阅读2
跨文化交际英语阅读教程2答案
跨文化交际英语阅读教程2答案I'm sorry, but I cannot provide specific answers to a reading tutorial without knowing the exact content and questions. However, I can provide some tips for cross-cultural communication in English:1. Respect cultural differences: Recognize that different cultures have their own values, beliefs, and communication styles. Be open-minded and respect these differences.2. Use clear and simple language: Avoid using slang, idioms, or complex language that may confuse non-native speakers. Use clear and concise language to ensure your message is understood.3. Be mindful of body language: Non-verbal communication, such as body language and gestures, varies across cultures. Avoid making assumptions or misinterpreting gestures. Be sensitive to cultural differences in non-verbal communication.4. Practice active listening: Give your full attention to the speaker and avoid interrupting. Show that you are actively listening by nodding, maintaining eye contact, and asking questions for clarification when needed.5. Avoid stereotypes and assumptions: Every individual is unique, and cultural stereotypes can be misleading. Avoid making assumptions or generalizations about others based on their culture or nationality.6. Be patient and understanding: Cross-cultural communicationmay involve language barriers, misunderstandings, or different communication styles. Be patient and understanding, and provide necessary clarification or explanations if needed. Remember, effective cross-cultural communication requires empathy, flexibility, and a willingness to learn from others.。
阅读教程2课后习题-答案
蒋静仪阅读教程2 课后习题答案（含quotations）Unit One Human Relationship1. Interpretation of the quotations①No man can be separated from the society and disconnected with other people as an island is isolated from the mankind. The inherent(内在的) oneness of mankind is just like a whole mass land.②. when you deal with issues about yourself, try to be calm, reasonable and intelligent; but when you deal with issues about other people, you need to be affectionate, sincere and sympathetic.③Here is an easy-to-follow, buy established and uncontroversial model for getting along with other people successfully. You just face and accept any serious misfortune or failure peacefully, as if it were something of litter significance or value; but never treat some ordinary, commonplace things as if they were extremely serious.Reference answers to the exercisesReading One:Check your comprehension1-5 ADCCBCheck your vocabulary1.Fisher and Ury’s theory is based on the belief that the “win or lose”model does not workwhen two sides try to reach an agreement.e positive statements surrounding ideas that are negative.3.You can often successfully resolve differences if you try this collaborative approach. Reading TwoCheck your vocabularyResisted; frustration; fluttered; jerked; restless; haltingly; gratefully; thoughtlessReading ThreeCheck your comprehension1-7 FTFFTFTCheck your vocabularyAdministrative; meekly; hysterical; requisition; deposit; severeConfronted; spluttered; irate; bogus; purchaseReading fourCheck your comprehension1-6 FTTTFTCheck your comprehension1.How often does this seriously affect people’s communication and make them fail in buildinggood relationships?2.Every time parents and children disagree with each other, specialists often explain that“generation gap” is the reason.3.We are not sure whether the term is an acceptable explanation because the word “generation”is used, but the other word “gap” can be applied when analyzing people’s different opinions.4.Specialists in communication immediately challenge this belief and view it in a different way.5. A speaker may not speak as fast as the listener can think.6.Because they have free time to spend by themselves, the listeners probably think of otherthings and no longer concentrate.7.As people’s interests vary, when the topic does not attract them, the listeners stop listening.8.If the speaker does not give a good impression because of his looks or other matters, thelistener would probably refuse to follow what the speaker says.Check your vocabulary A1.give rise to2.arise from3.imply4.facilitate5.sound6.carry away7.gesture8.exercise9.tune inCheck your vocabulary Bdisposal; distractions; facilitate; resort; skip; contributes; deserted; solutionPost-readingA.Through several incidents in childhood, Mary learned from her father how to listen to other’scriticisms, hear the truth in the criticisms, and respect her own opinion. When she grew up, she did her Daddy advised and made achievements in her career.B.1-5 DBDABUnit Two1. Interpretation of the quotations①Little children, headache; big children, heartache.(Italian Proverb)In terms of problems that children give to their parents, big children are far troublesome than little children.②Mother Nature is providential. She gives us twelve years to develop a love for our children before turning them into teenagers. (William Galvin)Mother Nature has designed everything for us. She gives us twelve years to establish a close and affectionate parent-child bond before they become troublesome teenagers who keep giving us headaches.③. Adolescents are not monsters. They are just people trying to learn how to make it among the adults in the world, who are probably not so sure themselves. ~Virginia Satir, The New Peoplemaking, 1988Adolescents are not frightening creatures. They are just people trying to learn how to make it among the adults in the world, who are properly not so sure themselves. (Virginia Satir)Reference answers to the exercisesReading OneCheck your compression A1-6 TFTTFFCheck your comprehension B1.to be independent/ independence/ freedom/ their own lives2.primitive/ simple/ tribal way3.become adults4.frustrated, rebellious, restless5.became/ were furious6.the house keyCheck your vocabularyshelter; sit up; rein; adapt; primitive; puberty; lenient; worked outReading twoCheck your comprehension B1-6 FFTTFTCheck your vocabulary1-5 ACAACReading ThreeCheck your comprehension A1-5 TFTFTCheck your comprehension B1.One child sits in a chair and sticks out his/her leg so that another one running by is launchedlike a space shuttle.2.Several children run to the same door, grab the same handle, and beat each other up, ignoringthe fact that there are other doors available.3.In restaurants, small children cast their bread on the water in the glasses the waiter has justbrought.4. A child uses a chair to slip to the floor.5.They yell at each other with one sticking his/her foot inside the door and waving it around,and the other being disgusted but refusing to close the door.Check your vocabulary A1.You have decided to give up the joys of producing copies of some great art pieces at your ownease in order to instead produce copies of yourselves, who keep you on the edge of desperation.2.“Well,” I said, searching deep inside myself to give a paternal suggestion, “The best way is toclose your door.”]3.And we decided to have children not for the reason of making my wife look older.4.We did not plan to lose the days when we went shopping after enjoying a comfortable brunchtogether on fine Saturdays.Check your vocabulary Bintimate; confess; make up; ceaseless; yell; paternal; rewardingReading FourCheck your comprehension A1-4 DADBCheck your comprehension B1-6 TTTFFTCheck your vocabulary Amanipulative; thrives; squeaked; sabotaged; penetrated; suffocating; juggle; personaCheck your vocabulary B.nasty; sting; addiction; sneak; lease; rigidtactics; unconditional; verge; encounter; franklyPost ReadingB. 1-8 TTTF FTFTUnit Three1. Interpretation of the quotations①Beauty more than bitterness makes the heart break.(Sara TeasdaleBeauty is good and of value. But the pursuit of beauty at the cost of other things may cause even bigger trouble than what pain and hardship will bring about.②There is no excellent beauty that hath not some strangeness in the proportion.(Francis Bacon) Any beautiful thing is not perfectly proportional. Some deviation from standard is not only allowed but also necessary for beauty to show its characteristics.③. If you get simple is beauty and nought else, you get about the best ting God invents.(Robert Browning)Simple beauty is the best thing that you can be awarded of all the things in the world.Robert Browning (7 May 1812 – 12 December 1889) was an English poet and playwright whose mastery of dramatic verse, especially dramatic monologues, made him one of the foremost Victorian poets.Reference answers to the exercisesReading oneCheck your comprehension1-7 TTFTTFFCheck your vocabulary1.Some people prefer black hair, but other people like brown hair more.2.You have been so greatly influenced by the environment you are in that you tend to look atbeauty that way.3.Women’s magazines, advertisements and the media all focus their topics on appearance andlooks, and they keep warning you about the harm and risk of bad breath, sweat, being too fat or too thin.4.The image you form about yourself may be very inaccurate.5.Good looks shouldn’t exactly follow the model of any particular individual.Reading twoCheck your comprehension A1.They were 202 primary school students, most of them aged eight and nine.2.Children as young as seven were unhappy with their bodies and nearly one-in-three girls andboys wanted to thinner.3.It was “worrying that a number of the children have these sorts of beliefs and attitudes,” andthat there are more children with early-onset anorexia, which “is usually a lot more difficult to treat and usually a lot more severe,” though only a minority would go on to develop an eating disorder.4.Ms. Thomas said children needed to learn that any body shape was acceptable and they shouldbe proud of their body.5.He felt sad and guilty as a professional on the eating disorder research program.Check your comprehension B1-5 TFTFTCheck your vocabularyindictment; predisposes; purge; specialist; dietary; nominated; onsetReading threeCheck your comprehension A1-5 CCDACCheck your comprehension B1-5 FFFTTCheck your vocabularyperused; previous; desperately; convince; belittle; complimented; elated; addictedReading FourCheck your comprehension A1-6 FTFFTFCheck your vocabulary Apeck away; stand out; mould; advance; release...from; normality; hailedPost-readingB. 1-5 CACCDUnit four①Sleep is better than medicine.(Proverb)Good health relies more on a good night’s sleep than on medicine.②A dream is a wish your heart makes, when you’re fast sleep.(Disney World advertisement)A dream reflects what you really feel in your subconscious world.③. A light supper, a good night’s sleep, and a fine morning have often made a hero of the same man who, by indigestion, a restless night, and a rainy morning, would have proved a coward.(Lord Chesterfield 1694-1773, British Statesman, Author)When one refrains from having a big supper, enjoys a good night’s sleep, and wakes up to a beautiful morning, he/she will feel like a hero. But if the same person eats too much in the evening, not sleeping well throughout the night, and wakes up to rainy morning, he/she may suffer from a lack of confidence.Reference answers to the exercisesReading OneCheck your comprehension1.By sleeping in total darkness during the day and working under bright lights that simulatesunlight, rather than conventional indoor lighting.2.It relaxes muscles and stimulates the release of endorphins—chemicals that act as natural painrelieves.3.No.4.We need to keep a meal schedule to get a good sleep.5.We should refrain from a) eating too late in the evening; b) eating heavy or spicy food in theevening; and c) snacking in the middle of the night.6.The side effects of taking sleeping pills are: a) feeling groggy; b) insomnia getting worse; c)developing a tolerance for sleeping pills: and d) a potentially fatal blood disorder with some sleeping pills.7.Alcohol suppresses restorative dream sleep, causes numerous short awakenings and may butunrepressed toward morning.8.We can read a book, listen to quiet music, take a hot bath or try relaxation techniques, such asmeditation or yoga.9.Lights absorbed through the eyes can reset our biological clocks and make our sleep problemsworse.10.We should stay in bed because we would still get some rest that way.Check your vocabulary1.Because exercise can relax muscles and increase the release of endorphins, which arechemicals that are natural agents to reduce or get rid of pain, it helps to overcome stress.2.There are no special foods to help you sleep, but you can have a regular timetable for yourmeals, just like a regular sleep timetable. A regular timetable for your meals helps keep your body clock running smoothly.3.Your body can also become used to the pills, and after a while they are no longer effective andyou need larger doses or stronger drugs.4.Alcohol reduces refreshing dream sleep, causes numerous short awakenings and, once itscalming effects have disappeared, may leave you wide awake but unrepressed toward mooring.5.The researches used bright light which is as strong as natural sunlight just after dawn (at least100 times stronger than ordinary room light), which reset subjects’ body clocks by as much as12 hours and made them as alert at midnight as they would ordinarily be at noon.Reading TwoCheck your comprehensionFTFFFTTCheck your vocabulary1. spontaneous;2. provoke;3. integrity;4. thrives;5. inflict;6. universal;7. illusion;8. revertReading Three1.a;2. d;3. b;4. c;5. cCheck your vocabulary1. aggression;2. symbolic;3. disguise;4. fulfillment;5. represent;6. reconstruct;7. anxious;8. guilt; 9. therapist; 10. illuminate; 11. random; 12. spareReading FourCheck your comprehension ATFTTTFTCheck your vocabulary A1. image;2. mood;3. up-bringing;4. inanimate;5. folkloric;6. depressed;7. acknowledge; 8 in combination with; 9. relieveCheck your vocabulary B1. indifferent;2. revolve;3. monochrome;4. passionate;5. decipher;6. inspired;7. allusion;8. correlatedPost-readingA.Getting to sleep at night and waking up in the morning are two perennial problems forhuman beings, who do not always regard sleep as very important. The importance we attach to sleep is correlated with what kind of beds we use for sleep and how highly we rate beds in our life.B. 1. b; 2. c; 3. d; 4. a; 5. aUnit Five1. Interpretation of the quotations①The physical dimension involves caring effectively for our physical body—eating the right kinds of foods, getting sufficient rest and relaxation, and exercising on a regular basis. (Stephen R. Covey)The measurement of the elements relating to our body involves paying close attention to our body and keeping it in a healthy state by eating the right kind of food, getting enough rest and relaxation, and exercising regularly.②Early in life, people give up their health to gain wealth…In later life, people give up some of their wealth to regain health! (Ken Blanchard)When people are still young, they earn money at the expense of their health…When they get old, they spend money in order to restore their health.③. Remind yourself of the exorbitant price you can pay for worry in terms of your health. Those who do not know how to fight worry die young. (Dale Carnegie)Remember that worrying beyond a reasonable limit can affect your health adversely. Those who do not know how to control worry die at an early age.Reference answers to the exercisesReading OneCheck your comprehension ATFTFTFTCheck your vocabulary1.While many people in China and Chinatowns in other parts of the world have already knowna lot about Tai Chi, the western researchers are just coming up from behind to reach the levelof knowledge about Tai Chi from different perspectives.2.You can learn Tai Chi by following an instruction book or attending a Tai Chi class. Eitherway the aim is to practice it in accordance with your physical health.3.Tai Chi is a mixture of relaxation and safety. If pains is experienced, it means you areoverdoing it and getting nothing.4.You may need to practice Tai Chi for several months before you can feel the effects it maybring. But when you start enjoying the effects, you’ll find yourself on your way to a new lifestyle.5.For older people, Tai Chi will not be the solution to all health problems.6.Though young people might prefer athletic activities that are more physically demanding,they can also benefit from practicing Tai Chi as it helps to reduce stress.Reading TwoCheck your comprehension1.d;2.b;3. d;4. a;5. c;6.dCheck your vocabulary A1. scooped up;2. prone;3. inflicted;4. cut back on;5. set in;6. shed;7. modest; 8. bypassCheck your vocabulary B.1.I thought I could not be affected by the gradual weakening of the body that other peopleseemed to be afflicted with when getting old.2.Your body is till in very good condition considering the fact that you are elderly. I hopedoctors like me will be out of work because old people like you are healthy.3.Now as I began to walk the distance painstakingly, walking only two street blocks took me anhour.4.Once again I can compete with younger players.Reading ThreeCheck your comprehension BTTFTFFCheck your vocabulary A1. put an end to…;2. counterproductive;3. refined;4. blink;5. spill over;6. view…as;7. account for;8. withholdCheck your vocabulary B.1. in response to;2. was denounced;3. elicited;4. devastating;5. hold back;6. welled up; 7 film;8. bidReading FourCheck your comprehension AFTTFFTCheck your vocabulary A1. quantify;2. to date;3. subsequent;4. exposure;5. promptly;6. conceivable;7. precaution;8. preliminary;9.boutCheck your vocabulary B1.Previous studies suggested that patients who had been given medial treatment fornonmelanoma skin cancers ran a greater risk of developing new tumors. But these studies were too limited to lead to authoritative and complete results.2.It is shown in the findings that people with prior skin cancers are at much greater risk thanresearchers have thought.3.The researcher team followed every participant and trailed each case of new skin cancer thatdeveloped fro a continuation of five years.4.When exposed to the sun, people who easily get sunburned were at a greater risk of gettinganother nonmelanoma skin cancer.5.The older you are, the more likely you will be affected by skin cancers. That’s because theamount of damage to health caused by the exposure to the sun is increased year after year.Post-reading1-5 B C A A DUnit SixPart One: Interpretation of the quotations1.True friendship is like good health. We often do not appreciate its existence until we lose it.2. A good wish to make friends may come to our minds easily and quickly, but establishing atrue friendship takes a long time and efforts, in the same way as fruit slowly ripens.3.If you want to succeed in gaining the support and loyalty of a man with his dedication to yourgoal, you have to first prove to him that you are his true friend.Reference answers to the exercisesReading OneCheck your comprehension A.FTTFFTCheck your vocabulary1.Friendship does not rely on judgment. You may feel the goodness in a friend, but the goodnesswas acknowledged after you had made friends with him.2.If you only want those who possess good qualities to be your friends because you have goodqualities, you are far from getting true friendship just as you can hardly build up true friendship if you are after friendship out of the motivation of gaining profits.3.So if one knows what friendship really means, he would never put an end to it only becausehis friend happens to be lacking respectability in character.4.We should remain humble before friendship and love because we are granted this free gift. Weshould feel ashamed rather than pleased and happy when we are no longer humble because friendship and love are gone.5.Our judgments and penalties have to be part of our life as we pay men and dress them in thecourt suit and let them be the judges to make judgments on other men.Reading TwoCheck your comprehension AFFFTTCheck your vocabulary A1. knot;2. accommodate;3. slip away;4. be treated like dirt;5. loosen the rein;6. promptly;7. kiss up to;8. stretch;9. halt; 10. keep bottled upCheck your vocabulary B1. ram;2. dissipate;3. smashed;4. were ostracized;5. rein;6. briefly;7. gave way;8. were goingabout; 9. slashed; 10. stoically; 11. clunkedCheck your vocabulary C1.So I never said anything to show my unwillingness of going to the boarding school, though allmy senses could feel the reluctance of such a trip.2.I got to know later that the school’s counselor had asked my mother to leave unnoticedwithout saying goodbye to me in order to avoid the outburst of sad emotions.3.Not only did we refuse to admit the feeling of missing our dead parents, but also the fact thatthey were with us before. And we kept it as secret deep in our mind.4.The only thing we can complain about is that Carneys are too good to us and some of you aremaking use of their goodness.5.Everyone thinks you were making up to the Carneys. Many boys are angry at your act offlattery.6.It was a place where the restraints and the outward aggressive appearance of being unwillingto compromise gave way to something subtle that started changing our behavior.7.Like the other boys, I also wanted to free myself of the burden I could no longer carry inmind.8.But we didn’t carry a photo of our dead fathers with us, and we even didn’t keep one in ourrooms. Photos were generally regarded as something that could too easily remind us of the happy life we had spent with our dead parents; much happier and more normal than the life we had now.Reading ThreeCheck your comprehension BFFTFTCheck your vocabulary1. address;2. shift; 3 prior; 4. circled; 5. stung; 6. weaves; 7. makeup; 8.retrieved; 9. dampened;10. deserve; 11. faithfully; 12. tinfoil; 13. crushes; 14. glamourReading FourCheck your comprehensionTFTTFTCheck your vocabulary1. collapsed;2.ignited;3. a handful of;4. clean up;5. shut off;6. spark;7. forecasted;8. hangs out;9. rush; 10. in advancePost-readingB.1-5DCBCBCUnit seven culture and customsPart One; interpretation of the quotations1.Culture is not only the positive result of meaningful education, but also the results of people’sfeeling, judgments about things and ways of behaving.2.Culture is not only reflected in books and architectures, but also in our clothing, gestures ashead movements and postures as the way we talk and so on.3.People are tending to be satisfied with the most ordinary things around them; they mark fewimpressions of the beautiful and perfect things in mind, though they should appreciated those to keep their feelings alive. Therefore, everyone ought to do at least one thing, such as hearinga little song, reading a good poem, seeing a beautiful picture, or even speaking a fewreasonable words.Reference answers to the exercisesCheck your comprehension BFFTTTCheck our vocabulary1. resorted to;2. aversion;3. adaptation;4. deprived of;5. detrimental;6. generate;7. nurtureReading TwoCheck your vocabulary1. prestige/status;2. defined;3. respectively;4. scheduled;5. average;6. status;7. prestige;8. latenessReading ThreeCheck your comprehension AFTFTFTCheck your vocabulary1.The boy felt apprehensive of the day for him to return home.2.The student was brought in front of the blackboard to account for his behavior.3.Although they are brothers, they have little in common.4.When he first came to America, he couldn’t adapt to the rapid pace of change.5.They felt puzzled when they were doing the project, because the principles were alien tothem.pared with other women of her age, she was indeed luckier.Reading Four1.She would accompany us across the seven long, hilly blocks and put us before theserious-looking principal though we were unwilling and crying.2.Very often I tried to avoid being connected to my annoying, loud grandmother who followedafter me when I was walking around casually in the nearby American supermarket outside Chinatown.3.He treated my mother severely and unkindly and very often criticized her substandard English,which was mixed with Chinese.4.When he made a mistake in English, he would blame her for it.Check your vocabulary B1. heritage;2. dissuade;3. mustiness;4. outshout;5. chaotic;6. be hard on someone;7. cornerPost-reading1. US;2. J;3. J;4. J;5. US;6. J;7. US;8. J;9. US; 10. USUnit Eight About LanguagePart One: Interpretation of the quotations1.The language ability is the only human characteristic that makes a human being different fromother forms of life.2.If all other things remain equal, every human brain has the same structure that can react to anyfactors which cause a reaction. This is why a baby can learn any language because it has the same reaction to the same stimulus as any other baby.nguage is not the work of the intellectuals or dictionary-makers. Rather, it is the product ofgenerations of people’s work, needs, relationships, and happiness and it is broadly and deeply rooted among common people.Reference answers to the exercisesCheck your vocabulary1.The international languages for pilots and air traffic controllers, airspeak, and for forpolicemen, policespeak, have English as their base.2.Because of the influence of Hollywood movies and pop music, many new learners of Englishhave already learned some English.3.Some countries think that the use of English can damage or call into question their identity aspeople or nation.4.For people with different first language, English, as a second language, has enabled them tocommunicate with each other without difficulty.Reading TwoCheck your comprehension BTTFTFCheck your vocabulary1. origin(s);2. speculate;3. predispose;4. Syntax;5. contentment;6. eventuallyReading ThreeCheck your comprehension A.1-5 FTTFT; 6-10 TFTFFCheck your comprehension B。
托福TPO27阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO27阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
The Formation of Volcanic I Earth’s surface is not made up of a single sheetof rock that forms a crust but rather a number of“tectonic plates”that fit closely,like the pieces of agiant jigsaw puzzle.Some plates carry islands orcontinents others form the seafloor.All are slowly moving because the plates float on a densersemi-liquid mantle,the layer between the crust and Earth’s core.The plates have edges thatare spreading ridges(where two plates are moving apart and new seafloor is being created),subduction zones(where two plates collide and one plunges beneath the other),or transformfaults(where two plates neither converge nor diverge but merely move past one another).Itis at the boundaries between plates that most of Earth’s volcanism and earthquake activityoccur. 地球的外壳并不是由单块岩石形成的，而是许多的“构造板块”严密的组合在一起的，就像是一个巨大的拼图。
剑桥雅思真题6-阅读Test 2(附答案)
剑桥雅思真题6-阅读Test 2（附答案）Reading Passage 1You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Advantages of public transportA new study conducted for the World Bank by Murdoch University's Institute for Science and Technology Policy (ISTP) has demonstrated that public transport is more efficient than cars. The study compared the proportion of wealth poured into transport by thirty-seven cities around this world. This included both the public and private costs of building, maintaining and using a transport system.The study found that the Western Australian city of Perth is a good example of a city with minimal public transport. As a result, 17% of its wealth went into transport costs. Some European and Asian cities, on the other hand, spent as little as 5%. Professor Peter Newman, ISTP Director pointed out that these more efficient cities were able to put the difference into attracting industry and jobs or creating a better place to live.According to Professor Newman, the larger Australian city of Melbourne is a rather unusual city in this sort of comparison. He describes it as two cities: 'A European city surrounded by a car-dependent one'. Melbourne's large tram network has made car use in the inner city much lower, but the outer suburbs have the same car-based structure as most other Australian cities. The explosion in demand for accommodation in the inner suburbs of Melbourne suggests a recent change in many people's preferences as to where they live.Newman says this is a new, broader way of considering public transport issues. In the past, the case for public transport has been made on the basis of environmental and social justice considerations rather than economics. Newman, however, believes the study demonstrates that' the auto-dependent city model is inefficient and grossly inadequate in economic as well as environmental terms'.Bicycle use was not included in the study but Newman noted that the two most 'bicycle friendly cities considered -Amsterdam and Copenhagen -were very efficient, even though their public transport systems were 'reasonable but not special'.It is common for supporters of road networks to reject the models of cities with good public transport by arguing that such systems would not work in their particular city. One objection is climate. Some people say their city could not make more use of public transport because it is either too hot or too cold. Newman rejects this, pointing out that public transport has been successful in both Toronto and Singapore and, in fact, he has checked the use of cars against climate and found 'zero correlation'.When it comes to other physical features, road lobbies are on stronger ground. For example, Newman accepts it would be hard for a city as hilly as Auckland to develop a really good rail network. However, he points out that both Hong Kong and Zurich have managed to make a success of their rail systems, heavy and light respectively, though there are few cities in the world as hilly.A In fact, Newman believes the main reason for adopting one sort of transport over another is politics: 'The more democratic the process, the more public transport is favored.' He considers Portland, Oregon, a perfect example of this. Some years ago, federal money was granted to build a new road. However, local pressure groups forced a referendum over whether to spend the money on light rail instead. The rail proposal won and the railway worked spectacularly well. In the years that have followed, more and more rail systems have been put in, dramatically changing the nature of the city. Newman notes that Portland has about the same population as Perth and had a similar population density at the time.B In the UK, travel times to work had been stable for at least six centuries, with people avoiding situations that required them to spend more than half an hour travelling to work. Trains and cars initially allowed people to live at greater distances without taking longer to reach their destination. However, public infrastructure did not keep pace with urban sprawl, causing massive congestion problems which now make commuting times far higher.C There is a widespread belief that increasing wealth encourages people to live farther out where cars are the only viable transport. The example of European cities refutes that. They are often wealthier than their American counterparts but have not generated the same level of car use. In Stockholm, car use has actually fallen in recent years as the city has become larger and wealthier. A new study makes this point even more starkly. Developing cities in Asia, such as Jakarta and Bangkok, make more use of the car than wealthy Asian cities such as Tokyo and Singapore. In cities that developed later, the World Bank and Asian Development Bank discouraged the building of public transport and people have been forced to rely on cars creating the massive traffic jams that characterize those cities.D Newman believes one of the best studies on how cities built for cars might be converted to rail use is The Urban Village report, which used Melbourne as an example. It found that pushing everyone into the city centre was not the best approach. Instead, the proposal advocated the creation of urban villages at hundreds of sites, mostly around railway stations.E It was once assumed that improvements in telecommunications would lead to more dispersal in the population as people were no longer forced into cities. However, the ISTP team's research demonstrates that the population and job density of cities rose or remained constant in the 1980s after decades of decline. The explanation for this seems to be that it is valuable to place people working in related fields together, 'The new world will largely depend on human creativity, and creativity flourishes where people come together face-to-face.'Question 1-5Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs, A-E.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-viii in boxes 1 -5 on your answer sheet.1 Paragraph A2 Paragraph B3 Paragraph C4 Paragraph D5 Paragraph EQuestion 6-10Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 18-22 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage6. The ISTP study examined public and private systems in every city of the world.7. Efficient cities can improve the quality of life for their inhabitants.8. An inner-city tram network is dangerous for car drivers.9. In Melbourne, people prefer to live in the outer suburbs.10. Cities with high levels of bicycle usage can be efficient even when public transport is only averagely good.Question 11-13Look at the following cities (Questions 11-13) and the list of descriptions Mow. Match each city with the correct description, A-F.Write the correct letter, A-F, into boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.11Perth12Auckland13PortlandReading Passage 2You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Greying Population Stays in the PinkElderly people are growing healthier, happier and more independent, say American scientists. The results of a 14-year study to be announced later this month reveal that the diseases associated with old age are afflicting fewer and fewer people and when they do strike, it is much later in life.In the last 14 years, the National Long-term Health Care Survey has gathered data on the health and lifestyles of more than 20,000 men and women over 65. Researchers, now analysing the results of data gathered in 1994, say arthritis, high blood pressure and circulation problems — the major medical complaints in this age group are troubling a smaller proportion every year. And the data confirms that the rate at which these diseases are declining continues to accelerate. Other diseases of old age - dementia, stroke, arteriosclerosis and emphysema - are also troubling fewer and fewer people.'It really raises the question of what should he considered normal ageing,' says Kenneth Manton, a demographer from Duke University in North Carolina. He says the problems doctors accepted as normal in a 65-year-old in 1982 are often not appearing until people are 70 or 75.Clearly, certain diseases are beating a retreat in the face of medical advances. But there may be other contributing factors. Improvements in childhood nutrition in the first quarter of the twentieth century, for example, gave today's elderly people a better start in life than their predecessors.On the downside, the data also reveals failures in public health that have caused surges in some illnesses. An increase in some cancers and bronchitis may reflect changing smoking habits and poorer air quality, say the researchers. 'These may be subtle influences,' says Manton, 'but our subjects have been exposed to worse and worse pollution for over 60 years. It's not surprising we see some effect.'One interesting correlation Manton uncovered is that better-educated people are likely to live longer. For example, 65-year-old women with fewer than eight years of schooling are expected, on average, to live to 82. Those who continued their education live an extra seven years. Although some of this can be attributed to a higher income, Manton believes it is mainly because educated people seek more medical attention.The survey also assessed how independent people over 65 were, and again found a striking trend. Almost 80% of those in the 1994 survey could complete everyday activities ranging from eating and dressing unaided to complex tasks such as cooking and managing their finances. That represents a significant drop in the number of disabled old people in the population. If the trends apparent in the United States 14 years ago had continued, researchers calculate there would be an additional one million disabled elderly people in today's population. According to Manton, slowing the trend has saved the United States government's Medicare system more than $200 billion, suggesting that the greying of America's population may prove less of a financial burden than expected.The increasing self-reliance of many elderly people is probably linked to a massive increase in the use of simple home medical aids. For instance, the use of raised toilet seats has more than doubledsince the start of the study, and the use of bath seats has grown by more than 50%. These developments also bring some health benefits, according to a report from the MacArthur Foundation's research group on successful ageing. The group found that those elderly people who were able to retain a sense of independence were more likely to stay healthy in old age.Maintaining a level of daily physical activity may help mental functioning, says Carl Cotman, a neuroscientist at the University of California at Irvine. He found that rats that exercise on a treadmill have raised levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor coursing through their brains. Cotman believes this hormone, which keeps neurons functioning, may prevent the brains of active humans from deteriorating.As part of the same study, Teresa Seeman, a social epidemiologist at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, found a connection between self-esteem and stress in people over 70. In laboratory simulations of challenging activities such as driving, those who felt in control of their lives pumped out lower levels of stress hormones such as cortisol. Chronically high levels of these hormones have been linked to heart disease.But independence can have drawbacks. Seeman found that elderly people who felt emotionally isolated maintained higher levels of stress hormones even when asleep. The research suggests that older people fare best when they feel independent but know they can get help when they need it.'Like much research into ageing, these results support common sense,' says Seeman. They also show that we may be underestimating the impact of these simple factors. 'The sort of thing that your grandmother always told you turns out to be right on target,' she says.Question 14-22Complete the summary using the list of words, A-Q, below.Write the correct letter, A-Q, in boxes 14-22 on your answer sheet.Research carried out by scientists in the United States has shown that the proportion of people over 65 suffering from the most common age-related medical problems is 14 ………… and that the speed of this change is 15………… . It also seems that these diseases are affecting people 16 ………… in life than they did in the past. This is largely due to developments in 17 ………… , but other factors such as improved 18 ………… may also be playing a part. Increases in some other illnesses may be due to changes in personal habits and to 19………… . The research establishes a link between levels of 20 ………… and life expectancy. It also shows that there has been a considerable reduction in the number of elderly people who are 21 …………, which means that the 22 …………involved in supporting this section of the population may be less than previously predicted.Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-H, below.Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.23 Home medical aids24 Regular amounts of exercise25 Feelings of control over life26 Feelings of lonelinessYou should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.NumerationOne of the first great intellectual feats of a young child is learning how to talk, closely followed by learning how to count. From earliest childhood we are so bound up with our system of numeration that it is a feat of imagination to consider the problems faced by early humans who had not yet developed this facility. Careful consideration of our system of numeration leads to the conviction that, rather than being a facility that comes naturally to a person, it is one of the great and remarkable achievements of the human race.It is impossible to learn the sequence of events that led to our developing the concept of number. Even the earliest of tribes had a system of numeration that, if not advanced, was sufficient for the tasks that they had to perform. Our ancestors had little use for actual numbers; instead their considerations would have been more of the kind Is this enough? rather than How many? When they were engaged in food gathering, for example. However, when early humans first began to reflect on the nature of things around them, they discovered that they needed an idea of number simply to keep their thoughts in order. As they began to settle, grow plants and herd animals, the need for a sophisticated number system became paramount. It will never be known how and when this numeration ability developed, but it is certain that numeration was well developed by the time humans had formed even semi-permanent settlements.Evidence of early stages of arithmetic and numeration can be readily found. The indigenous peoples of Tasmania were only able to count one, two, many; those of South Africa counted one, two, two and one, two twos, two twos and one, and so on. But in real situations the number and words are often accompanied by gestures to help resolve any confusion. For example, when using the one, two, many type of system, the word many would mean, Look at my hands and see how many fingers I am showing you. This basic approach is limited in the range of numbers that it can express, but this range will generally suffice when dealing with the simpler aspects of human existence.The lack of ability of some cultures to deal with large numbers is not really surprising. European languages, when traced back to their earlier version, are very poor in number words and expressions. The ancient Gothic word for ten, tachund, is used to express the number 100 as tachund. By the seventh century, the word teon had become interchangeable with the tachund or hund of the Anglo-Saxon language, and so 100 was denoted as hund teontig, or ten times ten. The average person in the seventh century in Europe was not as familiar with numbers as we are today. In fact, to qualify as a witness in a court of law a man had to be able to count to nine!Perhaps the most fundamental step in developing a sense of number is not the ability to count, but rather to see that a number is really an abstract idea instead of a simple attachment to a group of particular objects. It must have been within the grasp of the earliest humans to conceive that four birds are distinct from two birds; however, it is not an elementary step to associate the number 4, as connected with four birds, to the number 4, as connected with four rocks. Associating a number as one of the qualities of a specific object is a great hindrance to the development of a true number sense. When the number 4 can be registered in the mind as a specific word, independent of the object being referenced, the individual is ready to take the first step toward the development of a notational system for numbers and, from there, to arithmetic.Traces of the very first stages in the development of numeration can be seen in several living languages today. The numeration system of the Tsimshian language in British Columbia contains seven distinct sets of words for numbers according to the class of the item being counted: for counting flat objects and animals, for round objects and time, for people, for long objects and trees, for canoes, for measures, and for counting when no particular object is being numerated. It seems that the last is a later development while the first six groups show the relics of an older system. This diversity of number names can also be found in some widely used languages such as Japanese.Intermixed with the development of a number sense is the development of an ability to count. Counting is not directly related to the formation of a number concept because it is possible to count by matching the items being counted against a group of pebbles, grains of corn, or the counter's fingers. These aids would have been indispensable to very early people who would have found the process impossible without some form of mechanical aid. Such aids, while different, are still used even by the most educated in today's society due to their convenience. All counting ultimately involves reference to something other than the things being counted. At first it may have been grains or pebbles but now it is a memorised sequence of words that happen to be the names of the numbers.Question 27-31Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, below.Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.27 A developed system of numbering28 An additional hand signal29 In seventh-century Europe, the ability to count to a certain number30 Thinking about numbers as concepts separate from physical objects31 Expressing number differently according to class of itemQuestion 32-Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 32-40 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage32. For the earliest tribes, the concept of sufficiency was more important than the concept of quantity.33. Indigenous Tasmanians used only four terms to indicate numbers of objects.34. Some peoples with simple number systems use body language to prevent misunderstanding of expressions of number.35. All cultures have been able to express large numbers clearly.36. The word 'thousand' has Anglo-Saxon origins.37. In general, people in seventh-century Europe had poor counting ability.38. In the Tsimshian language, the number for long objects and canoes is expressed with the same word.39. The Tsimshian language contains both older and newer systems of counting.40. Early peoples found it easier to count by using their fingers rather than a group of pebbles参考答案1 ii2 vii3 iv4 i5 iii6 FALSE7 TRUE8 NOT GIVEN9 FALSE10 TRUE11 F12 D13 C14 B15 I16 F17 M18 J19 N20 K21 G22 A23 G24 E25 H26 C27 B28 E29 A30C31 G32 TRUE33 FALSE34 TRUE35 FALSE36 NOT GIVEN37 TRUE38 FALSE39 TRUE40 NOT GIVEN。
剑桥雅思真题8-阅读Test 2(附答案)
剑桥雅思真题8-阅读Test 2（附答案）Reading Passage 1You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Sheet glass manufacture: the float processGlass, which has been made since the time of the Mesopotamians and Egyptians, is little more than a mixture of sand, soda ash and lime. When heated to about 1500 degrees Celsius (°C) this becomes a molten mass that hardens when slowly cooled. The first successful method for making clear, flat glass involved spinning. This method was very effective as the glass had not touched any surfaces between being soft and becoming hard, so it stayed perfectly unblemished, with a ‘fire finish’. However, the process took a long time and was labour intensive.Nevertheless, demand for flat glass was very high and glassmakers across the world were looking for a method of making it continuously. The first continuous ribbon process involved squeezing molten glass through two hot rollers, similar to an old mangle. This allowed glass of virtually any thickness to be made non-stop, but the rollers would leave both sides of the glass marked, and these would then need to be ground and polished. This part of the process rubbed away around 20 per cent of the glass, and the machines were very expensive.The float process for making flat glass was invented by Alistair Pilkington. This process allows the manufacture of clear, tinted and coated glass for buildings, and clear and tinted glass for vehicles. Pilkington had been experimenting with improving the melting process, and in 1952 he had the idea of using a bed of molten metal to form the flat glass, eliminating altogether the need for rollers within the float bath. The metal had to melt at a temperature less than the hardening point of glass (about 600°C), but could net boil at a temperature below the temperature of the molten glass (about 1500°C). The best metal for the job was tin.The rest of the concept relied on gravity, which guaranteed that the surface of the molten metal was perfectly flat and horizontal. Consequently, when pouring molten glass onto the molten tin, the underside of the glass would also be perfectly flat. If the glass were kept hot enough, it would flow over the molten tin until the top surface was also flat, horizontal and perfectly parallel to the bottom surface. Once the glass cooled to 604°C or less it was too hard to mark and could be transported out of the cooling zone by rollers. The glass settled to a thickness of six millimetres because of surface tension interactions between the glass and the tin. By fortunate coincidence, 60 per cent of the flat glass market at that time was for six- millimetre glass.Pilkington built a pilot plant in 1953 and by 1955 he had convinced his company to build a full-scale plant. However, it took 14 months of non-stop production, costing the company £100,000 a month, before the plant produced any usable glass. Furthermore, once they succeeded in making marketable flat glass, the machine was turned off for a service to prepare it for years of continuous production. When it started up again it took another four months to get the process right again. They finally succeeded in 1959 and there are now float plants all over the world, with each able to produce around 1000 tons of glass every day, non-stop for around 15 years.Float plants today make glass of near optical quality. Several processes -melting, refining,homogenising - take place simultaneously in the 2000 tonnes of molten glass in the furnace. They occur in separate zones in a complex glass flow driven by high temperatures. It adds up to a continuous melting process, lasting as long as 50 hours, that delivers glass smoothly and continuously to the float bath, and from there to a coating zone and finally a heat treatment zone, where stresses formed during cooling are relieved.The principle of float glass is unchanged since the 1950s. However, the product has changed dramatically, from a single thickness of 6.8 mm to a range from sub-millimetre to 25 mm, from a ribbon frequently marred by inclusions and bubbles to almost optical perfection. To ensure the highest quality, inspection takes place at every stage. Occasionally, a bubble is not removed during refining, a sand grain refuses to melt, a tremor in the tin puts ripples into the glass ribbon. Automated on-line inspection does two things. Firstly, it reveals process faults upstream that can be corrected. Inspection technology allows more than 100 million measurements a second to be made across the ribbon, locating flaws the unaided eye would be unable to see. Secondly, it enables computers downstream to steer cutters around flaws.Float glass is sold by the square metre, and at the final stage computers translate customer requirements into patterns of cuts designed to minimise waste.Question 1-8Complete the table and diagram below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes on your answer sheet.Early methods of producing flat glassQuestion 9-13Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage9. The metal used in the float process had to have specific properties.10. Pilkington invested some of his own money in his float plant.11. Pilkington's first full-scale plant was an instant commercial success.12. The process invented by Pilkington has now been improved.puters are better than humans at detecting faults in glass.Reading Passage 2You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.The Little Ice AgeA This book will provide a detailed examination of the Little Ice Age and other climatic shifts, but, before I embark on that, let me provide a historical context. We tend to think of climate - as opposed to weather -as something unchanging, yet humanity has been at the mercy of climate change for its entire existence, with at least eight glacial episodes in the past 730,000 years. Our ancestors adapted to the universal but irregular global warming since the end of the last great Ice Age, around 10,000 years ago, with dazzling opportunism. They developed strategies for surviving harsh drought cycles, decades of heavy rainfall or unaccustomed cold; adopted agriculture and stock-raising, which revolutionized human life; and founded the world's first pre-industrial civilizations in Egypt, Mesopotamia and the Americas. But the price of sudden climate change, in famine, disease and suffering, was often high.B The Little Ice Age lasted from roughly 1300 until the middle of the nineteenth century. Only two centuries ago, Europe experienced a cycle of bitterly cold winters; mountain glaciers in the Swiss Alps were the lowest in-recorded memory, and pack ice surrounded Iceland for much of the year. The climatic events of the Little Ice Age did more than help shape the modern world. They are the deeply important context for the current unprecedented global warming. The Little Ice Age was far from a deep freeze, however; rather an irregular seesaw of rapid climatic shifts, few lasting more than a quarter-century, driven by complex and still little understood interactions between the atmosphere and the ocean. The seesaw brought cycles of intensely cold winters and easterly winds, then switched abruptly to years of heavy spring and early summer rains, mild winters, and frequent Atlantic storms, or to periods of droughts, light northeasterly winds, and summer heat waves.C Reconstructing the climate changes of the past is extremely difficult, because systematic weather observations began only a few centuries ago, in Europe and North America. Records from India and tropical Africa are even more recent. For the time before records began, we have only 'proxy records' reconstructed largely from tree rings and ice cores, supplemented by a few incomplete written accounts. We now have hundreds of tree-ring records from throughout thenorthern hemisphere, and many from south of the equator, too, amplified with a growing body of temperature data from ice cores drilled in Antarctica, Greenland the Peruvian Andes, and other locations. We are close to knowledge of annual summer and winter temperature variations over much of the northern hemisphere going back 600 years.D This book is a narrative history of climatic shifts during the past ten centuries, and some of the ways in which people in Europe adapted to them. Part One describes the Medieval Warm Period, roughly 900 t0 1200. During these three centuries, Norse voyagers from Northern Europe explored northern seas, settled Greenland, and visited North America. It was not a time of uniform warmth, for then, as always since the Great Ice Age, there were constant shifts in rainfall and temperature. Mean European temperatures were about the same as today, perhaps slightly cooler.E It is known that the Little Ice Age cooling began in Greenland and the Arctic in about 1200. As the Arctic ice pack spread southward, Norse voyages to the west were rerouted into the open Atlantic, then ended altogether. Storminess increased in the North Atlantic and North Sea. Colder, much wetter weather descended on Europe between 1315 and 1319, when thousands perished in a continent-wide famine. By 1400, the weather had become decidedly more unpredictable and stormier, with sudden shifts and lower temperatures that culminated in the cold decades of the late sixteenth century. Fish were a vital commodity in growing towns and cities, where food supplies were a constant concern. Dried cod and herring were already the staples of the European fish trade, but changes in water temperatures forced fishing fleets to work further offshore. The Basques, Dutch, and English developed the first offshore fishing boats adapted to a colder and stormier Atlantic. A gradual agricultural revolution in northern Europe stemmed from concerns over food supplies at a time of rising populations. The revolution involved intensive commercial farming and the growing of animal fodder on land not previously used for crops. The increased productivity from farmland made some countries self-sufficient in grain and livestock and offered effective protection against famine.F Global temperatures began to rise slowly after 1850, with the beginning of the Modern Warm Period. There was a vast migration from Europe by land-hungry farmers and others, to which the famine caused by the Irish potato blight contributed, to North America, Australia, New Zealand, and southern Africa. Millions of hectares of forest and woodland fell before the newcomers' axes between 1850 and -1890, as intensive European farming methods expanded across the world. The unprecedented land clearance released vast quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, triggering for the first time humanly caused global warming. Temperatures climbed more rapidly in the twentieth century as the use of fossil fuels proliferated and greenhouse gas levels continued to soar. The rise has been even steeper since the early 1980s. The Little Ice Age has given way to a new climatic regime, marked by prolonged and steady warming. At the same time, extreme weather events like Category 5 hurricanes are becoming more frequent.Question 14-17Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-F.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B and D–F from the list of headings below.write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.16Paragraph E17 Paragraph FQuestion 18-22Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.Weather during the Little Ice AgeDocumentation of past weather conditions is limited: our main sources of knowledge of inthedistant past are 18 …………and19 ………… . We can deduce that the Little Ice Age was a time of 20 ………… , rather than of consistent freezing. Within it there were some periods of very cold winters, others of 21 …………and heavy rain, and yet others that saw 22 …………with no rain at all.Question 23-Classify the following events as occurring during theA. Medieval Warm PeriodB. Little Ice AgeC. Modem Warm PeriodWrite the correct letter, A. B or C in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.23. Many Europeans started farming abroad.24. The cutting down of trees began to affect the climate.25. Europeans discovered other lands.26. Changes took place in fishing patterns.Reading Passage 3You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.The meaning and power of smellThe sense of smell, or olfaction, is powerful. Odours affect us on a physical, psychological and social level. For the most part, however, we breathe in the aromas which surround us without being consciously aware of their importance to us. It is only when the faculty of smell is impaired for some reason that we begin to realise the essential role the sense of smell plays in our sense of well-being.A A survey conducted by Anthony Synott at Montreal's Concordia University asked participants to comment on how important smell was to them in their lives. It became apparent that smell can evoke strong emotional responses. A scent associated with a good experience can bring a rush of joy, while a foul odour or one associated with a bad memory may make us grimace with disgust. Respondents to the survey noted that many of their olfactory likes and dislikes were based on emotional associations. Such associations can be powerful enough so that odours that we would generally label unpleasant become agreeable, and those that we would generally consider fragrant become disagreeable for particular individuals. The perception of smell, therefore, consists not only of the sensation of the odours themselves, but of the experiences and emotions associated with them.B Odours are also essential cues in social bonding. One respondent to the survey believed that there is no true emotional bonding without touching and smelling a loved one. In fact, infants recognise the odours of their mothers soon after birth and adults can often identify their children or spouses by scent. In one well-known test, women and men were able to distinguish by smell alone clothing worn by their marriage partners from similar clothing worn by other people. Most of the subjects would probably never have given much thought to odour as a cue for identifying family members before being involved in the test, but as the experiment revealed, even when not consciously considered, smells register.C In spite of its importance to our emotional and sensory lives, smell is probably the most undervalued sense in many cultures. The reason often given for the low regard in which smell is held is that, in comparison with its importance among animals, the human sense of smell is feeble and undeveloped. While it is true that the olfactory powers of humans are nothing like as fine as those possessed by certain animals, they are still remarkably acute. Our noses are able to recognisethousands of smells, and to perceive odours which are present only in extremely small quantities.D Smell, however, is a highly elusive phenomenon. Odours, unlike colours, for instance, cannot be named in many languages because the specific vocabulary simply doesn't exist. 'It smells like…., ' we have to say when describing an odour, struggling to express our olfactory experience. Nor can odours be recorded: there is no effective way to either capture or store them over time. In the realm of olfaction, we must make do with descriptions and recollections. This has implications for olfactory research.E Most of the research on smell undertaken to date has been of a physical scientific nature. Significant advances have been made in the understanding of the biological and chemical nature of olfaction, but many fundamental questions have yet to be answered. Researchers have still to decide whether smell is one sense or two -one responding to odours proper and the other registering odourless chemicals in the air. Other unanswered questions are whether the nose is the only part of the body affected by odours, and how smells can be measured objectively given the nonphysical components. Questions like these mean that interest in the psychology of smell is inevitably set to play an increasingly important role for researchers.F However, smell is not simply a biological and psychological phenomenon. Smell is cultural, hence it is a social and historical phenomenon. Odours are invested with cultural values: smells that are considered to be offensive in some cultures may be perfectly acceptable in others. Therefore, our sense of smell is a means of, and model for, interacting with the world. Different smells can provide us with intimate and emotionally charged experiences and the value that we attach to these experiences is interiorised by the members of society in a deeply personal way. Importantly, our commonly held feelings about smells can help distinguish us from other cultures. The study of the cultural history of smell is, therefore, in a very real sense, an investigation into the essence of human culture.Question 27-32Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs, A-F.Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.28Paragraph B29 Paragraph C30 Paragraph D31 Paragraph E32Paragraph FQuestions 33-36Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 33-36 on your answer sheet.33 According to the introduction, we become aware of the importance of smell whenA we discover a new smell.B we experience a powerful smell.C our ability to smell is damaged.D we are surrounded by odours.34 The experiment described in paragraph BA shows how we make use of smell without realising it.B demonstrates that family members have a similar smell.C proves that a sense of smell is learnt.D compares the sense of smell in males and females.35 What is the writer doing in paragraph C?A supporting other researchB making a proposalD describing limitations36 What does the writer suggest about the study of smell in the atmosphere in paragraph E?A The measurement of smell is becoming more accurate.B Researchers believe smell is a purely physical reaction.C Most smells are inoffensive.D Smell is yet to be defined.Questions 37-40Complete the sentences below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.37 Tests have shown that odours can help people recognise the ………… belonging to theirhusbands and wives.38 Certain linguistic groups may have difficulty describing smell because they lack the appropriate ………… .39 The sense of smell may involve response to ………… which do not smell, in addition to obvious odours.40 Odours regarded as unpleasant in certain ………… are not regarded as unpleasant in others.参考答案1 spinning2 (perfectly) unblemished3 labour/labor-intensive4 thickness5 marked6 (molten) glass7 (molten) tin/metal8 rollers9 TRUE10 NOT GIVEN11 FALSE12 TRUE13 TRUE14 ii15 vii16 ix17 iv18&19 (IN EITHER ORDER) C B20A21H22G23C24C25A26B27 viii28 ii29 vi30 i31 iii32 v33C34A35C36D37 clothing38 vocabulary39 chemicals40 cultures。
托福TPO42阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO42阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
Explaining Dinosaur Extinction Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct about 65 million years ago as part of a mass extinction known as the K-T event,because it is associated with a geological signature known as the K-T boundary,usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world(K is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous,derived from the German name Kreidezeit).Many explanations have been proposed for why dinosaurs became extinct.For example,some have blamed dinosaur extinction on the development of flowering plants,which were supposedly more difficult to digest and could have caused constipation or indigestion—except that flowering plants first evolved in the Early Cretaceous,about 60 million years before the dinosaurs died out.In fact,several scientists have suggested that the duckbill dinosaurs and homed dinosaurs,with their complex battery of grinding teeth,evolved to exploit this new resource of rapidly growing flowering plants Others have blamed extinction on competition from the mammals,which allegedly ate all the dinosaur eggs—except that mammals and dinosaurs appeared at the same time in the Late Triassic,about 190 million years ago,and there is no reason to believe that mammals suddenly acquired a taste for dinosaur eggs after 120 million years of coexistence Some explanations(such as the one stating that dinosaurs all died of diseases)fail because there is no way to scientifically test them,and they cannot move beyond the realm of speculation and guesswork. This focus on explaining dinosaur extinction misses an important point the extinction at the end of the Cretaceous was a global event that killed off organisms up and down the food chain.It wiped out many kinds of plankton in the ocean and many marine organisms that lived on the plankton at the base of the food chain.These included a variety of clams and snails,and especially the ammonites,a group of shelled squidlike creatures that dominated the Mesozoic seas and had survived many previous mass extinctions.The K-T event marked the end of the marine reptiles,such as the mosasaurs and the plesiosaurs,which were the largest creatures that had ever lived in the seas and which ruled the seas long before whales evolved.On land,there was also a crisis among the land plants,in addition to the disappearance of dinosaurs.So any event that can explain the destruction of the base of the food chain(plankton in the ocean,plants on land)can better explain what happened to organisms at the top of the food chain,such as the dinosaurs.By contrast,any explanation that focuses strictly on the dinosaurs completely misses the point The Cretaceous extinctions were a global phenomenon,and dinosaurs were just a part of a bigger picture. According to one theory,the Age of Dinosaurs ended suddenly 65 million years ago when a giant rock from space plummeted to Earth.Estimated to be ten to fifteen kilometers in diameter,this bolide(either a comet or an asteroid)was traveling at cosmic speeds of 20-70 kilometers per second,or 45,000-156,000 miles per hour.Sucha huge mass traveling at such tremendous speeds carries an enormous amount of energy.When the bolide struck this energy was released and generated a huge shock wave that leveled everything for thousands of kilometers around the impact and caused most of the landscape to burst into flames.The bolide struck an area of the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico known as Chicxulub,excavating a crater 15-20 kilometers deep and at least 170 kilometers in diameter.The impact displaced huge volumes of seawater,causing much flood damage in the Caribbean.Meanwhile,the bolide itself excavated 100 cubic kilometers of rock and debris from the site,which rose to an altitude of 100 kilometers.Most of it fell back immediately,but some of it remained as dust in the atmosphere for months.This material,along with the smoke from the fires,shrouded Earth,creating a form of nuclear winter.According to computerized climate models,global temperatures fell to near the freezing point,photosynthesis halted,and most plants on land and in the sea died.With the bottom of the food chain destroyed,dinosaurs could not survive. paragraph 1 Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct about 65 million years ago as part of a mass extinction known as the K-T event,because it is associated with a geological signature known as the K-T boundary,usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world(K is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous,derived from the German name Kreidezeit).Many explanations have been proposed for why dinosaurs became extinct.For example,some have blamed dinosaur extinction on the development of flowering plants,which were supposedly more difficult to digest and could have caused constipation or indigestion—except that flowering plants first evolved in the Early Cretaceous,about 60 million years before the dinosaurs died out.In fact,several scientists have suggested that the duckbill dinosaurs and homed dinosaurs,with their complex battery of grinding teeth,evolved to exploit this new resource of rapidly growing flowering plants Others have blamed extinction on competition from the mammals,which allegedly ate all the dinosaur eggs—except that mammals and dinosaurs appeared at the same time in the Late Triassic,about 190 million years ago,and there is no reason to believe that mammals suddenly acquired a taste for dinosaur eggs after 120 million years of coexistence Some explanations(such as the one stating that dinosaurs all died of diseases)fail because there is no way to scientifically test them,and they cannot move beyond the realm of speculation and guesswork. 1.In paragraph 1,why does the author include a discussion of when flowering plants evolved? 【事实信息题】 A.To help explain why some scientists believe that the development of flowering plants led to dinosaur extinction。
2022 考研英语阅读真题Text 2(英语二)
2022 Text 2（英语⼆）"不退休"的晚年⽣活More Americans are opting to work well into retirement, a growing trend that threatens to upend the old workforce model.One in three Americans who are at least 40 have or plan to have a job in retirement to prepare for a longer life, according to a survey conducted by for TD Ameritrade.Even more surprising is that more than half of "unretirees" — those who plan to work in retirement or went back to work after retiring — said they would be employed in their later years even if they had enough money to settle down, the survey showed.Financial needs aren't the only culprit for the "unretirement" trend.Other reasons, according to the study, include personal fulfillment such as staying mentally fit, preventing boredom or avoiding depression.About 72% of "unretire" respondents said that they would return to work once retired to keep mentally fit while 59% said it would be tied to making ends meet."The concept of retirement is evolving," said Christine Russell, senior manager of retirement at TD Ameritrade. "It's not just about finances. The value of work is also driving folks to continue working past retirement."One reason for the change in retirement patterns: Americans are living longer.越来越多的美国⼈选择在退休后好好⼯作，这⼀⽇益增⻓的趋势有可能颠覆旧的劳动⼒模式。
剑桥雅思真题14-阅读Test 2(附答案)
剑桥雅思真题14-阅读Test 2（附答案）READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Alexander Henderson (1831-1913)Born in Scotland, Henderson emigrated to Canada in 1855, and became a well-known landscapephotographerAlexander Henderson was born in Scotland in 1831 and was the son of a successful merchant. His grandfather, also called Alexander, had founded the family business, and later became the first chairman of the National Bank of Scotland. The family had extensive landholdings in Scotland. Besides its residence in Edinburgh, it owned Press Estate, 650 acres of farmland about 35 miles southeast of the city. The family often stayed at Press Castle, the large mansion on the northern edge of the property, and Alexander spent much of his childhood in the area, playing on the beach near Eyemouth or fishing in the streams nearby.Even after he went to school at Murcheston Academy on the outskirts of Edinburgh, Henderson returned to Press at weekends. In 1849 he began a three-year apprenticeship to become an accountant. Although he never liked the prospect of a business career, he stayed with it to please his family. In October 1855, however, he emigrated to Canada with his wife Agnes Elder Robertson and they settled in Montreal.Henderson learned photography in Montreal around the year 1857 and quickly took it up as a serious amateur. He became a personal friend and colleague of the Scottish-Canadian photographer William Notman. The two men made a photographic excursion to Niagara Falls in 1860 and they cooperated on experiments with magnesium flares as a source of artificial light in 1865. They belonged to the same societies and were among the founding members of the Art Association of Montreal. Henderson acted as chairman of the association's first meeting, which was held in Notman's studio on 11 January 1860.In spite of their friendship, their styles of photography were quite different. While Notman's landscapes were noted for their bold realism, Henderson for the first 20 years of his career produced romantic images, showing the strong influence of the British landscape tradition. His artistic and technical progress was rapid and in 1865 he published his first major collection of landscape photographs. The publication had limited circulation (only seven copies have ever been found), and was called Canadian Views and Studies. The contents of each copy vary significantly and have proved a useful source for evaluating Henderson's early work.1 This text is taken, for the most part, verbatim from the Dictionary of Canadian Biography's biography, Volume XIV (1911-1920). For design purposes, quotation marks have been omitted. Source: http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/henderson_alexander_1831_1913_14E.html. Reproduced with permission.In 1866, he gave up his business to open a photographic studio, advertising himself as a portrait and landscape photographer. From about 1870 he dropped portraiture to specialize in landscape photography and other views. His numerous photographs of city life revealed in street scenes, houses, and markets are alive with human activity, and although his favourite subject was landscape he usually composed his scenes around such human pursuits as farming the land, cutting ice on a river, or sailing down a woodland stream. There was sufficient demand for thesetypes of scenes and others he took depicting the lumber trade, steamboats and waterfalls to enable him to make a living. There was little competing hobby or amateur photography before the late 1880s because of the time-consuming techniques involved and the weight of the equipment. People wanted to buy photographs as souvenirs of a trip or as gifts, and catering to this market, Henderson had stock photographs on display at his studio for mounting, framing, or inclusion in albums.Henderson frequently exhibited his photographs in Montreal and abroad, in London, Edinburgh, Dublin, Paris, New York, and Philadelphia. He met with greater success in 1877 and 1878 in New York when he won first prizes in the exhibition held by E and H T Anthony and Company for landscapes using the Lambertype process. In 1878 his work won second prize at the world exhibition in Paris.In the 1870s and 1880s Henderson travelled widely throughout Quebec and Ontario, in Canada, documenting the major cities oft he two provinces and many of the villages in Quebec. He was especially fond of the wilderness and often travelled by canoe on the Blanche, du Lièvre, and other noted eastern rivers. He went on several occasions to the Maritimes and in 1872 he sailed by yacht along the lower north shore of the St Lawrence River. That same year, while in the lower St Lawrence River region, he took some photographs of the construction of the Intercolonial Railway. This undertaking led in 1875 to a commission from the railway to record the principal structures along the almost-completed line connecting Montreal to Halifax. Commissions from other railways followed. In 1876 he photographed bridges on the Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and Occidental Railway between Montreal and Ottawa. In 1885 he went west along the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) as far as Rogers Pass in British Columbia, where he took photographs of the mountains and the progress of construction.In 1892 Henderson accepted a full-time position with the CPR as manager of a photographic department which he was to set up and administer. His duties included spending four months in the field each year. That summer he made his second trip west, photographing extensively along the railway line as far as Victoria. He continued in this post until 1897, when he retired completely from photography.When Henderson died in 1913, his huge collection of glass negatives was stored in the basement of his house. Today collections of his work are held at the National Archives of Canada, Ottawa, and the McCord Museum of Canadian History, Montreal.1 This text is taken, for the most part, verbatim from the Dictionary of Canadian Biography's biography, Volume XIV (1911-1920). For design purposes, quotation marks have been omitted. Source: http://www.blographi.ca/en/bio/henderson_alexander_1831_1913_14E.html. Reproduced with permission.Questions 1-8Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1 Henderson rarely visited the area around Press estate when he was younger.2 Henderson pursued a business career because it was what his family wanted.3 Henderson and Notman were surprised by the results of their 1865 experiment.4 There were many similarities between Henderson's early landscapes and those of Notman.5 The studio that Henderson opened in 1866 was close to his home.6 Henderson gave up portraiture so that he could focus on taking photographs of scenery.7 When Henderson began work for the Intercolonial Railway, the Montreal to Halifax linehad been finished.8 Henderson's last work as a photographer was with the Canadian Pacific Railway. Questions 9-13Complete the notes below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Back to the future of skyscraper designAnswers to the problem of excessive electricity use by skyscrapers and large public buildings can be found in ingenious but forgotten architectural designs of the 19th and early-20th centuriesA The Recovery of Natural Environments in Architecture by Professor Alan Short is the culmination of 30 years of research and award-winning green building design by Short and colleagues in Architecture, Engineering, Applied Maths and Earth Sciences at the University of Cambridge.'The crisis in building design is already here.' said Short. 'Policy makers think you can solve Energy and building problems with gadgets. You can't. As global temperatures continue to rise, we are going to continue to squander more and more energy on keeping our buildings mechanically cool until we have run out of capacity.'B Short is calling for a sweeping reinvention of how skyscrapers and major public buildings are designed -to end the reliance on sealed buildings which exist solely via the 'life support' system of vast air conditioning units.Instead, he shows it is entirely possible to accommodate natural ventilation and cooling in large buildings by looking into the past, before the widespread introduction of air conditioningsystems, which were 'relentlessly and aggressively marketed' by their inventors.C Short points out that to make most contemporary buildings habitable, they have to be sealed and air conditioned. The energy use and carbon emissions this generates is spectacular and largely unnecessary. Buildings in the West account for 40-50% of electricity usage, generating substantial carbon emissions, and the rest of the world is catching up at a frightening rate. Short regards glass, steel and air-conditioned skyscrapers as symbols of status, rather than practical ways of meeting our requirements.D Short's book highlights a developing and sophisticated art and science of ventilating buildings through the 19th and earlier-20th centuries, including the design of ingeniously ventilated hospitals. Of particular interest were those built to the designs of John Shaw Billings, including the first Johns Hopkins Hospital in the US city of Baltimore (1873-1889).'We spent three years digitally modelling Billings' final designs,' says Short. 'We put pathogens* in the airstreams, modelled for someone with tuberculosis (TB) coughing in the wards and we found the ventilation systems in the room would have kept other patients safe from harm.E'We discovered that 19th-century hospital wards could generate up to 24 air changes an hour - that's similar to the performance of a modern-day, computer-controlled operating theatre. We believe you could build wards based on these principles now.Single rooms are not appropriate for all patients. Communal wards appropriate for certain patients - older people with dementia, for example - would work just as well in today's hospitals, at a fraction of the energy cost.'Professor Short contends the mindset and skill-sets behind these designs have been completely lost, lamenting the disappearance of expertly designed theatres, opera houses, and other buildings where up to half the volume of the building was given over to ensuring everyone got fresh air.F Much of the ingenuity present in 19th-century hospital and building design was driven by a panicked public clamouring for buildings that could protect against what was thought to be the lethal threat of miasmas -toxic air that spread disease. Miasmas were feared as the principal agents of disease and epidemics for centuries, and were used to explain the spread of infection from the Middle Ages right through to the cholera outbreaks in London and Paris during the 1850s. Foul air, rather than germs, was believed to be the main driver of 'hospital fever', leading to disease and frequent death. The prosperous steered clear of hospitals.While miasma theory has been long since disproved, Short has for the last 30 years advocated a return to some of the building design principles produced in its wake.G Today, huge amounts of a building's space and construction cost are given over to air conditioning. 'But I have designed and built a series of buildings over the past three decades which have tried to reinvent some of these ideas and then measure what happens.'To go forward into our new low-energy, low-carbon future, we would be well advised to look back at design before our high-energy, high-carbon present appeared. What is surprising is what a rich legacy we have abandoned.'H Successful examples of Short's approach include the Queen's Building at De Montfort University in Leicester. Containing as many as 2,000 staff and students, the entire building is naturally ventilated, passively cooled and naturally lit, including the two largest auditoria, each seating more than 150 people. The award-winning building uses a fraction of the electricity of comparable buildings in the UK.Short contends that glass skyscrapers in London and around the world will become a liability over the next 20 or 30 years if climate modelling predictions and energy price rises come to pass as expected.I He is convinced that sufficiently cooled skyscrapers using the natural environment can be produced in almost any climate. He and his team have worked on hybrid buildings in the harsh climates of Beijing and Chicago -built with natural ventilation assisted by back-up air conditioning - which, surprisingly perhaps, can be switched off more than half the time on milder days and during the spring and autumn.Short looks at how we might reimagine the cities, offices and homes of the future. Maybe it's time we changed our outlook.* pathogens: microorganisms that can cause diseaseQuestions 14-18Reading Passage 2 has nine sections, A-I.Which section contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.14 why some people avoided hospitals in the 19th century15 a suggestion that the popularity of tall buildings is linked to prestige16 a comparison between the circulation of air in a 19th-century building and modernstandards17 how Short tested the circulation of air in a 19th-century building18 an implication that advertising led to the large increase in the use of air conditioning Questions 19-26Complete the summary below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 19-26 on your answer sheet.Ventilation in 19th-century hospital wardsProfessor Alan Short examined the work of John Shaw Billings, who influenced the architectural 19 ________ of hospitals to ensure they had good ventilation. He calculated that 20 ________ in the air coming from patients suffering from 21 ________ would not have harmed other patients. He also found that the air in 22 ________ in hospitals could change as often as in a modern operating theatre. He suggests that energy use could be reduced by locating more patients in 23 ________ areas.A major reason for improving ventilation in 19th-century hospitals was the demand from the24 ________ for protection against bad air, known as 25 ________ . These were blamed for the spread of disease for hundreds of years, including epidemics of 26 ________ in London and Paris in the middle of the 19th century.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Questions 27-34Reading Passage 3 has eight sections, A-H.Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 27-34 on your answer sheet.28 Section B29 Section C30 Section D31 Section E32 Section F33 Section G34 Section HWhy companies should welcome disorderA Organisation is big business. Whether it is of our lives - all those inboxes and calendars -or how companies are structured, a multi-billion dollar industry helps to meet this need.We have more strategies for time management, project management and self-organisation than at any other time in human history. We are told that we ought to organise our company, our home life, our week, our day and even our sleep, all as a means to becoming more productive. Every week, countless seminars and workshops take place around the world to tell a paying public that they ought to structure their lives in order to achieve this.This rhetoric has also crept into the thinking of business leaders and entrepreneurs, much to the delight of self-proclaimed perfectionists with the need to get everything right. The number of business schools and graduates has massively, increased over the past 50 years, essentially teaching people how to organise well.B Ironically, however, the number of businesses that fail has also steadily increased. Work-related stress has increased. A large proportion of workers from all demographics claim to be dissatisfied with the way their work is structured and the way they are managed.This begs the question: what has gone wrong? Why is it that on paper the drive for organisation seems a sure shot for increasing productivity, but in reality falls well short of what is expected?C This has been a problem for a while now. Frederick Taylor was one of the forefathers of scientific management. Writing in the first half of the 20th century, he designed a number of principles to improve the efficiency of the work process, which have since become widespread in modern companies. So the approach has been around for a while.D New research suggests that this obsession with efficiency is misguided. The problem is not necessarily the management theories or strategies we use to organise our work; it's the basic assumptions we hold in approaching how we work. Here it's the assumption that order is a necessary condition for productivity. This assumption has also fostered the idea that disorder must be detrimental to organisational productivity. The result is that businesses and people spend timeand money organising themselves for the sake of organising, rather than actually looking at the end goal and usefulness of such an effort.E What's more, recent studies show that order actually has diminishing returns. Order does increase productivity to a certain extent, but eventually the usefulness of the process of organisation, and the benefit it yields, reduce until the point where any further increase in order reduces productivity. Some argue that in a business, if the cost of formally structuring something outweighs the benefit of doing it, then that thing ought not to be formally structured. Instead, the resources involved can be better used elsewhere.F In fact, research shows that, when innovating, the best approach is to create an environment devoid of structure and hierarchy and enable everyone involved to engage as one organic group. These environments can lead to new solutions that, under conventionally structured environments (filled with bottlenecks in terms of information flow, power structures, rules, and routines) would never be reached.G In recent times companies have slowly started to embrace this disorganisation. Many of them embrace it in terms of perception (embracing the idea of disorder, as opposed to fearing it) and in terms of process (putting mechanisms in place to reduce structure).For example, Oticon, a large Danish manufacturer of hearing aids, used what it called a 'spaghetti' structure in order to reduce the organisation's rigid hierarchies. This involved scrapping formal job titles and giving staff huge amounts of ownership over their own time and projects. This approach proved to be highly successful initially, with clear improvement in worker productivity in all facets of the business.In similar fashion, the former chairman of General Electric embraced disorganisation, putting forward the idea of the 'boundaryless' organisation. Again, it involves breaking down the barriers between different parts of a company and encouraging virtual collaboration and flexible working. Google and a number of other tech companies have embraced (at least in part) these kinds of flexible structures, facilitated by technology and strong company values which glue people together.H A word of warning to others thinking of jumping on this bandwagon: the evidence so far suggests disorder, much like order, also seems to have diminishing utility, and can also have detrimental effects on performance if overused. Like order, disorder should be embraced only so far as it is useful. But we should not fear it - nor venerate one over the other. This research also shows that we should continually question whether or not our existing assumptions work. Questions 35-37Complete the sentences below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 35-37 on your answer sheet.35 Numerous training sessions are aimed at people who feel they are not ________ enough.36 Being organised appeals to people who regard themselves as ________37 Many people feel ________ with aspects of their work.Questions 38-40Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this38 Both businesses and people aim at order without really considering its value.39 Innovation is most successful if the people involved have distinct roles.40 Google was inspired to adopt flexibility by the success of General Electric.参考答案1 FALSE2 TRUE3 NOT GIVEN4 FALSE5 NOT GIVEN6 TRUE7 FALSE8 TRUE9 merchant10 equipment11 gifts12 canoe13 mountains14 F15 C16 E17 D18 B19 design(s)20 pathogens21 tuberculosis22 wards23 communal24 public25 miasmas26 cholera27 vi28 i29 iii30 ii31 ix32 vii33 iv34 viii35 productive36 perfectionists37 dissatisfied38 TRUE39 FALSE40 NOT GIVEN。
新标准大学英语长篇阅读2
新标准大学英语长篇阅读2
新标准大学英语长篇阅读2是一本为大学生编写的英语教材，旨在帮助学生提高阅读能力，拓展词汇量，增强语言表达能力。
本书共分为六个单元，每个单元涵盖了不同主题的文章，内容涉及社会、文化、科技等多个领域，既能帮助学生了解世界各地的文化和风土人情，又能拓展学生的知识面，提高他们的综合素质。
在学习本书的过程中，学生不仅能够提高阅读速度和理解能力，还能通过阅读不同主题的文章，培养自己的思维能力和分析能力。
同时，本书还提供了丰富的词汇和语法练习，帮助学生巩固所学知识，提高语言表达能力。
每篇文章都精心选取，内容丰富多彩，语言生动优美。
通过阅读这些文章，学生能够了解不同国家的文化传统、风土人情，增长见识，开阔视野。
同时，这些文章还能引发学生对于社会、科技等方面的思考，激发学生的学习兴趣，激励他们积极思考，勇于探索未知领域。
本书的编写注重了语言的生动性和实用性，文章内容贴近生活，贴近学生的学习和生活实际，让学生在阅读的过程中能够感受到语言的魅力，增强学习的乐趣。
同时，本书还提供了丰富的课后练习和参考答案，方便学生巩固所学知识，检验学习效果。
总之，新标准大学英语长篇阅读2是一本内容丰富、贴近生活、注重实用性的英语教材，适合大学生使用。
通过学习本书，学生不仅能够提高英语阅读能力，还能够拓展知识面，增强综合素质，是一本理想的英语教材。
考研真题历年英语二阅读
考研真题历年英语二阅读考研真题历年英语二阅读1Text 4Many people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labor Department reporledfor Jure, along with the drop in the unemployment take to 6 J percent. at goodnews. And they were right. For now it appears the economy is creating jobs at adecent pace. We still have a long way to go to get back to full employment, butat least we are now finally moving forward at a faster pace.However there is another important part of the jobs picture that wastargely ovedookcd. There was a big jump in the number of people who reportvoluntarily working part-time. This figure is now 830,000(4,4 percent)above itsyear ago level.Before explaining the connection to the Obamacare, it is worth making animportant distinction. Many people who work part-time jobs actually wantfull-time jobs. They take part-time work because this is all they can get. Anincrease in involuntary part-time work is evidence of weakness in the labormarket and it means that many people will be having a very hard time making endsmeet.There was an increase in involuntary part-time in June, but thegeneraldirection has been down. Involuntary part-time employment is still far higherthan before the recession, but it is down by 640,000(7.9 percent)from its yearago level.We know the difference between voluntary and involuntary part-timeemployment because people tell us. The survey used by the Labor Department askspeople if they worked less than 35 hours in the reference week. If the answer is“yes."they are classified as working part-time. The survey then asks whetherthey worked less than 35 hours in that week because they wanted to work lessthan full time or because they had no choice. They are only elassified asvoluntary part-time workers if they tell the survey taker they chose to workless than 35 hours a week.The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare becanse one of themain purposes was to allow people to get insurance outside of employment. Formany people, especially those with serious health conditions or family memberswith serious health conditions, before Obamacare the only way to get insurancewas through a job that provided health insurance.However, Obamacare has allowed more than 12 million people to either getinsurance through Medicaid or the exchanges. These are people who may previouslyhave felt the need to get a full-time job that provided insurance in order tocover themselves and their families. With Obamacare there is no longer a linkbetween employment and insurance.36. Which part of the jobs picture was neglected?A. The prospect of a thriving job market.B. The increase of voluntary part-time jobs.C. The possibility of full employment.D. The acceleration of job creation.37. Many people work part-time because theyA. prefer part-time jobs to full-time jobsB. feel that is enough to make ends meetC. cannot get their hands on full-time jobsD. haven' t seen the weakness of the market38. Involuntary part-time employment in the USA. is harder to acquire than one year agoB. shows a general tendency of declineC. satisfies the real need of the joblessD. is lower than before the recession39. It can be learned that with Obamacare, .A. it is no longer easy for part-timers to get insuranceB. employment is no longer a precondition to get insuranceC. it is still challenging to get insurance for family membersD. full-time employment is still essential for insurance40. The text mainly discusses.A. employment in the USB. part-timer classificationC. insurance through MedicaidD. Obamacare's trouble考研真题历年英语二阅读2Text 4When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economythe focus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy. Housing is seldommentioned.Why is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. Wehave not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contributeto economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. Itis hard to shove for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure project,so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps themost significant reason is that the issue has always been so politicallycharged.Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting listsincrease all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the governmentto help rectify this. It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and takesome steps to address our urgent housing need.There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that.Thecommunities minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne, Chancellor ofthe Exchequer, may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amountthat local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt. Evidenceshows that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if thecap were lifted, increasing GDP by 0.6%.Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rentalenvironment, which would have a significant impact on the ability of registeredproviders to fund new developments from revenues.But it is not just down to the government. While these measures would bewelcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing ?4.5bnprogramme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2022年,isunlikely to be extended beyond then. The Labour party has recently announcedthat it will retai n a large part of the coalition’s spending plans if returns topower. The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to everreturn to era of large-scale public grants. We need to adjust to this changingclimate.36. The author believes that the housing sector__[A] has attracted much attention[B] involves certain political factors[C] shoulders too much responsibility[D] has lost its real value in economy37. It can be learned that affordable housing has__[A] increased its home supply[B] offered spending opportunities[C] suffered government biases[D] disappointed the government38. According to Paragraph 5,George Osborne may_______.[A] allow greater government debt for housing[B] stop local authorities from building homes[C] prepare to reduce housing stock debt[D] release a lifted GDP growth forecast39.It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would_______.[A]lower the costs of registered providers[B]lessen the impact of government interference[C]contribute to funding new developments[D]relieve the ministers of responsibilities40.The author believes that after 2022年,the government may______.[A]implement more policies to support housing[B]review the need for large-scale public grants[C]renew the affordable housing grants programme[D]stop generous funding to the housing sector考研真题历年英语二阅读3Text 4Europe is not a gender-equality heaven.In particular, thecorporateworkplace will never be completely family—friendly until women are part ofsenior management decisions,and Europe,s top corporate-governance positionsremain overwhelmingly male .indeed,women hold only 14 percent of positions onEurope corporate boards.The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boardsto maintain a certain proportion of women-up to 60 percent.This proposed mandatewas born of frustration. Last year, Europe Commission Vice President VivianeReding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign upfor gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appealwas considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporateLadder fairy as they balance work and family?“Personally, I don’t like quotas,” Reding said recently. “But i like whatthe quotas do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they breakthrough the glass ceiling,” according to R eding, a result seen in France andother countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top businesspositions.I understand Reding’s reluctance-and her frustration. I don’t like quotaseither; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, government by the capable.Bur, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, itdoes look as if a fairer world must be temporarilyordered.After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations inEurope as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women totop position—no matter how much “soft pressure ” is put upon them. When womendo break through to the summit of corporate power--as, for example, SherylSandberg recently did at Facebook—they attract massive attention preciselybecause they remain the exception to the rule.If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women---whetherCEOs or their children’s caregivers--and all families, Sandberg would be no morenewsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more justsociety.36. In the European corporate workplace, generally_____.[A] women take the lead[B] men have the final say[C] corporate governance is overwhelmed[D] senior management is family-friendly37. The European Union’s intended legislation is ________.[A] a reflection of gender balance[B] a reluctant choice[C] a response to Reding’s call[D] a voluntary action38. According ti Reding, quotas may help women ______.[A] get top business positions[B] see through the glass ceiling[C] balance work and family[D] anticipate legal results39. The author’s attitude toward Reding’s appeal is one of _________.[A] skepticism[B] objectiveness[C] indifference[D] approval40. Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of______.[A] more social justice[B] massive media attention[C] suitable public policies[D] greater “soft pressure”考研真题历年英语二阅读4Text 4It‘s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful，provocative magazinecover story，“I love My Children，I Hate My Life，” is arousing much chatter –nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anythingless than a completely fulfilling，life-enriching experience. Rather thanconcluding that children make parentseither happy or miserable，Senior suggestswe need to redefine happiness：instead of thinking of it as something that canbe measured by moment-to-moment joy，we should consider being happy as apast-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids canbe soul-crushingly hard，Senior writes that “the very things that in the momentdampen our moods can later be sources of intensegratifica tion and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby ishardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are alsostories about newly adoptive – and newly single –mom Sandra Bullock，as well asthe usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week featuresat least one celebrity mom，or mom-to-be，smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation，is it any wonderthat admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you supportkitten-killing ? It doesn‘t seem quite fair，then，to compare the regrets ofparents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked towonder if they shouldn’t have had kids，but unhappy childless folks are botheredwith the message that children are the single most important thing in the world：obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes intheir lives.Of course，the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weeklyand People present is hugely unrealistic，especially when the parents are singlemothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents areless happy than childless couples，single parents are the least happy of all. Noshock there，considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner tolean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it，raising a kid on their “own”(read：with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.It‘s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children justbecause Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous：most adults understandthat a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images wesee every week of stress-free，happiness-enhancing parenthood aren‘t in somesmall，subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actualexperience，in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel”might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child canbring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4，the message conveyed by celebrity magazinesis[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.。
托福TPO35阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO35阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
Population Growth in Nineteenth-Century Europe [1]Because of industrialization,but also because of a vast increase in agricultural output without which industrialization would have been impossible,Western Europeans by the latter half of the nineteenth century enjoyed higher standards of living and longer,healthier lives than most of the world's peoples.In Europe as a whole,the population rose from188 million in 1800 to 400 million in1900.By 1900,virtually every area of Europe had contributed to the tremendous surge of population,but each major region was at a different stage of demographic change. [2]Improvements in the food supply continued trends that had started in the late seventeenth century.New lands were put under cultivation,while the use of crops of American origin,particularly the potato,continued to expand.Setbacks did occur.Regional agricultural failures were the most common cause of economic recessions until 1850,and they could lead to localized famine as well.A major potato blight(disease)in1846-1847 led to the deaths of at least one million persons in Ireland and the emigration of another million,and Ireland never recovered the population levels the potato had sustained to that point.Bad grain harvests at the same time led to increased hardship throughout much of Europe. [3]After 1850,however,the expansion of foods more regularly kept pace with population growth,though the poorer classes remained malnourished.Two developments were crucial.First,the application of science and new technology to agriculture increased.Led by German universities,increasing research was devoted to improving seeds,developing chemical fertilizers,and advancing livestock.After 1861,with the development of land-grant universities in the United States that had huge agricultural programs,American crop-production research added to this mix.Mechanization included the use of horse-drawn harvesters and seed drills,many developed initially in the United States.It also included mechanical cream separators and other food-processing devices that improved supply. [4]The second development involved industrially based transportation.With trains and steam shipping,it became possible to move foods to needy regions within Western Europe quickly.Famine(as opposed to malnutrition)became a thing of the past.Many Western European countries,headed by Britain,began also to import increasing amounts of food,not only from Eastern Europe,a traditional source,but also from the Americas,Australia,and New Zealand.Steam shipping,which improved speed and capacity,as well as new procedures for canning and refrigerating foods(particularly after 1870),was fundamental to these developments. [5]Europe's population growth included one additional innovation by the nineteenth century:it combined with rapid urbanization.More and more Western Europeans moved from countryside to city,and big cities grew most rapidly of all.By1850,over half of all the people in England lived in cities,a first in human history.In one sense,this pattern seems inevitable:growing numbers of people pressed available resources on the land,even when farmwork was combined with a bit of manufacturing,so people crowded into cities seeking work or other resources.Traditionally,however,death rates in cities surpassed those in the countryside by a large margin;cities had maintained population only through steady in-migration.Thus rapid urbanization should have reduced overall population growth,but by the middle of the nineteenth century this was no longer the case.Urban death rates remained high,particularly in the lower-class slums,but they began to decline rapidly. [6]The greater reliability of food supplies was a factor in the decline of urban death rates.Even more important were the gains in urban sanitation,as well as measures such as inspection of housing.■Reformers,including enlightened doctors,began to study the causes of high death rates and to urge remediation.■Even before the discovery of germs,beliefs that disease spread by“miasmas”(noxious forms of bad air)prompted attention to sewers and open garbage;■Edwin Chadwick led an exemplary urban crusade for underground sewers in England in the1830s.■Gradually,public health provisions began to cut into customary urban mortality rates.By 1900,in some parts of Western,Europe life expectancy in the cities began to surpass that of the rural areas.Industrial societies had figured out ways to combine large and growing cities with population growth,a development that would soon spread to other parts of the world. Paragraph 1 Q15 The phrase kept pace with in the passage is closest in meaning to A.exceeded B.matched the increase in C.increased the rate of D.caused 正确答案:B 解析：回到原文“After 1850,however,the expansion of foods more regularly kept pace with population growth,though the poorer classes remained malnourished”，这句话主句和从句是转折的关系，从句中的意思是“穷苦阶级在营养方面仍然跟不上”，所以转折之。
2023年中考题分类解析—文言文阅读(2)
专题07文言文阅读【2023·北京·中考】阅读《记承天寺夜游》，完成下面小题。
记承天寺夜游苏轼元丰六年十月十二日夜，解衣欲睡，月色入户，欣然起行。
念无与为乐者，遂至承天寺寻张怀民。
怀民亦未寝，相与步于中庭。
庭下如积水空明，水中藻、荇交．横，盖竹柏影也。
何夜无月？何处无竹柏？但少闲人如吾两人者耳。
1．“水中藻、荇交横”中的“交”与下列词语中加点的字，意思相同的一项是（）A．四季交．替B．阡陌交．通C．交．口称赞D．君子之交．2．文中的“闲人”意蕴丰富。
下列对“闲人”的理解不正确的一项是（）A．有雅趣的人。
以“闲人”自称，隐含着豁达的人生态度。
B．有闲暇的人。
以“闲人”自称，透露出两人夜游的情致。
C．被闲置的人。
以“闲人”自称，反映了两人的政治处境。
D．被贬谪的人。
以“闲人”自称，表现了空虚的精神状态。
3．根据《记承天寺夜游》及下面两则材料，在后面语段中的横线上填写恰当的内容。
材料一乘兴踏月，西入酒家。
不觉人物两忘，身在世外。
（李白《杂题》其一）材料二五月十四夜，湖风酣畅，月明如洗，繁星尽敛，天水一碧。
偕内人系舟于寓楼下，剥菱煮芡，小饮达曙。
人声既绝，楼台灯火，周视悄然，惟四山苍翠，时时滴入杯底，千百年西湖，今夕始独为吾有，徘徊顾恋，不谓人世也。
子瞻有云：“何地无月，但少闲人如吾两人。
”予则谓何地无闲人，无事寻事如吾两人者，未易多得尔。
（取材于徐釚《词苑丛谈》）亲近自然、从自然中获得美感与精神力量，是中华民族的审美传统。
同样是“乘兴踏月”，苏轼在空灵澄澈的月色下，自适其适，自乐其乐；李白在月光中以酒助兴，产生了“①”的世外之感；月明如洗，“予”在西湖夜饮，觉得此刻的西湖“独为吾有”、产生了“②”的感觉。
【参考答案】1．B 2．D 3．物我两忘留恋徘徊，似在仙境【点津】1．该题考查一词多义。
“水中藻、荇交横”中的“交”是“交错”的意思。
A.交接；B.交错；C.一齐，同时；D.交往；故选B。
2023年考研英语二真题答案之阅读理解Text 2部分
2023年考研英语二真题答案之阅读理解Text 2部分Part ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 2It's easy to dismiss as absurd the federal government's ideas for plugging the chronic funding gap of our national parks. Can anyone really think it's a good idea to allow Amazon deliveries to your tent in Yosemite or food trucks to line up under the redwood trees at Sequoia National Park? But the administration is right about one thing: U.S. national parks are in crisis. Collectively, they have a maintenance backlog of more than $12 billion. Roads, trails, restrooms, visitor centers and other infrastructure are crumbling.But privatizing and commercializing the campgrounds would not be the panacea that the Interior Department's Outdoor Advisory Committee would have us believe. Campgrounds are a tiny portion of the overall infrastructure backlog, and concessionaires in the parks hand over, on average, only about 5% of their revenues to the National Park Service.Moreover. increased privatization would certainly undercut one of the major reasons why 300 million visitors come to the parks each year: to enjoy nature and get a respite from the commercial drumbeat that overwhelms daily life. The real problem is that the parks have been chronically starved of funding. We conducted a comprehensive survey examining how us residents view their national parks. and we found that Americans place a very high value on them whether or not they actually visit them. The peer-reviewed economic survey of 700 U.S taxpayers, conducted by mail and internet, also found that people would be willing to pay a significant amount of money to make sure the parks and their programs are kept intact. Some 81% of respondents said they would be willing to pay additional taxes for the next 10 years to avoid any cuts to the national parks.The national parks provide great value to U.S. residents both as places to escape and as symbols of nature. On top of this, they produce value from their extensive educational programs, their positive impact on the climate through carbon sequestration, their contribution to our cultural and artistic life. and of course through tourism. The parks also help keep America's past alive, working with thousands of local jurisdictions around the country to protect historical sites including Ellis Island and Gettysburg and to bring the stories of these places to life.The parks do all this on a shoestring. Congress allocates onl$3 billion a year tothe national park system an amount that has been flat since 2001 (in inflation-adjusted dollars) with the exception of a onetime boost in 2009 as part of the Obama stimulus package Meanwhile. the number of annual visitors has increased by more than 50% since 1980, and now stands at 330 million visitors per year.26. What problem are U.S. national parks faced with?A. decline of business profitsB. inadequate commercializationC. lack of transportation servicesD. poorly maintained infrastructure【答案】 D27. Increased privatization of the campground may?A. spoil visitor experienceB. help preserve natureC. bring operational pressureD. boost visits to parks【答案】 A28. according to para 5, most respondents in the survey would?A. go to the national parks on a regular basis.B. advocate a bigger budget for the national parksC. agree to pay extra for the national parksD. support the national parks' recent reforms【答案】 C29.The national parks are valuable in that they__.A. lead the way in tourismB. sponsor research on climateC. have historical significanceD. provide an income for the locals【答案】 C.30. It can be concluded from the text that the national park system_A. is able to cope with staff shortagesB. is able to meet visitor' demandsC. is in need of a new pricing policyD. is in need of a funding increase【答案】 D。
剑桥雅思11雅思阅读Test2passage2原文+题目+答案解析
剑桥雅思11雅思阅读Test2passage2原文+题目+答案解析－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－雅思给大家带来了剑11雅思阅读Test2passage2原文+题目+答案解析，更多真题解析，请点击：剑桥雅思11阅读解析先来了解一下剑11雅思阅读Test2passage2原文:What destroyed the civilisation of Easter Island?A Easter Island, or Rapu Nui as it is known locally, is home to several hundred ancient human statues ?— the moai. After this remote Pacific island was settled by the Polynesians, it remained isolated for centuries. All the energy and resources that went into the moai — some of which are ten metres tall and weigh over 7,000 kilos —came from the island itself. Yet when Dutch explorers landed in 1722, they met a Stone Age culture. The moai were carved with stone tools, then transported for many kilometres, without the use of animals or wheels, to massive stone platforms. The identity of the moai builders was in doubt until well into the twentieth century. Thor Heyerdahl, the Norwegian ethnographer and adventurer, thought the statues had been created by pre-lnca peoples from Peru. Bestselling Swiss author Erich von Daniken believed they were built by stranded extraterrestrials. Modern science —linguistic, archaeological and genetic evidence — has definitively proved the moai builders were Polynesians, but not how they moved their creations. Local folklore maintains that the statues walked, while researchers have tended to assume the ancestors dragged the statues somehow, using ropes and logs.B When the Europeans arrived, Rapa Nui was grassland, with only a few scrawny trees. In the 1970s and 1980s, though, researchers found pollen preserved in lake sediments, which proved the island had been covered in lush palm forests for thousands of years. Only after the Polynesians arrived did those forests disappear. US scientist Jared Diamond believes that the Rapanui people — descendants of Polynesian settlers —wrecked their own environment. They had unfortunately settled on an extremely fragile island — dry, cool, and too remote to be properly fertilised by windblown volcanic ash. When the islanders cleared the forests for firewood and farming, the forests didn’t grow back. As trees became scarce and they could no longer construct wooden canoes for fishing, they ate birds. Soil erosion decreased their crop yields. Before Europeans arrived, the Rapanui had descended into civil war and cannibalism, he maintains. The collapse of their isolated civilisation, Diamond writes, is a ‘worst-case scenario for what may lie ahead of us in our own future’.C The moai, he thinks, accelerated the self-destruction. Diamond interprets them as power displays by rival chieftains who, trapped on a remote little island, lacked other ways of asserting their dominance. They competed by building ever bigger figures. Diamond thinks they laid the moai on wooden sledges, hauled over log rails, but that required both a lot of wood and a lot of people. To feed the people, even more land had to be cleared. When the wood was gone and civil war began, the islanders began toppling the moai. By the nineteenth century none were standing.D Archaeologists Terry Hunt of the University of Hawaii and Carl Lipo of California State University agree that Easter Island lost its lush forests and that it was an‘ecological catastrophe’— but they believe the islanders themselves weren’t to blame.And the moai certainly weren’t. Archaeological excavations indicate that the Rapanui went to heroic efforts to protect the resources of their wind-lashed, infertile fields. They built thousands of circular stone windbreaks and gardened inside them, and used broken volcanic rocks to keep the soil moist. In short, Hunt and Lipo argue, the prehistoric Rapanui were pioneers of sustainable farming.E Hunt and Lipo contend that moai-building was an activity that helped keep the peace between islanders. They also believe that moving the moai required few people and no wood, because they were walked upright. On that issue, Hunt and Lipo say, archaeological evidence backs up Rapanui folklore. Recent experiments indicate that as few as 18 people could, with three strong ropes and a bit of practice, easily manoeuvre a 1,000 kg moai replica a few hundred metres. The figures’ fat bellies tilted them forward, and a D-shaped base allowed handlers to roll and rock them side to side.F Moreover, Hunt and Lipo are convinced that the settlers were not wholly responsible for the loss of the island’s trees. Archaeological finds of nuts from the extinct Easter Island palm show tiny grooves, made by the teeth of Polynesian rats. The rats arrived along with the settlers, and in just a few years, Hunt and Lipo calculate, they would have overrun the island. They would have prevented the reseeding of the slow-growing palm trees and thereby doomed Rapa Nui’s forest, even without the settlers’campaign of deforestation. No doubt the rats ate birds’ eggs too. Hunt and Lipo also see no evidence that Rapanui civilisation collapsed when the palm forest did. They think its population grew rapidly and then remained more or less stable until the arrival of the Europeans, who introduced deadly diseases to which islanders had no immunity. Then in the nineteenth century slave traders decimated the population, which shrivelled to 111 people by 1877.G Hunt and Lipo’s vision, therefore, is one of an island populated by peaceful and ingenious moai builders and careful stewards of the land, rather than by reckless destroyers ruining their own environment and society. ‘Rather than a case of abject failure, Rapu Nui is an unlikely story of success’, they claim. Whichever is the case, there are surely some valuable lessons which the world at large can learn from the story of Rapa Nui.剑11雅思阅读Test2passage2题目:Questions 14-20Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.List of Headings感谢阅读，欢迎大家下载使用！。
商务英语阅读(2)1-7单元练习参考答案
Chapter13. Phrase Translation1）萧条的经济、充分就业、贸易赤字、深入分析、工业化国家、自由贸易协定、国际专业化、产品差别、贸易盈余、决定性因素2）economic win-win, tariff barrier, wage inequality, labor productivity, lay off workers, factors of production, bilateral deal, regression analysis, market access, world economic recovery4. Translate the following sentences with the expressions in the list given below.1) The monitoring system will finally substitute the U.S. government’s cap on cigar imports from Cuba.2) The quarrel between Mexico and the U.S. will be of no avail and it may disrupt the lifting of the agricultural tariffs under the North American Free Trade Agreement.3) An economic cooperation business forum, which will discuss how to minimize the negative impact of global economic imbalance adjustment on China, will take place shortly before the ministerial conference.4) Few Americans attribute this to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the business cycle.5) Recent research has shed light on the fact that there are heavy financial and political costs associated with the measures necessary to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases.6) There are rumors that the government struck a private deal with the corporation’s chairman last month.7) The opposition is exerting pressure on the U.S government to change the policy towards textiles imports.8) Since the establishment of the bilateral free-trade agreement, the emerging economy has always been at the forefront of science and technology.9) In general, floating exchange rates are supposed to insulate countries from persistent differences in inflation with their trading partners.10) According to conservative estimates, by 2010, China’s import and export volume with North America and the EU would surpass $400 billion respectively, with ten ASEAN countries exceeding $200 billion.Chapter 23. Phrase Translation1）消费品，折扣零售商，品牌资产价值，广告预算，现实销售数据，促销，盈利，扫描数据2）price premium, baseline sales, price reductions, advertising spending, marketing mix, quantity premium, product-line length( variety), allocation of dollars4. Translate the following sentences with the expressions in the list given below.1) The government has allocated $0.1billion to the development and utilization of renewable energy in rural areas.2) We should not develop the Western region at the expense of environment. Therefore the government has been following a sustainable development road attaching equal importance to economic development and environmental protection.3) As a big responsible nation, China will strictly abide by the WTO rules and honor its commitments.4) The rapid growth in China’s grain production can be ascribed to the fact that the Chinese government has implemented a series of reform policy and measures in the rural areas, such as raising the prices of grain purchased by the state.5) In the globalization era, not all countries play on the level playground. Some developing countries have to adhere to some marketing principles, or even accede to the requests of some governments.6) Over the past year, the global investment demand was on the wane; the major world currencies suffered swift turbulence and some emerging markets underwent severe financial crisis.7) Networks fundamentally alter the nature of competition and level the playing field, especially for smaller business regardless of the barriers like time and distance.8) Through micro credit projects, with the credit available on demand, farmers are able to pay back both the principle and interest in time.9) China’s vigorous eco nomic development is indicative of the fact that China has become one of the countries that enjoy the highest economic growth speed in the world.10) With the reform of the wholly state-owned commercial banks, when some qualified commercial banks seek listing in the stock market, others certainly will follow suit.Chapter 33. Phrase Translation:1)privileged minority 享有特权的少数人gas station 加油站marketing research 市场调查professional competence 专业技能a sales point 卖点product design 产品设计potential consumer 潜在顾客business disaster 商业灾难2）日常生活daily life广告活动advertising campaigns物理特征physical characteristics视觉想象visual imagination国内媒体national media销售增长a sale increase销售渠道distribution system产品导向型的广告product-orientated advertising4. Translate the following sentences with the expressions in the list given below.1) Experts have attributed the main cause of the company’s poor performance to its poor HR functions, especially the appointment of the senior management.2) British Airways intends to create a more flexible and modern corporate culture through the relocation.3) Rumors about redundancy make the company at its worst in terms of morale ever since its foundation.4) After financial scandals, many companies can only resort to charity activities to improve their corporate image.5) Politicians shold not engage in business affairs that might affect their political judgement.6) As a sleeping partner of the enterprise, he is entitled to share the profits, but is deprived of participating in its management.7) After watching this interview, she realizes how difficult it is to be a venture capitalist. For one thing, you need to have the money; for another, you need to have the insight to pick the right start-ups.8) To enter a specific market, in addition to acquiring sufficient knowledge about our target customers, we also need to know about the local policies and abide by them.9) With the efforts of these university students, it was brought to light that this world-famous multinational had established some sweat factories in China.10) In a time when customers change constantly and rapidly in their needs, only companies who are quick to respond can survive and succeed in the end.Chapter 43. Phrase Translation1) Given the Chinese equivalents to the following English Terms.mobility of people:流动人口supply networks: 供应商网络standardized items：标准零配件specialist manufacturing technology:特殊制造技术complementary economies: 互补经济体anti-Japanese sentiment: 反日情绪foreign affiliates: 外方合伙人，外国附属公司go public: 上市2) Give the English equivalents to the following Chinese terms:企业并购mergers and acquisition海外扩张overseas expansion全球化战略globalization strategy保护主义措施protectionist measures市场准入access to market知识产权intellectual property right贸易伙伴trading partners资本投入capital investment4. Translate the following sentences with the expressions in the list given below.1) Vendors now offer systems that work only with their hardware, but they are trying to make their equipment integrate with other’s hardware.2) Agricultural export, by contrast, respond immediately, growing at an annual rate of 17.7 percent in 1980 and 1981.3) This book takes a strategic view of business and develops the ability to take a multidisciplinary approach to managing a business and resolving problems and issues.4) Thanks to the recession and 9/11, Mayor Michael Bloomberg must contend with a whopping budget deficit projected to 60 billion.5) Dispose of batteries properly. Do not throw them into fire or expose to high temperature.6) In the future, in addition to syndicating our groups’ efforts, we will ally with foreign companies to leverage advantages and enhance global competitiveness.7) We are certain that in due course of time, the economic reform will have brought about results and benefits that will go beyond China’s boundaries.8) One of the major banks has lowered its interest rate and the other bank is expected to follow suit.9) During these quarterly meetings, it’s the boss’s responsibility to respond to each manager’s plan.10) We will put in place a new order of the socialist market economy through completing the market system and rectifying and regulating the market behavior.5.1) ambivalent 2) integration 3）hindered4) from 5) by 6) shortage 7) options8) acquisition 9) strategy 10) alliance 11) craftChapter 53. Phrase Translation1) English to Chinesepublicly traded companies 上市公司keep a weather eye on…对随时留意/小心提防accounting firms 会计师事务所international subsidiaries 国外子公司cost efficient 经济划算的take a wait-and-see approach 持观望态度reconciliation reports财务）调整报告performance measures 业绩评定指标/方法2) Chinese to English通用/公认会计准则generally accepted accounting principles收益确认revenue recognition损益表/收益表income statement每股收益earnings per share常务/执行董事managing director信用评级机构credit-rating agencies财务管理人员/主管finance chiefs/ executives机构投资者/投资机构institutional investors4. Translate the following sentences with the expressions in the list given below.1) Escalating costs have almost wiped out the company’s profits from last year.2) This area is studded with bars all vying for customer attention. But it’s not easy to pin down what exactly it is that pleases customers the most.3) The project team decided to adhere to its original plan despite the appalling weather.4) At the press conference, the PR manager reiterated that the company’s operation has returned to normal. However, many private shareholders remain skeptical about such claim.5) The new labor law, which took effect last year, is likely to raise the labor cost of a considerablenumber of enterprises.6) The less senior employees are reluctant to express their views or make any suggestions because they don’t think their ideas w ill really be put into practice.7) Local relief organizations have also embarked on fund-raising campaigns so as to provide more financial support for the earthquake victims.8) Up to 30 companies submitted their request for price rise, but most of them d idn’t stand a chance of getting approval from the regulatory agency.9) The decision-makers seem to have already given up on the reform program though its initiators are still trying hard to elicit support from other stakeholders.10. The new model, which has just been released onto the market recently, is being touted as the most energy-efficient and environmentally-friendly product of its kind.Chapter 63.explicit inflation target 公开的通货膨胀指标volatile prices 波动价格monetary policymaking 制定货币政策consumer expenditure 消费支出credit crunch 信贷资金骤减variable mortgage rates 浮动按揭/抵押贷款利率surging and plunging asset prices 大起大落的资产价格do more harm than good 得不偿失/弊大于利2)楼市暴跌housing crunch/collapse维持价格稳定maintain price stability核心通货膨胀core inflation rate消费者物价指数consumer price index资产负债表balance sheet预除负面影响forestall the adverse effects政策框架policy framework市场预期market expectation4.1) The intensification of globalization has made the financial market of any country more vulnerable to booms and busts in other countries.2) This model, which used to be the cash cow of the company, only accounts for 5% of its total sales revenue now.3) The local authorities’ response to the crisis seemed grossly inconsistent with its proclaimed commitment to environmental protection.4) In his speech, the newly-appointed chairman of the committee warned banks and other financial institutions against over speculation and reckless lending.5) The company has recently introduced a new assembly line in the hope that improved technology can translate into higher productivity.6) The new policy comes into effect this month, but whether it can deliver the expected benefits remains to be seen.7) To sustain their present standards of living, you have to bring their income into line with rising prices.8) This country has a great advantage over its neighbors in terms of the financial and technological resources needed to achieve the dual goal of economic prosperity and cleaner environment.9) During the economic recession, the outlook for job opportunities was bleak.10) Should our negotiation with the agency break down, we’ll consider setting up our own retail outlets.5. 1) economies 2)accompanied 3)run-ups 4)crashes 5)pose 6)intervention 7)variety 8)within 9)extent 10)under 11)distinguish 12)fundamentalsChapter 73.Phrase Translation:1)competitive edge 竞争优势breach of contract 违反合同convertibility of profit 收益的可兑换financial instruments 金融工具currency conversions 货币转换financial hedges 金融避险cost-benefit analysis 成本效益分析record-high 破纪录的高点a vested interest 既得利益in its infancy 初级阶段2）新兴市场emerging markets金融危机financial meltdown民间暴乱civil disturbance股票价格share prices风险溢价risk premium政治周旋political spin平衡竞争环境level the playing field利害关系have a stake in数据采集data-mining博弈论game theory4.1)The advantages of the establishment of legal framework far outweigh its disadvantages because it guarantees private property rights for citizens as the rights of foreign entities to purchase and sell businesses within the country.2. The government seeks ways to accelerate its bid to enter the World Trade Organization and promises to honor the commitment.3. According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, India attracted $16.9 billion in foreign direct investment inflows in 2006, which is equivalent to a 153% increase from the previous year.4. There are signs that the market could open up in the near future and more foreign entities willhave a stake in the international business.5. The practices of foreign companies must be consistent with international standards following the 1999 Trademark Act that protected foreign trademarks and service marks.6. As of January 1, 2008, both domestic and foreign-funded enterprises will be subject to a 25% statutory rate.7. Even before they reached the bilateral free-trade agreement in 2009, trade talks had already gained more and more favor with the Mexicans.8. Germany’s anti-monopoly law, adopted voting on August 30, renders those foreign mergers and acquisition against national security infeasible.9. China allows for full profit repatriation and since the mid-1990s, foreign investors have broadly had free access to foreign exchange.10. Instead of engaging in endless talks that amount to little more than arguments for the lion’s share of profit, both sides need to size up the current situation.。
初中英语时文阅读02-中华传统文化篇2(原卷版)
初中英语时文阅读2（中华传统文化篇）文章导读阅读理解A篇：放假、纳凉、外卖……古代人生活方式是如何的呢？B篇：中秋节和感恩节，都是与家人团聚一起的节日。
C篇：火锅、东坡肉、餐桌礼仪...... 探寻中国饮食文化D篇：国学故事。
千金买马首。
E篇：国学故事。
用人如器。
完形填空Cloze 1 中国传统经典故事——闻鸡起舞。
Cloze 2中国传统经典故事——滴水穿石。
Cloze 3中国传统经典故事——仓颉造字。
语法填空国学故事——见贤思齐焉，见不贤而内自省也A 阅读理解Weekends, air conditioners (空调), takeouts… are all common things for modern people. Have you ever wondered if ancient people enjoyed the same lifestyles? Let’s take a look.1. Why were there no weekends in ancient times?A. Because ancient people were more hard-working than modern ones.B. Because ancient people didn’t use a weekly calendar.C. Because the emperors didn’t allow their people to have a rest.D. Because ancient people wanted to make more money.2. How many ways are mentioned to stay cool in ancient China in the passage?A. One.B. Two.C. Three.D. Four.3. How did people in ancient times keep takeout dishes warm?A. They put hot water between plates.B. They lit candles under the dishes.C. They covered the dishes with thick cloth.D. They walked fast to deliver (送) the dishes.4. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?A. In ancient China, people like farmers and businessmen worked all year round.B. Ancient people used bed mats made of silk to stay cool.C. Along the River During the Qingming Festival was painted in Song Dynasty.D. Modern people still have the same lifestyles as ancient people.5. Where can we read this passage probably?A. In a novel.B. In a science book.C. In a history magazine.D. In a cooking book.B，阅读理解Family is important for everyone, no matter if you are from China or abroad. So in both East and West, we have festivals to celebrate family reunions. These festivals include Mid-Autumn Festival in China and Thanksgiving in the US. How are they celebrated and what are the differences? Let’s take a look.Sharing the moonlightWith delicious moon cakes hitting the shops, the Mid-Autumn Festival arrives. It’s on the 15th day of the eighth month of the Chinese lunar calendar. In ancient China, the day was considered a harvest festival since fruits, vegetables and grain had been collected from the fields.The full moon is a symbol for family reunions (tuanyuan means reunion in Chinese, with yuan meaning round). Chinese people celebrate by coming together to eat, drink and be happy.On the day, food offerings (供品) are traditionally placed at altars (供桌) set up in old yards. Moon cakes are a special festival food.When it gets dark, people look up at the full moon and drink wine to celebrate or remember friends and relatives who are far from home. “Though miles apart, could men but live forever dreaming they shared this moonlight endlessly! (但愿人长久，千里共婵娟)” wrote Song Dynasty poet Su Shi.Showing our thanksThanksgiving is on the fourth Thursday of November. The first Thanksgiving was in December of 1621. About 100 English people took a ship, the Mayflower, to a place they named Plymouth in the northeastern US. The winter there was very cold and life was difficult. The American Indians (印第安人) helped them a lot. The English peopleinvited the American Indians to have a big meal to thank them for all of their help. The celebration lasted for three days.Today, people usually have a family meal on Thanksgiving. They enjoy delicious food such as pumpkins, corn and a big, golden turkey.There are other traditions on the day. For example, the turkey has a V-shaped bone in the breast. It’s called a wishbone. After roasting, two people each take one end of the bone. They make a wish and then pull. If you get the larger part of the bone, you will get good luck.The most important part of Thanksgiving is to say “thanks” – this is the spirit of the holiday. People also like to watch the Thanksgiving Day Parade (游行) on TV or play American football.1.What do people usually do on the Mid-Autumn Festival?a. harvest crops.b. get together with familyc. eat mooncakesd. remember friends and family far awaye. write poetryA. abcB. bcdC. cdeD. ade2. What is the most important part of Thanksgiving?A．To express thanks for help B. To get the larger part of the V-shaped bone.C. To get together with familyD. To enjoy delicious food3.What do the two festivals have in common?A. They both last for 3 days.B. They both have paradesC. They both have family mealsD. Their traditional food both include chicken.4.What’s the main idea of this paragraph?A. How the two festivals came into being.B. Which festival is more traditionalC. How the two festivals are celebrated and what the differences are.D. Different cultures have different meaning and customs.C，阅读理解China has rich food culture. There are interesting stories behind some cuisine(菜肴), as well as table manners relating to tableware (餐具).HotpotHotpot has been popular among Chinese people for a long time. As early as in the Shang Dynasty (c.16thcentury–11th century BC), people boiled foods in bronze cauldrons(青铜鼎). The cauldron had two parts – one was the pot to cook foods in soup, and the other part was a layer (层) or a space inside the cauldron to hold firewood. People started to have lattice (分格的) hotpot during the Han Dynasty (206 BC–AD 220). They divided pots into several parts to enjoy different flavors (口味).Yuan Mei was a poet and foodie (美食家) in the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). He mentioned huoguo, the Chinese name for hotpot, in a book about all kinds of food. At that time, hotpot was very popular. People put all kinds of meat and vegetables into the hotpot. They also used different materials, such as copper (铜) and iron (铁), to make pots. Dongpo porkThere is a famous Chinese dish called “Dongpo pork”. Does it have anything to do with the great poet Su Dongpo?Yes. Su Dongpo (Su Shi) was a poet who lived during the Song Dynasty (960-1279). He was the first to make this dish. When he was a local official in Huangzhou, Hubei, he fell in love with cooking pork. In his article Ode to Pork (《猪肉颂》), Su wrote about how to cook it.According to folk stories, the dish became well-known when Su went to Hangzhou, Zhejiang, to take office. One day, there was a big flood and Su went out to help people. People heard that Su loved eating pork, so they gave him a lot of it.But Su wanted to give it back. He cooked the pork in his own special way. Then he gave the dish to every family in the city and every worker on the street. Very soon the dish became famous in Hangzhou and got the name “Dongpo pork”.ChopsticksWhat are the dos and don’ts of using chopsticks?For Chinese people, chopsticks are not just simple tools to pick up food. They come with their own special rules and traditions.First, people should not make noise with chopsticks. Playing with chopsticks is seen as rude, just as playing with forks and knives in a Western country is.There are also some superstitions (迷信) related to chopsticks. For example, some people believe that chopsticks should not be left standing upright in a bowl. It looks like the incense (香) that Chinese people use to honor (祭奠) the dead. Doing it at the dinner table is believed to bring bad luck.You should not tap chopsticks on the edge (边缘) of the bowl either, as beggars do this to ask for food.1. When did people start to have lattice hotpots?A. During the Shang Dynasty.B. During the Qin Dynasty.C. During the Han Dynasty.D. During the Qing Dynasty.2. According to the story, what did Yuan Mei do?A. He added a layer of space to the bronze cauldrons.B. He wrote about hotpot in his book about cuisine.C. He taught people to cook meat and vegetables together.D. He used different materials to make pots.3. “Dongpo pork” was named after Su Dongpo because _____.A. he created the dishB. he wrote a poem to praise the dishC. he spread the dish to more citiesD. people made the dish to remember him4. People gave Su a lot of pork after he fought the flood because _____.A. Su tried hard to help themB. they wanted Su to praise their porkC. they wanted Su to cook pork for themD. they wanted to learn how to cook pork5. What is a taboo（禁忌）when Chinese people are using chopsticks?A. Using chopsticks to pick up food for guests.B. Laying chopsticks sideways on the table.C. Sticking chopsticks in the food and leaving them upright.D. Picking up things other than food with chopsticksD，阅读理解During the Warring States Period (475-221 BC), King Zhao of the State of Yan (燕昭王) wanted to gather talented people to make the state strong. He asked the scholar (有学问的人) Guo Weifor advice. Guo told the king a story.In ancient times, there was a king who wanted a special kind of horse. This horsecould run 1,000 li a day. It was called qianlima. He sent many people to find thesehorses and buy them for him. After three years, nobody found him such a horse.One day, someone new volunteered to help. Within three months, he heard abouta qianlima. He rushed to find it, but the horse was already dead. Still, he bought the bones of the horse with 500 pieces of gold.The king was very angry. “What I want is a live horse, not the bones of a dead horse!”The man answered calmly (冷静地), “Imagine this. You’re willing to pay a high price for a dead horse, let alonea live one. This shows people you truly wish to buy the horses. Just wait and the horses you want will come very soon.”Indeed (的确), within a year, many qianlima owners brought their horses to the king.Guo told the king that he could see himself as the bones of the horse. “If I am valued (重视), more talent will be willing (愿意的) to serve the state,” he said. The king built houses for Guo and treated him as a teacher. Soon, talented people across the state came to help the king. His state finally beat the State of Qi.We can better understand the story by reading the essay (文章) On Horses (《马说》) by Han Yu, a writer in the Tang Dynasty. In the essay, Han wrote that qianlima are common, but a person who can find them is rare. It tells us that talented people are common. Finding them is difficult.The story helps us understand that talented people are important to society. They deserve (应得) respect. President Xi Jinping once told this story to officials, asking them to respect talented people. More importantly, the story pushes us to think about our own talents. It means to develop your all-around (全面的) abilities and create opportunities for yourself. Instead of waiting for someone to find you, you can actively sell yourself.1. What did King Zhao of the State Yan actually want to have?A. Talented people.B. Qianlima.C. The bones of a qianlima.D. Wealth.2. In Guo’s story, the king got angry with the man because he thought _____.A. qianlima weren’t the best horses in the worldB. there wasn’t a qianlima in the worldC. the bones were not from a qianlimaD. a dead horse was of no use at all3. What was the man’s reason for buying the bones of a dead horse?A. It could help the king gather talented people.B. Horse owners would see the king’s need for qianlima.C. More people would kill their horses to sell horse bones.D. The king could tell qianlima from common horses this way.4. Guo compared himself to _____ in the story he told.A. the volunteerB. the kingC. the bones of a dead qianlimaD. the qianlima ownerE，阅读理解During the Tang Dynasty (618-907), Emperor Taizong asked the prime minister (宰相) Feng Deyi to recommend (推荐) talented people. However, several months passed, Feng didn’t recommend anyone.“I tried my best, but there are not unusual and well-rounded people at all,” Feng said.“People are like utensils (器物). What we need to do is to make good use of their strengths. You should blame (责怪) yourself for not noticing talented people. How could you say that there are no talented people in our era?” said the emperor.Indeed (的确), each utensil or tool has a specific function (功能). A knife is made to cut things while chopsticks are made to pick up food. We can’t use a knife as a chopstick. Like a utensil, each person has a particular strength. Nobody is perfect. We can’t expect a person to be good at everything.With this idea in mind, Emperor Taizong discovered many talented people of different backgrounds. He offered them important positions , which helped them make the most of their talents. His talented people helped the society develop and created a “golden age”.A good example is Ma Zhou, who grew up in a poor family. Ma gave a lot of useful advice, so Emperor Taizong offered him a position and promoted (晋升) him many times. Ma helped the emperor deal with complicated issues and became a well-known person in history.Chang Sheng, Chinese teacher at the High School Affiliated to Renmin University of China explains as followings:As long as a person is talented in one aspect, we should give them a chance. The same idea can be found in the Analects of Confucius (《论语》). Treating people as utensils shows not only good leadership, but a sincere and inclusive (包容的) attitude. President Xi Jinping once told this story to officials, asking them to value talented people.Today, as the division of labor (劳动分工) in society is becoming clearer, the idea still makes sense. If we become leaders someday, we should help others give full play to their strengths. For example, Liu Bang, the founder of Han Dynasty (206BC-AD220), let Zhang Liang and Xiao He work as advisors for their wisdom while inviting Han Xin to lead the army for his war strategies. Known as the “three heroes of the early Han Dynasty”, they helped Liu builda strong dynasty.1. Why couldn’t Feng Deyi find any talented people in Taizong’s opinion?A. There were no talented people then.B. His standards were wrong.C. He was afraid of being replaced.D. He was dissatisfied with the emperor.2. Knives and chopsticks are compared to _____.A. positionsB. strengthsC. toolsD. people3. Ma Zhou is a good example of people who _____.A. have no talent but are still usefulB. are unusual and well-roundedC. know when to take a chanceD. show talent in the right field4. What might be Chang Sheng’s opinion?A. People with any talent should be valued.B. Talented people are difficult to discover.C. Using people as tools is taking advantage of them.D. Using people as tools doesn’t work today.5. What is the main message of the story?A. Opportunity only comes to those who are prepared.B. There is no such thing as a great talent without great willpower.C. Talented people should be valued and led to the right place.D. Pearls are everywhere but not the same as eyes.完形填空Cloze 1Zu Ti was a great man of Jin Dynasty. He was ____1____ for his hard work and great achievements. But when he was a child, he was a naughty (顽皮的) boy who showed little ____2____ in reading. As he grew up, Zu Ti___3____ he didn’t have enough knowledge. And he deeply felt that he could not serve his country well. So he made up his mind to study hard.Zu Ti had a ___4____ friend named Liu Kun. They had a deep friendship. So they stayed together every day. They even slept on one bed every night and ___5___ at the same time every morning. One day, when they were____6____, Zu Ti heard the rooster crowing (打鸣). An ____7___ came to him. He woke up Liu Kun and said, “How about getting up to play swords (剑)?” Though he was still sleepy, Liu Kun agreed with Zu Ti gladly. From then on, they got up and played swords as soon as the rooster began crowing. They kept their words day after day. They never gave up no matter how ___8___ in winter or hot in summer. Besides, they began to study history____9___ and put all their energy into reading books. In this way , they learned a great deal of knowledge and made much progress. A few years later, both of them grew up with talents and wisdom. At last, their ___10____ came true and they made great contributions to their country.This is the Chinese idiom story To Rise with the Rooster.1. A. ready B. famous C. late D. sorry2. A. pride B. respect C. interest D. kindness3. A. realized B. decided C. imagined D. promised4. A. rich B. busy C. same D. close5. A. picked up B. got up C. gave up D. made up6. A. fighting B. discussing C. sleeping D. reading7. A. order B. idea C. exam D. ability8. A. long B. dry C. cold D. quiet9. A. carefully B. politely C. probably D. recently10. A. mistakes B. dreams C. hobbies D. difficulties完形填空Cloze 2During the Song Dynasty (960-1279), there was an official named Zhang Guaiya ____1____ worked in Chongyang county (县), in today’s Hubei. Theft was common – even money from the county’s vault (钱库) _____2____.One day, Zhang saw a low-ranking official (小吏) ____3____out of the vault in a panic (慌张). Zhang stopped him and asked, “Why are you ____4____such a hurry?”“No reason,” said the official.Zhang remembered the things stolen from the vault. So he asked the guards to search the official___5____. They found a copper coin (铜钱) in____6_____headband (头巾).Zhang asked him how much more money he had stolen. The official refused to admit (承认) that he stole ____7_____ . Zhang ordered the guards to beat him.The official didn’t____8____. He said, “I only stole a copper coin. You ____9____kill me just because of that!”Zhang was very angry. He wrote with a red pen, “If you steal a coin every day, there ____10____ a thousand coins after a thousand days. Constant dripping wears away a stone (水滴石穿).”“Constant dripping wears away a stone.” This saying ____11_____ us that small things done over time can make a big ____12______. On the one hand, it reminds us ____13_____small bad things. On the other hand, it tells us to persevere (坚持不懈).Take learning a language, for example. There is no shortcut (捷径) to success. You have to persist, learning new words, reading and writing. Within a short period, you might not see progress. But____14____you stick to it for months or years, you will make breakthroughs (突破).President Xi Jinping once mentioned (提到) this saying in a 1990 speech he made in Ningde, Fujian. Believing in it, Xi led local people to work hard ____15_____get rid of poverty (摆脱贫困). He often used it to encourage officials to fight against poverty.1. A. which B. whom C. who D. \2. A. stole B. was stole C. was stolen D. were stolen3. A. come B. comes C. came D. to come4. A. on B. in C. at D. for5. A. care B. careful C. carefully D. careless6. A. he B. his C. him D. himself7. A. something else B. else something C. anything else D. else anything8. A. give up B. give in C. give away D. give off9. A. can’t B. couldn’t C. mustn’t D. needn’t10. A. are B. have C. will be D. will have11. A. tell B. told C. is told D. tells12. A. different B. differently C. difference D. differences13. A. not doing B. don’t do C. not to do D. not to do14. A. unless B. although C. because D. if15. A. so B. or C. and D. but完形填空Cloze 3In ancient Chinese stories, Cangjie created characters (文字). Cangjie was ___1___, so the leader Huangdi gave him the job of recording things. However, Cangjie found that the job became more ___2___ as the number of the things to record grew. He wanted to ___3___ a way to solve the problem.One day, Cangjie went hunting with several other people. He ___4___ the hunters chose their way by looking at the different footprints (脚印) of animals. After seeing this, Cangjie thought ___5___ there were different signs for different things, he could remember all the important things easily. Through hard work, he ___6___ created the signs for writing. Huangdi was happy with Cangjie’s work and asked him to teach the signs to others. They all ___7___ Cangjie. Over time he got proud.Cangj ie was teaching a class one day. An old man ___8___ to him carefully. After the class, the old man asked Cangjie, “The signs you ___9___ for the horse and the dog show they have four legs. A cow also has four legs. But why doesn’t the sign for the cow show that?”Cangjie found he mixed the two signs up when teaching. He felt very ___10___ for that. From then on, Cangjiewas more careful about his work.1. A. kind B. shy C. smart D. brave2. A. expensive B. interesting C. surprising D. difficult3. A. find out B. talk about C. lay out D. take up4. A. thought B. noticed C. agreed D. hoped5. A. and B. but C. if D. because6. A. quickly B. clearly C. finally D. easily7. A. missed B. thanked C. touched D. helped8. A. listened B. talked C. walked D. pointed9. A. created B. copied C. changed D. called10. A. relaxed B. safe C. excited D. sorry语法填空No one is an island, so without a doubt, we ____1______( influence) by others. When we see people of high morality (道德), we can follow their lead and learn from them. But when we see someone who may not be good, what should we do? Confucius, the _____2_____ (famous) teacher and philosopher (哲学家) in ancient China, might give us an answer.见贤思齐焉，见不贤而内自省也。
文学类文本阅读(2) 高三第一轮复习训练语文试题(六)
高三第一轮复习训练题语文（六）（文学类文本阅读2）一、现代文阅读阅读下面的文字，完成1~4小题。
给我一支枪茹志鹃我赤手空拳，紧贴在绝壁上，面前是万丈深渊，战斗机笔直地俯冲下来，在我头上掠过，接着，咯咯地射来一串机枪子弹，第二架又怪声啸叫着，从我头上擦过去，接着第三架，羞辱我，威吓我，而我只有怒目相对。
我要是有一支枪，哪怕是一支短枪，我也不会遭到这样肆无忌惮的欺凌，我愤怒地大喝一声：“强盗！”我从床上直坐了起来，犹觉得心在乱跳。
好熟悉的梦啊！它又不是梦，是我在熟睡中重新记起的十几年前的一次经历。
那年，我从文工团下到营部，是营里唯一没有枪的兵。
在一次回营部的路上，我碰到了三架战斗机的围攻。
最后，是沂蒙山的臂膀掩护了我。
我回去，跑到营长面前：“发我一支枪！”营长朝我看看，没有说话。
我们是没有枪的，我们的枪都是从敌人手里缴获的。
于是，我仍是全营中唯一没有武器的人，穿着军装，但没有枪。
“我一定要一支枪。
”这一要求在我心中越来越强烈起来。
钟敲了十二下，已经是半夜了。
我重又躺下，感到一种夜的馨香，纯洁恬静，自由舒畅。
我越发想起了枪。
“我要一支枪！”这声音好像就在我的跟前，不是十多年前的。
是小鲁，我明白了，是他引来这难以平伏的思潮。
小鲁是战友的儿子。
昨天傍晚，小义惊喜地跳进来报告，“妈妈，小鲁大哥哥来了！”小鲁站在房门口，穿着簇新的军装，拘束地在我身边坐下。
孩子趴在他膝上，尊敬而又羡慕地端详他。
“叔叔！”突然，孩子改变了对他的称呼，问道，“你怎么没有枪？”我看见小鲁的脸慢慢地红了，停了半晌，才说：“我说我要一支枪，他们说还要慢一慢。
”当然，现在给新战士发一支枪，已经不是问题了。
我伸手开了灯，床前的玫瑰花儿立即跳回窗帘上去了。
小鲁明天就要出发，昨晚硬给小义留了下来，说是要和解放军叔叔睡一夜。
我走到外间，电灯还亮着，柔和地照着两个人。
小鲁舒展两臂，像要展翅奋飞。
孩子略仰着脸，似乎在问：“叔叔，你有枪吗？”……我第二次向营长要求一支枪，是在同年的秋末。
2020考研英语二阅读text2
2020考研英语二阅读text2The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on the lives of people around the world. As countries implemented lockdowns and social distancing measures to curb the spread of the virus, the education sector was one of the hardest hit. Schools and universities were forced to pivot to online learning, presenting significant challenges for both students and educators.For many students, the transition to remote learning was a difficult adjustment. The lack of face-to-face interaction with teachers and peers, the distractions of the home environment, and the technical difficulties associated with online platforms all contributed to a decline in academic performance and engagement. Students with limited access to technology or stable internet connections were particularly disadvantaged, further exacerbating existing educational inequalities.Furthermore, the psychological and emotional toll of the pandemic has been significant for students. The isolation, uncertainty, and stress of the situation have taken a toll on mental health, leading to increased rates of anxiety, depression, and burnout among young people. The loss of important social and extracurricular activities, aswell as the disruption to established routines, have only added to the burden.Despite these challenges, many students have demonstrated remarkable resilience and adaptability. They have found innovative ways to stay connected with their peers, engage in online learning activities, and maintain a sense of community. Online study groups, virtual social events, and creative collaborative projects have helped to mitigate the feelings of isolation and loneliness.Moreover, the pandemic has also presented opportunities for growth and personal development. With more time at home, some students have been able to explore new hobbies, develop new skills, and engage in self-reflection and introspection. The forced transition to remote learning has also highlighted the importance of digital literacy and the need to develop critical thinking and self-directed learning skills.Looking ahead, it is clear that the long-term impact of the pandemic on education will be profound. As we emerge from this crisis, it will be essential to learn from the experiences of the past year and implement strategies to support students and address the inequities that have been exacerbated. This may involve investing in improved digital infrastructure, providing additional mental health resources, and adopting more flexible and personalized learning approaches.At the same time, it is important to recognize the resilience and adaptability that students have shown during this challenging time. Their ability to navigate this unprecedented situation with creativity, empathy, and determination should be celebrated and nurtured. By supporting and empowering students, we can ensure that they emerge from the pandemic stronger, more resilient, and better prepared for the future.In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the education sector, presenting a range of challenges for students and educators alike. However, it has also highlighted the importance of fostering resilience, adaptability, and digital literacy in our young people. As we move forward, it will be crucial to learn from this experience and implement strategies to support students and address the inequities that have been exacerbated. By doing so, we can ensure that the education system emerges from this crisis stronger and better equipped to meet the needs of students in the years to come.。
2020考研英语一阅读text2
2020考研英语一阅读text2全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Aight, here we go! So, in this super cool text I read for the 2020 postgrad entrance exam, it talks all about how technology is changing the way we communicate. Like, back in the day, people used to send letters and stuff to talk to each other. But now, we have all this amazing tech like smartphones and social media that lets us chat in, like, no time at all!The text says that even though all this new tech is awesome, it can also change the way we interact with each other. Like, some peeps might get all caught up in texting or scrolling through their socials that they forget to, you know, actually talk to each other face to face. And that's, like, not cool, right?But the text also mentions that technology can bring peeps together from all over the world, which is, like, totally rad! We can make friends and learn about different cultures without even leaving our homes. It's, like, the power of the internet bringing us all closer together.I think the text is saying that while technology is super cool and all, we still need to remember to, like, have real conversations with each other and not get too caught up in the digital world. Balance is key, my friends!So yeah, that's my take on the whole tech communication thing from the 2020 exam text. Pretty interesting stuff, right? Gotta love how technology is changing the game!篇2Title: My Thoughts on the 2020 Postgraduate English ExamHey guys, today I want to talk about the 2020 postgraduate English exam, especially text 2 in the reading section. It was kind of tough, right? But don't worry, I'm here to share my thoughts on it with you!First of all, the passage was all about how technology is changing our lives. It talked about how in the future, robots might take over some of our jobs and how artificial intelligence is becoming more advanced. It was pretty interesting, but also a little scary, don't you think?I think the passage made some good points about the pros and cons of technology. On one hand, it can make our liveseasier and more convenient. But on the other hand, it might lead to job loss and privacy issues. It's definitely something to think about!One thing I found tricky was some of the vocabulary in the passage. There were a lot of big words that I didn't know, like "automation" and "algorithm". I had to look them up in the dictionary to understand what they meant. But that's okay, learning new words is always a good thing!Overall, I thought text 2 was pretty challenging, but also really interesting. It got me thinking about the future and how technology will continue to change the world. I can't wait to see what the future holds!So, what did you guys think of the 2020 postgraduate English exam? Let me know in the comments below! And remember, no matter how tough the exam was, we all did our best and that's what matters the most. Keep studying hard and never give up!That's all for now, see you next time! Bye!篇3Hey guys, guess what? Today I'm gonna tell you about this really cool text I read for the 2020 GRE Reading test. It was super interesting and I can't wait to share it with you!So, in this text, it talks about how important it is for kids to play outside and be active. Did you know that playing outside can make you smarter and help you learn better? Yeah, it's true! When you play outside, you use different parts of your brain and you get to explore and be creative. That's why it's so important to put down the video games and go play in the fresh air!The text also talks about how kids these days spend too much time on screens – like phones, computers, and TVs. It's not good for our eyes or our bodies to be staring at screens all day. That's why it's really important to take breaks and go outside to play. Plus, playing outside is so much more fun than sitting inside all day!Another cool thing the text talks about is how playing outside can help us make friends and learn important social skills. When we play with other kids, we learn how to share, take turns, and work together. These are all important skills that will help us when we grow up and have to work with other people.So, next time your mom tells you to go outside and play, remember that she's just trying to help you be the smartest,healthiest, and happiest kid you can be! So go ahead, grab your friends, and go have some fun in the sun!篇4Hey guys, today I'm gonna talk about this super difficult reading passage I just read for the 2020 English exam! It was about some fancy stuff called "text2" and let me tell you, it was no joke.So basically, this text was all about how people in the past used to communicate through writing letters. Can you believe that? No phones, no texts, just good old fashioned paper and pen. The text talked about how important letters were back then, how they could express emotions and ideas in a way that technology just can't.But here's the crazy part - the text also mentioned how letters are making a comeback in today's digital age. People are starting to appreciate the personal touch of a handwritten letter, and some even see it as a form of art. Who would've thought, right?The text also talked about how different cultures have their own styles of letter writing, from the formal and structured to the creative and expressive. It was really cool to learn about howsomething as simple as a letter can vary so much depending on where you're from.Overall, I gotta say, this text was a real eye-opener. It made me appreciate the art of letter writing in a whole new way. Who knows, maybe I'll start writing letters to my friends instead of just texting them. It might be a nice change of pace, don't you think?Anyway, that's all for now. Wish me luck on the exam, guys! I'm gonna need it after reading that crazy text2.篇5Hey guys, have you heard about the 2020 postgraduate entrance exam? It's super important for those of us who want to go on to study for a master's degree. One of the sections is the reading part, and today I want to talk about text 2 from the reading section.So, in this text, it talks about how people nowadays are so obsessed with social media and technology, that they are losing touch with the real world. It's like we're all living in our own little bubbles, only paying attention to what's happening online and not what's happening right in front of us.The article also mentions how some people feel like they need to constantly update their social media accounts to make their lives seem more interesting than they really are. It's like we're all trying to show off to each other instead of just living in the moment and enjoying life.But you know what, guys? We need to remember that there's more to life than just what we see on social media. We should try to spend more time with our friends and family, go outside and enjoy nature, and just live in the present moment.So, in conclusion, let's all try to put down our phones and computers every once in a while and really take in the world around us. Don't let social media control your life, guys! Let's all live in the moment and make the most of every day.篇62020text2，：Hey guys! Today I wanna talk to you about this super important stuff –protecting our environment. So, like, there’s this article that talks about how we humans are messing up the Earth with all our pollution and stuff.Did you know that our air is getting all dirty because of all the cars and factories? And the trees are getting cut down like crazy, which is really bad because they help us breathe by giving us oxygen. Plus, the animals are losing their homes because we keep destroying the forests.We gotta do something to help, you know? We can start by using less plastic and recycling more. And maybe we can plant some trees to make up for all the ones that got cut down. It’s like taking care of our own backyard, but on a bigger scale.If we don’t do something now, the Earth is gonna g et really sick and we won’t have a beautiful planet to live on anymore. So let’s all do our part to protect the environment and keep our home safe and clean for us and future generations.Remember, every little thing we do counts, so let’s all work together to make a difference! Keep the Earth green and the air clean! Let’s do this, guys!Alright, that’s all for today. Thanks for listening, and let’s go out there and save the planet! Peace out!篇7Wow wow! Let's talk about this super long reading called "2020text2"! It's like, really important for this super duper hard test!So, like, in this reading, it talks about how animals communicate with each other. It's like they have their own secret language that we humans don't understand. Isn't that cool? Imagine being able to talk to your pet dog or cat! That would be amazing!The reading also talks about how animals use different sounds, gestures, or even scents to communicate. Like, did you know that dolphins make clicking noises to talk to each other? Or that bees dance to tell their friends where the best flowers are? Animals are so smart!But, like, humans are super lucky because we have language to communicate with each other. We can use words, gestures, or even emojis to talk to our friends and family. Isn't that awesome?Anyway, I think it's really cool how animals have their own ways of communicating. It just shows how amazing nature is! And who knows, maybe one day we'll be able to understand their language too. Wouldn't that be amazing?So, yeah, let's keep studying and learning new things. Who knows what other secrets of the animal kingdom we'll discover next! Let's ace this test and show everyone how smart we are! Go team!篇8Hello everyone! Today I’m going to talk about the text 2 from the 2020 English Exam for Graduate Students. This text is all about the importance of sleep and how it affects our health.The text starts off by talking about how important sleep is for our bodies. It says that sleep is like food for our brain, and if we don’t get enough sleep, it can lead to all sorts of problems. For example, not getting enough sleep can affect our memory, concentration, and mood.I think this is really true. Whenever I don’t get enough sleep, I feel really tired and grumpy the next day. It’s hard to concentrate in class and I forget things really easily. So, I always try to make sure I get enough sleep every night.The text also talks about how lack of sleep can affect our physical health. It says that not getting enough sleep can increase your risk of getting sick, and it can also lead to weightgain. This is because when you’re tired, you’re more likely to crave unhealthy foods and skip exercise.I never knew that not getting enough sleep could have sucha big impact on my health. I’m definitely going to make sure I get enough sleep from now on!Overall, I think this text was really interesting and it taught me a lot about the importance of sleep. I hope you found my summary helpful! Thanks for listening, and remember to get plenty of sleep tonight!篇9Hey guys, have you ever heard of the 2020 Graduate Entrance Exam? It's a big test that lots of people take to get into graduate school. Some people call it the "" in Chinese. Today, I want to talk about one of the reading passages from the English exam, Text 2.So in Text 2, it talks about how technology is changing the way we live and work. It says that technology is making our lives easier and more convenient. For example, we can use our phones to order food, pay for things, and even talk to our friends without seeing them in person. It's pretty cool, right?But on the other hand, technology is also causing some problems. It can be addicting, distracting, and even make us feel lonely sometimes. People are always on their phones, even when they're with their friends or family. It's like they can't live without them!The text also talks about how technology is changing the job market. Some jobs are disappearing because robots and computers can do them better and faster. But there are also new jobs being created because of technology. Like computer programmers, social media managers, and online teachers.Overall, I think technology is great, but we need to be careful not to let it take over our lives. We should still spend time with our friends and family, go outside, and enjoy the world around us without being glued to our screens all the time.That's all for now. Hope you guys learned something new from this article. Good luck with your studies, and remember to take breaks from technology once in a while!篇10Oh my goodness, have you heard about the 2020 postgraduate entrance exam in English? It's like, super duperhard! But don't worry, I'm here to break it down for you in a way that even a little kiddo like me can understand.So, in the second reading text, it talks about how people these days are like all obsessed with their smartphones and social media. Like, seriously, have you ever seen anyone without a phone glued to their hands? I don't think so!The text says that all this technology can actually be kinda bad for us. It's like, we're all so addicted to our phones that we forget to talk to real humans and stuff. I mean, have you ever been to a restaurant and seen a family just staring at their phones instead of talking to each other? It's crazy!But the text also talks about how social media can be good too. Like, you can keep in touch with friends who live far away and stuff. And you can learn about all kinds of cool things on the internet. So, it's not all bad, I guess.Anyway, the text is all about how technology is changing the way we communicate. It's like a totally new world out there, and we just gotta learn how to navigate it, you know? So, let's put down our phones for a minute and actually have a conversation with someone. Who knows, we might just make a new friend or something!。
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《凌霄和月季》
凌霄和月季一起从地里探出头来.
月季花开了,红艳艳的,大伙赞美她.月季花只是微笑着摇头,默默地散着芳香. 凌霄也开花了，一朵朵橙红色的花，像一只只喇叭。
她攀上一棵大树，顺着树杆往上攀，一直攀到树顶。
凌霄感到自己上天了，往下看看，花儿草儿多么矮小啊！她嘲笑着伙伴们：“哈哈哈，你们都在我的下面。
”
花儿,草儿们羡慕地看着这攀高入云的凌霄花,都说:"凌霄花真了不起."惟独月季花一声不响.
凌霄花听着声声赞美,越加得意,她高傲地对月季说:"喂!朋友,你怎么一句赞
美的话都没有,不想让我采朵云给你吗"
月季淡淡地说:"我长得虽矮,但是靠自己的根立在地上.你凭借了大树的高,炫耀自己,没啥稀罕."
凌霄花哼了一声,没再理睬月季.
一天,伐木队选了这棵大树.电锯沙沙沙,大树倒了,凌霄花一下跌落地面.那些为她唱赞歌的花儿,草儿都来讥笑她.
月季花却安慰她说：“朋友，应该学会自立。
”凌霄花惭愧的低下了头。
1、分别用两三句话介绍一下月季和凌霄两种花。
月季：
______________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________
凌霄：
______________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________
2、写出下面句子的含义。
我长得虽矮,但是靠自己的根立在地上.你凭借了大树的高,炫耀自己,没啥稀罕.
_________________________________________________________
3、你读了这篇短文后，懂得了什么道理？
_____________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________
4、把短文分成三部分，请你概括各段段意。
第一段：
第二段：
第三段：
5、写出下列词语的反义词。
赞美（）矮小（）讥笑（）凭借（）
6、当“花儿,草儿们羡慕地看着这攀高入云的凌霄花”不住赞叹时，为什么月季花“一声不响”？
7、当月季花安慰凌霄花时，为什么凌霄花“惭愧的低下了头”？
刻舟求剑
刻舟求剑是《吕氏春秋•察今》中记述的一则寓言，说的是楚国有人坐船渡河时，不慎把剑掉入江中，他在舟上刻下记号，说：「这是我把剑掉下的地方。
」当舟停驶时，他才沿着记号跳入河中找剑，遍寻不获。
该寓言劝勉为政者要明白世事在变，若不知改革，就无法治国，后引伸成不懂变通、墨守成规之意。
【原文】楚人有涉江者，其剑自舟中坠于水，遽（jù)契(qì)其舟，曰：“是吾剑之所从坠。
”舟止，从其所契者入水求之。
舟已行矣，而剑不行，求剑若此，不亦惑乎！
战国•吕不韦《吕氏春秋•察今》又名《吕览》
【译文】有一个渡江的楚国人，他的剑从船上掉进了水里。
他急忙用刀在船沿上刻了一个记号，说：“这儿是我的剑掉下去的地方。
”船停止以后，这个人从他所刻记号的地方下水去找剑。
船已经向前行驶了很远，而剑却不会和船一起前进，像这样去找剑，不是很糊涂吗?
注释
1.涉--本指徒步过河，此指渡过。
2.自--从。
3.遽--急忙，立即，匆忙。
4.契--用刀雕刻。
5.是--指示代词，这儿。
6.不亦惑乎--不是很糊涂吗？惑，迷惑，糊涂。
“不亦......乎”是一种委婉的反问句式。
7.坠--掉下。
8.若--像。
9.是吾剑之所从坠--这里是我的剑掉下去的地方。
10.楚--周代国名，都城在今湖北江陵县北。
11.求--寻找。
12.之--代词，代“剑”。
13.其剑自舟坠于水，其：他的。
14.遽契其舟，其：(指示代词)那。
15.从其所契者，其：他。
16.是吾剑之所从坠，之：助词，不译。
17.止：动词，停止。
18.行：前进。
19.亦：也。
刻舟求剑：比喻不懂事物已发展变化而仍静止地看问题。
剑掉入水中，在船舷刻上记号，待船停止后仍从记号处下水寻剑。
比喻拘泥固执，不知变通。
典出《吕氏春秋．慎大览．察今》。
△「守株待兔」、「胶柱鼓瑟」
《吕氏春秋．慎大览．察今》
楚人有涉江者，其剑自舟中坠于水，遽契其舟，曰：「是吾剑之所从坠。
」舟止，从其所契者入水求之。
舟已行矣，而剑不行，求剑若此，不亦惑乎？以此故法为其国，与此同。
时已徙矣，而法不徙，以此为治，岂不难哉？
战国时，秦国丞相吕不韦在《吕氏春秋》一书中，阐述君王治理国政的道理。
他认为君王治国应要符合时宜，不能一味沿袭旧法，因为环境会随着时间改变。
他举了一个例子：楚国有人渡江时，剑掉到水里，他便很快地在船身上刻了记号，说：「我的剑就是从这里掉下去的。
」等到船停了，他就从记号处下水找剑。
可是船已经走动了，但落水的剑却不会动，这样找剑，不是很奇怪吗？如果用旧法治理国家，而不考虑时空的转变，就像这个求剑者的行为一样令人困惑。
后来这个典源被浓缩成「刻舟求剑」，用来比喻拘泥固执，不知变通。