Building an Ontology for the...(IJMECS-V7-N8-6)
建筑物介绍英文作文
建筑物介绍英文作文英文：When it comes to introducing a building, there are a few things that I like to focus on. First and foremost, I like to talk about the architecture and design of the building. Is it modern or traditional? Is it sleek or ornate? These are all important factors that can help give a sense of the building's character.Another thing I like to discuss is the history of the building. What was it originally built for? Has it undergone any major renovations or changes over the years? This can help provide context for the building and make it more interesting to visitors.Finally, I like to mention any notable features or amenities that the building may have. For example, if it has a rooftop garden or a state-of-the-art fitness center, these are things that people may be interested in knowingabout.中文：当谈到介绍一座建筑时，我喜欢关注几个方面。
建筑思考英文作文范文
建筑思考英文作文范文示例1:Building Thinking: The Importance of ArchitectureArchitecture, the art and science of designing and constructing buildings, plays a crucial role in shaping our environment and influencing our lives in numerous ways. It is a field that requires not only technical skills but also deep thinking and creativity. In this essay, we will explore the significance of architectural thinking and its impact on society.Firstly, architectural thinking involves a holistic approach to problem-solving. Architects are trained to consider various factors such as functionality, aesthetics, and sustainability when designing a building. They have to analyze the needs of the users, the context of the site, and the available resources. This process requires critical thinking and the ability to think outside the box. By incorporating diverse elements and ideas, architects create spaces that are not only visually appealing but also functional and efficient.Furthermore, architecture has the power to influence ouremotions and well-being. A well-designed building can evoke positive emotions, enhance productivity, and promote a sense of community. For example, a thoughtfully designed school can inspire learning and creativity among students. Similarly, a well-planned public park can foster a sense of relaxation and connection with nature. Architectural thinking goes beyond the physical structure; it considers the psychological and emotional impact on individuals and communities.Moreover, architectural thinking is closely linked to sustainability and environmental responsibility. In an era of increasing climate change and resource depletion, architects have a significant role to play in designing eco-friendly andenergy-efficient buildings. By integrating sustainable materials, renewable energy sources, and efficient design strategies, architects can reduce the environmental footprint of buildings. This forward-thinking approach not only benefits the planet but also saves costs in the long run.Lastly, architectural thinking is essential for preserving cultural heritage and identity. Architecture reflects the values, history, and traditions of a society. Through thoughtfulrestoration and adaptive reuse, architects can revitalize historic buildings and breathe new life into them. By preserving architectural landmarks, we maintain a connection to our past and ensure the continuity of our cultural heritage.In conclusion, architectural thinking is a vital aspect of our society. It encompasses problem-solving, emotional well-being, sustainability, and cultural preservation. Architects have the ability to shape our built environment and create spaces that inspire, connect, and endure. Therefore, it is crucial to recognize the significance of architectural thinking and support the profession in its endeavor to create a better world.示例2:Building ReflectionArchitecture is not merely a combination of bricks and mortar; it is a reflection of our society, culture, and values. It is a visual representation of our thoughts, dreams, and aspirations. As a form of art, architecture has the power to inspire, provoke, and challenge us.When we think about architecture, we often envision grand structures like the Taj Mahal, the Eiffel Tower, or the Sydney Opera House. These iconic buildings not only serve their practical purposes but also stand as symbols of human achievement and ingenuity. They represent the pinnacle of architectural design and engineering prowess.However, architecture is not limited to these monumental landmarks. It is all around us, shaping our everyday lives. From the houses we live in to the offices we work in, every building has a story to tell. The design choices made in constructing these spaces reflect the needs and desires of the people who inhabit them.Architecture is a product of careful consideration and thoughtful planning. Architects must take into account various factors such as functionality, aesthetics, and sustainability. They must consider the environmental impact of their designs, ensuring that buildings are energy-efficient and environmentally friendly.Moreover, architecture is deeply intertwined with our cultural identity. Different regions and countries have their own unique architectural styles, which are influenced by their history,traditions, and climate. For example, traditional Chinese architecture emphasizes harmony with nature, while Gothic architecture in Europe symbolizes religious devotion.Architecture also has the power to shape our behavior and emotions. A well-designed space can evoke feelings of peace, tranquility, and inspiration. On the other hand, a poorly designed space can cause discomfort and frustration. Architects must consider human psychology and how their designs will impact the people who experience them.In conclusion, architecture is more than just a physical structure; it is a reflection of our thoughts, values, and aspirations. It is an art form that has the power to inspire and challenge us. Whether grand or modest, every building tells a story and shapes our lives. As we continue to evolve as a society, architecture will continue to reflect our changing needs and desires.。
建筑一件重要的事情英语作文
The Importance of Sustainable Design inModern ArchitectureIn the realm of architecture, sustainable design has emerged as a crucial aspect, not only for environmental conservation but also for creating habitable and long-lasting structures. The concept of sustainable design integrates environmental, economic, and social considerations into the planning, design, construction, and maintenance of buildings and their surrounding infrastructure. As the world faces pressing issues like climate change and resource depletion, the need for sustainable design practices has become increasingly urgent. The principles of sustainable design aim to minimizethe negative impact of buildings on the environment by reducing energy consumption, water usage, and waste generation. This is achieved through a variety of strategies, such as using renewable and recycled materials, implementing energy-efficient systems, and incorporating natural ventilation and lighting designs. Additionally, sustainable design considers the social and culturalcontext of a building, ensuring that it not only fits intoits surroundings but also enhances the quality of life for its occupants.One of the most significant benefits of sustainable design is its ability to reduce the carbon footprint of buildings. The construction industry is a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, and sustainable design practices can help mitigate this impact by using energy-efficient materials and systems. For instance, buildings designed with solar panels or wind turbines can generate renewable energy, reducing the need for fossil fuels.Moreover, sustainable design promotes resource efficiency by utilizing materials effectively and minimizing waste. This not only helps conserve natural resources but also reduces the environmental impact of construction and demolition waste. By recycling and reusing materials, architects and builders can create buildingsthat are not only environmentally friendly but also cost-effective.Beyond its environmental benefits, sustainable design also contributes to social sustainability. By considering the needs and aspirations of the community, sustainablebuildings can foster a sense of belonging and pride among residents. For instance, community centers or public spaces designed with sustainable principles can promote social interaction and engagement, creating vibrant and inclusive neighborhoods.In conclusion, sustainable design is a crucial aspectof modern architecture. It not only addresses the urgent need for environmental conservation but also contributes to creating habitable, long-lasting, and socially sustainable buildings. As we move forward in the era of climate change and resource depletion, it is imperative that we prioritize sustainable design practices in all our construction projects, ensuring a sustainable future for ourselves and our planet.**可持续设计在现代建筑中的重要性**在建筑领域，可持续设计已经成为一个至关重要的方面，不仅是为了环境保护，也是为了创造宜居和持久的建筑。
托福阅读TPO3（试题+答案+译...
托福阅读TPO3(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Arch托福阅读TPO3(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Architecture为了帮助大家备考托福。
提高阅读成绩，打有准备的仗，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读TPO3(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Architecture 建筑，希望大家喜欢。
托福阅读原文Architecture is theart and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space forpractical and symbolic purposes. Because architecture grows out of human needsand aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. Of all the visualarts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines thecharacter of the human environment in major ways.Architecture is athree-dimensional form. It utilizes space, mass, texture, line, light, andcolor. To be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with avariety of elements. Humans instinctively seek structures that will shelter and enhance their way of life. It is the work of architects to createbuildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration anddelight. Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrichspace, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible.The client who pays for the building and defines its function is an importantmember of the architectural team. The mediocre design of many contemporarybuildings can be traced to both clients and architects.In order for thestructure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose,architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based onphysical laws, havechanged little since people first discovered them—even while building materials havechanged dramatically.Theworld’s architecturalstructures have also beendevisedin relation to the objectivelimitations of materials. Structures can be analyzed in terms of how they dealwith downward forces created by gravity. They are designed to withstand theforces of compression (pushing together), tension (pulling apart), bending, ora combination of these in different parts of the structure.Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes. Materials andmethods of construction are integralparts of the design of architecturestructures. In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systemssuitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick.T oday technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent newbuilding materials to suit the type of structure desired. Enormous changes inmaterials and techniques of construction within the last few generations havemade it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with aminimum of material. Progress in this area can be measured by the difference inweight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built onehundred years ago.Modernarchitectural forms generally have three separate components comparable toelements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skinenclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems. Theequipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, andair-conditioning. Of course in early architecture—suchas igloos and adobe structures—there was no suchequipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one.Much of the world’s great arch itecture has beenconstructed of stone because of its beauty, permanence, and availability. Inthe past, whole cities grew from thearduoustask of cutting and pilingstone upon. Some of the world’s finest stonearchitecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchuhigh in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru. Thedoorways andwindowsare made possible by placing over the open spaces thick stone beamsthat support the weight from above. A structural invention had to be madebefore the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and newarchitectural forms could be created. That invention was the arch, a curvedstructure originally made of separate stone or brick segments. The arch wasused by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for undergrounddrains, but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch extensivelyin aboveground structures. Roman builders perfected the semicircular arch madeof separate blocks of stone. As a method of spanning space, the arch cansupport greater weight than a horizontal beam. It works in compression todivert the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is borne by thevertical elements on either side of the arch. The arch is among the manyimportant structural breakthroughs that have characterized architecturethroughout the centuries.托福阅读试题1. According toparagraph 1, all of the following statements about architecture are true EXCEPT:A.Architecture isvisual art.B.Architecturereflects the cultural values of its creators.C.Architecture hasboth artistic and scientific dimensions.D.Architecture hasan indirect effect on life.2. The word “feasible”in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.in existenceB.without questionC.achievableD.most likely3. The word “enhance”in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.protectB.improveanizeD.match4. Which of thesentences below best expresses the essential information in thehighlightedsentencein the passage (paragragh 3) ? Incorrect choices change themeaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Unchangingphysical laws have limited the size and strength of buildings that can be madewith materials discovered long ago.B.Buildingmaterials have changed in order to increase architectural size and strength,but physical laws of structure have not changed.C.When people firststarted to build, the structural methods used to provide strength and size wereinadequate because they were not based on physical laws.D.Unlike buildingmaterials, the methods of support used in architecture have not changed overtime because they are based on physical laws.5. The word “devised”in the passage (paragragh 3) is closest in meaning tobinedB.createdC.introducedD.suggested6. The word “integral”(paragraph 4) is clos est in meaning toA.essentialB.variableC.practicalD.independent7. According toparagraph 4, which of the following is true about materialsused in theconstruction of buildings?A.Because newbuilding materials are hard to find, construction techniques have changed verylittle from past generations.B.The availabilityof suitable building materials no longer limits the types of structures thatmay be built.C.The primarybuilding materials that are available today are wood, stone, and brick.D.Architects inearlier times did not have enough building materials to enclose large spaces.8. In paragraph 4,what does the author imply about modern buildings?A.They occupy muchless space than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.B.They are not verydifferent from the building of a few generations ago.C.They weigh lessin relation to their size than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.D.They take a longtime to build as a result of their complexconstruction methods.9. Which of thefollowing correctly characterizes the relationship between the human body andarchitecture that is described in paragraph 5?plex equipmentinside buildings is the one element in modern architecture that resembles acomponent of the human body.B.The components inearly buildings were similar to three particular elements of the human body.C.Modern buildingshave components that are as likely to change as the human body is.D.In general,modern buildings more closely resemble the human body than earlier buildingsdo.10. The wor d “arduous”in the passage (paragraph 6) is closest in meaning toA.difficultB.necessaryC.skilledD.shared11. Why does theauthor include a description of how the “doorways and windows”(paragraph 6) ofMachu Picchu were constructed?A.To indicate thatthe combined skeletons and skins of the stone buildings of Machu Picchu weresimilar to igloos and adobe structuresB.To indicate thedifferent kinds of stones that had to be cut to build Machu PicchuC.To provide anillustration of the kind of construction that was required before arches wereinventedD.To explain howancient builders reduced the amount oftime necessary to construct buildingsfrom stone12. According toparagraph 6, which of the following statements is true ofthe arch?A.The Romans werethe first people to use the stone arch.B.The invention ofthe arch allowed new architectural forms to be developed.C.The arch workedby distributing the structural load of a building toward the center of thearch.D.The Romansfollowed earlier practices in their use of arches.13. Look at thefour squares [█] that indicate wherethe following sentence could be added to the passage.█ 【A】Modern architectural forms generally have three separate componentscomparable to elements of the human body; a supporting skeleton or frame, anouter skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems. █ 【B】The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, andair-conditioning. █ 【C】Ofcourse in early architecture—such as igloos and adobestructures—there was no such equipment, and theskeleton and skin were often one. █ 【D】Where would thesentence best fit?14. Directions: Anintroductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express themost important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in thesummary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or areminor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Architecture usesforms and space to express cultural values.A.Architects seekto create buildings that are both visuallyappealing and well suited for humanuse.B.Over the courseof the history of building, innovations in material and methods of constructionhave given architects ever greater freedom to express themselves.C.Throughouthistory buildings have been constructed like human bodies, needing distinct “organ”systems inorder to function.D.Both clients andarchitects are responsible for the mediocre designs of some modern buildings.E.Modern buildingstend to lack the beauty of ancient stone buildings such as those of MachuPicchu.F.The discovery anduse of the arch typifies the way in which architecture advances by developingmore efficient types of structures.托福阅读答案1.EXCEPT题排除法，以visual art做关键词定位至本段最后一句，A对，不选;以cultural values做关键词定位至第二句，B对，不选;以artistic and scientific dimensions做关键词定位至第一句，C对，不选;D选项与A选项在同一句，indirect effect和directly的原文说反，错，选2.feasible可行的，原文说了建筑的若干优点，比如提供遮风避雨的场所，丰富了空间，经济上怎么样，肯定是个正面的词，A存在中性，错;B没有问题，虽然是正面但太过，不选，C正确，D非常可能虽然正面，但程度不足，不选3.词汇题，问的是第二段第三句中的enhance，备选项分别是protect, improve, organize, match，enhance提高，原文中与enhance their way of life并列的动词是shelter，庇护之意，所以再选protect的话重叠，而且也不应该是保护他们的生活方式;organize 组织match搭配都不能与庇护并列，所以improve改善生活方式最靠谱4.In order for只是一个表目的的状语，暂时放弃不看，同时because那部分插入语不看，整个句子就变成了建筑师们采用的方法是不变的，尽管建筑材料发生了很大变化。
雅思英语作文 建筑服务于一个目的比看起来漂亮更重要 building
It is more important for a building to serve a purpose than to look beautiful. Architects shouldn’t worry about producing building as a work of art.Do you agree or disagree with this? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Write at least 250 words.Model Answer:The buildings have both the structure and function, but here the question arises, which one is more important- the structure or the function of a building. The structure consist of the outlook of the building, all kind of embellishment comesunder it. More attention was given to the structure blocking area or renovation of any building according to modernization, whether it is the home, hotel, mosque, church, restaurants, school, college, universities or office. The architecture was more curious and apprehensive regarding designed and outlook. But the fact is that functions are more important for a building is more valuable if it is full filling all the criteria of serving well, full filling all the needs of people.Currently, in the developed countries, buildings are ranked in the long run of adornment and thus beautiful buildings attract more visitors torush in for living in. Those sorts of buildings even bring more money compared to other ordinary buildings. It’s a universal phenomenon that beauty attracts the brain, many studies were conducted in the USA on the structure or function of the building, which revealed that majority of people were found to be associated with the stunning structure of the building, one more fact was discovered that curvy buildings attract more people than straight line building.In the developing countries more focus was given to the functions like serving quality, comfort, and cheap rates etc, as more focus waseducation rather than expensive school or college building, hotel stay with cheap rates rather than classy hotel with full luxuries room, shopping from a store rather than a branded stuff from a big well-decorated shopping mall. The developing country also began to follow the developed country in the long run of the outer beauty of a building which is an alarming sign for creating a sense of comparison or complex among people.Instead of creating a structure wise comparison, the functional comparison should be encouraged, as those building should be appreciated who arefull filling their functions well with cheap rates with the major focus on productive goals.。
对于旧建筑的处理的看法英文作文
对于旧建筑的处理的看法英文作文英文回答：The approach to dealing with old buildings should be guided by a thoughtful consideration of their historical, architectural, and social significance. Preservation and restoration efforts should prioritize maintaining the integrity and character of the original structures while balancing the need for modern adaptations and functional upgrades.For buildings of significant historical orarchitectural value, preservation and restoration should be the primary focus. Careful attention should be paid to retaining original materials, craftsmanship, and architectural details. Any alterations or additions should be sensitive to the historic fabric of the building and should not detract from its character.In cases where modern adaptations are necessary, abalance must be struck between preserving the building's heritage and updating it to meet contemporary needs. This can involve incorporating sustainable technologies, improving accessibility, or adding modern amenities while maintaining the overall integrity of the structure.Adaptive reuse is a creative approach that transforms old buildings into new functions. This can include converting industrial warehouses into loft apartments, repurposing churches into community centers, or transforming abandoned schools into affordable housing. Adaptive reuse breathes new life into historic structures, preserving their character while enhancing their relevance and functionality.The social and cultural significance of old buildings should also be considered. They may hold memories, traditions, and a sense of place for local communities. Preserving and revitalizing these buildings can contribute to neighborhood identity and social cohesion.中文回答：对于旧建筑的处理，应该本着对其历史、建筑和社会意义进行周全考虑的原则。
古建筑是精神的寄托英语作文
古建筑是精神的寄托英语作文Ancient Architecture: A Sanctuary for the SpiritIn the ever-changing tapestry of human history, ancient architecture stands as a testament to the enduring spirit of humanity. These structures, weathered by time, are more than mere stone and mortar; they are the physical manifestations of the values, beliefs, and aesthetics of the societies that built them. They are the silent custodians of our collective memory, offering a glimpse into the past and a connection to the present.The allure of ancient architecture lies in its ability to evoke a sense of wonder and reverence. As one gazes upon the towering pyramids of Egypt, the intricate temples of Angkor Wat, or the majestic Great Wall of China, it is impossible not to feel a profound respect for the civilizations that created these masterpieces. The ingenuity and dedication required to construct such monumental structures are a testament to the human desire to leave a lasting legacy.Moreover, ancient architecture serves as a bridge between the past and the present. It is through these structures that we can understand the cultural and historical contexts of the societies that existed before us. They provide a tangiblelink to the past, allowing us to appreciate the evolution of architectural styles, technologies, and materials over time.The spiritual significance of ancient architecture cannot be overstated. For many, these structures are places of worship, where the divine and the earthly intersect. The temples of ancient Greece, the cathedrals of medieval Europe, and the pagodas of Asia are not just architectural marvels; they are sacred spaces where people have sought solace, enlightenment, and connection with the divine.In an age where modernity often overshadows the old, it is crucial to preserve and appreciate ancient architecture. It is through the study and conservation of these structures that we can continue to learn from the past and ensure that the stories they tell are not lost to time. As we stand in the shadow of these ancient giants, we are reminded of the continuity of human endeavor and the importance of preserving the cultural heritage that has shaped our world.In conclusion, ancient architecture is more than just a collection of old buildings; it is a living, breathinghistory that continues to inspire and connect us. It is a sanctuary for the human spirit, a place where we can reflect on our past and dream of our future. As we continue to build and innovate, let us not forget the lessons and the beauty that these ancient structures have to offer. They are the silent sentinels of our heritage, and it is our duty to honor and protect them for generations to come.。
筑品德之根基,建才能之大厦作文
筑品德之根基,建才能之大厦作文英文回答：Cultivating the Foundation of Virtue:Developing a strong moral compass is the cornerstone of personal growth and ethical conduct. Virtue is the bedrock upon which a noble character is built, guiding individuals towards right action and fulfilling their potential. It encompasses traits such as honesty, integrity, compassion, courage, and responsibility. By nurturing these virtues from a young age, individuals lay the foundation for a life of purpose and meaning. Cultivating a solid moral character allows individuals to navigate the challenges of life with integrity and resilience, contributing to a just and harmonious society.Constructing the Edifice of Competence:Alongside a strong moral foundation, developingcompetence in various fields of knowledge and skills is crucial for success in a rapidly evolving world. "Competence" refers to the ability to perform tasks effectively and efficiently, achieving desired outcomes. It goes beyond mere technical proficiency and encompasses a range of cognitive, interpersonal, and practical abilities. Individuals who invest in acquiring and honing their competencies gain a competitive edge in the job market and become valuable contributors to society. By building a strong foundation of knowledge and expanding their skillset, individuals equip themselves to adapt to changing circumstances, embrace new challenges, and make meaningful contributions to their communities.Interplay of Virtue and Competence:Virtue and competence are not mutually exclusive but rather complementary aspects of human development. When individuals cultivate both moral excellence andprofessional proficiency, they become exemplars of true accomplishment. They are able to leverage their skills and knowledge for the greater good, guided by ethicalprinciples and a deep sense of responsibility. Such individuals are not only successful in their careers but also serve as role models and inspiring figures withintheir communities and beyond. They demonstrate that true success lies at the intersection of virtue and competence, creating a virtuous cycle that benefits both the individual and society as a whole.中文回答：筑品德之根基。
天文台如何建造的英语作文
天文台如何建造的英语作文Building an observatory is no easy task. It requires careful planning, precise engineering, and a lot of hard work. First, a suitable location must be chosen, away from light pollution and with clear, unobstructed views of the sky. Once the location is secured, the foundation must be laid, ensuring stability and durability. Then comes the construction of the dome, which must be able to open and close smoothly to allow for observation. Finally, the telescope and other equipment must be installed, calibrated, and tested to ensure they function properly.The materials used in building an observatory arecrucial to its success. The dome, for example, must be made of a durable, weather-resistant material that can withstand the elements while providing a clear view of the sky. The telescope itself must be made of high-quality materials to ensure precision and accuracy in its observations. Additionally, the building materials used for the structure must be strong and reliable to ensure the observatory'slongevity.The construction of an observatory requires a team of skilled workers, including engineers, architects, and astronomers. Each member of the team plays a crucial rolein the design, construction, and operation of the observatory. Engineers are responsible for ensuring the structural integrity of the building, architects for the design and aesthetics, and astronomers for the placement and operation of the telescope and other equipment.The cost of building an observatory can vary greatly depending on the size, location, and complexity of the project. In addition to the initial construction costs, there are ongoing expenses for maintenance, equipment upgrades, and staffing. Securing funding for an observatory can be a challenge, but many observatories are funded through a combination of government grants, private donations, and educational institutions.In conclusion, building an observatory is a complex and challenging endeavor that requires careful planning,skilled labor, and adequate funding. However, the rewards of having a dedicated space for astronomical observation and research are well worth the effort. Observatories play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of the universe and inspiring future generations of astronomers.。
三步金字塔谋篇布局英语作文
三步金字塔谋篇布局英语作文The art of essay writing is a fundamental skill that every student must master to succeed in academic pursuits. One of the most effective strategies for crafting a well-structured and compelling essay is the three-step pyramid approach. This method provides a solid foundation for organizing your thoughts, developing your arguments, and delivering a cohesive and impactful piece of writing.The first step in the pyramid structure is the introduction. This is the foundation upon which the entire essay is built. The introduction should serve as a captivating hook that immediately grabs the reader's attention and sets the tone for the rest of the essay. It should provide a clear and concise thesis statement that outlines the main argument or focus of the essay. Additionally, the introduction should give the reader a roadmap of the key points that will be explored throughout the body of the essay.The second step in the pyramid structure is the body of the essay. This is the largest and most crucial component of the essay, where the writer delves into the main ideas and supports them withevidence, analysis, and logical reasoning. The body paragraphs should be well-structured, with each paragraph focusing on a specific point or argument. Each paragraph should begin with a topic sentence that clearly states the main idea, followed by supporting details, examples, and analysis. The transitions between paragraphs should be seamless, guiding the reader smoothly from one point to the next.The final step in the pyramid structure is the conclusion. This is the capstone of the essay, where the writer synthesizes the key points and brings the essay to a powerful and memorable close. The conclusion should not simply restate the thesis statement or summarize the main points; rather, it should offer a fresh perspective, a call to action, or a thought-provoking insight that leaves the reader with a lasting impression. The conclusion should tie the essay together, leaving the reader with a clear understanding of thewriter's overall message and the significance of the essay's central argument.One of the primary advantages of the three-step pyramid structure is its versatility. This approach can be applied to essays of various lengths and genres, from short analytical pieces to lengthy research papers. The pyramid structure provides a solid framework that can be adapted to suit the specific requirements of the assignment and the writer's intended purpose.Moreover, the three-step pyramid structure encourages the writer to think critically and logically about the organization and development of their essay. By starting with a strong introduction, building a well-supported body, and crafting a compelling conclusion, the writer is forced to consider the overall flow and coherence of their work. This process not only enhances the quality of the final essay but also helps the writer to develop essential critical thinking and writing skills.Another key benefit of the three-step pyramid structure is its ability to help the writer maintain focus and clarity throughout the essay-writing process. By clearly defining the introduction, body, and conclusion, the writer can more easily identify and address any gaps or inconsistencies in their argument. This structure also helps the writer to avoid straying off-topic or including irrelevant information, ensuring that the essay remains tightly focused and on-point.In conclusion, the three-step pyramid structure is a powerful tool for essay writing that can help students and writers of all levels to craft well-organized, compelling, and impactful essays. By mastering this approach, writers can develop a stronger understanding of the essential elements of effective essay writing, while also honing their critical thinking and communication skills. Whether you are tackling a short in-class assignment or a lengthy research paper, the three-steppyramid structure can serve as a reliable and versatile framework for success.。
如何重建巴黎圣母院英语作文
Rebuilding Notre-Dame de Paris: A Journey of Restoration and PreservationThe flames that ravaged Notre-Dame de Paris on April 15, 2019, left the world in mourning and shock. This cathedral, a symbol of French heritage and a testament to thecountry's rich cultural history, stood as a beacon of faith and beauty for centuries. Its destruction was not just the loss of a historical monument; it was the loss of a part of France's soul. However, amidst the ashes and rubble, a new chapter in the cathedral's history began: the journey ofits reconstruction.The process of rebuilding Notre-Dame de Paris is a complex one, fraught with challenges but also filled with hope and possibility. It requires a delicate balance between preserving the cathedral's original character and adapting it to modern standards. The first step in this endeavor is to conduct a thorough assessment of the damage. This involves a team of experts who carefully examine the remaining structures, noting down the areas that need to be repaired or replaced.Once the damage assessment is complete, the planning phase begins. Architects and historians work together to devise a plan that respects the cathedral's original design while incorporating modern construction techniques. The goal is to create a structure that is not just visually similar to the original but also structurally sound and resilient.Funding for the reconstruction is another crucial aspect. The project is estimated to cost billions of euros, and securing this funding is essential for its success. Governments, private donors, and international organizations have all pledged support, but the task of raising the necessary funds remains ongoing.The reconstruction itself is a painstaking process that requires the utmost precision and care. Workers must carefully dismantle the damaged areas, piece by piece, while preserving any salvageable materials. New materials are then sourced and crafted to match the original's style and quality. The reconstruction also presents an opportunity to incorporate modern technology and materialsthat can improve the cathedral's structural integrity and durability.As the reconstruction progresses, it is important to remember that Notre-Dame de Paris is not just a building; it is a living symbol of France's history and culture. Its reconstruction is not just about restoring its physical form; it is about reviving its spirit and its role in French society. The cathedral will continue to be a place of worship, a tourist attraction, and a source of inspiration for generations to come.In conclusion, the reconstruction of Notre-Dame de Paris is a monumental task that requires the combined efforts of experts, donors, and the French people. It is a journey that will be filled with challenges and triumphs, but ultimately, it will result in the restoration of a national treasure that will continue to stand as a symbol of France's rich cultural heritage.**重建巴黎圣母院：修复与保护的旅程**2019年4月15日，巴黎圣母院遭受大火肆虐，令全世界陷入哀悼与震惊之中。
知识重要性英语作文
Knowledge is an essential component of human life,shaping our understanding of the world and enabling us to navigate through various challenges.Here are some key points that highlight the importance of knowledge in our lives:1.Foundation for Learning:Knowledge serves as the foundation for learning new skills and concepts.It is the building block upon which we construct our understanding of various subjects.2.Cognitive Development:Knowledge stimulates cognitive development,enhancing our ability to think critically,solve problems,and make informed decisions.3.Career Advancement:In the professional world,knowledge is often a determinant of career progression.It equips individuals with the necessary skills to excel in their chosen fields and adapt to changes in the job market.4.Innovation and Creativity:Knowledge fuels innovation and creativity.It provides the raw materials for new ideas and allows individuals to think outside the box,leading to advancements in technology,science,and the arts.5.Cultural Understanding:Knowledge of different cultures,languages,and histories fosters a deeper understanding and appreciation of the worlds diversity.This understanding can lead to greater empathy and cooperation among people from different backgrounds.6.Personal Growth:Knowledge contributes to personal growth by broadening ones horizons and encouraging selfreflection.It can lead to a more fulfilling and meaningful life.7.Social Progress:Knowledge is a driving force for social progress.It helps societies to evolve,addressing issues such as poverty,inequality,and environmental concerns through informed policies and actions.8.Empowerment:Knowledge empowers individuals by providing them with the tools to make informed choices,advocate for their rights,and contribute to their communities.9.Lifelong Learning:In an everchanging world,the pursuit of knowledge becomes a lifelong endeavor.It ensures that individuals remain adaptable and relevant in a rapidly evolving global landscape.10.Global Citizenship:Knowledge helps individuals become global citizens,aware ofglobal issues and capable of contributing to international dialogue and cooperation.In conclusion,knowledge is not just a collection of facts it is a transformative force that shapes individuals,societies,and the world at large.It is a lifelong pursuit that should be cherished and nurtured for the betterment of all.。
如何重建巴黎圣母院英语作文
如何重建巴黎圣母院英语作文English:The reconstruction of Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris is an undertaking of immense historical, cultural, and architectural significance. Following the devastating fire that engulfed the iconic landmark in April 2019, efforts have been focused on restoring the cathedral to its former glory while incorporating modern techniques and materials. The reconstruction process involves meticulous planning, preservation of historical elements, and adherence to strict architectural guidelines to ensure authenticity. Collaboration between architects, historians, craftsmen, and engineers is paramount to achieve success. Fundraising efforts from both public and private sectors, along with international support, have been crucial in financing this monumental project. While the reconstruction aims to recreate the cathedral's original splendor, it also presents an opportunity for innovative approaches in architectural restoration and conservation, setting a precedent for future heritage projects. Ultimately, the rebuilt Notre-Dame Cathedral will stand as a symbol of resilience, unity, and the enduring spirit of human creativity.中文翻译:巴黎圣母院的重建是一项具有重要历史、文化和建筑意义的任务。
作文当纳米技术运用到建筑上的开头
作文当纳米技术运用到建筑上的开头英文回答：Nanotechnology, a rapidly burgeoning field, is revolutionizing multiple sectors, including architecture.By manipulating matter at the atomic and molecular scale, nanotechnology enables the creation of innovative materials, coatings, and systems that offer groundbreaking solutionsfor various architectural challenges.One of the most significant applications of nanotechnology in architecture lies in the development of novel materials. Nanoparticles, when incorporated into building materials, can enhance their physical and mechanical properties. For instance, the incorporation of carbon nanotubes into concrete significantly improves its strength, durability, and resistance to environmental degradation. Similarly, the use of graphene oxide as an additive in cement can enhance the material's electricaland thermal conductivity, enabling the development ofenergy-efficient buildings with integrated heating and cooling systems.Nanotechnology also plays a pivotal role in the development of multifunctional coatings for architectural surfaces. These coatings can provide a wide range of properties, including self-cleaning, anti-fouling, and corrosion resistance. Self-cleaning coatings, for example, utilize photocatalytic materials that break down organic matter and contaminants under sunlight exposure, maintaining the cleanliness of building facades. Anti-fouling coatings, on the other hand, prevent the adhesion of marine organisms to underwater structures, reducing maintenance costs and enhancing the longevity of coastal infrastructure.Furthermore, nanotechnology enables the creation of smart systems that can monitor, control, and optimize building performance. Sensors embedded with nanomaterials can detect changes in temperature, humidity, and other environmental parameters, allowing for real-time adjustments to heating, ventilation, and lighting systems.This advanced level of automation leads to improved energy efficiency, occupant comfort, and overall building functionality.In summary, the integration of nanotechnology into architecture offers a myriad of benefits, ranging from enhanced material properties and multifunctional coatingsto smart systems and improved building performance. As the field continues to advance, it is likely that nanotechnology will play an increasingly significant rolein shaping the future of architecture, enabling thecreation of sustainable, resilient, and technologically advanced built environments.中文回答：纳米技术是一个快速发展的领域，正在改变包括建筑在内的多个行业。
建筑一件重要的事情英语作文
建筑一件重要的事情英语作文Building a house is a big deal. It's not just about bricks and mortar, it's about creating a space that's both functional and comfortable. You've got to think about the layout, the flow of traffic, and how the natural light will come in.One thing I love about building a house is the feeling of starting something new. It's like a blank canvas where you can bring your imagination to life. You get to choose every detail, from the color of the walls to the type of flooring.The process can be challenging too, though. There are so many decisions to make and so many people to coordinate with. But that's all part of the adventure, right? You learn to compromise and work with others to achieve the vision you have in mind.And then, when it's all done, you step into your newhome and it feels like a dream come true. You can finally relax and enjoy the space you've created for yourself. It's a sense of accomplishment that's hard to describe but easy to feel.Building a house is also about creating memories. It's the place where you'll spend countless holidays, celebrate milestones, and raise a family. It's a legacy that you can pass down to the next generation, a reminder of the love and hard work that made it possible.。
如何建造新高地英语作文
如何建造新高地英语作文Title: Constructing a New Heights English Composition。
Constructing a high-quality English composition involves several key elements that contribute to its effectiveness and coherence. In this essay, we will explore the essential steps to crafting an exemplary piece of writing without revealing the prompt.1. Understanding the Prompt Implicitly:Before delving into the writing process, it'scrucial to thoroughly understand the prompt's requirements. However, since the prompt is not disclosed here, it's essential to implicitly grasp its essence and direction. This comprehension forms the foundation upon which the entire composition is built.2. Brainstorming and Outlining:Once the prompt's essence is understood, the next step is to brainstorm ideas and outline the structure ofthe composition. This phase involves generating relevant points, organizing them logically, and outlining theessay's introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. It's essential to ensure that each paragraph contributes cohesively to the overall argument or narrative.3. Introduction:The introduction serves as the opening statement of the composition, providing context, background information, and a thesis statement. It should grab the reader's attention, establish the central theme or argument, and set the tone for the rest of the essay. A compellingintroduction sets the stage for a coherent and engaging composition.4. Body Paragraphs:The body paragraphs form the crux of the composition, presenting arguments, supporting evidence, and analysis.Each paragraph should focus on a single main idea or point, supported by relevant examples, quotations, or data. Smooth transitions between paragraphs ensure a seamless flow of ideas, guiding the reader through the logical progression of the argument.5. In-depth Analysis and Critical Thinking:High-quality English compositions demonstrate depth of analysis and critical thinking skills. This involves examining the topic from multiple perspectives, evaluating evidence, and drawing meaningful conclusions. Whether it's a persuasive essay, a narrative piece, or an analytical exposition, incorporating critical thinking elevates the quality of the composition.6. Language and Style:The choice of language and writing stylesignificantly impacts the effectiveness of the composition. Clarity, precision, and coherence are essential aspects of proficient writing. Additionally, varying sentencestructures, employing rhetorical devices, and demonstrating a rich vocabulary enhance the overall quality of the composition.7. Conclusion:The conclusion brings the composition to asatisfying close, summarizing key points, reiterating the thesis statement, and offering final insights or reflections. It should leave a lasting impression on the reader, reinforcing the central message or argument presented in the essay. A strong conclusion leaves the reader with a sense of closure and may even provoke further thought or discussion.8. Revision and Proofreading:Once the initial draft is completed, revising and proofreading are essential steps in refining the composition. This phase involves reviewing the essay for clarity, coherence, grammar, punctuation, and spelling errors. Seeking feedback from peers or instructors canprovide valuable insights for improving the overall quality of the composition.In conclusion, constructing a high-quality English composition requires a systematic approach, incorporating elements such as understanding the prompt implicitly, brainstorming and outlining, crafting a compelling introduction, developing coherent body paragraphs, demonstrating critical thinking skills, refining language and style, and revising thoroughly. By following these essential steps, one can create an exemplary piece of writing that effectively communicates ideas, engages the reader, and fulfills the requirements of the prompt.。
天坛英文作文文案
天坛英文作文文案The Temple of Heaven is a beautiful and historic sitein Beijing, China. It was built in the 15th century and was used by emperors to pray for good harvests. Thearchitecture is stunning, with intricate designs andvibrant colors. It's a must-see for anyone visiting Beijing.Walking through the temple complex, you can feel the sense of history and tradition. The ancient trees and traditional Chinese buildings create a peaceful and serene atmosphere. It's a great place to escape the hustle and bustle of the city.One of the most iconic features of the Temple of Heaven is the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests. The triple-gabled circular building is a masterpiece of Ming Dynasty architecture. The intricate details and vibrant colors are truly breathtaking.The temple complex is also a popular spot for locals togather and socialize. You can often see people practicing Tai Chi, playing traditional Chinese instruments, or simply enjoying the beautiful surroundings. It's a great way to experience the local culture.The Temple of Heaven is not only a historic site, but also a symbol of Chinese culture and tradition. It's aplace where the past and present come together, and where you can truly appreciate the beauty of China's rich history. If you ever find yourself in Beijing, be sure to visit the Temple of Heaven. You won't be disappointed.。
建筑思考英文作文初中
建筑思考英文作文初中英文：When it comes to building design, there are manyfactors to consider. As an architect, I believe that the most important thing is functionality. A building should be designed to meet the needs of the people who will be using it. For example, if it's an office building, the design should take into account the number of employees who will be working there, the type of work they will be doing, and the equipment they will need.Another important factor is aesthetics. A building should be visually appealing and fit in with the surrounding environment. However, this doesn't mean that it has to be extravagant or overly decorative. Sometimes, simplicity is the best option.Sustainability is also a crucial consideration in building design. We need to think about the impact that ourbuildings have on the environment and design them in a way that minimizes this impact. This can include using energy-efficient materials, incorporating green spaces, and reducing waste.One of the challenges of building design is finding a balance between these different factors. For example, a building that is highly functional may not be the most visually appealing, while a building that is aesthetically pleasing may not be sustainable. As architects, we need to consider all of these factors and find a way to create a building that meets all of the necessary requirements.中文：在建筑设计方面，有许多要考虑的因素。
修建地铁移走古树英语作文
修建地铁移走古树英语作文Building Subway and Moving Ancient Trees。
With the rapid development of urbanization, more and more cities are facing the challenge of transportation. In order to solve the problem of traffic congestion, manycities are building subways. However, the construction of subways often means that some ancient trees will be removed. This has aroused great controversy and concern among the public.On the one hand, building subways is necessary for the development of the city. Subways can greatly improve the transportation efficiency and reduce traffic congestion. They are also environmentally friendly and can reduce air pollution. Moreover, the construction of subways can promote economic development and create job opportunities.On the other hand, ancient trees are an important partof the natural environment and have great ecological,cultural and aesthetic value. They provide shade, purify the air, and are home to many birds and animals. They also have a long history and cultural significance, and are often regarded as symbols of the city's heritage and identity.Therefore, the conflict between building subways and protecting ancient trees is a complex issue that requires careful consideration and balance. In order to minimize the impact on ancient trees, it is necessary to conduct a thorough investigation and evaluation of the ecological environment before the construction of subways. If it is found that there are ancient trees that need to be protected, measures such as transplanting or relocating them should be taken.In addition, the construction of subways should be carried out in a scientific and orderly manner, with a focus on environmental protection. Measures such as using advanced construction technology, reducing noise and dust pollution, and protecting the surrounding environment should be taken to minimize the impact on the ecologicalenvironment.Furthermore, the public should be informed and involved in the decision-making process of building subways and moving ancient trees. The government should listen to the opinions and suggestions of the public, and strive to achieve a balance between economic development and environmental protection.In conclusion, building subways and moving ancienttrees is a complex issue that requires a comprehensive and balanced approach. We should pay attention to both economic development and environmental protection, and strive to achieve sustainable development. Only in this way can we create a harmonious and livable city for future generations.。
雅思topic作文
雅思topic作文IELTS Topic Essay The complexities of the modern world present us with a multitude of challenges, often demanding innovative solutions and a shift in perspective. One such debate centers around the notion of progress and whether it inevitably comes at the expense of tradition. While progress is often lauded forits potential to enhance our lives, some argue that it leads to the erosion of valuable cultural practices and traditions. This essay aims to delve into both sides of this argument, ultimately arguing that progress and tradition are not necessarily mutually exclusive, and that a harmonious balance can be achieved. Advocates for prioritizing progress often highlight its tangible benefits. Technological advancements, for example, have revolutionized healthcare, communication, and transportation, leading to an improved quality of life for many. Scientific breakthroughs continuously expand our understanding of the world,paving the way for solutions to global challenges like climate change and resource scarcity. Furthermore, progress often challenges outdated social norms and practices, advocating for equality, inclusivity, and individual freedoms. These advancements, proponents argue, are essential for societal evolution and the betterment of humanity. However, the pursuit of progress can sometimes neglect the value of tradition. Traditions, passed down through generations, represent a community's history, identity, and cultural heritage. They provide a sense of belonging, continuity, and stability in a rapidly changing world. Traditional practices, whether in art, music, or storytelling, connect individuals to their roots and foster a sense of community. Disregarding these traditions in the name of progress can lead to a sense of cultural amnesia, disconnecting individualsfrom their past and creating a void in their understanding of their own identity. Moreover, blindly embracing progress can lead to unintended consequences. The relentless pursuit of economic growth, often touted as a marker of progress, can come at the expense of environmental sustainability. Similarly, the rapid adoption of new technologies can exacerbate societal inequalities, leaving behind those who lack access or understanding. A society solely focused on achieving progressrisks losing sight of the human cost, potentially leading to social fragmentation and environmental degradation. Therefore, it is crucial to recognize thatprogress and tradition are not inherently opposing forces. They can, and should, coexist. A balanced approach involves acknowledging the value of both, carefully integrating beneficial advancements while preserving and adapting meaningful traditions. This requires a critical evaluation of the potential impact of progress, ensuring that it aligns with the long-term well-being of society anddoes not come at the expense of cultural heritage. Several examples demonstratethe successful integration of progress and tradition. In architecture, modern designs can incorporate traditional elements, creating a harmonious blend of functionality and cultural significance. Similarly, in the field of medicine, traditional healing practices can complement modern treatments, offering aholistic approach to healthcare. Furthermore, educational systems can integrate traditional knowledge and values into modern curricula, fostering a sense ofcultural continuity while equipping students with the skills needed for the future. In conclusion, the relationship between progress and tradition is complex and multifaceted. While progress is essential for societal advancement, neglecting tradition can lead to cultural erosion and unforeseen consequences. A balanced approach, embracing the benefits of progress while preserving and adaptingvaluable traditions, is crucial for creating a society that is both progressiveand culturally rich. This requires a critical assessment of the impacts of progress, ensuring that it aligns with the long-term well-being of individuals and the preservation of cultural heritage. By embracing a harmonious coexistence of progress and tradition, we can build a future that is both innovative and deeply rooted in its past.。
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I.J. Modern Education and Computer Science, 2015, 8, 48-60Published Online August 2015 in MECS (/)DOI: 10.5815/ijmecs.2015.08.06Building an Ontology for the MetamodelISO/IEC24744 using MDA ProcessMehdi Mohamed HamriEEIDIS Laboratory, Computer science department, Djillali Liabes University, AlgeriaEmail: hamri.m.m@Sidi Mohamed BenslimaneEcole Superieure en Informatique de Sidi Bel Abbes, AlgeriaEmail: s.benslimane@esi-sba.dzAbstract—The idea of using ontologies in the field of software engineering is not new. For more than 10 years, the Software Engineering community arouse great interest for this tool of semantic web, so to improve; their performance in production time and realisation complexity on the one hand, and software reliability and quality on the other hand. The standard ISO / IEC 24744, also known as the SEMDM (Software Engineering –Meta-model for Development Methodologies), provides in a global perspective, a conceptual framework to define any method of software development, through the integration of all methodological aspects related to the followed procedures, as well as, products, people and tools involved in the conception of a software product. The purpose of this article is to create domain ontology for ISO / IEC 24744 using an MDA process. This ontology will serve as semantic reference in order to assist for a better interoperability between the different users of the standard (human, software or machine). Index Terms—ISO/IEC 24744, Ontology, MDA, OWL, Software Process, Metamodel, UML.I.I NTRODUCTIONThe development of means of transportation, telecommunication and other technological means, relies on the use of more and more complex software, which has to respect very demanding requirements furthermore, according to Rida Noor, ―The success of software industry lies in developing a defect free and quality product within reasonable time and budget.‖[1]. Software Engineering had to meet these requirements while increasing the level of abstraction of the methods, which has, for example, led to the emergence of Model Driven Engineering (MDE). Software engineering gives response to problems involving information share and exchange between great numbers of entities. The representation of such information has to be consensual, not only in order to facilitate exchange and communication (and so permit those entities to collaborate), but also to avoid issues of both integration heterogeneously represented structures in which every entity has a specific meaning.The MDE approach is presented as a solution to interoperability problems. It tries to give a conceptual meaning to software artefacts. However, due to often reached complexity levels, it is difficult to obtain a thorough conceptualisation of the artefacts. Accordingly, Jin and Cordy [2] proposed an ontological approach to represent Software Engineering knowledge.As Uschold has asserted in [3], ontologies consist of three main categories of use: Communication, Interoperability and Systems engineering, this latter, is used to assist conception processes, and to maintain software systems, either the systems are based on knowledge or not.Ontologies are interesting while facing exchange and interoperability problems, they proved to be a solution for conception and modelling of complex systems. Ontology is a philosophical branch that studies what exists [4]. Aristotle employed it to describe the existence of beings. In another context, the domain of artificial intelligence broaches models of the world and so, it seized the term ontology to describe all what can be represented from the real world in a program, and thus facilitate knowledge share and reuse.In addition to the artificial intelligence research community, ontologies interest numerous domains relative to knowledge. Therefore, a high interest towards ontologies is found in Information Systems (IS) and Knowledge Based Systems (KBS). KBS and IS are concerned by the mastery of the domains and the resolution of knowledge problems, for both, ontologies are means of analysis, modelling and knowledge domains implementation [5][6].The consensual aspect of an ontology is central. Every ontology has to be the result of a process in which all the operators of the domain cooperate and understand each other regarding the meaning given to every concept relative to the domain, so that ontology can be adopted by everyone and used as a common basis for the mastery of the domain. According to Isotani [S. Isotani] ontologies are applied to address three major challenges in software engineering, namely, difficulty in communicating andmanagement of software development phases and finally, development of techniques and environments in order to support the production of semantic software through an interdisciplinary approach.In the domain of Software Engineering, the norm ISO/IEC 24744 [8][9] has been strongly inspired by the works of Henderson-Sellers on OPF meta-model (OPEN Process Framework) [10]. These works have emerged as result to strong critique of the first versions of OMG‘s Software Process Engineering Meta-model (SPEM) [11], especially shifting mechanisms from a modelling level to another, for example from M2 to M1to M0 [12][13]. To reach the limits of SPEM, the normalised meta-model ISO/IEC 24744, presents a new modelling approach, based on three aspects that are Process, Products and work Producers, which implies two kinds of users, developers and method engineers. Though this norm presents several advantages, it may seem intimidating because of the adoption of new concepts that constitute a paradigm change, which implies a new way of thinking and perceiving meta-modelling processes. The idea of using ontologies as semantic references for the norm ISO/IEC 24744, can be a good solution for helping users to surpass the important learning curve of this new paradigm. It permits better comprehension and communication between different users of the norm. In this article, we will propose an MDA-based approach[14] that will permit the elaboration of a domain ontology for the standard ISO/IEC 24744.The rest of the present article is organized as follows: the next section presents a brief review of the literature that is most related to our work. The third section gives a global view of the norm ISO/IEC 24744 and details the most important concepts of our work. The fourth section introduces our construction architecture of the norm ISO/IEC 2744. In section five, we present the profiles construction steps and transformations in OWL. Section six illustrates the experimentations realised to demonstrate the feasibility of our approach, it is followed, in section seven, by a comparison with a related work. Finally, we conclude and mention perspectives for this work.II.R ELATED W ORKSUsing ontologies in Software Engineering is not a new idea. During the last decade, several works have been undertaken. We will mention the most relative ones to our work.[15] Defined a generic ontology for process domain considering, it resulted in a contribution of the recently built process ontology to the semantical enrichment of the terms for measurement and evaluation domain ontology by means of stereotypes.Gazel et al [16] presented an ontology-based tool for software process evaluation, this tool was developed in order to support the phase of collecting data of the evaluation process and to assess software processes, in [18] proposed «CMMI-GAAF v.1.2» a framework for an automatic analysis of the gaps relative to the lack of conformity with CMMI, using the work of Soydan et.al.[19] Soydan and Kokar. In this context, Project Assets Ontology was developed, so to merge CMMI process and project assets. Lee et al[20] have proposed an ontology-based multi-agent system for the evaluation of CMMI, this system permits the establishment of evaluation links on both processes and product quality in conformity with CMMI. Liao et al [21] aimed to create a generic Software Process Ontology (SPO), with the objective to make it meet the requirement of both CMMI and ISO/IEC 15504, SPO represented by atomic practices, was used in order to represent models of process. Líška and Návrat [22] brought an approach that facilitates the use of Software Process Meta-Model in order to convey improvements by means of knowledge engineering approaches, they developed an SPEM ontology in order to demonstrate its technical application on the semantic web. In[23] Falbo presented an SPO aiming to establish a common vocabulary for software process, in order to support organisations working on improving software process , Falbo et al [24] they also developed an ontology model for software process, according to the authors, this ontology is sufficiently expressive to be used as a common base for mapping software process fragments of norms such as IEC 12207-ISO 9001:2000-ISO/IEC 15504, CMMI, RUP and SPEM. Wongthongtham et al.[25] presented an ontology model for software engineering, to represent software engineering knowledge, thus helping to define utilised information during exchange in semantic projects, it is also used as a communication frame. Guizzardi et al. [26] presented the last development relative to Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO), this latter is useful for improving the quality languages and models of conceptual modelling. Mendes and Abran [27] proposed an ontology prototype based on the SWEBOK[28] guide that is able to represent Software Engineering data, an extraction from the guide resulted in almost six thousand (6000) Software Engineering concepts, and about four hundred (400) types of relations between the concepts have been identified. Sicilia et al [29] have also proposed an ontology based on the SWEBOK guide, it contains; a descriptive part that identifies artefacts and activities and a prescriptive part containing approaches for commonly accepted concrete activities.Hilera et al [30] proposed OntoGLOSE, another ontology that conceptualises the domain of software engineering, based on the Software Engineering Terminology Glossary and published by IEEE, It includes more than 1500 concepts corresponding to 1300 glossary term, each one with its different meanings. Henderson-Sellers et al [31][32] proposed initiatives aiming to standardize the different ISO norms, such as the project intended by the SC7 ISO study group. Initiatives from both parts often resort to other ontologies in order to deal with the problem of semantic interoperability. As a result, we need high quality ontologies as bases for integration.that reflects a common conceptualisation. However, most of the standards have not been designed to be ontologies. Ruy et al [33] presented an ontological analysis of a part of the meta-model ISO/ IEC 24744, this analysis is accomplished in the light of UFO[34], the authors have identified some problems and underlined some solutions. Suggestions and general recommendations were presented in order to transform SEMDM into an ontology of quality in accordance with the needs of ISO standardization.[35]Souleymane Koussoube ET AL proposed an ontology-based contribution to Agent Oriented Software Engineering called OBAMAS (Ontology-Based Approach for Multi-Agents Systems engineering). It starts with an analysis phase that consists of the construction of three formal ontologies (a domain ontology, an ontology of functionalities, and an ontology of multi-agents systems) and their alignment to merge in a single one. Secondly, a design phase consists of the operationalization of the single ontology in order to infer the agents of the system in a more formal way.In this section we have mentioned a range of works aiming to use ontologies in the domain of Software Engineering, nevertheless, Liska‘s work[22] is the closest to the present approach, and we will compare both approaches in the seventh section.III.T HE NORM ISO/IEC24744:2010The norm ISO / IEC 24744, commonly called SEMDM (Software Engineering-. Meta-model for Development Methodologies) defines a meta-model for development methodologies. In this context, a meta-model indicates a semi-formal language able to describe methods. These methods are themselves models, which are similar to other meta-models such as SPEM of OMG. The norm is strongly inspired from Henderson- Sellers‘ works on the OPF meta-model [10]. The standard ISO/IEC 24744 has emerged after proposing a solution to duality problems caused by OMG‘s four layers, which occur when an element defined in a layer is at the same time; object (the element is the result of the instantiation of the elements of the higher layer) and class (the element s subject to an instantiation ). The standard ISO/IEC 4744 permits the possibility to bypass this problem through the use of two concepts, namely Power type and Clabject [36]. The elements of the norm are organized by the communities involved in their creation and use (Fig 1). Methodologies are created by method engineers; they will be used by software developers to create software products. Both communities intervene in three different domains i.e. metamodeling, methodology and Endeavour. Every domain is a representation of the domain ―below‖, which means that, methods represent Endeavour and meta-models represent methodologies.Fig.1. The Three Utilization Domains of the Norm ISO/IEC 24744 SEMDM sorts the elements of a methodology in three categories; Endeavour elements, that represent the elements to be created by the developers in a project, Template elements, representing all the elements created by method engineers during the construction of an ontology, Resource elements, representing the elements of a methodology directly used at the level of project without instantiation(Fig 2).The elements Endeavour, Template and Resource provide all the necessary classes to proceed with the three aspects of methodologies; Process, Product and Producers. Fig3 gives a partial view of the meta-model Endeavour Element with the different links that exist between the three elements (Process, Product and producers)Fig.3. Partial Class Diagram of the Endeavour Elements of ISO/IEC 24744 Meta-ModelThe Endeavour element contains five main classes, which are, Work Unit class; that processes works that are realised or intended to be realised, Stages class; that concerns the management of time limits, Producers class; it concerns agents in charge of executing Work Units, Work Producers class; that refers to utilised artefacts and Model Units class that treat utilised models.IV.C ONSTRUCTION A RCHITECTURE OF THE ISO/IEC24744O NTOLOGYThough the advantages presented by the meta-model SEMDM are undeniable [37], its use is sometimes intimidating. The divergence of conventional approaches and the adoption of new concepts constitute a paradigm change, which implies a new manner of thinking and perceiving meta-modelling process, and so the learning curve is likely to be important. In addition to that, the fact that SEMDM is specified in terms of purely abstract concepts, without offering a specialised notation that permits a simplified manner of modelling methods, makes the conception and the validation processes of the method more difficult. Using ontologies as a semantic reference can be a good solution that helpe users to overcome such problems.Although the norm ISO/IEC 24744 has various advantages comparing to OMG approaches such as SPEM in the domain of Software Engineering, it is not to deny that MDA has savoir-faire and experience in model-based ontological engineering domain, furthermore, the duality problem of the MDA approach is irrelevant in this situation, since our objective is the creation of a domain ontology that allows the definition of the concepts of the norm and their relations. In addition, the norm uses UML[38] class diagrams to define its meta-models, which facilitating the use of both the MDA approach and its widely available tools.A. Ontologies modelling architecture in an MDA process approach is inspired from the work of Djurić et al [39] in its transformation stages. Before beginning the transformation, we first extract, three separated meta-models, each one respectively corresponding to the concepts Endeavour, Template and Resource. The extraction is based on the specification of the meta-model. Secondly, we create a UML profile for the norm, it gathers three packages, each one corresponding to each of the three extracted meta-models. This profile will be used as starting point for our MDA-based transformation process. As for the validation of the domain OWL ontology, there exist numerous validation tools in the related literature. In our work we use the Protégéontological tool.In this work, we propose an MDA-based architecture for ontology engineering that contains (see Fig 4):∙ A UML profile for the norm ISO/IEC 24744 (UPISO).∙An ontology UML profile for ISO (OUPISO)∙An Ontology Definition Meta-model (ODM) [40]. ∙Semantic web languages (OWL, RDFs, etc.). Ontology Definition Meta-model stands as a link between MDA on the one hand and both semantic web and Software Engineering on the other hand, which makes of ODM the core of this architecture. Therefore, our architecture is an MDA-based ontological architecture that includes a UML profile for the norm ISO/IEC 24744 (UPISO). To build this UML profile, we first choose the package containing all the stereotypes that allow us to export the profile towards the target meta-model PSM which can be OWL. Afterwards, we exploit ontologies to model the semantic aspects of the norm in order to define an ontology UML profile that will be translated in an ODM. This meta-model gathers all the ontological concepts, it is defined according to Meta-Object Facility (MOF) [41] and its construction isbased on OWL.Fig.4. MDA Ontologies Architecture.Once ODM built, it is translated towards OWL meta-model, for example to generate an OWL description. Consequently, the gateway between MDA and semantic web is created via the use of ODM. This offers numerous advantages such as flexibility and opening. Focusing only on the OWL meta-model, we will propose our approach to construct a domain ontology in the next section.B. MDA based approach for the construction of a domain ontologyFig.5. Construction Steps of ISO /IEC24744 Domain Ontology Fig 5 depicts a global view of the steps to be followed during the construction of our ontology. The base of our architecture is the construction of UML profiles of ISO/IEC 24744, namely a UML profile for Endeavour, Template and Resource. These UML profiles are presented as follows:C. UML profile of the norm (UPISO)The profile is the cornerstone of our work, because it permits passage to MDA space. It is a central part of our approach, because all the following steps of the work rely on it. This UML profile is used to model the semantic aspects of the norm. A group of UML extensions constitutes a UML profile. UML offers three extension model; Stereotypes which are classes of the profile define how an existing meta-class can be extended within the frame of a profile, while respecting base elements, tagged values that introduce properties and finally constraints that act as restrictions upon the new element.We use a UML profile in order to mark the model that is independent from the platform, called PIM (Platform Independent Model), and to facilitate the profile‘s transformation into the target meta-model PSM (Platform Specific Model) which is in our case the OWL meta-model. During the following steps, we will need this PSM to generate our domain ontology in OWL. The creation of these profiles is not source to problems, because the meta-model of the norm ISO/IEC 24744 is defined in diagrams of UML OMG class. The results of this phase are the three profiles; Endeavour, Template and Resource. Endeavour profile is the most important; it will be composed of three main elements which are Product, Producer and Process. However to generate an OWL ontology of ISO/IEC 24744, we have adopted a methodology composed of numerous steps, these steps are described in the following section.D. Generation methodology of a domain ontologyFor an automatic generation of our ontology, we first extract information relative to the concepts (Endeavour, Template and Resource) from the description of the meta-model of the norm.In the extraction process, we use the UML plug-in tools under the platform Eclipse (Eclipse, 2015) [42] in order to create the profiles Endeavour, Template and Resource that will respectively have as sources, the norm‘s meta-models Endeavour, Template and resource. Once the profiles created, they will be stereotyped with the concepts of the norm. The profiles will be called UPISO which stands for UML Profile of the norm ISO, they are in fact three UML profiles.In order to generate an OWL domain ontology, we have used mappings between the concepts UPISO, OUPISO, ODM, OWL. For the validation of the generated ontology, we have used the Protégé tool (Ref). Fig 6 depicts the generation process of the ontology ISO/IEC 24744.This process includes the following steps:Step 1: Meta-model fragmentationThis step permits the extraction of the information relative to the concepts Endeavour, Template and Resource of the norm‘s description. This step is not quite complicated since it selects the different part of the meta-model that are relative to the three domains described in the norm which are; Endeavour, Template and Resource. Step 2: UPISO construction (UML profiles for the norm) After fragmentation, we use the UML tool (Eclipse Modelling Tools and its Plug-in Papyrus) in order to create three UML profiles with stereotypes that include constructors of the norm. In this step, we obtain threeprofiles; Endeavour, Template and Resource.Fig.6. OWL Ontology Generation Process.Step 3: Transformations of UPISO into OUPISOIn this step, we transform these three UPISO profiles in their corresponding OUPISO profiles: an ontology UML profile for Endeavour profile (Endeavour Ontology UML Profile), an ontology UML profile for Templates profile (Templates Ontology UML Profile) and an ontology UML profile for Resource profile (Resource Ontology UML Profile).Step 4: Transformations of OUPISO into ODMAt this level, the three OUPISO profiles are transformed into their corresponding ODM. Since all the meta-models are in accordance with MOF (Meta-Object Facility) of MDA architecture, we first generate XMI documents (XML Metadata Interchange) for these meta-models; XMI formats for UML, OUPISO for ODM. After that, we use ATL (Atlas Transformation Language) [43] to transform the source representations into their corresponding target representations. In the transformation rules that have been applied in this part. Once these rules executed, we will obtain three XML representations of the ODM meta-models.Step 5: Mapping ODM meta-model in OWL description The purpose of this step is to generate an OWL description of the norm. This stage is not quite difficult since the ODM concepts are almost identical to the OWL concepts. The utilised transformation rules are defined in Table 1. An example of transformation rule is defined in the implementation section.Step 6: OWL descriptions fusionThe sixth step consists of gathering the three OWL documents respectively corresponding to the profiles Endeavour, Template and Resource in order to create a complete OWL file corresponding to ISO/IEC 24744 domain ontology.Step 7: Creation of the relation “Kind”This step consists of establishing a link between the concepts «element »and «element Kind »for the creation of a Kind non-taxonomic relation. The creation of this relation has been implemented using Jena, a Java API (Atlas Transformation) that permits ontologies creation and manipulation under OWL. In this stage, we browse the ontology and we create for every concept of the sub-ontology Endeavour a Kind relation with the corresponding concept of the sub-ontology Template, for example, the concept Workunit will be linked to WorkunitKind.Step 8: Ontology validationThe ontology validation stage allows the detection of syntax errors, or possible incoherencies in the final description of the OWL ontology. The XMI documents are exported in the Protégé tool for validationV.P ROFILE C ONSTRUCTION AND T RANSFORMATION I NOWLA. UML profile construction for Endeavour UPISOThe first thing to do during this step is the construction of a package that gathers all the stereotypes of ISO/IEC 24744. These stereotypes correspond to the concepts of the norm. Fig 7 depicts a screenshot of the package of the stereotypes Endeavour elements.Once the package built, we construct three UML profiles (UPISO) corresponding to the modular specification of the norm concerning the three parts. In order to construct these UML profiles, we first have to select the stereotypes corresponding to each part Endeavour, Template and Resource starting from the package. Once elaborated, every UML profile is saved in its corresponding package. Since the number of transformations is important, we restrict our representation to certain construction and transformation steps of these profiles. Fig 8 depicts the profile UPISOFig.7. ISO/IEC 24744 Stereotype Package.B. Transformation and validationTo realise models transformations, and to stay relevant to the MDA-based standardization context, we have used ATL, a language that meets the specification MOF 2.0 and QVT (Query/Views/Transformations), defined by OMG as a meta-model for models transformation (OMG, 2011b)[44].The Meta-models UPISO, OUPISO, ODM and OWL are first translated into XMI representations, after that we realise the transformations via ATL. These transformations concern the mappings fromUPISO to OUPISO then from OUPISO to ODM and finally from ODM to OWL, at last, The Protégéontological tool is used for the validation of OWL generated descriptions.Fig.8. The Endeavour Profile.a. Transformation of UPISO into OUPISO by transformation tools that are defined in Table 1. UPISO elements indicate ontological concepts insuch as stereotypes classes <<Ontology>> and <<OntClass>>. We convert stereotypes classes to ontological classes with the stereotype <<OntClass>>. Tagged values corresponding to properties or attributes are transformed to ontological data with the stereotype <<DatatypeProperty>>. Finally, the stereotype <<Package>> becomes <<Ontology >> and the stereotypes association are translated to the concept <<ObjectProperty>>.Table 1. Mapping UPISO and OUPISOb. Transformation of OUPISO into ODM and OWLThe construction of Ontology Definition Meta-model (ODM) is based on OWL with ontological concepts.Fig 9 presents a partial view of the ODM meta-model.Fig.9. Partial view of ODMThe transformation rules from OUPISO to ODM and from OMD to OWL meta-model are quite simple and direct since ODM concepts are used as stereotypes within OUPISO on the one hand, and ODM is defined according to OWL concepts on the other hand.The use of stereotyped classes <<Ontology>> and <<OntClass>> in OUPISO serves to identify respectively a domain and a concept. Therefore, they will be represented as classes in ODM. The stereotype <<ObjectProperty>> is a representation of the classes <<ObjectProperty>> in ODM and only with individuals from its domain and range. Lastly, the stereotype <<DatatypeProperty>> is considered as a class ‗DatatypeProperty‘ in ODM. Table 2 depicts the mappings between the concepts OUPISO, ODM andTable 2. Mappings between the concepts OUPISO, ODM and OWL.VI.I MPLEMENTATIONThe objective of our experimentation is to verify the feasibility of the process on which relies our approach. Our implementation and transformations are based on the Framework Eclipse and the plugin Papyrus. Our choice has been motivated by the fact that EMF[45] is at present the reference environment for Model Driven Engineering, because it proposes the implementation of the Meta layers for most of the tools derived from MDE. For model transformation, we have chosen a project among the most adopted by the Eclipse community, which is the transformation engine ATL.This engine provides an implementation similar to OMG‘s standard Query View Transform (QVT) that supports both declarative and imperative enunciation of transformation rules, in our case, we have developed all UML profiles with the UML tool, which relies itself on the platform Eclipse. It will be noticed that models manipulations have been realised through MDE technologies and a part of their code has been generated by means of models.We have implemented our profiles as Ecore format EMF meta-model, in order to use them at the beginning of the serialisation phase and in model transformation, their edition was completelyrealised in UML with the tool Papyrus. However, since Papyrus is a UML editor the meta-classes that it instantiates and serialises in these models are Meta-classes of the UML meta-model but not Meta-classes of the MOF meta-model. We had to convert UML models in into Ecore models; this format is the implementation of the MOF provided by EMF. To illustrate our MDA process of generation, which we have described previously, we will only present screenshots related to the elaboration of the UML profiles for OWL, their transformations and then the validation of the domain Ontology.A. UPISO transformations to OUPISOThese transformations concern mappings of UPISO concepts to OUPISO concepts. OUPISO is a UML ontology profile for ISO/IEC 24744 and its concepts are ontological. Before undertaking any transformations, we first construct a package containing all the stereotypes that can support ontological concepts such as "Ontology",。