more complicated separate-phase-coexistence mode.Some par-ticles will segregate from the gas stream and get agglomerated to form a free-falling dense phase (clusters),which occupies a part of the riser cross-sectional area,but without outer gas getting in;while in the rest of the riser,more concentrated gas with higher ve-locity could carry even more particles upward in the form of dilute phase.Without outer gas getting in clusters is a logical deduction from two-way stability analysis,and is coincident with Mueller and Reh's investigation [22],i.e.“the acceleration of particle inside the strand (cluster)is equal to the acceleration of free fall,which implies that no drag force acts on the particle within the strand ”[21].Let βbe the cross-sectional area fraction occupied by the falling dense phase or clusters,which is also the volume fraction of randomlydistributed clusters;m s−as the corresponding solid ﬂux downward,and m s +as the solid ﬂux upward in solid-saturated dilute phase.Both m s+and m s −are de ﬁned on the basis of the total cross-sectional area,but not their own occupied.Then,the solid ﬂux circulating into the riser G s can be expressed as G s ¼m þs −m −s :ð7ÞThe sketch map for m s +and m s −varied with βat a constant gas velocity is shown in Fig.2.It can be seen from the ﬁgure,if we haved m þs d βj β¼0>d m −sd βj β¼0;ð8Þthe separate-phase-coexistence mode can really transport more par-ticles upward in the riser than the saturation carrying capacity ofgas at type A choking,i.e.G s =m s +−m s −>G s ⁎.This will be trueuntil a critical point β=βch is reached,where d m þs d βj β¼βch ¼d m −sd βj β¼βch;ð9Þand the transportable solid ﬂux at the given gas velocity takes its max-imum value G s,max .Beyond this point the separate-phase-coexistence mode has no more ability to balance the excess solid ﬂux,leading to the system being totally “collapsed ”,i.e.the type C choking.The analysis above indicates also that the critical requirement for separate-phase-coexistence mode is d m þs d βj β¼0¼d m −sd βj β¼0:ð10ÞThis criterion can be used for determination of G sm ,which will bediscussed later elsewhere.As a sum,the key points af ﬁrmed or the basic assumptions to be used in the uni ﬁed model are as follows:i)the relationship between bed voidage εch and gas velocity u ch given by Yang's formula for type A chok-ing can be seen as “inherent ”or “constitutive ”for solid-saturated dilute phase,which provides the theoretical basis of the model;ii)with neces-sary amendment,this relationship can also be applied for the solid-saturated upward dilute phase when coexisted separate-phases appear;and iii)in the separate-phase-coexistence mode,all the gas from outside enters the solid-saturated upward dilute phase,while the clusters fall down freely at a velocity consistent with their voidage (ex-cept for HDFF or DSU).3.Mathematical model kernels3.1.Model kernels3.1.1.Dilute phase modelAs discussed above,at type A choking,the very beginning of the separate-phase-coexistence mode (β=0),the gas –solid slip velocity can take the value of terminal velocity of a single particle u t .When separate phases visibly appear,due to the impact of falling clusters,it is expected that the saturation carrying capacity per unit gas in the dilute phase will be less than that for β=0.It means that the gas –solid slip velocity in this case has increased.However,this im-pact can also be expressed by decrease of the effective gas velocity in dilute phase,while keeping the slip velocity unchanged.This can123456G *s (k g /m 2s )u ch (m/s)1-c hεFig.1.Saturated carryings G s ⁎and solid concentration (1−εch )at different gas velocity u ch (FCC –air system,ρs =1620kg/m 3,d p =100μm,D t =0.1m).G s ,m sG *schββFig.2.Sketch map for m s +and m s −varied with βat constant gas velocity.128M.-C.Zhang,C.Zhang /Powder Technology 241(2013)126–141be easily done by using an effective velocity factor of dilute phase F (β)b 1in the calculation.Thus,the upward solid ﬂux based on unit dilute phase area can be expressed as G þs ¼ρsu f F βðÞ−u t !1−εch εch ;ð11Þand the relationship between the calculation velocityu Ãch¼u f F βðÞ1−βand the solid-saturated dilute phase viodage εch still ﬁts the revised Yang's formula,as we discussed above.Therefore,the super ﬁcial up-ward solid ﬂux de ﬁned on the basis of the total cross-sectional area of the riser will be m þs ¼ρs u f F βðÞ−u t 1−βðÞ½1−εchεch:ð12ÞFrom the analysis above,the function F (β)chosen should meet the requirements of F βðÞj β¼0¼1;andd F βðÞd βjβ¼0¼0:ð13ÞThe simplest form of that is F βðÞ¼1−c βn:ð14ÞAs βincreases,the impact of falling clusters gets greater andgreater.The upward solids ﬂux of dilute phase m s+will reach its max-imum,then decrease gradually until slugging occurs at β=1.Sincethe solid ﬂux m s+at slugging is still ﬁnite but not zero,it can be roughly estimated that m s +|β=1=G s ⁎,i.e.the saturation carryingcapacity of gas at type A choking G s ⁎(see Fig.2).From that,we haveρs u f F 1ðÞ½ 1−εslεsl ¼ρs u f −u t ½ 1−εch ;A εch ;Að15Þwhere F (1)is the value of F (β)at β=1;εsl and εch,A are the bedvoidages for slugging (β=1)and type A choking (β=0),respec-tively.Therefore,F 1ðÞ¼1−u t f1−εch ;A εch ;A εslsl:ð16ÞSuppose the solid span equals to the gas span when slugging occurs,and the voidage equals εmf in the solid span,then we have the average asεsl ¼1−1−εmf ðÞ=2:ð17ÞFinally,the effective velocity factor of dilute phase F (β)can be calcu-lated asF βðÞ¼1−1−F 1ðÞ½ βn:ð18Þ3.1.2.Dense phase modelThe sub-model for dense-phase or falling clusters is relatively simple in form,i.e.m −s ¼ρs βu cl 1−εcl ðÞ:ð19ÞAs we mentioned above,the falling velocity of clusters u cl should be in consistence with their voidage εcl to keep the outside gas ﬂow within the cluster being zero.Therefore,the modi ﬁed Richardson –Zaki'sequation [23]must be satis ﬁed for the force balance of gas-particles in-side of clusters,i.e.u cl ¼u tεcl1m¼u t εm cl :ð20ÞHere,m ¼lg u mfu t=lg εmf ;ð21Þand εmf =0.45was used in the following calculations.However,to determine both εcl and u cl ,a supplementary condi-tion is needed.This will be discussed later in Section 5.1,i.e.the weight of clusters should be balanced by the inter-phase drag,which can be solved with other parameters together through itera-tions.Nevertheless,for the initial value of εcl with iteration or a sim-pli ﬁed calculation (no iteration)a rough estimation is still needed.According to the experimental data collected by Harris and Davidson [24],the solid concentration in clusters can be seen approximately twice of that in the dilute phase.Then,we have εcl ;0¼1−21−εch ðÞ¼2εch −1:ð22Þ3.1.3.Empirical estimation of model parameter nAccording to the derivations above,the model equations can be used in following procedures.i)The type A choking velocity u ch,A is calculated for a given solids ﬂux G s (>G sm ).ii)Decrease super ﬁcialgas velocity to make u f b u ch,A ;then,m s+and m s −are calculated by using different βuntil G s =m s +−m s −is satis ﬁed;the voidage of upward dilute phase εch at the operating velocity u f is then deter-mined.iii)Repeat the steps above until type C choking occur;the type C choking velocity u ch,C is ﬁnally ing a different model parameter n ,the variations of dilute phase voidage εch with operating gas velocity u f for a FCC –air system (D t =0.1m,the typ-ical diameter of laboratory scale risers)are shown in Fig.3.It can be seen from the ﬁgure,when the operating gas velocity u f is close to u ch,C ,a small reduction of gas velocity will cause a great increase of bed concentration (1−ε).That is the characteristic feature of type C choking.It can also be seen from the ﬁgure,as n gets greater,the type C chok-ing velocity calculated gets smaller.Then,the empirical correlation0.920.930.940.950.960.970.980.991.00u f (m/s)u ch,CεFig.3.Variations of dilute phase voidage εch with gas velocity u f calculated from different n for a FCC –air system (D t =0.1m,ρs =1620kg/m 3,d p =100μm,G s =100kg/(m 2s)).129M.-C.Zhang,C.Zhang /Powder Technology 241(2013)126–141given by Yous ﬁand Gau [7](Eq.(23)),which was veri ﬁed to be the best for type C choking [10],can be used to estimate the proper value of n .u ch ;C ﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃgd pq ¼32Re −0:06tG s g u ch ;C!0:28ð23ÞFrom this kind of “calibration ”,the model parameter n =4.5can be chosen for a simpli ﬁed version of the model without iteration.More fundamental determination of the model parameter n will be given in detail in Section 3.2later.Fig.4shows the comparison be-tween the model predictions with n =4.5and those given by Eq.(23),for both FCC –air and sand –air systems with different parti-cle sizes (50,100,150and 200μm)and solid ﬂuxes (50,100and 200kg/(m 2s)).The result looks quite satisfactory.3.2.Mechanistic determination of F(β)and nThe wake effect was used quite often in the literature to explain how the cluster was formed in a CFB riser.For example,Basu et al.stated in their Book [25],“For a given velocity,the feed rate may be increased to a level where the solid concentration will be so high that one particle will enter the wake of the other.When that hap-pens,the ﬂuid drag on the ﬁrst particle will decrease,and it will fall under gravity to drop on the trailing particle.The effective surface area of the pair just formed is low,and so the ﬂuid drag will be lower than their combined weight,making the pair fall further to collide with other particles.Thus an increasing number of particles combine together to form particle agglomerates known as clusters.These clusters are,however,not permanent.They are continuously torn apart by the up-ﬂowing gas.Thus,the formation of clusters and their disintegration continue.”Though most of these words were actually from analytical consequence only,the description was quite reasonable.Recently,He et al.carried out an excellent PIV measurement for particle movement in a CFB riser [26]showing clearly the details of this phenomenon as in Fig.5(a)and (b).They described in their arti-cle,“it can be easily seen that a cluster is followed by a wake,in which particles move downward quickly ”,and “when a cluster is passing by,the particles are dragged down at a higher velocity ”.Be-sides a very clear veri ﬁcation of the wake effect,the measurement showed that those particles moved towards the cluster at velocitiesof the same order for up-ﬂowing ones,which will result in a notable deposition on the back side of the cluster.And due to the size limitation for a stable cluster,there must be the same quantities of particles pouring out the cluster from its nose.The continuous deposition and pour out of those particles will cause the downward displacement of particles inside the cluster,too.The particles moving towards the clus-ter in the wake,the inside displacement,and the front pour out can then be viewed as an integrated penetration of these particles through the cluster.From this point of view,the phenomenon can be analogous to what happens around a rising bubble in a bubbling bed as shown in Fig.1(c)[27].It can be seen that except the directions are opposite-down,the ﬂow patterns of the two are quite similar.Furthermore,through phase reversal the following correspondences could be easily af-ﬁrmed.(1)A falling cluster with concentrated particles vs.a rising bubble with null or few particles;(2)the upward dilute ﬂow around the cluster vs.the downward dense particle ﬂow around the bubble;(3)the downward penetrating particle ﬂow through the cluster vs.the upward penetrating gas ﬂow through the bubble.The scenarios in CFB risers described above are quite in consistent with the results from detailed numerical simulations by combining the two-ﬂuid model with the EMMS approach [21],i.e.“the particles tend to enter into clusters instead of suspending in dilute broth (phase),whereas the gas tends to pass around,instead of penetrating through,the dense cluster phase.”[21]Then,some results obtained for bubbling beds may also be used to estimate the in ﬂuence of fall-ing clusters on the upward dilute phase,as explained below.Suppose that a spherical cluster of voidage εcl falls down in a di-lute suspension with a constant pressure gradient d p /dz =−J ,i.e.the pressure drop per unit riser height which can be calculated in the way described in Section 4.1below.If we put the cluster in a sur-rounding bed with the same voidage εcl ,the through ﬂow penetrat-ing the cluster u fu under the pressure gradient −J would be the same as that in the surroundings.On the other hand,the cluster is also penetrated by a particle ﬂow from the opposite direction,which results in a downward displacement of particles at u sd inside the cluster,as we discussed above.To keep the gas ﬂow inside the cluster being null,which is a primer assumption for the model estab-lishment,there must be u sd =u fu .Just because the null ﬂows inside of cluster,the pressures everywhere inside are constant.Therefore,the isobars above and below the cluster will get condensed,which will then suck more gas ﬂowing through the cluster.Though the cluster is full of particles,it functions as an empty bubble.According to the well-known Davidson's model for a single bubble immerged in an incipiently ﬂuidized bed [27],the total volume ﬂow-rate through the cluster is q ¼3u pen πR 2clð24Þwhere R cl stands for the radius of the cluster,and u pen stands for the super ﬁcial percolation velocity in a packed bed of voidage εcl under the pressure gradient −J .It can be easily calculated by the Ergun's equation or the extended Ergun's equations [21,28],i.e.Ergun's for εb 0.8and Wen's for ε≥0.8.Then the interstitial gas velocity through the cluster,which will be counteracted ﬁnally by the down-ward displacement of particles inside,can be written asu sd ¼u fu ¼3u pen =εcl :ð25ÞIn bubbling ﬂuidized beds [27],rising bubbles can be classi ﬁed as the fast bubble or the slow bubble,according to the ratio of the bub-ble rising velocity u br to the interstitial gas velocity far away from the bubble u f,∞.For a fast bubble [27],i.e.u br >u f,∞,the gas leaves at the top of the bubble will be sucked in again from the bottom;the1.01.52.02.53.03.54.0u c h ,C (m /s ,t h i s m o d e l )u ch,C (m/s,Yousfi & Gau)parison of model predictions for type C choking (n =4.5,D t =0.1m)and those from Yous ﬁand Gau [7].130M.-C.Zhang,C.Zhang /Powder Technology 241(2013)126–141。

法语综合教程1课后练习答案L15

Leçon 15Corrigé d’exercicesDialogueCompréhension du texteI. Vrai ou faux ?1. Faux2. Vrai3. Vrai4. Faux5. VraiII. Relisez le dialogue et répondez :1. Parce qu’elle vient d’acheter un ordinateur portable.2. P arce que l’ordinateur portable est pratique. O n peu t l’emporter où l’on veut et o n peutl’utiliser ici ou ailleurs. 3. Elle veut découvrir Internet. 4. Oui, il peut l’a ider.5. Oui, le vendeur lui a appris à allumer son portable.III. Activité orale :Réponse libre.TexteC ompréhension du texteI. Vrai ou faux ?1. Faux2. Vrai3. Faux4. Vrai5. VraiII ．Liez selon le texte et faites des phrases :avoir un ordinateurbavarder avec des gens inconnus oublier de manger et de dormir cliquer sur des icônespasser des heures et des heures devant l’ordinateur communiquer avec le monde entierIII. Répondez aux questions suivantes :Réponse libre.L e passé composé de l’indicatif avec l’auxiliaire « avoir »（以avoir 为助动词的直陈式复合过去时）E xercices de grammaireI. Liez l’infinitif et son participe passé :1.être - été 2. avoir - eu3. attendre - attendu4. faire - fait5. voir - vu6. entendre - entendu7. vouloir - voulu8. pouvoir - pu9. servir - servi 10. envoyer - envoyéII. Donnez les infinitifs correspondants aux participes passés suivants :1.appris → apprendre2.écrit → écrire3.su → sa voir4.ouvert → ouvrir5.vendu → vendrepris → comprendre7.mis → mettre8.pris → prendreIII. Faites des phrases selon les modèles :Modèle A :1.J’ai mal entendu.2.Il a bien parlé.3.Jean a trop bu.4.Je l’ai déjà su.5. Il a toujours été là.Modèle B :1.Anne n’a rien répondu.2.Tu n’as rien vu ?3.Vous n’avez rien fait.4.Ils n’ont rien su.5.Je n’ai rien entendu.Modèle C :1.Nous avons eu une voiture.2.Le vendeur m’a appris à allumer l’ordinateur.3.J’ai acheté un téléphone portable.4.Joëlle et Philippe ont bavardé pendant une heure sur Internet.5.On a pu envoyer des photos à son ami par e-mail.Modèle D :1.Oui, parce que je n’ai pas encore lu ce magazine./ Oui, parce que je ne l’ai pas encore lu.2.Oui, parce qu’il ne lui a pas encore téléphoné. / Oui, parce qu’il n’a pas encore eu letemps de lui téléphoner.3.Oui, parce que je n’ai pas encore vu ce film./ Oui, parce que je ne l’ai pas encore vu.4.Oui, parce que je n’ai pas encore pris de thé./ Oui, parce que je n’en ai pas encore pris./Oui, parce que je n’y ai pas encore pensé.5.Oui, parce qu’elle ne lui a pas encore dit bonjour./ Oui, parce qu’elle ne l’a pas encorerencontré aujourd’hui.IV. Mettez les verbes entre parenthèses au passé composé :1. a été2.(j’) ai lu3.avons (déjà) appris4. a eu5.(n’en) ai (pas) p ris6.(N’)as-tu (pas) trouvé7.as acheté8. a envoyé9.m’a (très vite) répondu (très vite)10.a ouvertV. Posez des questions avec le passé composé :1.Avez-vous dit bonjour à M. Dupont ? (As-tu dit bonjour à M. Dupont ?)2.Avez-vous aidé votre mère à préparer le dîner ? (As-tu aidé ta mère à préparer le dîner ?)3.A-t-il bavardé avec son ami pendant une demi-heure au téléphone ?4.Hier, avez-vous passé une heure à regarder la télé ? (As-tu passé une heure à regarder latélé ?)5.Avez-vous oublié d’envoyer vos photos à Martine ? (As-tu oublié d’envoyer tes photos àMartine ?)L’accord dans le passé composé avec l’auxiliaire « avoir »（以avoir为助动词的复合过去时中的配合问题）E xercices de grammaireI. Refaites les phrases suivantes d’après le modèle :1.Leur ami, ils l’ont présenté à leur professeur.2.Ces chaussures, je les ai achetées au supermarché.3.Ces romans, j’en ai lu seulement trois.4.Ces films, les avez-vous vus ?bien en avez-vous, des cassettes ?II. Répondez aux questions suivantes :1.Oui, je l’ai déjà mise sur votre pupitre. / Non, je ne l’ai pas encore mise sur votre pupitre.2.Oui, elle l’a déjà reconnue. / Non, elle ne l’a pas encore reconnue.3.Oui, ils les ont déjà vus. / Non, ils ne les ont pas encore vus.4.Oui, elle l’a déjà préparé. / Non, elle ne l’a pas encore prépa ré.5.Oui, je les ai déjà faits. / Non, je ne les ai pas encore faits.6.Oui, il lui en a déjà raconté. / Non, il ne lui en a pas encore raconté.7.Oui, elles l’ont déjà lue. / Non, elles ne l’ont pas encore lue.8.Oui, nous l’avons apprise pendant trois mois. / N on, nous ne l’avons pas apprise pendanttrois mois.9.Oui, je l’ai attendue hier. / Non, je ne l’ai pas attendue hier.10.Oui, je l’ai déjà visitée. / Non, je ne l’ai pas encore visitée.L e pronom neutre « le »（中性代词le）E xercices de grammaireI. Remplissez les blancs par un pronom convenable :1.le3.le4.l’5.l’6.le7.le8.l’9.l’10.lesII. Distinguez les fonctions grammaticales des pronoms soulignés :1.pronom neutre2.pronom COD3.pronom neutre4.pronom neutre5.pronom COD6.pronom COD7.pronom neutreE xercices de vocabulaireI. Complétez les phrases avec les adjectifs suivants :1.ravi(e)2.pratique3.extraordinaire4.GénialpliquéeII. Mettez les verbes suivants au présent de l’indicatif :A.1.servir2.sert3.sert4.se servir5.se sertB.1.apprenons2.(J’)app rends3.apprend4.apprend5.apprendreC.1.jouer2.jouer3.jouer4.jouer5.jouentD.1.passer2.passer3.passe4.passe5.passeE.1.(J’)attends2.attend3.Attends / Attendez4.attendre5.attendIII. Associez les mots ou expressions suivants et puis faites des phrases : avoir l’air contentemporter un téléphone mobilecliquer sur cette icôneconnecter l’ordinateur à Internetenvoyer des messagescommuniquer avec des amisoublier de manger et de dormirIV. Remplacez les points par une préposition :1.de, en, sur2.à, avec3.à, par, de4.sur5.sur, sur, de, à, aux6.à, avec7.à8.deV. Dites les nombres ordinaux en français :1er : premier2ème : deuxième 5ème : cinquième 7ème : septième 9ème : neuvième 3ème : troisième 6ème : sixième 4ème : quatrième10ème : dixième8ème : huitième20ème : vingtième31ème : trente et unième 15ème : quinzième101ème : cent unièmeE xercices de structureI. Faites de petits dialogues selon le modèle :1. A : Je veux ouvrir la radio.B : Mais comment ouvrir la radio, tu sais ? / Mais tu s ais comment l’ouvrir ?A : Oui, Jacques me l’a déjà dit.2. A : Je veux photographier le coucher du soleil.B : Mais comment te servir de l’appareil photo, tu sais ? / Mais tu sais comment t’enservir ?A : Oui, Paul me l’a déjà appris.3. A : Je veux chercher des informations sur Internet.B : Mais comment surfer sur Internet, tu sais ? / Mais tu sais comment y surfer ?A : Oui, Martin me l’a déjà démontré.4. A : Je veux envoyer un e-mail à Fanny.B : Mais comment lui envoyer l’e-mail, tu sais ? / Mais tu sais comment le lui envoyer ?A : Oui, je l’ai déjà appris.5. A : Je veux scanner une photo.B : Mais comment scanner la photo, tu sais ? / Mais tu sais comment la scanner ?A : Oui, mon père me l’a déjà expliqué.II. Répondez aux questions avec « en » :1.Oui, j’en ai pris./ Non, je n’en ai pas pris.2.Oui, il lui en a posé. / Non, il ne lui en a pas posé.3.Oui, elle en a mangé. / Non, elle n’en a pas mangé.4.Oui, nous en avons acheté. / Non, nous n’en avons pas acheté.5.Oui, ils en ont voulu. / Non, ils n’en ont pa s voulu.III. Faites des phrases au passé composé avec les éléments suivants :1.Ce matin, il a fallu partir très tôt.2.Dimanche dernier, nous avons joué au ping-pong.3.Il y a quelques minutes, le facteur a sonné à la porte. / Le facteur a sonné à la porte il y aquelques minutes.4.Hier, vous avez pris un taxi pour aller à l’école.5.Il a plu pendant deux jours.6.Mon ami et moi, nous avons regardé la télé de six heures à dix heures.7.Ma sœur a dormi jusqu’à midi.8.Ils ont communiqué en ligne sur Internet avant-hier.IV. Posez des questions sur les mots soulignés :1.Qu’est-ce que vous avez eu comme cours hier ?ment ont-ils compris la grammaire de cette leçon ?3.Quand/En quelle année Marc a-t-il voyagé en Chine ?4.Qui a déjà fait de grands progrès dans ses études ?bien de romans a-t-elle lus le mois dernier ?6.Qu’a-t-il fait hier soir ?E xercices audio-orauxI. Écoutez et remplissez les blancs :Projet de vacancesHier, après le dîner, p apa m’a regardé, l’air content , et il m’a dit : « Écoute bien, cette année, nous allons dans le Midi pour passer les vacances. J’ai l’adresse d’une villa à louer près de Plages-les-Pins. Trois pièces, eau courante (自来水) , électricité.- Eh bien, mon chéri, a dit maman, ça nous paraît une très bonne idée .- Chic ! ai-je dit et applaudi (鼓掌), parce que quand on est content, c’est dur de rester assis .- Alors, peut-on voir la mer de la villa ? a demandé maman.- Non, mais la mer n’est pas très loin , à deux kilomètres, nous a expliqué papa.- Mais j’ aimerais voir la mer de la fenêtre de ma chambre, ai-je crié.- Ah ! bon, peut-être on peut aller à Bains-les-Mers, a dit maman, en Bretagne. »Papa a hésité un moment, enfin il a répondu : «D’accord , je vais voir s’il y a encore des chambres.- Pas la peine (不必了), mon chéri, a dit maman avec un sourire , c’est déjà fait. Nous avon s la chambre 29 à l’Hôtel Beau R ivage, face à la mer , avec salle de bains .- Oh ! quelle surprise pour moi ! »II. C’est vrai ou faux ?1.vrai2.vrai3.faux4.vrai5.faux6.fauxIII. Parlez de votre propre projet de voyage :Réponse libre.E xercices de traductionI. Traduisez les mots et locutions :看起来高兴avoir l’air content了解一些网络知识avoir des connaissances sur Internet用鼠标双击图标cliquer deux fois sur une icône avec la souris 等待做某事attendre de faire quelque chose网上冲浪surfer sur Internet硬盘un disque dur键盘un clavier优盘une clé USB扫描仪un scannerII. Rendez les phrases en français :1.Je viens d’acheter un ordinateur, c’est compliqué(i l a l’air compliqué). Mais quandl’ordinateur est connecté àInternet, c’est extraordinaire (Mais une fois connectéàInternet, il devient extraordinaire).2.Hier, j’ai envoyé deux e-mails (courriers électroniques/courriels) à mon frère.3.Paul aime jouer aux jeux vidéo. Hier soir, il a joué jusqu’à dix heures et il a oublié defaire ses devoirs.4.- Je ne sais pas comment me servir de l’ordinateur, peux-tu m’aider ?- D’accord, pas de problème.5.J’ai entendu dire qu’il a passé toute la nuit à bavarder avec son ami (ses amis/son amie)sur Internet dimanche dernier.课文参考译文有一台笔记本电脑太好了！Dialogue（马蒂娜和菲利普之间的对话）菲利普：哟！你看上去很高兴嘛，马蒂娜！马蒂娜：是啊，菲利普，我太开心了！看！菲利普：是什么呀？哎哟，你买了一台笔记本电脑啊！马蒂娜：是的，我昨天买的。

2013年3月2-3日开学补考(经、管、理、外语学院)0Microsoft

彭芳琳邹淳王蓉庄一中蔡制纲周熠周睿郝佳琪李文彬苏丽容黎华乐刘斌刘正泰柳超罗叶双余涛仵欧阳晨靓肖珺张晓慧任哲伊李勇万子维刘露徐先斐易天宇
国际经贸1001 国际经贸1001 国际经贸1002 国际经贸1002 信息科学1001 信息科学1002 信息科学1003 信息科学1003 信息科学1003 信息科学1003 信息科学1003 信息科学1003 统计学1001 统计学1001 统计学1001 统计学1001 统计学1001 会计学1101 会计学1102 会计学1102 会计学1102 会计学1103 会计学1103 会计学1104 会计学1104 会计学1104
姓名
林正勇刘敬铼张玉龙廉清令杨泽峰邹俊达李琬润莫东城蔡惠琳何烨东张敏洁杨宇晋国栋李昕茹何娟蒋慧娟李雨桂宗明志冉宗福谢双英王小剑桂峰张青西徐珍美李巧云李婷罗利亚夏浩杰蒋钰涵傅静何恒学黄开团李波刘伟邓洲良鄢文慧佘梦月胡甚其彭泽之
应到人数:
实到人数:
缺考名单:
考场情况:
监考老师签名:
2013年
月
日
序 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
课程
餐饮管理餐饮管理餐饮管理餐饮管理餐饮管理餐饮管理餐饮管理餐饮管理成本会计成本会计成本会计成本会计成本会计成本会计成本会计成本会计Байду номын сангаас成本会计成本会计成本会计成本会计成本会计成本会计成本会计成本会计成本会计成本会计成本会计成本会计成本会计成本会计成本会计成本会计成本会计成本会计成本会计成本会计成本会计成本会计

SoloVPE Presentation Direct 2013 Rev D

Introduction to the SoloVPE and Slope Spectroscopy
With
Slope Spectroscopy • No dilution • Without buffer correction •Guarantee in linear range of Beer’s Law
25.0%
20.0%
% RSD
15.0%
Beckman/Agilent NanoDrop
SoloVPE
10.0%
5.0%
0.0%
100mg/ml
50mg/ml
10mg/ml
1mg/ml
.1mg/ml
.0125 mg/ml
Concentration Range
Determination of IVIg Concentration at A280 by SoloVPE and NanoDrop
• •
•
Variable Pathlength Product Line Extensions
SoloVPE Cuvette Adapter Accessory
Run Standard Cells and NIST Filters Using the Cuvette Adapter Accessory
Fibrettes
• • Disposable or Reusable Sample Fibrette Solid Core UV Transmissive Silica • Excellent chemical resistivity • Transmissive 190 nm to 1100 nm Easily Installed & Replaced • Medical grade interface (Touhy Borst ) •

UQ CSC 2013 - Eng-handover

Brisbane)Study&for&PhDs&at&UQ&with&CSC&scholarships&Jin&Zou&( )&j.zou@.au&• &Home&to&1.8&million&residents&• &InnerHcity&beach,&cultural&centres,&museums,&art&galleries,&mall,&worldHclass&internaLonal&airport,&and&a&mulLtude&of&shopping&and&recreaLon&precincts&• &Gateway&to&the&Gold&and&Sunshine&Coasts,&tropical&islands,&theme&parks,&Great&Barrier&Reef,&Daintree&Rainforest,&Outback,&golden&beaches,&and&endless&tourist&aRracLons&and&recreaLonal&faciliLes&• &243&days&of&sunshine&throughout&the&year&• &Vibrant,&mulLcultural,&internaLonal&city&&Overview&of&Faculty&&UQ’s&exisLng&research&strengths&developed&through&its&six&faculLes&A&unique&program&that&provides&innovaLve&training&acLviLes&and&career&Ni&modiﬁed&PbHfree&solders&for&microelectronics&Mechanical CombustionHypersonics Geothermal Energy Smart Machines&) MaterialsComputational materials scienceCorrosionLight MetalsNanomaterials Powder Metallurgy Surface Engineering&MiningMine PlanningMining MethodsSafety & EnvironmentRock Mechanics&PotenLal&supervisors&for&Mech,&Mater,&&&Min:&hRp://.au/academicHstaﬀ&&Contact&Email:&rhdadmin@.au&&PotenLal&supervisors&of&ITEE:&hRp://.au/contacts/#ou0RESEARCH)STRENGTHS:)RoboLcs&Complex&and&Intelligent&Systems&Security&and&Surveillance&Systems&and&Soqware&Engineering&InteracLon&Design&Ubiquitous&CompuLng&Data&and&Knowledge&Engineering&eResearch&PotenLal&supervisors&of&Civil&Eng:&hRp://.au/ourHpeople#Academic_StaﬀResearch&Strength&of&Architecture&PotenLal&supervisors&of&Architecture :&hRp://.au/Staﬀ/Academic.aspx Architecture&Theory&CriLcism&History&Sustainable&Design&ApplicaLon&process&&H&2&&• Submit&your&applicaLon&(the&applicaLon&form&with&other&documents&requested,&e.g.&your&CV,&academic&transcripts&and&degree&cerLﬁcates,&and&English&cerLﬁcates)&to&the&postgraduate&admin&oﬃcer&of&the&enrolling&school/insLtute&before&1st&Dec.&&• Make&sure&you&meet&UQ&English&Language&Proﬁciency&requirement&when&you& submit&your&admission&package&(English&test&results&are&valid&for&2&years&only,& and&must&sLll&be&valid&upon&commencement&at&UQ)&IELTS&minimum&score:&6.5&overall,&6.0&in&all&subHbands,&or&IBTOEFL&minimum&score:&90&overall,&21&in&wriLng&and&20&in&other&subHbands&• You&need&to&idenLfy&two&academic&referees&to&prepare&recommendaLon&leRers&(the&form&can&be&downloaded&from&the&link&below)&and&leRers&should&be&sent&by&your&referees&to&your&potenLal&supervisor&directly&hRp://.au/gradHschool/howHtoHapply&• Before&1&December&2012:&Admission&applicaLon&package&should&be&lodged&to&the&postgraduate&admin&oﬃcer&of&the&enrolling&school&• December&2012,&all&applicaLons&will&be&rigorously&screened&by&the&research&commiRee&of&the&enrolling&school.&Unsuccessful&applicaLons&will&be&noLﬁed&in&December&2012&or&very&early&January&2013&&• Before&8th &February&2013:&UQ&admission&and&tuiLon&fee&scholarship&oﬀers&will&be&sent&to&successful&candidates&• 20&February&–&20&March&2013:&CSC&applicaLon&starts&• Late&applicaLons&will&not&be&accepted&ApplicaLon&Lmelines&&。

2013年3月山东实验中学高三英语

山东省实验中学2010级第四次诊断性测试英语试题（2013.03.14）第二部分英语知识运用（共两节，满分35分）第一节语法与词汇知识（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）21. —— Cheer up! You might be granted second chance for it.—— Not Possible, since no such thing has ever happened before.A. a; aB. the; aC. a; 不填D. the; 不填22. It is reported that this company is one of the of the Australian Open Tennis Championship.A. sponsorsB. candidatesC. championsD. branches23. of your parents has to come to sign the papers because your signature doesn‟t count.A. BothB. EitherC. NoneD. Nether24. The car，roof was totally out of shape, had to be sent to the garage.A. of whichB. whichC. whenD. whose25. ——Did you enjoy the party last night?——Believe it or not，when I to the restaurant，all my friends had left.A. has gotB. had gotC. would getD. got26. Grammar is concerned, we can‟t be too careful in writing an official report.A. As long asB. As far asC. As soon asD. As well as27. He lost his computer whi1e shopping, away aIl his secret photos.A. gaveB. to giveC. givingD. having given28. Willie‟s wife never gives him pocket money until he clearly how he will spendit.A. has explainedB. explainedC. will explainD. is to explain29. the students can‟t bear，according to the survey, is their parents‟ high expectations.A. ThatB. WhatC. HowD. Why30. ——Where shall we go for the holiday，to the beach or into the mountains?——I don‟t really mind.A. Forget it!B. Why not?C. What‟s th e point?D. It‟s up to you!31. Police are the disappearance of two children.A. taking upB. counting onC. setting offD. looking into32. ——Could 1 leave your lecture earlier, because I have a bus to catch.——Well, it‟s OK. But don‟t make yourself .A. noticeB. noticingC. noticedD. to be noticed33. ——What‟s your advice for me about my new position?——should you lose your temper to your inferiors.A. By all meansB. Under no circumstanceC. Above allD. In the end34. anyone call, tell them I‟m in conference.A. CouldB. ShouldC. WouldD. Might35. ——You shouldn‟t have brought that up during the meeting.——I didn‟t know it was such a issue.A. sensitiveB. positiveC. creativeD. relative第二节完形填空（共20小题；每小题1分，满分20分）Twenty years ago, I drove a taxi for a living. One night I went to 36 a passenger at 2:30 AM. When I arrived, I found the building was 37 except for a single light in a ground floor window.I walked to the door and, 38 ，“Just a minute,”answered a weak, elderly voice.After a long 39 , a small woman in her eighths stood before me. She 40 my arm and we walked 41 toward the car.She kept thanking me for my kindness. “It‟s 42 ,” I told her.“I ju st try to treat my passengers the way I would want my mother 43 .”When we got into the taxi, she gave me an 44 , and then asked, “Could you drive through downtown?”“It‟s not the 45 way，” I answered quickly.“Oh, I‟m in no 46 ,”she said. “I‟m on my way to a hospice(临终医院). Doctors say I don‟t have very long.”I quietly 47 over and shut off the meter(计价器).For the next two hours, we drove through the city. She showed me the building where she had once workedand other places she had stories to 48 . Sometimes she 49 ask me to slow down in front of a 50 building and would sit 51 into the darkness, Saying nothing.Finally, we drove in 52 to the address she had given me.“How much do I 53 you?” she asked.“Nothing.”I said.“You have to 54 a living,”she answered.“Oh, there are other passengers,”I answered.Almost without thinking I gave her a hug. She held onto me 55 , saying, “You gave an old woman a little moment of joy.”36. A. take up B. pick up C. hold up D. set up37. A. dark B. dull C. quiet D. empty38. A. enquired B. questioned C. knocked D. waved39. A. reaction B. process C. pause D. interval40. A. caught B. spread C. supported D. took41. A. slowly B. curiously C. willingly D. readily42. A. everything B. something C. nothing D. anything43. A. pleased B. touched C. helped D. treated44. A. option B. address C. example D. impression45. A. shortest B. simplest C. safest D. latest46. A. case B. time C. hurry D. effort47, A. turned B. reached C. leave D. went48. A. spare B. present C. reserve D. share49. A. would B. used to C. must D. might50. A. regular B. usual C. historical D. particular51. A. g1ancing B. staring C. breaking D. escaping52. A. silence B. vain C. genera1 D. short53. A. offer B. charge C. owe D. cash54. A. drive B. make C. bear D. attain55. A. abruptly B. swiftly C. cautiously D. tightly第三部分阅读理解（共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分）AThe iPhone has become one of the most popular mobile phones in the United States. An 18-year-o1d student in California has used his knowledge of the device to create his own business, gaining national recognition for his work.Vincent Quigg is the CEO of TechWorld. His company is kind of like a hospital for iPhones,specializing in customizing and repairing iPhones. Vincent Quigg launched TechWorld while in high school. “My mom became single a couple of years ago and I had to grow up. And in order to keep my lifestyle, I had to find different ways to keep my phone, keep a car, transportation and all that stuff So I had to find ways to be entrepreneurial.”An organization cal1ed the Network for Teaching Entrepreneurship. or NFTE, helped the young man get started.His mother, Carla Quigg: “He quit the class, which made me very disappointed.”“It was extremely hard for myself to find a business to start and run with it. But once I had that …aha moment‟or what I knew I wanted to go with, it was really easy and extremely fun.”At the time, Vincent worked for the electronics store BestBuy. He says people always came into the store with broken electronic devices. He decided that repairing those devices was what he wanted to do. He not only re-registered for the NFTE class, but he also won the organization‟s national competition for best young entrepreneur.His business has grown through word-of-mouth. Vincent says he now fixes up to l0 phones per week. He earns about $l,500 each month in sales.TechWorld has two other employees. Kacee Wheeler is one of them. He works on thetechnical side of the business while Vincent Quigg now deals with finances and planning. He says he wants to continue to grow his business.56. What is Vince nt Quigg‟s company specialized in?A. Customizing and repairing iPhones.B. Advertising and selling iPhones.C. Helping students set up business.D. Offering people medical advice.57. What drove Vincent to start his own business?A. His special family education background.B. The need to keep his former way of 1ife.C. The desire to be the CEO of a company.D. The encouragement from another company.58. Vincent first came up with the idea to start this company while he was working for .A. Techworld.B. NFTE.C. BestBuy.D. Apple.59. What does the underlined phrase “aha moment” probably mean?A. The moment to celebrate success.B. The moment to comp1ain hardship.C. The moment to have a great idea.D. The moment to have great fun.60. What can we 1earn from the text?A. Vincent started his own business with the help of his col1ege.B. Vincent‟s mother was disappointed by his achievement.C. Vincent promotes his business by large scale advertisements.D. Vincent went through great difficulty in the beginning.BSanta Claus is someone who will remain in the hearts of children forever.Santa C1aus also has some other names: Saint Nicholas, St. Nick, Kris Kringle, Pelznickel.Two of his names-Santa Claus and Saint Nicholas-both come from the Dutch who settled in New York long ago. The Dutch honored this kindly saint with a yearly festival on December sixth. The Dutch spoke the name “Saint Nikolas” very fast. It sounded like “interclass”. And so, when the English said this word, it sounded like“Santa Claus”.West of New York, in Pennsylvania, many German farmers had also heard of Saint Nikolas.But they cal1ed him “Pelznickel”. This word came from “pelz”, meaning fur, and “nickel” for Nicholas. So, to the Germans of Pennsylvania，“Pelznickel” wa s a man dressed in fur who came once a year with gifts for good children. Soon, people began to feel that the 1ove and kindness Pelznickel brought should be part of a celebration honoring the “Christkindl”, as the Germans ca1led the Christ child. After a t ime, this became Kris Kringle. Later, Kris Kringle became another name for Santa Claus himself.Whatever he is called, he is still the same short, fat, jolly old man with a long beard, wearing a red suit with white fur.The picture of Santa Claus as we see him came from Thomas Nast. He was an Americanpainter born in Bavaria. Someone asked him to paint a picture of Santa Claus. Nast remembered when he was a little boy in southern Germany Every Christmas,a fat old man gave toys and cakes to the children. So, when Nast painted the picture, his Santa Claus looked like the kindly old man of his childhood. And through the years, Nast‟s painting has remained as the most popular picture of Santa Claus.Santa can be seen almost everywhere. It is easy to find them by the long lines of children waiting to tell Santa what they want for Christmas.61. What is the main idea of the text?A. What Santa Claus usually does on Christmas.B. How Santa Claus got his names and image.C. Different countries have different “Santa Clauses”.D. Everyone, especially children, love Santa Claus.62. Which of the following names came from German?A. Saint Nicholas.B. Santa Claus.C. Pelznickel.D. St. Nick.63. What did the term “Kris Kringle” originally refer to?A. A German festival.B. Good child.C. Love and kindness.D. A kind of fur.64. Why did Thomas Nast paint Santa Claus into a fat old man?A. Because a fat old man looks more kindly than others.B. Because nobody was sure about what Santa looked like.C. Because this image had already been the most popularD. Because he had a nice childhood memory of such a man.65. What can we learn from the text?A. The Dutch used to honor Santa on December 25th.B. “Santa Claus” was a misunderstanding of another term.C. It was the Dutch who created Santa Claus.D. Children line up to take photos with Santa Claus.CMany children first learn the value of money by receiving an allowance.The purpose is to let children learn from experience at an age when financial mistakes are not very costly.The amount of money that parents give to their children to spend as they wish differs from family to family.At first,young children may spend all of their allowance in no time.If they do this,they will learn the hard way that spending must be done within a budget, which demands choices between spending and saving.Older children may be responsible enouth to save money for larger costs, like clothing or electronics.But it is not a good idea to pay your child for work around the home. These jobs are a normal part of family life. Paying children to do extra work around the house, however, can be useful. It can even provide an understanding of how a business works.Allowances give children a chance to experience the things they can do with money. They can share it in theform of gifted or giving to a good cause. They can spend it by buying things they want. Or they can save and maybe even invest it. Saving helps children understand that costly goals require sacrifice: you have to cut costs and plan for the future.Many banks offer services to help children and teenagers learn about Personal.Finance. A savings account is an excellent way to learn about the power of compound interest.Compounding works by paying interest on interest. So, for example, one dollar invested at two percent interest for two years will earn two cents in the first year.The second year，the money will earn two percent of one dollar and two cents, and so on. That may not seem like a lot. But over time it adds up.66. Which of the following can be the main idea of the text?A. Giving Children Allowances makes good lessons.B. Some different ways to give children allowance.C. How to help children 1earn to handle their money.D. The more children are paid，the better they will learn.67. According to the writer，children can benefit from receiving an allowance .A. because their mistakes don‟t cost muchB. because they can spend money at willC. because they can learn to save moneyD. because they can learn to manage money68. According to the text，it is considered a bad idea for parents to .A. give children freedom to spend moneyB. pay children for common houseworkC. let children understand how business worksD. help children learn about personal finance69. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the ways children can deal withmoney!A. Donating their money to the poor.B. Buying a desirable new cell phone.C. Setting costly goals for themselves.D. Saving it in a personal bank account.70. What does the writer intend to do through the last paragraph?A. To show the importance of children allowance.B. To explain how compounding interest works.C. To justify the habit of saving money.D. To promote a new bank service.DCNN news-Jan. l6, 2013Protests have been going on for about a week now in the northern Irish capital of Belfast.They started out peacefully, but some of them turn violent later on. There is a lot of history behind these protests, and it starts with geography What‟s interesting is that Northern Ireland is not part of the republic of Ireland. It‟s part of the United Kingdom, and that‟s what‟s behind this tension.Nationalists, mostly Catho1ic, think Northern Ireland should be part of the Republic of Ireland.Unionists or Loyalists, mostly Protestants, wanted to stay part of the United Kingdom. The conflict between those two groups led to decades of violence, more than 3,000 people were killed before a peace deal was signed in l998. The protests happening now are connected to a decision regarding the British flag. In Belfast, the capital of Northern Ireland, the flag used to fly over City Hall every day of the st month, loca1 officials decided to limit that to 18 days per year.Unionists weren‟t happy about that. In some cases protesters have thrown concrete blocks, bricks,even gasoline bombs at police. Officers have responded by using water cannons to break up the protests.Next up, we are heading to the capital of China. Beijing. Experts say that city has something in common with Los Ange1es: smog. This gray haze is hanging in the air, making things hard to see. Yesterday，the numbers indicating smog levels were off the charts. Authorities warn people there to stay inside. Last year nearly 700 flights were cance1ed at Beijing airports because of haze and smog. Officials in China say that the air quality in the capital has gotten better since Beijing hosted the 2008 Olympics, but residents say the pollution levels have gotten worse.71. What‟s behind the tension in Belfast?A. Northern Ireland doesn‟t belong to the Republic Ireland.B. Northern Ireland plans to break away from Ireland.C. Northern Ireland intends to become independent.D. Ireland is too complicated a country to be united.72. Which group of people think Ireland should not be divided into two parts?A. Unionists.B. Nationalists.C. Loyalists.D. Local officials.73. The direct cause of the protest going on now is that .A. lots of people were killed in decades of violenceB. a peace deal was signed between the two groupsC. the police used violence to break up the protestersD. British flag won‟t appea r over City Hall every day74. According to the news report，what does Beijing have in common with Los Angeles?A.Delayed flights.B. Angry people.C. Smog.D. Hosting Olympics.75. What does the underlined phrase“off the charts”probably mean?A.Record high.B. Entertaining.C. Confusing.D. Invisible.第Ⅱ卷（非选择题45分）第一节：阅读表达（共5小题，每小题3分；满分15分）阅读下面短文，请根据短文后的要求进行答题。

2013年贸仲杯比赛现场记录(华东政法vs山东威海)

杨小川Beijing law frimRespondent先开始10min jurisdiction1.statement of factseye contact; picture;2.jurisdictionno arb agreement was reached.1.standard is valid. not negotiated. interpreted strictly,对买方有利. replaced by fsa.2.rdc in fsa is void. common intent uncitral ; arb and litigation ; intention interpretaccording to negotiation. government---only court; art 23 of principal; review and appeal render the whole contract invalid.3.sla no arbi agr. no show intent to include; show expend; limited transaction, unclear. art46 fas govern sla. replace the whole clause3.consolidationcommercial viability; ability relied on fsa enginerring;diferent law and arbi clause; 10 cepani;arbitrator diff expertise1.both clause is valid1.arbi valid. fas clause; not damage 3 result of consensus; party autonomy;2.46 of sla standard; new included. has fulfilled duty; p37-5-1, informed re:English,website;re fail to review2.consolidationart 13 cepani. no exclusionart 13 cepani compatible. p5-4-5, fsa future cooperation. art 13(2)satisfy the 法条,what is the basis for cepani?10 juridiction13 consolidationwho make the decision of consolidation?tribunal. official commentary art10 two factors automatically consolidatedfas invalid contadics final and bindingjustice NY正方autonomy we consider their governmenthas the will and fulfillstandard 10 cepanifas 4 contradicts 3, did re object arbi when negotiating?Did re know this will render the arbi agreement invalid? no lawyerparty autonomy, affect the nature, autonomy can extend the arbi. contact.dispute resolution clause. us court of appeal23(6) effect the validity of arbi agreement?no, not substantially deprive buyer; seller high risk of payment; not excluding buyer’s right but emphasize the seller’s right.new standard terms included what way to disclose and inform? are they sufficient?final meeting; finally provide the English version: website.MERITS正方factsmixed contract address two submissions1.new standard includedthe law of M，1(1)6 not express the exclusionimplicit, no question when negotiation show no intention to exclude the CISG2.sale of goods fall withinmixed contract, coverd…..art 3-subsesion1 in light of. medical data and trials, materials only refer to tangible ones. nota substantial; sla-5 largely develop; market value at 1.5,art 3-subsession2, payement for equipment and software, somartphone and computer, software in the equipment when selling, automatic dominate part,the purpose of the contract is crucial, fas framework govern sla, purchasing the treatment roomevery reason to believewe firmly believe undoubtedly反方not explicitly included in the fsapurpose restrict the interpretation to the other party“national”unfairness no consensusnot promise, no intent, unacknowledged by re; not received; no obligation to inform itself; no time to doubt the content; no major change;good faith, no major change;license is not salespreponderant--economic value层次太多缺manner和eye contactintention not from contract and behavior.data intangible.(反方可以案件说明)no major change不等于no changeart3-2 preponderance proportion of price vs. how to preponderant case law or other baises? software attached to equipment, price （反方应该反驳development不是services）discounted price? original price?can’t reflect the real valuewho comments the tangible? 反方律师说的（太弱了。

2013SessionBudgetOutlook-Virginia

• Provided $342.4 million for teachers and $86.2 million for state employees to fund higher VRS costs in this biennium (another $260 million for state employees
SENATE FINANCE COMMITTEE
6
Created $30 million FACT Fund
• Established the Federal Action Contingency Trust (FACT) fund as a “cushion” against potential cuts in federal spending.
was covered in the revenue adjustments).
• Rates jumped dramatically to make up for two years of paying only part of the contribution rate typically paid.
and – Fund economic development activities to assist businesses affected by federal budget
reductions or BRAC decisions.
• Capitalized with $30 million from FY 2011 balances. Budget language authorizes an additional $20 million deposit, contingent upon FY 2013 balances.

Web services composition with redundancy consideration

2013 IEEE Conference on Open Systems (ICOS), December 2 - 4, 2013, Sarawak, Malaysia
Web Services Composition with Redundancy Consideration
Amirhossein Safi Faculty of Computing Universiti Teknologi Malaysia lohor Bahru 81300, Malaysia Email: samirhossein2@live.utm.my Dayang N. A. lawawi Faculty of Computing Universiti Teknologi Malaysia lohor Bahru 81300, Malaysia Email: dayang@utm.my Karzan Wakil Faculty of Computing Universiti Teknologi Malaysia lohor Bahru 81300, Malaysia Email: karzan.wakil@.iq
Abstract-Web services composition is a process of creating a new web service from a set of available web services. Semi dynamic web services composition in Service Oriented A rchi tecture (SOA) consists of designing composition plan by service provider, and automation of web service discovery and selection at runtime. T his research paper describes redundant-free web services composition in order to reduce execution time and overall cost of the composition process and also improve efficiency of the composition method. To fulfill the needs, this paper uses a linked list data structure called Composition L ist (CL) to select the ideal services. In addition, a hash table called Available Output P arameters (AOP) is used to find redundant web services and reject them from web services composition process. remover, web services composition

Aung San Suu Kyi delivering her Nobel Lecture in t

Aung San Suu Kyi delivering her Nobel Lecture in the Oslo City Hall, 16June, 2012.Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 2012Photo: Ken OpprannYour Majesties, Your Royal Highness, Excellencies, Distinguished members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, Dear Friends,Long years ago, sometimes it seems many lives ago, I was at Oxford listening to the radio programme Desert Island Discs with my young son Alexander. It was a well-known programme (for all I know it still continues) on which famous people from all walks of life were invited to talk about the eight discs, the one book beside the bible and the complete works of Shakespeare, and the one luxury item they would wish to have with them were they to be marooned on a desert island. At the end of the programme, which we had both enjoyed, Alexander asked me if I thought I might ever be invited to speak on Desert Island Discs. “Why not?” I responded lightly. Since he knew that in general only celebrities took part in the programme he proceeded to ask, with genuine interest, for what reason I thought I might be invited. I considered this for a moment andthen answered: “Perhaps because I‟d have won the Nobel Prize for literature,” and we both laughed. The prospect seemed pleasant but hardly probable.(I cannot now remember why I gave that answer, perhaps because I had recently read a book by a Nobel Laureate or perhaps because the Desert Island celebrity of that day had been a famous writer.)In 1989, when my late husband Michael Aris came to see me during my first term of house arrest, he told me that a friend, John Finnis, had nominated me for the Nobel Peace Prize. This time also I laughed. For an instant Michael looked amazed, then he realized why I was amused. The Nobel Peace Prize? A pleasant prospect, but quite improbable! So how did I feel when I was actually awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace? The question has been put to me many times and this is surely the most appropriate occasion on which to examine what the Nobel Prize means to me and what peace means to me.As I have said repeatedly in many an interview, I heard the news that I had been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on the radio one evening. It did not altogether come as a surprise because I had been mentioned as one of the front runners for the prize in a number of broadcasts during the previous week. While draftingthis lecture, I have tried very hard to remember what my immediate reaction to the announcement of the award had been.I think, I can no longer be sure, it was something like: “Oh, so they‟ve decided to give it to me.” It did not seem quite real because in a sense I did not feel myself to be quite real at that time.Often during my days of house arrest it felt as though I were no longer a part of the real world. There was the house which was my world, there was the world of others who also were not free but who were together in prison as a community, and there was the world of the free; each was a different planet pursuing its own separate course in an indifferent universe. What the Nobel Peace Prize did was to draw me once again into the world of other human beings outside the isolated area in which I lived, to restore a sense of reality to me. This did not happen instantly, of course, but as the days and months went by and news of reactions to the award came over the airwaves, I began to understand the significance of the Nobel Prize. It had made me real once again; it had drawn me back into the wider human community. And what was more important, the Nobel Prize had drawn the attention of the world to the struggle for democracy and human rights in Burma. We were not going to be forgotten.To be forgotten. The French say that to part is to die a little. To be forgotten too is to die a little. It is to lose some of the links that anchor us to the rest of humanity. When I met Burmese migrant workers and refugees during my recent visit to Thailand, many cried out: “Don‟t forget us!” They meant: “don‟t forget our plight, don‟t forget to do what you can to help us, don‟t forget we also belong to your w orld.” When the Nobel Committee awarded the Peace Prize to me they were recognizing that the oppressed and the isolated in Burma were also a part of the world, they were recognizing the oneness of humanity. So for me receiving the Nobel Peace Prize means personally extending my concerns for democracy and human rights beyond national borders. The Nobel Peace Prize opened up a door in my heart.The Burmese concept of peace can be explained as the happiness arising from the cessation of factors that militate against the harmonious and the wholesome. The wordnyein-chan translates literally as the beneficial coolness that comes when a fire is extinguished. Fires of suffering and strife are raging around the world. In my own country, hostilities have not ceased in the far north; to the west, communal violence resulting in arson and murder were taking place just several daysbefore I started out on the journey that has brought me here today. News of atrocities in other reaches of the earth abound. Reports of hunger, disease, displacement, joblessness, poverty, injustice, discrimination, prejudice, bigotry; these are our daily fare. Everywhere there are negative forces eating away at the foundations of peace. Everywhere can be found thoughtless dissipation of material and human resources that are necessary for the conservation of harmony and happiness in our world. The First World War represented a terrifying waste of youth and potential, a cruel squandering of the positive forces of our planet. The poetry of that era has a special significance for me because I first read it at a time when I was the same age as many of those young men who had to face the prospect of withering before they had barely blossomed. A young American fighting with the French Foreign Legion wrote before he was killed in action in 1916 that he would meet his death: “at some disputed barricade;” “on some scarred slope of battered hill;” “at midnight in some flaming town.” Youth and love and life perishing forever in senseless attempts to capture nameless, unremembered places. And for what? Nearly a century on, we have yet to find a satisfactory answer.Are we not still guilty, if to a less violent degree, of recklessness,of improvidence with regard to our future and our humanity? War is not the only arena where peace is done to death. Wherever suffering is ignored, there will be the seeds of conflict, for suffering degrades and embitters and enrages.A positive aspect of living in isolation was that I had ample time in which to ruminate over the meaning of words and precepts that I had known and accepted all my life. As a Buddhist, I had heard about Dukha, generally translated as suffering, since I was a small child. Almost on a daily basis elderly, and sometimesnot so elderly, people around me wou ld murmur “Dukha,D ukha” when they suffered from aches and pains or when they met with some small, annoying mishaps. However, it was only during my years of house arrest that I got around to investigating the nature of the six great Dukha. These are: to be conceived, to age, to sicken, to die, to be parted from those one loves, to be forced to live in propinquity with those one does not love. I examined each of the six great sufferings, not in a religious context but in the context of our ordinary, everyday lives. If suffering were an unavoidable part of our existence, we should try to alleviate it as far as possible in practical, earthly ways. I mulled over the effectiveness of ante- and post-natal programme and mother and childcare; of adequate facilities forthe aging population; of comprehensive health services; of compassionate nursing and hospices. I was particularly intrigued by the last two kinds of suffering: to be parted from those one loves and to be forced to live in propinquity with those one does not love. What experiences might our Lord Buddha have undergone in his own life that he had included these two states among the great sufferings? I thought of prisoners and refugees, of migrant workers and victims of human trafficking, of that great mass of the uprooted of the earth who have been torn away from their homes, parted from families and friends, forced to live out their lives among strangers who are not always welcoming.We are fortunate to be living in an age when social welfare and humanitarian assistance are recognized not only as desirable but necessary. I am fortunate to be living in an age when the fate of prisoners of conscience anywhere has become the concern of peoples everywhere, an age when democracy and human rights are widely, even if not universally, accepted as the birthright of all. How often during my years under house arrest have I drawn strength from my favourite passages in the preamble to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:……. disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted inbarbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspirations of the common people,…… it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law . . .If I am asked why I am fighting for human rights in Burma the above passages will provide the answer. If I am asked why I am fighting for democracy in Burma, it is because I believe that democratic institutions and practices are necessary for the guarantee of human rights.Over the past year there have been signs that the endeavours of those who believe in democracy and human rights are beginning to bear fruit in Burma. There have been changes in a positive direction; steps towards democratization have been taken. If I advocate cautious optimism it is not because I do not have faith in the future but because I do not want to encourage blind faith. Without faith in the future, without the conviction that democratic values and fundamental human rights are not onlynecessary but possible for our society, our movement could not have been sustained throughout the destroying years. Some of our warriors fell at their post, some deserted us, but a dedicated core remained strong and committed. At times when I think of the years that have passed, I am amazed that so many remained staunch under the most trying circumstances. Their faith in our cause is not blind; it is based on a clear-eyed assessment of their own powers of endurance and a profound respect for the aspirations of our people.It is because of recent changes in my country that I am with you today; and these changes have come about because of you and other lovers of freedom and justice who contributed towards a global awareness of our situation. Before continuing to speak of my country, may I speak out for our prisoners of conscience. There still remain such prisoners in Burma. It is to be feared that because the best known detainees have been released, the remainder, the unknown ones, will be forgotten. I am standing here because I was once a prisoner of conscience. As you look at me and listen to me, please remember the often repeated truth that one prisoner of conscience is one too many. Those who have not yet been freed, those who have not yet been given access to the benefits of justice in my country number muchmore than one. Please remember them and do whatever is possible to effect their earliest, unconditional release.Burma is a country of many ethnic nationalities and faith in its future can be founded only on a true spirit of union. Since we achieved independence in 1948, there never has been a time when we could claim the whole country was at peace. We have not been able to develop the trust and understanding necessary to remove causes of conflict. Hopes were raised by ceasefires that were maintained from the early 1990s until 2010 when these broke down over the course of a few months. One unconsidered move can be enough to remove long-standing ceasefires. In recent months, negotiations between the government and ethnic nationality forces have been making progress. We hope that ceasefire agreements will lead to political settlements founded on the aspirations of the peoples, and the spirit of union.My party, the National League for Democracy, and I stand ready and willing to play any role in the process of national reconciliation. The reform measures that were put into motion by President U Thein Sein‟s government can be sustained only with the intelligent cooperation of all internal forces: the military, our ethnic nationalities, political parties, the media,civil society organizations, the business community and, most important of all, the general public. We can say that reform is effective only if the lives of the people are improved and in this regard, the international community has a vital role to play. Development and humanitarian aid, bi-lateral agreements and investments should be coordinated and calibrated to ensure that these will promote social, political and economic growth that is balanced and sustainable. The potential of our country is enormous. This should be nurtured and developed to create not just a more prosperous but also a more harmonious, democratic society where our people can live in peace, security and freedom.The peace of our world is indivisible. As long as negative forces are getting the better of positive forces anywhere, we are all at risk. It may be questioned whether all negative forces could ever be removed. The simple answer is: “No!” It is in human nature to contain both the positive and the negative. However, it is also within human capability to work to reinforce the positive and to minimize or neutralize the negative. Absolute peace in our world is an unattainable goal. But it is one towards which we must continue to journey, our eyes fixed on it as a traveller in a desert fixes his eyes on the one guiding star that will lead him tosalvation. Even if we do not achieve perfect peace on earth, because perfect peace is not of this earth, common endeavoursto gain peace will unite individuals and nations in trust and friendship and help to make our human community safer and kinder.I used the word …kinder‟ after careful deliberation; I might say the careful deliberation of many years. Of the sweets of adversity, and let me say that these are not numerous, I have found the sweetest, the most precious of all, is the lesson I learnt on the value of kindness. Every kindness I received, small or big, convinced me that there could never be enough of it in our world. To be kind is to respond with sensitivity and human warmth to the hopes and needs of others. Even the briefest touch of kindness can lighten a heavy heart. Kindness can change the lives of people. Norway has shown exemplary kindness in providing a home for the displaced of the earth, offering sanctuary to those who have been cut loose from the mooringsof security and freedom in their native lands.There are refugees in all parts of the world. When I was at the Maela refugee camp in Thailand recently, I met dedicated people who were striving daily to make the lives of the inmates as free from hardship as possible. They spoke of their concernover …donor fatigue,‟ which could also translate as …compassion fatigue.‟ …Donor fatigue‟ expresses itself precisely in the reduction of funding. …Compassion fatigue‟ expresses it self less obviously in the reduction of concern. One is the consequenceof the other. Can we afford to indulge in compassion fatigue? Is the cost of meeting the needs of refugees greater than the cost that would be consequent on turning an indifferent, if not a blind, eye on their suffering? I appeal to donors the world over tofulfill the needs of these people who are in search, often it must seem to them a vain search, of refuge.At Maela, I had valuable discussions with Thai officials responsible for the administration of Tak province where this and several other camps are situated. They acquainted me with some of the more serious problems related to refugee camps: violation of forestry laws, illegal drug use, home brewed spirits, the problems of controlling malaria, tuberculosis, dengue fever and cholera. The concerns of the administration are as legitimate as the concerns of the refugees. Host countries also deserve consideration and practical help in coping with the difficulties related to their responsibilities.Ultimately our aim should be to create a world free from the displaced, the homeless and the hopeless, a world of which eachand every corner is a true sanctuary where the inhabitants will have the freedom and the capacity to live in peace. Every thought, every word, and every action that adds to the positive and the wholesome is a contribution to peace. Each and every one of us is capable of making such a contribution. Let us join hands to try to create a peaceful world where we can sleep in security and wake in happiness.The Nobel Committee concluded its statement of 14 October 1991 with the words: “In awarding the Nobel Peace Prize ... to Aung San Suu Kyi, the Norwegian Nobel Committee wishes to honour this woman for her unflagging efforts and to show its support for the many people throughout the world who are striving to attain democracy, human rights and ethnic conciliation by peaceful means.” When I joined the democracy movement in Burma it never occurred to me that I might ever be the recipient of any prize or honour. The prize we were working for was a free, secure and just society where our people might be able to realize their full potential. The honour lay in our endeavour. History had given us the opportunity to give of our best for a cause in which we believed. When the Nobel Committee chose to honour me, the road I had chosen of my own free will became a less lonely path to follow. For this Ithank the Committee, the people of Norway and peoples all over the world whose support has strengthened my faith in the common quest for peace. Thank you.。

2013年全国大学生英语竞赛决赛C类

2013 National English Contest for College Students(LevelC - Final)参考答案及作文评分标准PartIListening Com prehension (30 marks)Section A (5 marks)1—5 ACBBCSection B (10 marks)6—10 CCABA11—15 BCBCASection C (5 marks)16—20 ACBACSection D (10 marks)21.prescription22.drugaddiction23.lenientapproach24.distinguished between25.arelicensed to 26.singletransaction27.Proponents28.legitimate29.campaigns30.therebyPartIIVocabulary and Structure(15 marks)31—35 DBBCB36—40 CABAD41—45 ABACAPartIIICloze(10 marks)46.height47.both48.surprising49.mistakenly50.through51.hungry52.scientific53.Sleepiness54.connection55.evilPartIV Reading Com prehension (40 marks)Section A (10 marks)56.risks57.innocentrmation59.gang60.requestingSection B (10 marks)61.F62.T63.F64.Itprovidesstudentswith an onlinelearningenvironment.65.Theyreceivetheindividualsupportand advicetheyneed tosucceed in theirstudy.Section C (10 marks)66.enduring 67.starved68.moredramatically69.D70.CSection D (10 marks)71.BecausetheEgyptiansworshiped catsasholyanimalsand therewerelawsprotectingthem.72.TheDark Agesin Europe.1--73.About10 percent.74.猫惯有“巫师的助手”之称。