Literature Questions
英美文学考试题
英美文学考试题英国文学习题与练习Week 2 Early and Medieval English LiteratureReference Questions:1. Who were the earliest settlers of Britton/England? What do you know about them (home, language, belief, life style)?2. What are the 3 conquests? What effects they had upon the nation?3. Ideologically what is the most significant change in people’s spiritual life?4. How was the nation developed politically or what changes were there in the form of the social structure?5. In terms of literature, what influence had the French upon England?6. How many languages were spoken during the French reign? How do you understand modern English as a language?7. What was the essence of Christian doctrine preached at the time? Was there any ignoble reason behind it?8. Why was the Middle Ages known as the Dark Ages?9. What was the form of literature at the time? What features does it have? 10. What are the 3 periods/stages of Chaucer’s literary career?11. In what way do we call Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales the first work of English literature?Text study: Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales (6-7)1. What is image of the nun?2. Is she favorably and admirably or satirically portrayed? How?3. What figures of speech are used? Week 3 Renaissance (1)Reference questions:1. What is Renaissance? How and why did it come about?2. What is the development of drama? What were the original forms and content and practice of drama?3. Why did drama flourish in Elizabethan age? Who are the major playwrights of the time?4. Who is Marlowe? What contributions did he make to English drama?5. Who is Shakespeare? What famous and great plays (history, comedy, tragedy)? What features?6. What did Ben Jonson write about? What representative work?7. Prepare the excerpt from Hamlet (31-32). What is it mainly about? What humanist idea can you find in the soliloquy?8. What was the most important translation of the time?Week 4 Renaissance (2)Reference questions on Shakespeare and Hamlet: 1. Why is Shakespeare an eternal subject of study? Where lies his greatness? 2. What are the themes of Hamlet?3. What is the significance of Hamlet as a character?4. What is blank verse?5. What is soliloquy?Text study Hamlet’s soliloquy “To be or not to be” (31-32)1. What is the main idea of Hamlet’s soliloquy? Summarize in one or two sentences the main idea of the soliloquy?2. How does the soliloquy reflect the spirit of the time or the idea of humanism?3. How do you analyze Hamlet’s argument in terms of structure?Week 5 Renaissance (3)Questions for Renaissance poetry and prose:1. Who was thought to be the greatest English poet since Chaucer? What is his representative work? What are the features of this poem?2. What new forms (rhyme—blank verse, stanza--sonnet) of poetry were introduced into England? By whom?3. Who were the famous sonneteers of the time?4. How do you tell an Italian (Petrarchan) sonnet from an English (a Shakespearean) one?5. How many sonnets did Shakespeare write? What are the major subjects?6. Who were the two major prose writers? What is Utopia? Where do you think More possibly got the idea or was it all his own invention? How do you interpret the title of the book?7. What contribution did Bacon make to the English system of thinking and learning?8. What’s the purpose of his Essays?9. Based on your reading of his work, give your personal impression of/comment onhis Essays?10. The English Renaissance period is known for its translations. What are the most important translations of this age?Text studyQuestions on Sonnet 18 by Shakespeare (58): 1. What is the English sonnet form? Study the metrical and rhyme scheme as well as the structure?2. What’s the main idea? Is it really about love? What is peculiar of this love poem?3. What figures of speech are used?Questions on “Of Studies” by F. Bacon (52-53):1. How do you define the style?2. Study the essay by comparing the English version with the translation of Mr Wang. How do you like the Chinese version?3. Paraphrase and comment on sentences 1-6, 10-12.Week 6 Revolution and RestorationReference questions:1. What was the most important social event during the mid-17th century?2. What were the two most popular forms of lyric?3. Why is Milton the greatest poet of the period? What is the significance of Paradise Lost?Text study: Paradise Lost by John Milton (67-68)1. What is the historical background of the work?2. As a transitional writer, how does Milton combine his humanistic ideas with his Puritan ideas?3. What is the image and the significance of Satanin the two extracts? 4. What philosophy can we get from the text?Week 7 18th century Enlightenment(1)Questions:1. What was the most important intellectual event of the time?2. The 18th century is called an age of the bourgeoisie. Why? And what effect it had on literature of the century?3. Why did English novel appear in this century?4. What are the major forms of literature?5. What have neo-classicism and realism got to do with the Enlightenment Movement?6. Why did literature of Sentimentality and Gothicism come into being in the latter part of thecentury?Text study: J. Swift’s “A Modest Proposal”(81-89) 1. How do you describe the narrator’s tone?2. What or who are the targets of Swift’s mockery?3. Is the proposal modest? Prove your point.Week 8 18th century Enlightenment(2)Text study:An Essay on Man by A. Pope (89-90) 1. What is heroic couplet? 2. What is the poetic pattern?3. What are the themes of the two extracts?4. Paraphrase the texts or tell in brief your interpretation.“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” by Thomas Gray (91-92) 1. What do you know of the Graveyard poetry? 2. What is the poetic pattern?3. What is the predominant mood?4. What is the theme ?5. Summarize each stanza in your own words.Week 9 19th-century Romanticism (1)Questions:1. How is the period defined in time?2. What was the historical background, politically,economically and ideologically? 3. What was the predominant genre of literature? Who were the important writers of the time?4. In what way was romanticist literature different from that of neoclassicism in the 18th century, such as in form, guiding principle, subject matter, purpose, style, etc.?Text study: “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” by Wordsworth (103) 1. What is the theme?2. What is the predominant image?3. How does it reflect the poet’s idea of romantic poetry?4. What is the poetic pattern?5. Paraphrase each stanza in one sentence.Week 10 19th-century Romanticism (2)Text study:“The World Is Too Much with Us” by Wordsworth (116-7) 1. What is the theme, the meaning, of the first line? 2. What romantic ideas does it advocate? 3. What type of sonnet form it is?4. What romantic spirit does it represent?5. Paraphrase the poem in your own words.“Ode on a Grecian Urn” by John Keats (109-110)1. What is the theme of the poem?2. What is the rhyme scheme?3. What romantic feature does the poem reflect?4. Summarize each stanza in one or two sentences. Week 11 Victorian Literature (1)Questions:1. What is the historical background politically, economically and ideologically?2. What is the predominant form of literature during this period?3. Who are the representative writers? And what was the literary tendency?4. What changes came about towards the end of the century?Week 12-13 Victorian Literature (2)(3)英国文学习题与练习Week 2 Early and Medieval English Literature Reference Questions:1. Who were the earliest settlers of Britton/England? What do you know about them (home, language, belief, life style)?2. What are the 3 conquests? What effects they hadupon the nation?3. Ideologically what is the most significant change in people’s spiritual life?4. How was the nation developed politically or what changes were there in the form of the social structure?5. In terms of literature, what influence had the French upon England?6. How many languages were spoken during the French reign? How do you understand modern English as a language?7. What was the essence of Christian doctrine preached at the time? Was there any ignoble reason behind it?8. Why was the Middle Ages known as the Dark Ages?9. What was the form of literature at the time? What features does it have? 10. What are the 3 periods/stages of Chaucer’s literary career?11. In what way do we call Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales the first work of English literature?Text study: Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales (6-7)1. What is image of the nun?2. Is she favorably and admirably or satiricallyportrayed? How? 3. What figures of speech are used? Week 3 Renaissance (1)Reference questions:1. What is Renaissance? How and why did it come about?2. What is the development of drama? What were the original forms and content and practice of drama?3. Why did drama flourish in Elizabethan age? Who are the major playwrights of the time?4. Who is Marlowe? What contributions did he make to English drama?5. Who is Shakespeare? What famous and great plays (history, comedy, tragedy)? What features?6. What did Ben Jonson write about? What representative work?7. Prepare the excerpt from Hamlet (31-32). What is it mainly about? What humanist idea can you find in the soliloquy?8. What was the most important translation of the time?Week 4 Renaissance (2)Reference questions on Shakespeare and Hamlet:1. Why is Shakespeare an eternal subject of study? Where lies his greatness?2. What are the themes of Hamlet?3. What is the significance of Hamlet as a character?4. What is blank verse?5. What is soliloquy?Text study Hamlet’s soliloquy “To be or not to be” (31-32)1. What is the main idea of Hamlet’s soliloquy? Summarize in one or two sentences the main idea of the soliloquy?2. How does the soliloquy reflect the spirit of the time or the idea of humanism?3. How do you analyze Hamlet’s argument in terms of structure?Week 5 Renaissance (3)Questions for Renaissance poetry and prose:1. Who was thought to be the greatest English poet since Chaucer? What is his representative work? What are the features of this poem?2. What new forms (rhyme—blank verse, stanza--sonnet) of poetry were introduced into England? By whom?3. Who were the famous sonneteers of the time?4. How do you tell an Italian (Petrarchan) sonnet from an English (a Shakespearean) one?5. How many sonnets did Shakespeare write? What are the major subjects?6. Who were the two major prose writers? What is Utopia? Where do you think More possibly got the idea or was it all his own invention? How do you interpret the title of the book?7. What contribution did Bacon make to the English system of thinking and learning?8. What’s the purpose of his Essays?9. Based on your reading of his work, give your personal impression of/comment onhis Essays?10. The English Renaissance period is known for its translations. What are the most important translations of this age?Text studyQuestions on Sonnet 18 by Shakespeare (58): 1. What is the English sonnet form? Study the metrical and rhyme scheme as well as the structure?2. What’s the main idea? Is it really about love?What is peculiar of this love poem? 3. What figures of speech are used?Questions on “Of Studies” by F. Bacon (52-53):1. How do you define the style?2. Study the essay by comparing the English version with the translation of Mr Wang. How do you like the Chinese version?3. Paraphrase and comment on sentences1-6, 10-12.Week 6 Revolution and RestorationReference questions:1. What was the most important social event during the mid-17th century?2. What were the two most popular forms of lyric?3. Why is Milton the greatest poet of the period? What is the significance of Paradise Lost?Text study: Paradise Lost by John Milton (67-68)1. What is the historical background of the work?2. As a transitional writer, how does Milton combine his humanistic ideas with his Puritan ideas?3. What is the image and the significance of Satanin the two extracts? 4. What philosophy can we get from the text?Week 7 18th century Enlightenment(1)Questions:1. What was the most important intellectual event of the time?2. The 18th century is called an age of the bourgeoisie. Why? And what effect it had on literature of the century?3. Why did English novel appear in this century?4. What are the major forms of literature?5. What have neo-classicism and realism got to do with the Enlightenment Movement?6. Why did literature of Sentimentality and Gothicism come into being in the latter part of the century?Text study: J. Swift’s “A Modest Proposal”(81-89) 1. How do you describe the narrator’s tone?2. What or who are the targets of Swift’s mockery?3. Is the proposal modest? Prove your point.Week 8 18th century Enlightenment(2)Text study:An Essay on Man by A. Pope (89-90) 1. What is heroic couplet? 2. What is the poetic pattern?3. What are the themes of the two extracts?4. Paraphrase the texts or tell in brief your interpretation.“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” by Thomas Gray (91-92) 1. What do you know of the Graveyard poetry? 2. What is the poetic pattern?3. What is the predominant mood?4. What is the theme ?5. Summarize each stanza in your own words. Week 9 19th-century Romanticism (1)Questions:1. How is the period defined in time?2. What was the historical background, politically, economically and ideologically?3. What was the predominant genre of literature? Who were the important writers of the time?4. In what way was romanticist literature different from that of neoclassicism in the 18th century, such as in form, guiding principle, subject matter, purpose, style, etc.?Text study: “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” by Wordsworth (103) 1. What is the theme?2. What is the predominant image?3. How does it reflect the poet’s idea of romantic poetry?4. What is the poetic pattern?5. Paraphrase each stanza in one sentence.Week 10 19th-century Romanticism (2)Text study:“The World Is Too Much with Us” by Wordsworth (116-7) 1. What is the theme, the meaning, of the first line? 2. What romantic ideas does it advocate? 3. What type of sonnet form it is?4. What romantic spirit does it represent?5. Paraphrase the poem in your own words.“Ode on a Grecian Urn” by John Keats (109-110) 1. What is the theme of the poem? 2. What is the rhyme scheme?3. What romantic feature does the poem reflect?4. Summarize each stanza in one or two sentences.Week 11 Victorian Literature (1)Questions:1. What is the historical background politically, economically and ideologically?2. What is the predominant form of literature during this period?3. Who are the representative writers? And what was the literary tendency?4. What changes came about towards the end of the century?Week 12-13 Victorian Literature (2)(3)。
西方文学导论期末考试
Warm-up Questions●What is literature?Literature, in a broad sense, means compositions that tell stories, dramatize situations, express emotions, and analyze and advocate ideas.●What are the functions of literature? Why should we study literature?Nourishing emotional life;Obtaining necessary information;Escaping from reality;Obtaining aesthetic pleasure;Improving ourselves;Entertaining ourselves.●What are the major genres of literature?fiction---poetry---drama---nonfiction●What are the four elements of literature?universe---writer---reader---literary textsEssay:By definition, an essay is an organized, connected, and fully developed set of paragraphs that expand on a central idea or central argument. It may include book report, book review, critical essay, theoretical essay, etc.Thesis Sentence:A thesis sentence is an organizing sentence that contains the major topics you plan to treat in your essay.Topic Sentence:A topic sentence is a statement about how a topic supports the argument contained or implied in the central idea.How to read literary works?1)Respond to the works2)Understand the meaning of the text3)Trace the ideas4)Articulate your emotional response to what interests you in the text (characters,problems) relying on your past reading experience.How to write a literary essay?1)Select a topic ---research for the possibility---collecting materials---selecting materials---close-reading& taking notes2)writing drafts ---take a break---revising draftsHow to select a topic?●On a particular work/author●On a particular subject●On comparison/contrast1) an idea or quality common to two or more authors;2) different critical views of a particular work3) the influence of an idea, author, philosophy, political situation, artistic movement onspecific works of an author or authors.4) the origin of a particular work.How to write drafts?Focus on ideasCreate a thesis sentenceShow a process of thoughtKeep to your pointDistinguish your thoughts from othersNever just retell the story or summarize the workCritical reading of critical writingsThesis statement/Thesis sentenceResearch summaryRaising questionsArgumentsDevelopment of argumentsEvidence, Proof, Illustration, etc.Critical approaches：According to four elements of literature, critical approaches for study of literature can be: 1) Text-oriented approaches(literary writings should be the focus of criticism, such as New Criticism, Structuralism, Formalism )2)Author-oriented approaches(Image/imagination as the representation of writer, such as Romanticism; or as the author’s mind/psyche, such as psychoanalysis, expressionism)3)Reader-oriented approaches(reader as important role in criticism, such as Reader-response Criticism, Reception Theory接受理论, Hermeneutics解释学)4）Context-oriented approaches(literature as limitation of universe or reflection of reality such as Realism, NewHistoricism, Femininism, Post-colonialism)Fiction:Fiction refers to an imaginative form of narrative, which mainly includes novels, short stories, fables, fairy tales,etc. Fiction has three main elements: plotting, character, and setting.Story:An account or recital of an event or a series of events, which is fictitious.Structure:●The way a story is assembled;●Straightforward sequential order, description of plot identical to that of structure;●Out-of-sequence, separated episodes, speeches, secondhand reports, remembrances,accidental discoveries, dreams, nightmares, periods of delirium, fragments of letters, overheard conversations, and so on;●Structure of stories: arrangement and development of the stories as they unfold, part bypart.Plot:●Selecting, ordering, arranging of incidents to suggest their importance and theirrelationships, their actual dependence on one another;●Something about the connections between the events it relates;●Traditional polt: exposition, complication, crisis, denouement.Exposition:●Background information(time, setting, details about the characters) for the subsequentconflict;●At the beginning of a story or when the author slowly reveals bits of concernedComplication：●When characters are caught up in their situation and the conflict intensifies;● A good arrangement of complication will coax readers into reading the story.Climax/Crisis:●When conflict reaches its highest point or when the point of greatest intensity appearswhen the opposing forces interlock or reach a standstill;●Turning point of the narrative when the conflict peaks so that the conflict should becoped with and the problem should be solved.Resolution/Denouement:●When conflict between the opposing forces is settled;●In a unified piece of fiction the conflict is not settled by accident but rather by thefulfillment of the basic problem set up during the complication.Conflict:●Struggle between opposing force, which determines and shapes overall organization ofa particular narrative;●Conflict animates characters and events;●Conflict makes the story move;●Traditional plot presents conflict in a rising and a falling patten, with the conclusionlogically growing out of the preceding events;●Modern fiction concentrates more on describing and exploring the intricacies andimplications of the conflict itself.Plot Analysis:●Exposition: A boy of ten years old under the care of his guardian;●Complication: The boy hates Mrs. De Ropp, who dislikes him;●Conflict: The boy’s struggle for freedom from restriction and the woman’s enjoymentof domination;●Crisis: The boy’s praying for the killing and his anxious waiting for something takingplace;●Denouement: It is implied that the woman is killed as the boy wishes and the boyenjoys his eating. The conflict is solved with an accident.Setting:Setting refers not only to the physical location and to the specific time or period in which the action takes place but also to the psychological and the social environment.●helps explain and clarify action and character; helps convey meaning,●functions to establish the credibility of the story,●explains behavior, knowing something about characters’ background●may be taken as symbols or used in the creation fo atmosphere and mood“The Old Chief Mshlanga”●The landscape in 2nd paragraph is out of girl’s imagination which shows her fear,●The landscape of her farm symbolizes ruins done by white colonization,●The description of landscape help understand behavior of the girl.Aspects of Drama:Verbal: 1. Monologue (long, uninterrupted speech addressed to other characters on stage)2. Soliloquy (speaking inner thoughts while alone on stage)3. Dialogue (speech exchanged between two or more characters)4. Stage directions.Nonverbal: 1. (Performance of ) Actions2. Costumes3. Setting4. Music5. LightTragedy: Tragedy is drama in which a major character undergoes a loss but also achieves illumination or a new perspective. It is considered the most concentrates on cosmic implications of its major character’s misfortunes. According to Aristotle, a tragedy is serious (noble, elevated), complete (logical, of whole), and of a certain magnitude (balance of length and subject matter).Aristotle’s Principles:●Consisting in six parts---plot, character, diction, thought, spectacle, song;●An imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude, whichexcite pity and fear;●Artistic ornament in language;Comedy:●Comedy is an imitation of characters of a lower type, not, however, in the full sense ofthe word bad. It consists in some defect or ugliness which is not painful or destructive.●Dramatic Irony: Eliciting laughter by audience’s knowledge of disparity between whata character believes to be occurring and what is actually taking place white thecharacter remains ignorant of it;●Verbal Irony: Saying one thing and meaning quite another.Elements of Comedy:●Having light/amusing characters or “character in lower type” (Aristotle);●Using devices of humor, satire, irony, etc;●Containing amusing/funny plots;●Consisting in some defects/ ugliness which is not painful/ destructive(Aristotle)●Having a happy ending.Types of Comedy:●Satiric comedy: Foibles/ folly of human nature exaggerated and cruelly exposed ordisplayed;●Romantic comedy: Gently dealing with human weakness.。
文献综述提纲范文
文献综述提纲范文I. Introduction- Briefly explain the purpose of the literature review- Describe the importance of the topic and its relevance in the fieldII. Background and Context- Provide an overview of the topic, its history, and any relevant background information- Discuss the current state of research in the field- Highlight any gaps or limitations in existing literature III. Research Objectives- Clearly state the objectives of the literature review- Explain the research questions you aim to addressIV. Methodology- Describe the search strategy used to identify relevant literature- Discuss the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the selection of studies- Provide information on the databases, keywords, and other sources used for the literature searchV. Review of Key Studies- Summarize the main findings of the selected studies- Group the studies according to their themes or key concepts- Critically analyze each study, highlighting its strengths and weaknesses- Identify any recurring themes or patterns across the studiesVI. Gaps and Limitations- Discuss any gaps or limitations in the existing literature - Identify areas where further research is needed- Suggest possible directions for future studiesVII. Implications and Applications- Discuss the practical implications of the reviewed studies - Demonstrate how the findings contribute to the fieldVIII. Conclusion- Summarize the key findings from the literature review- Emphasize the main contributions of the review- Discuss any remaining questions or areas of uncertaintyIX. References- List all the sources cited in the literature review using the appropriate citation style (e.g., APA, MLA)Note: The above outline is a general guide for writing a literature review. You may need to adapt the outline to suit the specific requirements of your assignment or research. Additionally, make sure to check the guidelines provided by your instructor or publisher for any specific formatting or content requirements.。
英国文学史及作品选读习题集（5）
英国⽂学史及作品选读习题集（5）5 English Literature in the Romantic PeriodⅠ. Essay questions.1. In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen explored three kinds of motivations of marriage the middle-class people had in the second half of the 18th century. Try to make a brief discussion about them with specific examples from the novel. Make comments on Austen’s attitude towards these motivations.2. What are the general features of English Romanticism3. Tell the story of Pride and Prejudice and make a comment on it.4. Make a comment on Wordsworth concerning his contribution to poetry.5. Irony abounds in Jane Austen’s novel Pride and Prejudice. Please illustrate it with reference to some examples.6. Make a general comment on Walter Scott.’Ⅱ. Define the following terms.1. Romanticism2. Ode3. Byronic hero4. Ottava rima5. Terza rima6. Irony7. Lyric8. Motif9. Theme10. Symbol11. Imagery12. Foil13. Synaesthesia14. Character15. Flat character16. Round character17. Negative capacityⅢ Fill in the blanks.1. As an age of romantic enthusiasm, the Romantic Age began in 1798 when ______and ______published _______ and ended in 1832 when ______died.2. In the Preface of the 2nd and 3rd editions of __________, Wordsworth laid down the principles of poetry composition.3. The English Romantic Age produced two major novelists, _________ and ______.4. _____, ________, and_________ are referred to as the “Lake Poets” because they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England.5. In 1805, Wordsworth completed his long autobiographical poem entitled__________.6. Scott’s historical novels depicted Scotland, England, and the Continent covering a period ranging from _______ up to, and including, _______.7. _______ mourned for _______’s premature death in an elegy “Adonais”, w riting “He is made one with Nature.”8. “Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage” is a long poem created by contains four cantos in the_______ stanza, namely a 9-line stanza rhymed ababbcbcc, in which the first eight lines are in iambic pentameter while the ninth in iambic hexameter,9. _______ is Byron’s masterpiece, written in the prime of his creativepower. He called it an “epic satire”, “a satire on abuses of the present state of society.”10. The great novelist in the Romantic period_______ marked the transition from Romanticism to the period of Realism which followed it.11. The plot of Shelley’s lyrical drama Prometheus Unbound is borrowed from _______, a play of the Greek tragedian Aeschylus.12. In “To Autumn”, Keats writes,” Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness, / Clise bosom-friend of the maturing sun; / Conspiring with him how to load and bless / With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eves run; / …” The figure of speech used in the lines is _______.13. “Ode to a Nightingale” expresses the contrast be tween _______ and _______.14. The unifying principle in Don Juan is the basic ironic theme of _______, ., what things seem to be and what they actually are.15. Byron employed _______ from Italian mock-heroic poetry. His first experiment was made in Beppo. It was perfected in Don Juan in which the convention flows with ease and naturalness.was memorized and honored as “the heart of all hearts” after his death. 17. Many critics regard Shelley as one of the greatest of all English poets. They point especially to his_______.18. Romanticism was in effect a revolt of the English _______against the neoclassical _______, which prevailed from the days of pope to those of Johnson.19. _______ are generally regarded as Keats’s most important and mature works.20. “Ode on a Grecian Urn” shows the contrast between _______and21. Among the Romantic figures, _______has a fundamental conviction of the health of the social system, of its ability to reform itself, and of the assurance of social well-being and the likelihood of a reasonable personal happiness.22. Scott is considered “the father of _______” which open(s) up to fiction the rich and lively realm of history.23. Two prevailing themes of Pride and Prejudice are _______ and _______.24. _______ was composed in a dream after the poet Coleridge took the opium.25. All such works of Coleridge as “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”, “Christable” and “Kubla Khan” revealed his keen interest in_______,26. _______ is regarded as a “worshipper of nature”.27. “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”, “An Evening Walk”, “My Heart Leaps up” and “Tintern Abbey” are all masterpieces on _______.28. The main idea running through the dramatic poem Prometheus Unboundis that of _______.29. _______, with a triumphant praise of the imagination, highly exalts the role of poetry, thinking that poetry alone could free man and offer the mind a wider view of its powers. He holds that poetry “is a more direct representation of the actions and passions of our internal being”.30. The Romantic period is an age of poetry. The major Romantic poets such as Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron,Shelley and Keats started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as _______.31. _______ and _______ gave great impetus to the rise of the Romantic32. _______ is a great critic of the romantic period on Shakespeare, Elizabethan drama, and English poetry. He is also a maser of the familiar essays.33. With _______, the essay is no longer chiefly a mode of intellectual inquiry and moral address. Rather, the essay becomes a medium for a delightful literary treatment of life’s small pleasures and reassurances.Ⅳ. Choose the best answer1. “Beauty is truth, truth beauty” is an epigrammatic line by _______.A. Kohn KeatsB. William BlakeC. William WordsworthD. Percy Bysshe Shelley2. William Wordsworth, a romantic poet, advocated all of the following EXCEPT _______.A. Normal contemporary speech patternsB. Humble and rustic life as subject matterC. Elegant wording and inflated figures of speechD. Intensely subjective feeling toward individual experience3. In Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s “Kubla Khan”, “A sunny pleasure dome with caves of ice “_______.A. Refers to the palace where Kubla Khan once livedB. Vividly describes a building of poor qualityC. Is the gift given to a beautiful girl called AbyssinianD. Symbolizes the reconciliation of the conscious and the unconscious4. _______is one of the first generation of English Romantic poets.A. KeatsB. ShelleyD. Wordsworth5. “If winter comes, can spring be far behind” is taken from _______.A. The Solitary ReaperB. Ode to the West WindC. To AutumnD. Song to the Man of England6. _______is NOT among the representative essayists in the romantic times.A. Charles LambB. William HazlittC. Thomas De QuinceyD. Walter Scott7. In_______, _______set forth his principles of poetry, “all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling”.A. The Preface to Lyrical Ballads; WordsworthB. “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”; ColeridgeC. “A Defence of Poetry”; ShelleyD. “Lectures on the English Poets”; Hazlitt8. _______is NOT a lyric written by Wordsworth.A. My Heart Leaps UpB. Intimations of ImmortalityC. Love’s PhilosophyD. I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud9. All the poems were written by Byron EXCEPT_______.A. Childe Harold’s PilgrimageB. Don Juan。
文献检索流程英语
文献检索流程英语Searching for literature is a crucial step in any research process, as it lays the foundation for understanding previous studies, identifying gaps in knowledge, and building upon existing research. The process of literature retrieval involves various steps and strategies to ensure that relevant and reliable sources are identified and accessed. In this article, we will explore the essential steps involved in literature retrieval, including defining research questions, selecting appropriate databases, conducting effective searches, evaluating sources, and managing references.The first step in the literature retrieval process is defining research questions or topics. This step is crucial as it helps researchers narrow downtheir focus and identify specific keywords or phrases to use in their search queries. Research questions should be clear, specific, and relevant to the topic under investigation. By defining research questions, researchers can better understand the scope of their study and identify key concepts and variables to search for in the literature.Once research questions are defined, the next step is selecting appropriate databases for literature search. There are numerous databases available to researchers, each specializing in specific disciplines or types of literature. Common databases include PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Researchers should select databases based on the relevance of their research topic and the type of literature they are seeking. It is essential to explore multiple databases to ensure comprehensive coverage of relevant sources.After selecting databases, researchers can begin conducting searches using keywords and Boolean operators to refine their search results. Keywords should be carefully selected based on the research questions and key concepts identified earlier. Boolean operators such as "AND," "OR," and "NOT" can be used to combine or exclude keywords to narrow down search results. Researchers should alsoconsider using truncation and wildcard symbols to capture variations of keywords and expand search results.Once search results are retrieved, researchers should evaluate the relevance and reliability of sources to determine their suitability for inclusion in the study. Evaluation criteria may include the author's credibility, publication date, research methodology, and relevance to the research questions. Researchers should critically assess sources to ensure that they are current, peer-reviewed, and contribute valuable insights to the study. It is essential to prioritize high-quality sources that align with the research objectives and methodology.In addition to evaluating sources, researchers should also manage references effectively to organize and cite sources in their research. Reference management tools such as EndNote, Mendeley, and Zotero can help researchers store, organize, and format citations in various citation styles. These tools enable researchers to create bibliographies, cite sources in manuscripts, and track references throughout the research process. By managing references efficiently, researchers can maintain accuracy and consistency in citing sources and avoid plagiarism.In conclusion, the literature retrieval process is a critical component of the research process that requires careful planning, organization, and evaluation of sources. By defining research questions, selecting appropriate databases, conducting effective searches, evaluating sources, and managing references, researchers can access relevant and reliable literature to support their study. By following these steps and strategies, researchers can enhance the quality and credibility of their research and contribute valuable insights to the academic community.。
全球高考惊艳世俗的句子英文
全球高考惊艳世俗的句子英文The global college entrance examination, also known as the Gaokao, is a national examination that tests high school students in China on their knowledge of subjects including mathematics, English, and Chinese. It is considered one of the most important exams in their lives as the results determine their future education and career paths.Recently, the Gaokao has garnered attention from around the world due to its difficulty level and the stratospheric scores that some students achieve. The Gaokao is notorious for its grueling nine-hour duration, with multiple-choice questions, essay questions, and the notorious "fill-in-the-blanks" section which requires students to complete a sentence with the correct word or phrase.The creativity and complexity of Gaokao questions are what sets it apart from other university entrance exams. For instance, a Chinese literature question in 2019 asked students to write a dialogue between a feudal ruler and his minister, using quotes from ancient Chinese literature to demonstrate their knowledge of the subject. Meanwhile, a physics question asked students to determine the velocity of a falling object in a vacuum.Despite the high pressure and expectations placed on students during the Gaokao, it can be argued that the exam hassome valuable lessons to teach. The Gaokao encourages students to work hard, develop their critical thinking skills, and build their confidence under pressure. It also creates a platform for students to showcase their academic abilities, affording them opportunities to attend top universities and pursue fulfilling careers.The Gaokao has become a worldwide phenomenon, with international students traveling to China to take the exam for a chance to attend leading Chinese universities. The global interest in this exam could be attributed to the growing awareness of the quality of education in China and the pursuit of academic excellence worldwide. The Gaokao exemplifies the level of rigor, depth, and scope that Chinese students must master in order to succeed in the competitive academic environment.In conclusion, the global Gaokao has impressed the world with its challenging questions and the scores that high-performing students achieve. The exam serves as a reflection of the Chinese education system's style and expectations, demonstrating the value of hard work, critical thinking, and confidence. It continues to be a significant global event, attracting both Chinese and international students who are committed to achieving academic excellence.。
英国文学作品选读1.what is literature
It takes a great deal of history to produce a little literature.- Henry James
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Literature: quotations
Develop an interest in life as you see it; the people, things, literature, music — the world is so rich, simply throbbing with rich treasures, beautiful souls and interesting people. Forget yourself. — —Henry Miller
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Literature may consist of texts based on factual information (journalistic or non-fiction), a category that may also include biography and reflective essays, or it may consist of texts based on imagination (such as fiction, poetry, or drama).
A. George Bernard Shaw B. W. B. Yeats C. Dylan Thomas D. T.S. Eliot
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Which of the following novelists wrote The Sound and the Fury
(完整word版)英国文学史及作品选读习题集
1 Old & Middle English LiteratureⅠ. Essay Questions1. What are the three parts told in the story of Beowulf? How is heroic ideal reflected in Beowulf?2. State the social significance of William Langland’s Piers the Plowman and comment on the poem’s w riting features.3. Compare Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales with old English poetry and the works of other Middle English poets to illustrate that Chaucer is the first realistic writer in English literature.4. What is the function of the General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales?Ⅱ. Define the following terms.1. Old English period (the Anglo Saxon period)2. Alliteration3. Prose4. Courtly love5. Morality play6. Couplet7. Meter8. Foot9. Scottish Chaucerians10. Ballad (Popular ballad)11. Middle English period12. Anglo-Norman period13. Arthurian legend14. RomanceⅢ. Fill the blanks.1. The Old English poetry can be divided into two groups: the_____ poetry and the ____ poetry.2. _____ is regarded as the “Father of English Song”, the first known religious poet of England.3. The history of English literature begins in the____ century.4. _____is the most prevailing literary form in the Middle Ages.5. The most magnificent prose work of the 15th century is Morte d’ Arthur concerning with____ legend.6. The only important prose writer in the 15th century is Sir______.7. Critics tend to divide Chaucer’s literary career into three periods: the ____ period, the___ period and the____ period.8. Among the Middle English poets, three are the greatest. One is the author of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. The other two are ____ and ____.9. The Canterbury Tales contains the ____ and 24 tales, two of which left unfinished.10. Chaucer employed the _____ couplet in writing his greatest work The Canterbury Tales.11. The framework in The Canterbury Tales is a ____.12. When Chaucer died on the 25th of October 1400, he was the first to be buried in ____.13. Besides Chaucer, King James I also wrote in verses of seven lines, so this kind of verse came to be called the________14. Compared with Chaucer, “Father of English poetry”, __________ in the 14th century can be called “Father of Scottish Poetry and Scottish History”.15. The ___________is an important stream of the British literature in the 15th century.16. The __________century has traditionally been described as the barren age in English literature.17. Poetry can be classified as narrative or Lyric. Narrative poems stress action, and Lyrics__________.Ⅳ. Choose the best answer.1. Beowulf is a ______ poem, describing an all-round picture of the tribal society.A. paganB. ChristianC. romanticD. lyric2. Caedmon’s life story is vividly described in _____’s Historic Ecclesiastica.A. GrendelB. BedeC. CynewulfD. Beowulf3. The most important work of Alfred the Great is ____, which is regarded as the best monument of the Old English prose.A. The Song of BeowulfB. The Ecclesiastical History of the English PeopleC. Apollonius of TypeD. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles4. In the 14th century, the important writers are the following EXCEPT_______.A. William LanglandB. John GowerC. Thomas MaloryD. Geoffrey Chaucer5. Chaucer Was once influenced by Italian Literature. His major work during this period is _____.A. Troilus and CriseydeB. The Romaunt of the RoseC. The Legend of Good WomenD. The Canterbury Tales6. Chaucer’s active career provided him not only with knowledge but also experiences, which accounted for the wide range of his writings.7. Chaucer’s narrative poem _____ is based on Boccaccio’s poem “Filostrato”.A. The Legend of Good WomenB. Sir Gawain and the Green KnightC. The Book of the DuchessD. Troilus and Criseyde8. All the following writers belong to the Scottish Chaucerians EXCEPT_______.A. Robert HenrysonB. William DunbarC. Thomas MaloryD. King James I9. In English poetry, a four-line stanza is called____.A. heroic coupletB. quatrainC. Spenserian stanzaD. terza rima10. The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely _______.A. William Langland’s Piers the PlowmanB. Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury TalesC. J ohn Gower’s Confessio AmantisD. Sir Gawain and the Green KnightⅤ. Short-answer questions1. What are the main characteristics of Anglo-Saxon literature?2. What are the artistic features of Old English poetry?3. What are the major subjects that the English romance mainly deals with?4. Summarize Chaucer’s literary ca reer and the representative works of each period.5. How many groups do the popular ballads fall into according to the contents or subjects?6. What are the stylistic features of ballads?Ⅵ. Answer the questions according to the following poem.When the sweet showers of April fall and shootDown through the drought of March to pierce the root,Bathing every vein in liquid powerFrom which there springs the engendering of the flower,When also Zephyrus with his sweet breathExhales an air in every grove and healthUpon the tender shoots, and the young sunHis half-course in the sign of the Ram has run,And the small fowls are making melodyThat sleep away the night with open eye(So nature pricks them and their heart engages)The people long to go on pilgrimagesAnd palmers long to seek the stranger strandsOf far-off saints, hallowed in sundry lands,And specially, from every shire’s endIn England, down to Canterbury they wendTo seek the holy blissful martyr, quickIn giving help to them when they were sick.Questions:1. What is expressed in these opening lines of The Canterbury Tales?2. How does the author emphasize the transition from nature to divinity?3. Comment on Chaucer’s contribution of rhymed stanzas.KeysⅠ. Essay questions.1. Structurally speaking, Beowulf is built around three fights. The first part deals with the fight between Beowulf and the monster Grendel that has been attacking the great hall of Heorot, built by Hrothgar, the Danish King. The second part involves a battle between Beowulf and Grendel’s mother, a water-monster, who takes revenge by carrying off one of the king’s noblemen. The last part is about the fight between Beowulf and a firedrake that ravages Beowulf’s kingdom.Beowulf is a pagan poem concerned with the heroic ideal of kings andkingship in North Europe. Battle is a way of life at that time. Strength and courage are basic virtues for both kings and his warriors. The king should protect his people and show gentleness and generosity to his warriors. And in return, his warriors should show absolute obedience and loyalty to the king. By praising Beowulf’s wisdom, strength and courage, and by glorifying his death for his people, the poem presents the heroic ideal of a king and his good relations to his warriors and people.2.Piers the Plowman remains a classic in popular literature. It was very popular throughout the fourteenth and the fifteenth centuries. It praises the poor peasants, and condemns and exposes the sins of the oppressors. It played an important part in arousing the revolutionary sentiment on the eve of the Rising of 1381 headed by Wat Tyler and John Ball. It is a realistic picture of medieval England. But Piers is not a representative of the poor peasants. He is one of the well-to-do peasants. He has no intention of upsetting the feudal order of society, and he accepts the existing social relations. This is the limitation of the poem.Writing features:(1) Piers the Plowman is written in the form of a dream vision. The author tells hisstory under the guise of having dreamed it.(2) The poem is an allegory which relates truth through symbolism.(3) The poem uses indignant satire in his description of social abuses caused by thecorruption prevailing among the ruling classes, ecclesiastical and secular. (4) The poem is written in alliteration.3. The vast bulk of Old English poetry is specifically Christian, devoted to religious subjects. More importantly, it is almost all in the heroic mode due to the great influence of the heroic ideal, i.e. Beowulf is the ideal of kingly behavior. The idealized hero figures predominantly in Old English literature. Middle English romance generally concerns the knight. It makes liberal use of the improbable, ofte4n of the supernatural. Religious writing reflects the unchanging principles of medieval Christian doctrine, which looked to the world to come for the only answer to men’s troubles. William Langland’s Piers the Plowman reflects the great religious and social issues of his day, yet it is written in the form of a dream vision. It is Chaucer alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life in his masterpiece The Canterbury Tales.4. The General Prologue is usually regarded as the great portrait gallery in English literature. It is largely composed of a series of sketches differing widely i8n length and method, and blending the individual and the typical in varying degrees. The purpose of the General Prologue is not only to present a vivid collection of character sketches, but also to reveal the author’s intention in bringing together a great variety of people and narrative materials to unite the diversity of the tales by allotting them to a diversity of tellers engaged in a common endeavour, to set the tone for the story-telling-one of jollity which accords with the tone of the whole work: that of grateful acceptance of life, to make clear the plan for the tales, to motivate the telling of tales and introduce the pilgrims and the time and occasion ofthe pilgrimage. The pilgrims are people from various parts of England. They serve as the representatives of various sides of life and social groups. Each of the pilgrims or narrators is presented vividly in the Prologue. Ranging in status from a knight a humble plowman, the pilgrims are a microcosm of 14th-century English society. On the other hand, there is also an intimate connection between the tales and the Prologue, both complementing each other. The Prologue provides a framework for the tales.Ⅱ. Define the following terms.1.Old English period (the Anglo-Saxon period): The Old English Period, extended from the invasion of Celtic England by Germanic tribes (the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes) in the first half of the fifth century to the conquest of England in 1066 by the Norman French under the leadership of the seventh century did the Anglo-Saxons, whose earlier literature had been oral, begin to develop a written literature.2. Alliteration: alliteration is the repetition of a speech sound in a sequence of nearby words. The term is usually applied only to consonants, and only when the recurrent sound begins a word or a stressed syllable within a word.3. Prose: Prose is an inclusive term for all discourse, spoken or written, which is not patterned into the li8nes either of metric verse or free verse.4. Courtly love: It is a doctrine of love, together with an elaborate code governing the relations betwe4en aristocratic lovers, which was widely represented in the lyric poems and chivalric romances of western Europe during the Middle Ages.5. Morality play: Morality plays are medieval allegorical plays in which personified human qualities acted and disputed, mostly coming from the 15th century. They developed into the interludes, from which it is not always possible to distinguish them, and hence had a considerable influence on the development of Elizabethan drama.6. Couplet: A couplet is a pair of rhymed lines that are equal in length.7. Meter: Meter is the recurrence, in regular units, of a prominent feature in the sequence of speech-sounds of a language.8. Foot: A foot is the combination of a strong stress and the associated weak stress or stresses which make up the recurrent metric unit of a line. The relatively stronger-stressed syllable is called, for short, “stressed”; the relatively weaker-stressed syllables are called “light,” or most commonly, “unstressed”. The four standard feet distinguished in English are: (1) Iambic (the noun is “iamb”): an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. (2) Anapestic (the noun is “anapest”):two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable. (3)Trochaic (the noun is “trochee”): a stressed syllable. (4) Dactylic (the noun is “dactyl”):a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables.A metric line is named according to the number of feet composing it: Monometer: one footDimeter: two feetTrimester: three feetTetrameter: four feetPentameter: five feetHexameter: six feetHeptameter: seven feetOctameter: eight feet9. Scottish Chaucerians: The name is traditionally given to a very diverse group of 15th-and 16th- century Scottish writers who show some influence from Chaucer, although the debt is now regarded as negligible or indirect in most cases.10. Ballad (popular ballad): Ballad is also known as the folk ballad or traditional ballad. It is a song, transmitted orally, which tells a story. Ballads are thus the narrative species of folk songs, which originate, and are communicated orally, among illiterate or only partly literate people.11.Middle English period: The four and a half centuries between the Norman Conquest in 1066, which effected radical changes in the language, life, and culture of England, and about 1500, when the standard literary language had become recognizably “modern English”, that is similar to the language we speak and write today.12. Anglo-Norman period: The span from 1100 to 1350 is sometimes discriminated as the Anglo-Norman Period, because the non-Latin literature of that time was written mainly in Anglo-Norman, the French dialect spoken by the invaders who had established themselves as the ruling class of England, and who shared a literary culture with French-speaking areas of mainland Europe.13. Arthurian legend: It is a group of tales (in several languages) that developed in the Middle Ages concerning Arthur, semi-historical king of the Britons and his knights. The legend is a complex weaving of ancient Celtic mythology with later traditions around a core of possible historical authenticity.14. Romance: It is a literary genre popular in the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century), dealing, in verse or prose, with legendary, supernatural, or amorous subjects and characters. The name refers to Romance languages and originally denoted any lengthy composition in one of those languages. Later the term was applied to tales specifically concerned with knights, chivalry, and courtly love. The romance and the epic are similar forms, but epics tend to be longer and less concerned with courtly love. Romances were written by court musicians, clerics, scribes, and aristocrats for the entertainment and moral edification of the nobility. Popular subjects for romances included the Macedonian King Alexander the Great, King Arthur Charlemagne. Later prose and verse narratives, particularly those in the 19th-century romantic tradition, are also referred to as romances; set in distant or mythological places and times, like most romances they stress adventure and supernatural elements.Ⅲ. Fill in the blanks.1. secular, religious2. Caedmon3. 5th4. Romance5. Arthurian6. Thomas Malory7. French, Italian, English 8. William Langland, Geoffrey Chaucer 9. General Prologue 10. Heroic11. pilgrimage 12. Westminster Abbey13. rhyme royal 14. John Barbour15. popular ballad 16. 15th17. songsⅣ. Choose the best answer.1. A2. B3. D4. C5. A6. C7. D8. C9. B 10. BⅤ. Short-answer questions.1. Anglo-Saxon literature is almost exclusively a verse literature in oral form. It was passed down by word of mouth from generation to generation. Most of its creators are unknown. There are two groups of English poetry in Anglo-Saxon period. The first group is the pagan poetry represented by Beowulf, the second is the religious poetry represented by the works of Caedmon and Cynewulf.2. (1) The use of alliteration. Each full line has four stresses with a number ofunstressed syllables, three of which begin with the same sound or letter.(2) The use of vivid poetic diction and parallel expressions for a single idea, suchas the sea is called” swan-road” or “whale-path”. A soldier is called “shield-bearer”, “battle-hero” or “whale-path”. A soldier is called “shield-bearer”,” battle-hero” or “spear-fighter, etc.3. The English romance mainly deals with three major subjects: the “Matter of France”, the “Matter of Ro me”, and the “Matter of Britain”.The “Matter of France” means a collection of tales about Charlemagne, the mighty ruler of France and neighbouring countries around 800 A.D., and his peers and their wars against the Saracens.The “Matter of Rome” covers ev erything from the ancient Romans and the Greeks. Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia and conqueror of Greece, Egypt, India and Persian Empire is the favorite hero of this group. Beside this, Trojan War is also dealt with in this group.The “Matter of Br itain” means the legendary history of Britain. It mainly deals with the exploits of King Arthur and his knights.4. Chaucer’s literary career is usually divided into 3 periods: the French period, the Italian period and the mature period.The French period refers to the period of French influence (1359-1372). During this period Chaucer wrote his earliest work: the Romaunt of the Rose, a free translation of a 13th-century French poem and his first important original work, The Book of the Duchess.The Italian period refers to the period of Italian influence (1372_1386), especially of Dante and Boccaccio. During this period, Chaucer mainly wrote three longer poems using the heroic stanza of seven lines: The House of Fame, Troilus and Criseyde, The Legend of Good Women.The mature period refers to the period when Chaucer had reached full maturity in his literary creation. His masterpiece The Canterbury Tales was produced in this period in which the heroic couplet was used.5. According to the contents or subjects, popular ballads can divided into different groups. A number of ballads narrating incidents on the English-Scottish border areknown as “Border Ballads”, which deal with bloody battles fought on the border of English and Scotland.Another important group of ballads is the series of 37 ballads of different lengths in Child’s collection, which tell of the wonderful deeds of Robin Hood, the famous outlaw, and his men. Most ballads do have a love or love-triangle theme. Sometimes love is present in a tender, romantic, even sentimental way.The fourth group is the sea ballads concerning sailors. The best-known is Sir Patrick Spens.Quite a few ballads are presented with themes of the domestic life, particularly of the relations between different members of a family. Unnatural relations such as murder and treachery are not infrequently appearing in this group.6. (1) Its simple language. The simplicity is reflected both in the verse form and thecolloquial expressions. By making use of a simple, plain language of the common people, the ballad leaves a strong dramatic effect to the reader.(2) The priority of the ballad is the story which deals only with the culminatingincident or climax of a plot.(3) Most of the ballads are quasi-historical, such as the ballad “Judas” and “RobinHood” ballad.(4) Ballads also tell their stories in a highly characteristic way; they are intenselydramatic. To strengthen the dramatic effect of the narration, ballads also make full use of hyperbole; actions and events are much exaggerated.(5) Music has and important influence on the ballads.(6) Using of refrains and other kinds of repetitions.Ⅵ. Answer the questions according to the following poem.1. The magnificent eighteen-line sentence that opens the General Prologue is a superb expression of a double view of the Canterbury pilgrimage. The first eleven lines are a chant of welcome to the spring with its harmonious marriage between heaven and earth which mellows vegetations, pricks foul and stirs the heart of man with a renewing power of nature. Thus, the pilgrimage is treated as an event in the calendar of nature, an aspect of the general springtime surge of human energy which wakens man’s love of nature. But spring is also the season of Easter and is allegorically regarded as the time of the Redemption through the sacrifice of Jesus Christ with its connotations of religious rebirth which wak ens man’s love of God (divine love). Therefore, the pilgrimage is also treated as and event in the calendar of divinity, an aspect of religious piety which draws pilgrims to holy places.2. The structure of this opening passage can be regarded as one from the whole Western tradition of the celebration of spring to a local event of English society, from natural forces in their general operation to a specific Christian manifestation. The transition from nature to divinity is emphasized by contrast between the physical vitality which conditions the pilgrimage and the spiritual sickness which occasions the pilgrimage, as well as by parallelism between the renewal power of nature and the restorative power of supernature (divinity).3. Chaucer introduced various rhymed stanzas to English poetry to replace the Old English alliterative verse. He first introduced into English octosyllabic couplet andthe rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter which is to be called later the heroic couplet. And in The Canterbury Tales, he employed the heroic couplet with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature.。
课程名称：高级英语
课程名称：高级英语学时：64课程层次: 专业核心课修读类型：专业必修课考核方式：笔试开课学期：5--6学期适用专业：英语专业教学目标：高级英语属于英语专业高年级阶段课程。
它是基础阶段的综合英语课程在高层次上的延续。
高级英语是一门训练学生综合英语技能尤其是阅读理解、语法修辞与写作能力的课程。
通过阅读和分析内容广泛的材料，包括涉及政治、经济、社会、语言、文学、教育、哲学、法律、宗教及自然科学等方面的名家作品，扩大学生的知识面，加深学生对社会和人生的理解，培养学生对名篇的分析和理解能力、逻辑思维能力与独立思考的能力，增强对文化差异的敏感性，巩固和提高学生英语语言技能。
每课后都配有大量的相关练习，包括阅读理解、词汇研究、问题分析、中英互译和写作练习等。
通过该课程的学习，使学生的英语水平在质量上有较大的提高。
教学基本要求：1、提高独立工作能力，学会查找有关参考书，会自己动手写注释、做笔记。
2、培养分析、欣赏写作技巧的能力。
3、掌握基本的英语修辞手段的使用技巧。
4、准确掌握课文内容，学会分析课文的写作技巧，并能将其应用于写作。
5、培养语篇分析能力，学会词语释义，即用英语解释英语短语或句型转换。
6、逐步培养对语言与文化之间的关系的敏感性。
7、学习、巩固构词法、区分同义词的差别，更好地掌握词义。
本学期的教学内容：张汉熙主编的《高级英语》第二册的2、3、4、5、7及14单元，共64学时。
教学安排：本学期共需学习7个单元，平均每个单元约需10课时。
其中背景知识介绍、相关文化知识介绍及文章结构概述约需1学时，课文讲解约需6学时，课后练习约需3学时。
教学要求：要求学生课前对每一个单元的相关文化背景知识作必要的了解；能够较为熟练、准确地用英语对某些词语、句子进行释义；能准确地指出文章中出现的修辞；能够在老师的指导下分析、欣赏文章的写作技巧、文章的结构、语言特点；学会查找有关参考书，并自己动手写注释、做笔记等。
Unit 2: Marrakech by George OrwellI. Additional Background Knowledge1. George Orwell2. Morocco3. Marrakech4. The Jewish peopleII. Introduction to the Passage1. Type of literature: a piece of exposition2. The purpose of a piece of exposition:-- to inform or explain3. Ways of developing the thesis of a piece of exposition:-- comparison, contrast, analogy, identification, illustration, analysis, definition, etc.4. The central thought or thesisIII. Effective Writing Skills:1. making effective use of specific verbs2. using the methods of contrast, illustration, comparision, etc.3. clever choice of words and scenes and tensesIV. Rhetorical Devices:1. rhetorical questions2. repetition3. metaphor4. simile5. elliptical sentencesV. Special Difficulties1. Making sentences more compact by proper subordination, such as subordinate clauses, appositives, prepositional or verbal phrases.2. Discriminating groups of synonyms:--wail, cry, weep, sob, whimper, moan--glisten, glitter, flash, shimmer, sparkle3. Paraphrasing some sentences4. Identifying figures of speechVI. Questions1. Orwell shows the poverty of the natives in at least five ways. Identify them.2. Could paragraphs 4-7 just as well come after 8-15 as before? Why or why not?3. Does this essay give readers a new insight into imperialism?4. Comment on Orwell’s lucid style and fine attention to significant descriptive details.选用教材：由张汉熙主编、外语教学与研究出版社出版的《高级英语》第二册Unit 3: Pub Talk and King’s English by Henry FairlieI. Additional Background Knowledge1. pub/pub-friends2. Dumas/Three Musketeers3. Carlyle4. Charles LambII. Introduction to the Passage1. Type of literature: a piece of exposition2. The thesis3. What makes a good conversation4. Seemingly loose organization●Title●Transitional paragraph●Digression5. Highly informal language●Abundance of simple idiomatic expressions cheeked by jowl with copiousliterary and historical allusions● A mixed metaphor in paragraph 2III. Effective Writing Skills:1. Deliberately writing this essay in a conversational style to suit the theme2. Making effective use of specific verbsIV. Rhetorical Devices:1. Metaphor2. Mixed metaphor3. SimileV. Special Difficulties1. Idiomatic expressions:--be on the rocks--get up on the wrong side of the bed--be on wings--turn up one’s nose at sth.--into the shoes of2. Allusions--descendants of convicts--Saxon churls--Norman conquerors--musketeers of Dumas3. The use of transitional devices--transitional words and expressions--pronoun reference--repetition of important words4. Paraphrasing some sentences5.Identifying figures of speechVI. Questions1. What, according to the author, makes a good conversation? What spoils it?2. What is the author’s attitude of the writer towards “ the King’s English”?3. How does the use of words show class distinction?4. What does the writer mean when he says, “the King’s English, like the Anglo- French of the Normans, is a cla ss representation of reality”?选用教材：由张汉熙主编、外语教学与研究出版社出版的《高级英语》第二册Unit 4: Inaugural Address by John F. KennedyI. Additional Background Knowledge1. John F Kennedy2. His assasination3. Inauguration4. Inaugural address5. Cold war period: socialist camp vs. capitalist campII. Introduction to the Passage1. Type of literature: political speech2. Object of a political speech:--to explain--to convince--to persuade3. Well organized and highly rhetorical4. Biblical style/language5. Often-quoted passagesIII. Effective Writing Skills:1. Employing suitable rhetorical devices and words to create the desired emotional impact2. clear order and appropriate tone to the different groups he is addressing3. Employing Biblical style deliberatelyIV. Rhetorical Devices:1. metaphor2. antithesis1. parallelism2. repetitionV. Special Difficulties1. Biblical language/quotations/style2. Using the following methods for force, vividness and emotional appeal:--Parallel and balanced structure--Repetition of important words--Antithesis3. Paraphrasing some sentences4. Identifying figures of speechVI. Questions1. Cite examples to show that Kennedy is very particular and careful in his choice and use of words.2. Is the address well organized? Comment on the order in which he addressed all the different groups of nations and people.3. Is Kennedy’s argument and persuasion based mainly on facts and logic or on an appeal to emotions? Would this type of speech be successful on all occasions?4. Is the tone and message suited to the different groups he addresses? Give your reasons.选用教材：由张汉熙主编、外语教学与研究出版社出版的《高级英语》第二册Unit 5: Love Is a Fallacy by Max ShulmanI. Additional Background Knowledge1. The meaning of Logical fallacies2. Logical fallacies:--Dicto Simpliciter--Hasty Generalization--Poisoning the Well--Ad MisericordiamII. Introduction to the Passage1. Type of literature: a piece of narrative writing--protagonist/antagonists--climax--denouement2. The main theme3. Well chosen title and words4. Style--a very fast pace with a racy dialogue full of American colloquialism and slang --employing a variety of writing techniques to make the story vivid, dramatic and colorfulIII. Effective Writing Skills:1. Employing colorful lexical spectrum, from the ultra learned terms to the infra clipped vulgar forms2. Too much figurative language and ungrammatical inversion for specific purposes3. The using of short sentences, elliptical sentences and dashes to maintain the speed of narrationIV. Rhetorical Devices:1. metaphor2. antithesis3. transferred epithet4. hyperbole5. metonymy6. litotes7. ellipsis8. synecdoche9. inversion10. simile11. mixed metaphor12. rhetorical questionsV. Special Difficulties1. Analyzing the logical fallacies2. Using inverted sentences to achieve emphasis3. Effectively using many figures of speech4. Understanding colloquial expressions and slangVI. Questions1. Define and give an example of each of the logical fallacies discussed in this essay.2. Can you find any evidence to support the view that the writer is satirizing a bright but self-satisfied young man?3. Comment on the language used by Polly. What effect does her language create?4. Why does the writer refer to Pygmalion and Frankenstein? Are these allusions aptly chosen?5. In what sense is the conclusion ironic?选用教材：由张汉熙主编、外语教学与研究出版社出版的《高级英语》第二册Unit 7 The Libido for the Ugly By H. L. MenchenI. Background knowledgeThe AuthorHenry Louis Mencken (1880 - 1956)--- the most prominent newspaperman--- book reviewer--- political commentatorHe was a prolific writer of his day.--- his prose is as clear as an azure sky--- his rhetoric as deadly as a rifle shotII. Introduction to the Passage1.This is a subjective and highly emotional piece of description.Ugliness is the dominant impression.2.Description--- person--- place--- object--- idea3.Description is organized usually by space order.--- from a fixed position to moving position--- from close up to distance--- from general to specific--- from subjective to objective4.Thesis:By revealing the ugliness of Westmoreland, the author attacks the whole American race--- a race that loves ugliness for its own sake, that lusts to make the world intolerable; a race which hates beauty as it hates truth.III. Text Analysis1. Choose the strongest words possible---abominable, agonizing ugliness, revolting monstrousness, leprous, etc.2. Use figures of speechIV. Rhetorical Devices1. hyperboles2. sarcasm3. ridicule4. irony5. Metaphor6. simileSpecial Difficulties1. Some striking words2. Understanding the metaphorical phrase3. The use of topic sentences4. Paraphrasing some sentences5. Identifying figures of speechV. Questions1. Why does the writer use the uncommon word libido in his title?2. Does Mencken achieve or defeat his own purpose by using so many striking metaphors and hyperboles?3. Sum up the main views of the writer and comment on how they are organized and presented.选用教材：由张汉熙主编、外语教学与研究出版社出版的《高级英语》第二册Unit 11: The Future of the English by J. B. PriestleyI. Additional Background Knowledge1. A brief introduction to the author, Priestley:--English novelist, dramatist and critic2. AdmassII. Introduction to the Passage1. Type of literature: part exposition and part persuasion or argument--chief difference between exposition and argument--honest persuasion and dishonest persuasion--formal argument and informal argument2. The thesis stated in the title of the essay3. The structural organization of this essay: loose4. 5 or 6 points of the argument around the central topic5. insufficient evidence to support the writer’s position, and his reasoning on some points not logically sound6. a quite informal piece of argument which appeals more to the emotion of his English readersIII. Style1. smooth and polishedrmalIV. Rhetorical Devices:1. metaphor2. simile3. ellipsis4. transferred epithet5. metonymy6. euphemismV. Special Difficulties1. Identifying and understanding British English in this essay--to take a whip to--whole troublesome mob of them--cosy--safe to say--along the way--shrug off--nudge2. Understanding some colloquialism--swing--junk--Victorian3. Paraphrasing some sentences4. Identifying figures of speech5. Understanding some important terms--American counterculture--Madison Avenue--Hippy California--Hippie--road to Katmandu--Englishness--state of mind--industrial action--do-it-yourself--repertory company--Common MarketVI. Questions1. What role, according to Priestley, does instinctive feeling play in the behavior of an Englishman?2. How, according to the writer, are the real English people different?3. What is the dominant intention of this piece of argument? Is the proposition clearly stated?4. How does the writer make use of emotional appeals? Cite some examples.5. What conflicts or issues are put forward in this argument? Are all the conflicts resolved?选用教材：由张汉熙主编、外语教学与研究出版社出版的《高级英语》第二册Unit 14: Loving and Hating New York by Thomas GriffithI. Additional Background Knowledge1. A few words about the author2. The importance of New YorkII. Introduction to the Passage1. Type of literature: a piece of expositive writing2. The thesis stated in the title of the essay3. The thesis developed by both objective and emotional description of New York and the life and struggle of New Yorkers4. The structural organization of this essay: clear and simple--paras. 1-5 acting as a general introduction--the last sentence in the 5th para. functioning as a transition to the actual description of New York city itself5. Full of American English terms, phrases and constructions.III. Rhetorical Devices:1. metaphor2. personification3. metonymy4. transferred epithet5. alliteration6. simile7. synecdoche8. irony9. euphemismIV. Special Difficulties1. Identifying and understanding Americanisms in this essay--T-shirt--holdout--comeback--put-down--expense-account--adman--high-rise--measure up2. Some terms/phrases/structures--out-of-phase--television generation--economy of effort--wrong side--sitcoms cloned and canned--Mecca--measure up against--Ivy League schools--commercial Broadway/off-Broadway/off-off-Broadway--Madison Avenue/Wall Street--like seeks like--Wasps3. Paraphrasing some sentences4. Identifying figures of speech5. Methods to develop the central idea of a paragraph: topic sentenceV. Questions1. In what fields can New York no longer be regarded as the leading American city?2. Why do many Europeans call New York their favorite city?3. Why did the writer go and live in New York?4. What technique does the writer use to develop his main theme? Is the technique effective? Cite examples.5. Does the writer really both love and hate New York? Cite examples to back up your analysis.6. Explain fully the following sentence from paragraph 11: “A market for knowingness exists in New York that doesn’t exist for knowledge.”选用教材：由张汉熙主编、外语教学与研究出版社出版的《高级英语》第二册。
英国文学Chapter III Geoffrey Chaucer
7
British Literature I
Geoffrey Chaucer’ life experiences (1343—1400)
● He was born in a wine merchant family, a
page to Elizabeth, countess of Ulster
● He contributed importantly in the second half
of the 14th century to the management of public affairs as courtier, diplomat, and civil servant.
British Literature I
● In that career he was trusted and aided by three successive kings—Edward III, Richard II, and Henry IV. But it is his hobby—the writing of poetry—for which he is remembered.
● He was influenced by French and Italian literature.
His literary career
British Literature I
文献综述英文版
文献综述英文版The process of conducting a literature review is a crucial step in academic research, as it enables researchers to gain a comprehensive understanding of the existing body of knowledge on a particular topic. A well-executed literature review serves several important functions, including identifying gaps in the current research, highlighting areas that require further investigation, and providing a strong foundation for the development of new research questions and hypotheses.One of the primary goals of a literature review is to provide a critical analysis of the relevant literature, synthesizing the key findings, theories, and methodologies that have been employed in previous studies. This involves carefully examining and evaluating the quality, reliability, and validity of the existing research, as well as identifying any biases or limitations that may be present. By doing so, the researcher can gain a deeper understanding of the current state of the field and identify areas where further research is needed.In the process of conducting a literature review, the researchershould strive to be as comprehensive and objective as possible, considering a wide range of sources, including peer-reviewed journal articles, books, conference proceedings, and other relevant materials. It is important to use a systematic and rigorous approach to searching for and selecting the relevant literature, employing appropriate search strategies and inclusion/exclusion criteria to ensure that the review is representative and unbiased.One of the key challenges in conducting a literature review is the sheer volume of information that is available on most research topics. With the rapid growth of academic publishing, researchers are often faced with the daunting task of sifting through a vast array of potentially relevant sources. To address this challenge, it is important to develop effective strategies for organizing and managing the literature, such as using bibliographic management software, creating detailed search logs, and organizing the literature into thematic or conceptual categories.Another important aspect of a literature review is the synthesis and integration of the existing research. This involves identifying the key themes, theories, and methodologies that emerge from the literature, and then weaving these elements together into a cohesive and coherent narrative. This process requires the researcher to move beyond simply summarizing the existing research to identifying the underlying connections and relationships between the variousstudies.In addition to providing a comprehensive overview of the existing literature, a well-executed literature review can also serve as a foundation for the development of new research questions and hypotheses. By identifying gaps or inconsistencies in the existing research, the researcher can identify areas that merit further investigation and develop new research projects that have the potential to make a meaningful contribution to the field.One of the key challenges in writing a literature review is striking the right balance between breadth and depth. On the one hand, the review should be comprehensive, covering a wide range of relevant sources and perspectives. On the other hand, the review should also be focused and cohesive, with a clear organizational structure and a well-developed argument. Achieving this balance requires the researcher to carefully select and synthesize the most relevant and meaningful information, while also maintaining a clear and concise writing style.In conclusion, the literature review is a critical component of academic research, serving to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing body of knowledge on a particular topic, identify gaps and areas for further investigation, and lay the groundwork for the development of new research questions and hypotheses. Byemploying a systematic and rigorous approach to the literature review process, researchers can enhance the quality and impact of their work, and make a meaningful contribution to the advancement of knowledge in their field.。
知识来自质疑最简单三个范文英语
知识来自质疑最简单三个范文英语全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: Knowledge comes from questioning - the simplest three essays in EnglishHey guys, have you ever wondered where knowledge comes from? It's not just from textbooks or teachers, but from questioning things and seeking answers. In this article, we're going to talk about the simplest three essays in English that teach us the importance of questioning and seeking knowledge.The first essay is "The Cat and the Hat" by Dr. Seuss. This fun and colorful story teaches us that it's okay to question things and think outside the box. The cat in the hat comes into the house and creates chaos, but in the end, he cleans up the mess and leaves. This story shows us that sometimes we have to question the norm and try new things in order to learn and grow.The second essay is "The Tortoise and the Hare" by Aesop. This classic fable teaches us the importance of perseverance and hard work. The tortoise questions the hare's overconfidence and challenges him to a race. Despite the hare's initial lead, thetortoise keeps going and ultimately wins the race. This story reminds us that questioning the status quo and putting in the effort can lead to great success.The third essay is "The Little Prince" by Antoine deSaint-Exupéry. This beautiful tale explores the power of imagination and the importance of seeing things from different perspectives. The little prince questions the adults he meets on his journey and learns valuable lessons about love, friendship, and life. This story teaches us that it's important to question the world around us and never stop seeking knowledge.In conclusion, these three essays in English show us that knowledge comes from questioning things and seeking answers. So don't be afraid to ask questions, think outside the box, and explore new ideas. Remember, the more you question, the more you learn. Keep questioning, keep seeking, and keep growing. That's how knowledge comes from questioning.篇2Title: Knowledge Comes from Questioning: Three Simple ExamplesHey everyone! Today, let's talk about how we can learn new things by asking questions. It's super important to be curiousand not just accept everything we hear. So, here are three examples of how knowledge comes from questioning.First, let's talk about science. Scientists are always asking questions and trying to figure out how things work. For example, when we wonder why the sky is blue or how plants grow, scientists use the scientific method to find the answers. They make observations, ask questions, form hypotheses, conduct experiments, and analyze the results. By questioning and investigating, we can learn so much about the world around us.Next, let's look at history. Have you ever wondered why certain events happened or how people lived in the past? Historians study primary sources like documents, artifacts, and eyewitness accounts to piece together the story of the past. They also ask critical questions and challenge existing narratives to uncover the truth. By questioning the past, we can gain a deeper understanding of how our world came to be.Finally, let's consider literature. When we read a book or a poem, we can ask ourselves why the author made certain choices or what themes are present in the text. By questioning the text and looking for deeper meanings, we can appreciate the beauty and complexity of literature. Just like with science and history, questioning can lead to new insights and discoveries.In conclusion, knowledge comes from questioning. Whether we're exploring the mysteries of science, unraveling the complexities of history, or diving into the world of literature, asking questions is the key to learning and growing. So, keep asking why, how, and what if - you never know what amazing things you might discover!篇3Title: Knowledge Comes from Questioning - The Three Simplest ExamplesHey guys, today I wanna talk about how important it is to question things in order to gain knowledge. You know, sometimes we just accept things as they are without thinking about why or how they are that way. But if we start asking questions, we can learn so much more! So, let me give you three simple examples to show you what I mean.Firstly, let's talk about the sky. Have you ever wondered why the sky is blue? I mean, it's not just any old color, right? It turns out that the sky is actually blue because of something called Rayleigh scattering. This is when the sunlight is scattered by the gases and particles in the Earth's atmosphere, and the blue lightis scattered more than any other color, which is why we see a blue sky during the day.Next, let's think about rainbows. I'm sure you've all seen a rainbow before, but do you know how they're formed? Well, a rainbow is actually made up of sunlight being reflected, refracted and dispersed in water droplets in the air. This creates the beautiful colors that we see in the sky after a rain shower. It's pretty magical, right?Lastly, let's consider why the grass is green. You might think it's just because that's how it grows, but there's actually a scientific reason behind it. Plants have something called chlorophyll, which is a pigment that absorbs sunlight and uses it to make food through a process called photosynthesis. The green color comes from the chlorophyll reflecting green light and absorbing other colors.So, there you have it - three simple examples of how questioning things can lead to a better understanding of the world around us. Keep asking questions, guys, and you'll be amazed at how much you can learn! Knowledge truly comes from questioning.篇4Hey guys, do you know where knowledge comes from? Yeah, it comes from asking questions and doubting things! Today, I'm gonna tell you three super simple examples to show you how knowledge comes from questioning things.First, let's talk about the sun. We all know that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west, right? But have you ever wondered why it happens like that? Well, some smart people in the past asked the same question and did some experiments to find out the answer. They discovered that the Earth rotates on its axis, which makes the sun appear to rise and set. Cool, right?Next, let's chat about gravity. You know that thing that makes stuff fall down instead of up? It was Sir Isaac Newton who started questioning why things fall to the ground instead of floating in the air. He thought about it, did some experiments, and finally came up with the theory of gravity. So, if you ever wonder why things fall down, just remember that knowledge comes from asking questions!Lastly, let's look at the alphabet. Have you ever thought about why we use the letters A to Z in that order? It's because some clever people a long time ago thought about it and decided that it would be best to arrange the letters in that specific order. So, next time you're practicing your ABCs,remember that someone had to question and decide on the order of those letters!In conclusion, knowledge comes from questioning things and not just accepting them as they are. So, always keep asking why and how things work, because that's how we learn and discover new things! Remember, curiosity is the key to knowledge!篇5Oh! Hi everyone, I’m going to tell you about "Knowledge Comes from Questioning."You know, when we ask questions, we learn new things. It’s like opening a door to a whole new world of knowledge. So, don't be afraid to ask questions. Asking questions helps us understand better.For example, when you don’t understand a math problem, you can ask your teacher for help. By asking questions, you can figure out how to solve the problem. This makes learning fun and exciting!Also, when you ask questions, you show that you are curious and interested in learning. It shows that you are thinking and trying to understand the world around you.So, keep asking questions, keep exploring, and keep learning. Remember, knowledge comes from questioning!In conclusion, questioning is important because it helps us learn and grow. So, don’t be shy, ask questions and expand your knowledge. Keep questioning and keep learning! Thank you for listening!篇6Knowledge Comes from QuestioningHey guys, today I want to talk to you about how knowledge comes from questioning! Isn't that cool?First of all, when we ask questions, we show that we are curious and eager to learn. Questions help us understand things better and find out new information. For example, if we ask our teachers about a topic we don't understand, we can learn more about it and become even smarter!Secondly, questioning helps us think critically. This means that we don't just accept everything we hear, but we think aboutit and ask if it makes sense. By questioning things, we can separate fact from fiction and make better decisions.Lastly, when we question things, we can come up with new ideas and solutions. Just think about it - if nobody ever questioned why things are the way they are, we would never have invented awesome stuff like computers and airplanes!So remember, it's important to ask questions and not just accept everything as it is. Keep questioning, keep learning, and keep growing! Knowledge truly comes from questioning. Let's all be curious and open-minded learners, ready to explore the world around us!篇7Knowledge Comes from QuestioningHey guys, have you ever wondered where knowledge comes from? Well, let me tell you a little secret - knowledge comes from questioning! Yeah, that's right, when we ask questions, we learn new things and gain more knowledge.First of all, when we ask questions, we show that we are curious and eager to learn. For example, when we ask our teacher "Why is the sky blue?" or "How does a plant grow?", weare showing that we want to know more about the world around us. By asking questions, we can discover new things and expand our knowledge.Secondly, questioning helps us to think critically. When we ask questions, we are challenging the information that is presented to us. We are not just accepting things at face value, but instead, we are thinking carefully and considering different perspectives. This critical thinking helps us to analyze information and come to our own conclusions.Moreover, questioning encourages discussion and debate. When we ask questions, we are not only seeking answers for ourselves, but we are also inviting others to join in the conversation. By sharing our thoughts and ideas with others, we can learn from each other and gain new insights.In conclusion, questioning is a powerful tool for acquiring knowledge. So, keep asking questions, my friends, and never stop seeking answers. Remember, knowledge comes from questioning!篇8Knowledge Comes from QuestioningHey guys, have you ever wondered where all our knowledge comes from? Well, let me tell you a little secret - most of it comes from asking questions! That's right, questioning things is the key to unlocking all the secrets of the world.First of all, questioning allows us to explore new ideas and concepts. When we ask questions, we are actively seeking out information and trying to understand the world around us. By questioning things, we can discover new facts, develop new theories, and come up with innovative solutions to problems.Secondly, questioning helps us to challenge assumptions and think critically. When we question something, we are not just accepting things at face value - we are digging deeper, looking for evidence, and evaluating the information we have. This helps us to separate truth from fiction and make informed decisions.Lastly, questioning encourages us to be curious andopen-minded. When we ask questions, we show that we are interested in learning and that we are willing to explore new ideas. This curiosity can lead us to new discoveries, new experiences, and new opportunities for growth.So, next time you come across something you don't understand, don't just shrug it off - ask questions! Remember, knowledge comes from questioning, so keep asking, keepexploring, and keep learning. Who knows what amazing things you might discover!篇9Hey guys! Today I'm gonna talk about the importance of questioning things to gain knowledge. In school, our teachers always tell us to ask questions when we don't understand something. Well, guess what? That's actually a really smart thing to do!When we question things, we are challenging our brains to think critically and find answers. It's like a fun little puzzle that we get to solve. And the best part is, the more questions we ask, the more we learn! So don't be afraid to raise your hand in class and ask that burning question you have. You never know, it might just lead to a fascinating discussion.But questioning doesn't just stop in the classroom. We can question things in everyday life too. Like why is the sky blue? Or how do birds fly? By asking these curious questions, we open ourselves up to a world of knowledge and discovery.So remember, never stop questioning things. It's the key to unlocking new ideas and understanding the world around us. Keep asking "why" and "how" and watch as your brain growssmarter and wiser.Who knows what amazing things you might learn next!篇10Title: Knowledge Comes from Questioning: My Three Simple ExamplesHey guys, today I wanna talk about how knowledge comes from questioning. It's super important to ask questions and not just believe everything you hear. I'm gonna give you three simple examples in English to make it easy to understand.First example is about the sun. Did you know that when we were little, we were told that the sun goes around the Earth? But then we learned that actually it's the Earth that goes around the sun. So if we didn't question it and just believed what we were told, we would have never known the truth.The second example is about animals. We all know that a lot of mammals have fur, right? But have you ever wondered why some animals have fur and some don't? By asking this question, scientists were able to learn about the different adaptations that animals have to survive in their environments.Lastly, let's talk about math. When we learn about fractions, it can be super confusing, right? But if we ask questions and try to understand why fractions work the way they do, we can actually get a better grasp of the concept. Knowledge doesn't just come from listening - it comes from questioning and trying to understand.So remember, guys, always question things and try to understand why they work the way they do. That's how we gain knowledge and become smarter! Keep asking those questions and never stop learning. Knowledge comes from questioning!。
Exploring+literature+Welcome+to+the+unit-Reading
• make an effort to do sth 努力做某事
Readin g
• Behind every book is a man,behind the man is the race,and behind the race are the natural and social environments.
• In a word,we have now reached a point where we wish to enjoy and understand literature.
• 我们必须知道所有这些，如果这本书要表达它的全部信息。 • 总而言之，我们现在已经达到了一个希望欣赏和理解文学的阶段。
Readin g
• 有些真和美一直被我们忽视，直到一个敏感的人的灵 魂把它们引起我们的注意，就像贝壳反射了那些被忽 视的声音一样。
Readin g
• A hundred men may pass a field and see only dead grass,but a poet stops,looks deeper,see truth and beauty,and writes,yesterday is flowers I am.
• 经典经得起时间的考验。阅读以下两篇著名文学作品 的节选，两人一组讨论以下问题。
Welcom e to the unit
• My meaning simply is,that whatever I have tried to do in life,I have tried with all my heart to do well.That whatever I have devoted myself to,I have devoted myself to completely;that in great aims and in small,I have always been thoroughly in earnest.
辩论人文学科比科学重要的英语作文
辩论人文学科比科学重要的英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Why Humanities Are More Important Than ScienceHi there! My name is Emma, and I'm 10 years old. Today, I want to tell you why I think humanities like literature, history, and philosophy are actually more important than science subjects like math, biology, and chemistry. Now, I know what you might be thinking - science is really cool and helps us make new inventions that make our lives better. And you're right, science is awesome! But I still believe that humanities are even more vital. Let me explain why.First of all, humanities teach us about who we are as human beings. They help us understand our cultures, our beliefs, our values, and our place in the world. Science is focused on the physical world around us, but humanities go deeper into the human experience itself. Literature, for example, allows us to step into other people's shoes and see the world through their eyes. Great books expand our perspectives and help us develop empathy for others. History teaches us about the struggles andtriumphs of people who came before us. It allows us to learn from their mistakes and be inspired by their courage. Philosophy tackles life's biggest questions - why are we here? What is the meaning of life? What is good and evil? These are the kinds of profound questions that science alone cannot answer.ities also give us a way to express ourselves creatively and find deeper meaning in life. Art, music, poetry, drama – these are all part of the humanities that allow us to tap into our emotions, our souls, our imaginations. Science is logical and rational, but it doesn't speak to the creative, intuitive side of being human. The humanities celebrate diverse cultures, perspectives, and modes of expression in a way that science does not. They remind us that there is more to life than just cold, hard facts.Another really important aspect of humanities is that they teach critical thinking skills that are useful in any career or life path. When you study subjects like philosophy, literature, and history, you have to analyze different viewpoints, constructwell-reasoned arguments, and think outside the box. You learn how to ask probing questions, challenge assumptions, and see nuance in complex issues. These problem-solving abilities are incredibly valuable in our rapidly changing world, where simply memorizing information is no longer enough. Science isimportant, but the humanities give us portable thinking skills that can be applied to any situation we encounter.Of course, both science and humanities have an important role to play in education and society. Science helps us understand how the natural world works and allows us to create new technologies that improve our lives. Medical science has saved countless lives. Environmental science helps us understand climate change and how to protect our planet. I'm certainly not against science! But I do feel that humanities are not given enough credit for the vital skills and perspectives they provide.In my opinion, humanities help us stay in touch with our humanity itself. They nurture our souls, challenge us to think deeply, and expose us to diverse viewpoints beyond our own limited experiences. Science teaches us about the material world, but humanities teach us what it truly means to be human. That's why I believe they deserve as much importance, if not more, than science in our education system and our society.Those are just my thoughts as a 10-year-old kid. But I hope I've convinced you that humanities should not be overlooked or undervalued. They play a crucial role in shaping who we are as individuals and as a civilization. Science is super cool, but let's hear it for literature, art, history, and philosophy too! Theydeserve a standing ovation for helping us discover meaning, unlock our creativity, and better understand the richness of human experience.So what do you think? Do you agree that humanities are just as important, if not more so, than science? I'd love to hear your perspective! Thanks for reading my essay. Now if you'll excuse me, I have to go read the latest Rick Riordan book for my literature class. The Greek myths are calling!篇2The Importance of Humanities Over SciencesHi there! My name is Emma, and I'm in the 5th grade. I love learning new things every day, and my favorite subjects are history and literature. Today, I want to share with you why I think the humanities, like the subjects I love, are actually more important than the sciences.First, let me explain what the humanities and sciences are. The humanities include subjects like history, literature, languages, philosophy, and the arts. The sciences are subjects like math, physics, biology, and chemistry. The main difference is that the humanities study human culture, while the sciences study the natural world.Now, you might be thinking, "But Emma, the sciences help us make amazing discoveries and inventions that improve our lives!" And you're absolutely right - the sciences have given us incredible things like computers, airplanes, modern medicine, and so much more. Without the sciences, our lives would be much harder. I'm very thankful for all the brilliant scientists out there!However, I still believe that the humanities are ultimately more important. Here's why:The humanities teach us about ourselves.Through history, we learn about the people who came before us and how civilizations developed over time. By studying literature, we gain insights into the human experience and can imagine ourselves in others' shoes. Philosophy helps us understand our place in the universe and ponder life's biggest questions.The humanities allow us to study the cultures, beliefs, ideas, and stories that make us human. Without them, we might be incredibly advanced technologically, but we would be disconnected from our roots and what makes us unique as a species.The humanities foster essential skills.Reading, writing, critical thinking, communication, creativity - these are all skills that are absolutely vital in every area of life and work. And where do we develop these skills the most? You guessed it - the humanities!Analyzing literature teaches us how to think critically and understand different perspectives. Writing essays helps us communicate our ideas clearly. Studying subjects like history, languages, and philosophy stretches our creativity as we imagine the lives of others across different time periods and cultures.Even if your dream is to become a scientist one day, you'll need excellent communication skills to share your findings with the world. The abilities we gain from the humanities make us well-rounded thinkers and communicators.The humanities help us understand each other.Our world is filled with people from diverse backgrounds, cultures, and belief systems. The more we learn about different societies throughout history, the better we can appreciate and respect the differences between us in the present.Literature, in particular, is a powerful way to build empathy and see the world through someone else's eyes. When I read thediary of Anne Frank, for example, I developed a much deeper understanding of what her family went through during World War II.If we want to overcome conflicts, prejudices, and misunderstandings in our world, the humanities are essential for fostering compassion and bringing people together.The humanities preserve culture and beauty.Art, music, literature, philosophy - these are the things that have allowed human culture and creativity to be passed down through the centuries. The humanities don't just study culture; they are culture.From the ancient Greek plays to Renaissance art to modern poetry, the humanities have given us masterpieces that make our world more beautiful, meaningful, and inspirational. Imagine how dull our lives would be without the cultures, stories, and artistic expressions that the humanities have gifted us!The humanities help us find purpose.At the end of the day, science alone cannot answer the biggest questions we all have: What is the meaning of life? What happens after we die? How should we live an ethical and fulfilling existence?The humanities - particularly philosophy and the study of world religions - grapple with these huge concepts that give our lives significance. While science reveals the mechanics of the natural world, it's the humanities that help us explore the depth of the human spirit and our place in the grand scheme of things.So while I have tremendous respect for science and all the ways it improves our lives, I feel that the humanities are even more vital because they go to the heart of who we are as human beings. The humanities connect us to our past, present, and future. They develop our most essential skills and allow us to understand one another better. Most importantly, they make our world more meaningful, ethical, and beautiful.Or at least, that's how I see it as a kid who loves learning about history, culture, and the millions of stories that make up the human experience. What do you think? I'm really curious to hear other perspectives on this!篇3Why Humanities Are More Important Than ScienceHi everyone! My name is Jamie and I'm in 5th grade. Today I want to talk to you about why I think the humanities like literature, history, philosophy, and art are actually moreimportant than science subjects like math, physics, chemistry and biology.Now I know what you might be thinking - "But Jamie, science helps create amazing technologies that make our lives better! Like computers, smartphones, modern medicine, and space exploration!" And you're absolutely right, science has given us some truly incredible advancements that have made the world a much better place.But you know what? The humanities are just as important, if not more so! Let me explain why.First off, the humanities teach us very important lessons about being human. They help us understand different cultures, how people thought and lived in the past, the big questions about life, and what it means to be a person. Science is awesome at explaining how the natural world works, but it can't tell us things like why we're here, how to find purpose and meaning, or how to get along with others who are different than us.Reading great literature like novels and poems allows us to step into other people's shoes and see the world through their eyes. It makes us more compassionate and empathetic. History shows us how civilizations have risen and fallen, and the impacts of things like warfare, racism, and injustice - and how we can tryto avoid those mistakes. Philosophy tackles those deep questions about our existence that science can't really weigh in on.And art, whether it's painting, music, theater, or anything else, allows us to tap into our creativity and express ourselves in wonderful ways. Can you imagine a life without art? How boring and drab it would be! The humanities add so much richness, beauty, and meaning to our lives.Another key reason the humanities are so vital is that they teach critical thinking skills that are crucial in any career and any aspect of life. When you read literature, you have to analyze texts, pick apart deeper meanings, back up your interpretations with evidence from the work. In history, you learn how to evaluate different perspectives, weigh competing sources of information, and draw your own conclusions about why events unfolded as they did.These abilities to think critically, look at things from multiple angles, communicate clearly, and make informed decisions are invaluable skills that scientists need just as much as anyone else! Physics may be able to describe the forces that make an airplane fly, but philosophy, ethics, and political science are vital for deciding things like how we should use that knowledgeresponsibly. Just building cool technologies isn't enough - we need the wisdom to wield that power carefully.I'm not saying science isn't important - of course it is! Modern life wouldn't be possible without biology helping grow our food, chemistry developing new materials, and engineering creating all our infrastructure. Science quite literally makes the world go round.But the humanities are what make us human. They feed our souls, inspire us to create and explore the boundless depths of our imaginations. They drive us to ponder our existence and place in the universe. And perhaps most importantly, they help us understand each other - despite our differences in country, culture, religion, or background - so we can live together in harmony.Science has transformed our physical world, but it's the humanities that elevate our inner lives. They open our minds, unlock our potential, and uncover the full richness of what it means to be alive. Like two wings of a bird, humanity needs both science and the humanities to truly soar.So let's give equal respect, admiration, and importance to these two mighty fields of study. The world needs more scientists and engineers, yes. But it also desperately needs morephilosophers, artists, historians, and humanists of all kinds. With both science and the humanities working together, there's no limit to what our civilizations can achieve.。
人文学科是什么英语作文
人文学科是什么英语作文英文回答：The humanities are a group of academic disciplines that study the human condition. They include history, literature, philosophy, art, music, and theater. The humanities seek to understand the human experience through the study of human culture and history.中文回答：人文学科是一组研究人类状况的学术学科。
它们包括历史、文学、哲学、艺术、音乐和戏剧。
人文学科通过研究人类文化和历史来理解人类体验。
科目。
英文回答：The humanities are typically divided into five maindisciplines:History studies the past. Historians use primary and secondary sources to reconstruct the events of the past and to understand how they have shaped the present.Literature studies human experience through written works. Literary scholars analyze literary texts to understand their meaning, form, and style.Philosophy studies fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, and value. Philosophers use reason and argument to try to answer these questions.Art studies the visual and performing arts. Art historians and critics analyze works of art to understand their meaning, form, and style.Music studies the art of music. Musicologists and music critics analyze musical compositions to understand their structure, form, and style.中文回答：人文学科通常分为五个主要学科：历史研究过去。
文学思考题
I. Answer the following questions:1, What is the influence of the Norman Conquest upon English language and literature?2, What are the essential features of romance in the Medieval English literature?3, Make comments on the romance “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”.Key1, The influence of the Norman conquest upon English language and literature: After the conquest, the body of customs and ideals known as chivalry was introduced by the Normans into England. The knightly code, the romantic interest in women, tenderness and reverence paid to Virgin Mary were reflected in the literature.With the coming of the Normans, Anglo-Saxons sank to a position of abjectness. Their language was made a despised thing. French words of Warfare and chilvary, art and luxury, science and law, began to come into the English language. Thus three languages existed in England at that time. The Normans spoke French, the lower class spoke English, and the scholars and clergymen used Latin.The literature was varied in interest and extensive in range. The Normans began to write histories or chronicles. Most of them were written in Latin of French.The prevailing form of literature in the feudal England was the Romance.2, The romance was the prevailing form of literature in the Middle Ages. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. Its essential features are:1)It lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.2)It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.3)It contains perilous adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.4)It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.5)The central character of the romance is the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapons. He is commonly described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments, or fighting for his lord in battle. He is devoted to the church and the king.3 The story of “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight” is the culmination o f the Arthurian romances. The word “romance” here refers to some verse narrative that sings of knightly adventures or other heroic deeds, and usually emphasizes the chivalric love, faith and courage of the Middle Ages in Europe.The romance contains four sections, 2530 lines, derived from Celtic legend. It is one of the most delightful old romances in any language. In form, it is an interesting combination of French and Saxon element. It is written in an elaborate stanza combining meter and alliteration. At the end of each stanza, there is a rimed refrain.It has two main motifs in the story, one is the testing of faith, courage and purity, the other is the proving of human weakness for self-preservation. The two motifs provide the poem with unmistakable traits of chivalric romances, plus some strong Christian coloring.Besides, the romance gives the reader an engrossing tale well told, vested in beautiful poetry and containing many artistic merits. From the romance, we can see the careful interweaving of one episode with another. We can see the various suspense and surprise as the story unfolds itself. The psychological analysis of Sir Gawain, as he encounters one strange is simple and straightforward.That is why the poem has shared great popularity over and above most other romances of period. Of course, it has superstition and supernatural elements. And the heroic adventures of Sir Gawain are sought after and carried out rather for adventures’ sake than for any other worthy cause.5II.Answer the following questions.1, What is the function of the Prologue to “The Canterbury Tales”?2, What is Chaucer’s contri bution to English language?3, Summarize Chaucer’s literary career.4, What is the social significance of “The Canterbury Tales”?Key1, The Prologue is a splendid masterpiece of realistic portrayal, the first of its kind in the history of English literature. From the Prologue, we can see that Chaucer is a talented portrait painter. The broad sweeps of his brush in the Prologue are impressive and unforgettable. Each of the pilgrims or narrators is presented vividly in the Prologue. The pilgrims are people from various parts of England. They are the representatives of various sides of life and social groups, with various interests, tastes and predilections. The pilgrims range from the knight, the squire, the prioress, through the landed proprietor and wealthy tradesman, down to the drunken cook and humble plowman. There are also monks, nuns, priests. And there are also a doctor, a lawyer, a summoner, a sailor, a miller and an Oxford scholar. With a feeling of sympathy Chaucer describes the Clerk, a poor philosopher who spends all his money on books. Among the pilgrims there is a Wife from the town of Bath, a gaily dressed middle-aged widow, who hopes to find a husband in Canterbury. In short, each of the narrators reveal his or her own views and character. Thus Chaucer created a striking brilliant and picturesque panorama of his time and his country. And thus Chaucer’s realism, trenchant irony and freedom of views reached a high level of power. It is no exaggeration to say that the Prologue supplies a miniatu re of the English society of Chaucer’s time. Looking at his picture gallery, we know at once how people lived in that era. So Chaucer was praised by Gorky as “the founder of English realism”. On the other hand, there is also an intimate connection between the tales and the Prologue, both complementing each other. The Prologue provides a framework for the tales.2, Chaucer’s language is vivid and exact. His verse is smooth. His words are easy to understand. He introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter which was later called the “heroic couplet” to English poetry. Though drawing influence from French, Italian and Latin models, he is the first important poet to write in the current English language. Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the foundation for modern English language.3, Summarize Chaucer’s literary career.Chaucer’s literary career can be divided into three periods corresponding with those of his life. The first period refers to the period of French influence (1359-1372). In this period he wrote in the manner of contemporary French poets. Among his original poems in his early period, the best known is “The Book of the Duchess”, an elegy written upon the death of the fir st wife of the poet’s patron John of Gaunt. “The Romance of the Rose” is a translation from a French poem “Roman de la Rose”.The second period refers to the period of Italian influence, especially of Dante and Boccaccio (1372-1386). In this period, he chi efly used the “heroic” stanza of seven lines. His main works in this period are three longer poems, The House of Fame, Troilus and Criseyde, The Legend of Good Women.The third period refers to the period of this maturity (1386-1400). In this period, he is no longer the interpreter of other poets. He has his own choice of subject and diction, his own grasp of plots and characters. His masterpiece “The Canterbury Tales” was produced in this period. He mainly used the “heroic couplet”.4, Social Significance of “The Canterbury Tales”In his masterpiece “The Canterbury Tales”, Chaucer gives us a true-to-life picture of the society of his time. Taking the stand of the rising bourgeoisie, he affirms men and opposes the dogma of asceticism preached by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. His tales expose and satirize the evils of his time. They attack the degeneration of the noble, the heartlessness of the judge, the corruption of the Church and so on.Living in a transitional period, Chaucer is not entirely devoid of medieval prejudices. He is religious himself. There is nothing revolutionary in his writing, though he lived in a period of peasant uprisings. While praising man’s right to earthly ha ppiness, he sometimes likes to crack a rough joke and paint naturalistic pictures of sexual life. These are Chaucer’s weak points. But these are, however, of secondary importance compared with his achievement as a great poet and story-teller.III. Answer the following questions1. What is the writing style of Bacon’s essays?2, Make a comment on the image of Satan in “Paradise Lost”.3, What are the features of Milton’s poetry?4, Make a brief introduction about “Paradise Lost”.5, To some extent, we can say, Samson is Milton, Why?6, Discuss the theme and characterization of “Paradise Lost”.Key1. Bacon’s essays have a literary style peculiar to their own. They are noted for their clearness, brevity and force of expression. Bacon’s chief conc ern is to express his though with clearness and in as few words as possible. His sentences are short, pointed, incisive, and often of balanced structure. Many of them have become wise old sayings. Generally speaking, Bacon’s literary style has three prominent qualities: directness, terseness, and forcefulness.2.The finest thing in “Paradise Lost” is the description of hell, and Satan is the real hero ofthe poem. Like a conquered and banished giant, he remains obeyed and admired by those who follow him down to hell. He is firmer than the rest of the fallen angels. It is always from him that deep counsels, unlooked-for resources and courageous deeds proceed/ It is he who, passing through the guarded gates of hell and boundless chaos, amid so many dangers, and overcoming so many obstacles, makes man revolt against God. Though defeated, he prevails,since he has won from God the third part of his angels, and almost all the sons of Adam.Though wounded, he triumphs, for the thunder which overwhelmed him left heart stillunvanquished.3. 1) Milton is a great revolutionary poet of the 17th century. He is also an outstandingpolitical pamphleteer of the Revolution period. He dedicated himself to the revolutionary cause. He made a strong influence on the later English poetry. Every progressive English poet since Milton has drawn inspiration from him.2) Milton is a great stylist. His poetry has a grand style. That is because he made alife-long study of classical and Biblical literature. His poetry is noted for sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.3) Milton is a great master of blank verse. He is the glorious pioneer to introduce blankverse into nondramatic poetry he has used it as the main tool in his masterpiece “Paradise Lost”. His blank verse is r ich in every poetic quality and never monotonous.4. “Paradise Lost” is Milton’s masterpiece, and the greatest English epic. Before its actual writing, he had the subject in his mind for a quarter of a century, and made drafts about the character and plot.It is a long epic in 12 books, done in blank verse. The stories were taken from the Old Testament: The creation; the rebellion in Heaven of Satan and his fellow angels; their defeat and expulsion from Heaven; the creation of the earth and of Adam and Eve; the fallen angels in hell plotting against God; Stan’s temptation of Eve; and the departure of Adam and Eve from Eden.5. “Samson Agonistes” is a poetical drama modeled on the Greek tragedies. The story was taken from the Old Testament. Samson was an athlete of the Israelites. He stood as their champion fighting for the freedom of their country. But he was betrayed by his wife and blinded by his enemies, the Philistines. One day he was summoned to provide amusement for his enemies by feats of strength in a temple. There be wreaked his vengeance upon his enemies by pulling down the temple upon them and upon himself in a common ruin.In this poetic drama, Milton is telling us his own story. Like Samson, he has been betrayed by his wife. He has suffered from blindness and been scorned by his enemies, and yet he has struggled heroically against his enemies, his agomizing longing for sight and freedom, and the last terrible triumph are all allusions to the poet’s own story. So the whole poem strongly sugges ts Milton’s passionate longing that he too could bring destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his own life. Samson is Milton.6. The theme and characterization of Paradise Lost. Paradise Lost is Milton’s masterpiece. Its story is taken from the Bi ble, about “the fall of man”, that is, how Adam and Eve are tempted by Satan to disobey God by eating the forbidden fruit from the Tree of Knowledge, and how they are punished by God and driven out of Paradise. In Milton’s words, the purpose of writing the epic is to “justify the ways of God to men”, but apparently with Satan as his mouthpiece, Milton is uttering his intense hatred of tyranny in the capacity of the Revolutionary. By depicting Satan and his followers as well as their fiery utterance and brav e actions, Milton is showing a Puritan’s revolt against the dictator and against the established doctrines of the Catholics and the Anglican Church.In the poem God is no better than a cruel and selfish despot, seated on a throne with a chorus of angels about him singing songs to praise him. His long speeches are not pleasing at all. He is cruel and unjust in punishing Satan. His Archangel Raphael is only a bore. His angels are stupid. ButSatan is by far the most striking character in the poem, who rises against God and, though defeated, still seeks for revenge.Adam and Eve embody Milton’s belief in the powers of man. God denied them craving for knowledge. It is this longing for knowledge that opens before mankind a wide road to intelligent and active life. It has been noted by many critics that Milton’s revolutionary feelings made him forget religious orthodoxy. The angels who surround the God never think of expressing any opinions of their own, and they never seem to have any opinions of their own. This image of God surrounded by such angels resembles the court of an absolute monarch. But Satan and his followers, who freely discuss all issues in council, remind us a republican Parliament.5IV. Answer the following questions.1. What are the features of Burns poetry?2. Make a comment on the image of Robinsom Grusoe.3. What are the features of Defoe’s nocels?4. Tell the story of the first part of “Robinson Crusoe”.5. Tell the significance of the novel “Robinson Crusoe”.6. What are Swift’s writing features?Answer:1. Burns is one of the greatest song writers in the world. He is the national poet of Scotland. Most of his poems and songs were written in Scotch dialect.Burns was a plowman. He came from the people and wrote for the people. He was the people’s poet.Burns had a deep knowledge and an excellent mastery of the old Scotch song tradition. He learned a lot from it in his poems. This was the main factor of his great success.2. In this novel, Defoe created the image of a true empire-builder, a colonizer and a foreign trader, who has the courage and will to face hardships, and who has determination to preserve himself and improve on his livelihood by struggling against nature. Being a bourgeoise writer, Defoe glorifies the hero and defends the policy of colonialism of British government.3. Defoe is remembered chiefly, for his novels. The central idea of his novels is that man is good and noble by nature but may succumb to an evil social environment. The writer wants to make it clear that society is the source of various crimes and vices.Defoe’s intention is that the readers should regard his novels as true stories. For that reason, he deliberately avoids all art; all fine writing, so that the reader should concentrate only on a series of plausible events.Defoe’s novels all take the form of memories or pretended historical narratives, everything in them gives the impression of reality.4. The story was told in the first person singular as if it had been told by some sailor-adventurer himself. At the beginning of the novel, we see Grusoe’s career as a sailor, a merchant, a plantationowner and a slave trader. On the voyage to Africa to buy slaves he met with cast by the sea waves upon the shore of an uninhabited hood for himself. First of all, he got back to the ship and took some food and clothes, a few guns and some ammunitions. In order to protect himself he built a house. Then he grew barley and rice, domesticated goats and fought against cannibal savages coming from the neighboring islands. Later he rescued one savage from death and named him Friday, who became his faithful servant. In the hope of returning to Europe, he built a boat. Finally an English ship came and took him to Europe. Thus Robinson Crusoe ended histwenty-eight-year life on the deserted island.5. Robinson Crusoe is one of the protagonists drawn most successfully in English novels. Through his characterization of Crusoe, Defoe depicts him as a hero struggling against nature and human fate with his indomitable will and hand, and eulogizes creative labor, physical and mental, an allusion to the glorification of the bourgeois creativity when it was a rising and more energetic class in the initial stage of its historical development. From an individual laborer to a master and colonizer, Crusoe seems to have gone through various stages of human civilization.6. Swift is one of t he realist writers. His realism is quite different from Defoe’s. Defoe’s stories are based upon the reality of human life, while all of Swift’s plots come from imagination, which is the chief means he uses in his satires. His satire is marked by outward gravity and an apparent earnestness. This makes his satire all the more powerful. He not only criticizes the evils of the English bourgeoisie but shoes of other bourgeois countries.Swift expresses democratic ideas in his works. This exerts a strong influence on later writers, such as Sheridan, Fielding, Byron and even Bernard Shaw.Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear and vigorous. He said, “”Proper words in proper place, make the true definition of a style”. There are no ornaments in his writings. In simple, direct and precise, Swift is almost unsurpassed in English literature.V.Answer the following questions.1. Make a comment on Wordsworth.2.Make a contrast between the two generations of Romantic poets during the Romantic Age.3.Make a comment on Byron.4 Make a comment on Keats.Answer:1. Wordsworth is the representative of the Passive Romantic poets, who expressed the deepest aspirations of English Romanticism. He saw nature and man with new eyes. His whole work is an attempt to communicate that new vision.Wordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language. It was his theory that the language spoken by the peasants when purified from its defects was the best of all. His theory and practice in poetical creation started from a dissatisfaction with the social reality under capitalism, and hinted at the thought of “back to nature” and “back to the patriarchal system of the old time”.Nearly all of his good poetry was written during the first decade of his literary career(1798-1807), when he still kept his early political enthusiasm or at least retained some contact with the real life of his time. After that, his poetical talent obviously declined with his living in total seclusion and his turning more and more conservative in political views. His later writings were full of mysticism and many of them unreadable. His “decline and fall” has become a frequent topic of criticism.2. The poetic ideals announced by Wordsworth and Coleridge provided a major inspiration for the brilliant young writers who made up the second generation of English Romantic poets. These poets were all precocious and intense, and had tragically short lives. Wordsworth and Coleridge, although fifteen to twenty years older than Byron, Shelley and Keats, long outlived them. The difference in age between the two generations is significant. Wordsworth and Coleridge both became more conservative politically after the democratic idealism and revolutionary fervor of their early years. The younger Romantics, particularly Byron and Shelley, felt the founders of English Romanticism and given in to the values of an unjust and reactionary society. Artistic admiration toward Wordsworth and Coleridge o the part of the second generation was mixed with moral and political disillusionment.The second generation of romantic poets arc revolutionary in thinking. They set themselves against the bourgeois society and the ruling class. They had a deep hatred for the wicked exploiters and oppressors, and an intensive love for liberty. They supported the French Revolution and hoped England would go through a social transformation. When Wordsworth and Coleridge became conservative in thinking, Byron and Shelley gave them a sharp criticism and a sharp contrast.3. Byron is the most excellent representative of English Romanticism. He was one of the most influential poets of his time. His literary career was closely linked with the struggle and progressive movements of his age. He opposed oppression and slavery, and had an ardent love for liberty. He praised the people’s revolutionary struggles in his works. His poems are favorites of the British workers and the laboring people of other countries. Engels “stress the fact that Byron was widely read among works of Chartist Poets in England and the progressive poets in many other countries.His poems show energy and vigor, romantic daring and powerful passion. Though he was a romantic, he had stronger ties to the 18th century writers than any of his contemporaries. He was a great admirer of Dryden and Pope, but he lacked Pope’s care for artistic finish; many of his lines are harsh, rugged and unrhythmical.Some of his poems show Byron’s individual heroism and pessimism.”4. Keats learned the art of poetry, mainly from the poets of the English Renaissance, such as Spenser and Shakespeare, from Milton and from Dante, the national poet of Italy. The artistic aim in his poetry was always to create a beautiful world of imagination as opposed to the sordid reality of his day. He sought to express beauty in all of his poems. His leading principle is: “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”. He is a voice through which beauty expressed itself. He is part of the nature which he describes. He expressed the delight which comes not only through the eyes and the ear but through the senses of touch, taste and smell. His poetry is distinguished by sensuousness andthe perfection of form. So Keats has always been known as a sensuous poet. His ability to appeal to the senses through language is virtually unrivaled.Some of his poems touch upon the burning political problems of his day. He showed his dissatisfaction with the capitalist society and described the sufferings of the poor people.5VI. Answer the following questions.1. Tell the story of “Pride and Prejudice”.2. What are Austen’s writing features?Key1. This novel is Jane Austen’s masterpiece. The central character of the novel is Elizabeth Bennet, one of the daughters in Bennet’s famly.None of the daughters can inherit the estate of the family for it has been entailed upon the nearest male heir, William Collins. Collins intends to marry and he decides to choose Elizabeth as a way of making amends for inheriting the family’s estate. Collins is a preposterous suitor, and Elizabeth rejects the proposal. Another young man called Darcy proposes to her, but he has nothing but pride. This book tells us a great deal about attitude toward marriage in Austen’s time. The plot is very thin, but around it Austen has woven vivid pictures of everyday life of simple country society.2. 1) Jane Austen is one of the realistic novelists. She drew vivid and realistic pictures of everyday life of the country society in her novels.2) Austen’s work has a very narrow literary field. She confines herself to small country parishes, whose simple country people become the characters of her novels, but within her own field, she is unrivaled.3) Her novels show a wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire. Her plots are straight-forward; there is little action. Her characters are like real living creatures, with faults and virtues mixed as they are real life. Her prose flows easily and naturally. Her dialogue is admirably true to life.5VII. Answer the following questions.1.What is the strength and weakness of English critical realism?2,.What is the major contribution made by the 19th century critical realists?3. W hat are the features of Charles Dickens’s literary career.Key1, The English critical realists of the 19th century not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes, but also showed profound sympathy for the common people. In their best works, the greed and hypocrisy of the upper classes are contrasted with the honesty and good-heartedness of the obscure “simple people” of the lower classes. Hence humor and satireabound in the English realistic novels of the 19th century. Humorous scenes set off the actions of the positive characters, and the humor is often tinged with a lyricism which serves to stress the fine qualities of such characters. At the same time, bitter satire and grotesque is used to expose the seamy side of the bourgeois society. Critical realism reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of cash upon human nature. Here lies the essentially democratic and humanistic character of critical realism. But the critical realists did not find a way to eradicate the social evils they knew so well. They did not realize the necessity of changing the bourgeois society through conscious human effort. They were unable to find a good solution to the social constructions. Their works do not point toward revolution but rather evolution or reformism. They often start with a powerful exposure of the ugliness of the bourgeois world in their works, but their novels usually have happy endings or an impotent compromise at the end. Here we see the strength and the weakness of critical realism.2, The major contribution made by the 19th century critical realists in their perfection of the novel. Like the realists of the 18th century, the 19th century critical realists made use of the form of novel for full and detailed representations of social and political events, and of the fate of individuals and of whole social classes. However, the realistic novels of the 19th century went a step further than those of the 18th century in that they not only pictured the conflicts between individuals who stood for definite social strata, but also showed the broad social confines over and above the fate of mere individuals. Their artistic representation of vital social movements such as Chartism, and their vivid description of the dramatic conflicts of the time make the 19th century realistic novel “the epic of the bourgeois society.”6, 1) Dickens’ novels offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English bourgeois society of his age. They reflect the protest of the people against capitalist exploitation, criticize the vices of capitalist society.2) Dickens is a petty bourgeois intellectual. He could not overstep the limits of his class. He believed in the moral self-perfection of the wicked propertied classes. He failed to see the necessity of a bitter struggle of the oppressed against their oppressors. There is a definite tendency for a reconciliation of the contradictions of capitalist society.3) Almost all his novels have happy endings.4) His novels tell much of the experiences of his childhood.5) Dickens is a great humorist. His novels are full of humor and laughter.5 VIII. Answer the following questions1. What are the characteristics of Hardy's works?2. The sub-title of “Tess of the D’Urbervilles” is “A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented”. What is your opinion about the heroine?3. Tell the story of “Tess of the D’Urbervilles”.Answer:1. Characteristics of Hardy’s novels are as follows:。
literature-questions文学常识
– – – – – – Comic Pathetic Tragic Satiric Elegiac Didactic
Narrator
• Who is the narrator? • Is the narrator also a character? • What role does the narrator play in the development of the plot? • Do we trust the narrator?
Questions for Exploring Literature
Beth Ritter-Guth, Instructor ENG285: Contemporary Fiction DeSales University Summer 2007
Romantic versus Realism-Schools
Twists & Manipulations
• • • • Is anything twisted through exaggeration? Is this done on purpose? Is this technique effective? What are the consequences of manipulating details?
英国文学Unit5 Questions
Multiple Choice:1. Thomas Gray has been regarded as the leader of the _______ of the day.A. romantic poetryB. sentimental poetryC. religious poetryD. modern poetry2. The Dunciad is generally considered to be Alexander Pope’s best ______ work.A. satiricB. praisingC. fabulousD. allegorical3. In his novel, Robinson Crusoe, Defoe eulogizes the hero of the _________.A. rising bourgeoisieB. aristocratic classC. enterprising landlordsD. hard-working people4. In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as ________.A. ClassicismB. RomanticismC. NeoclassicismD. Realism5. In which of the following works can you find the proper names: "Lilliput", "Brobdingnag", "Houyhnhnm" and "Yahoo"?A. The Pilgrim’s ProgressB. The Faririe QueeneC. Gulliver’s travelsD. The School of Scandel6. The ______ century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason.A. fifteenB. sixteenC. seventeenD. eighteen7. Daniel Defoe’s novels mainly focus on ________..A. the struggle of the unfortunate for mere existenceB. the struggle of the shipwrecked persons for securityC. the struggle of the pirates for wealthD. the desire of the criminals for property8. ________ compiled the “The Dictionary of the English Language” which became the foundations of all the subsequent English dictionaries.A. Ben JohnsonB. Alexander PopeC. Samuel JohnsonD. John Dryden9. The enlighteners claimed that _______ should be the only, and the final cause of any human thought and activities.A. equalityB. scienceC. fraternityD. reason10. Samuel Johnson was the ______ great neoclassicist in the later eighteenth century.A. firstB. lastC. onlyD. All of the above are wrong11. Samuel Richardson is well known for his _________.A. epistolary methodB. allegoryC. satireD. symbolism12. ____was the only important dramatist of the 18th century, in his plays, morality is the constant theme.A. Alexander PopeB. Richard Brinsley SheridanC. Samuel JohnsonD. George Bernard Shaw13. As the representative of the Enlightenment, Pope was one of the first to introduce _____ to England.A. RationalismB. CriticismC. RomanticismD. Realism14. The Rivals and ____are generally regarded as important links between themasterpiece of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw.A.The School for ScandalB. The DuennaC. Widower’s HousesD. The Doctor’s Dilemma15. The Houyhnhnms depicted by Jonathan Swift in Gulliver’s Travels are________.A. horses that are endowed with reason.B. pigmies that are endowed with admirable qualitiesC. giants that are superior in wisdom.D. Hairy, wild, low and despicable creatures, who resemble human beings not only in appearance but also in some other ways.16. The poem "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" by Thomas Gray is regarded as the most representative work of _____.A. The Metaphysical SchoolB. The Graveyard SchoolC. The Gothic SchoolD. The Romantic School17. _______, written in heroic couplet by Pope, is considered manifesto of English Neoclassicism.A. An Essay of Dramatic PoetryB. An Essay on CriticismC. The Advancing of learningD. An Essay on Freedom18. ______is a typical feature of Swift’s writings.A .Elegant style B. Causal narrationC. Bitter satireD. Complicated sentence structure19. In the following writings by Henry Fielding, which brings him the name of the "Prose Homer"?A. The Coffee---House Politician.B. The Tragedy of Tragedies.C. The History of Tom Jones, A Foundling.D. The History of Amelia.20. Which of the following works best represents the national spirit of the 18th-century England.A. Robinson CrusoeB. Gulliver’s TravelsC. Jonathan Wild the GreatD. A Sentimental JourneyFill in the Blanks:1. ( ), written in the heroic couplet by Pope, is considered manifesto of English neoclassicism.2. The 18th century witnessed that in England there appeared two political parties,( ) which were satirized by Swift in his “Gulliver’s Travels”.3. “Joseph Andrews” is Fielding’s first novel. He wrote the novel with the intention ofridiculing Richardson’s novel ( ).4. The ( ) was a progressive intellectual movement throughoutWestern Europe in the 18th century.5. The Tatler and ( ) were Richard Steele and Joseph Addison’schief contribution to English literature.6. The name of sentimentalism came from Laurence Sterne’s novel( ).7. Pamela is the first ( ) novel in English literature.Match:A B1. The Deserted Village a. Samuel Johnson2. The Lives of the Poets b. Oliver Goldsmith3. The Rape of the Lock c. Edward Young4. Tom Jones d. Horace Walpole5. The School for Scandal e. Alexander Pope6. A Modest Proposal f. Tobias Smollett7. Night Thoughts g. Jonathan Swift8. The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle h. Richard B. Sheridan9. The Castle of Otranto i. Daniel Defoe10. Captain Singleton j. Henry FieldingTerms:1.The Enlightenment Movement2.Daniel Defoe’s Writing Style3.Gothic Novel4.The Graveyard SchoolRecitation:P44, the 2nd Paragraph (That, in some fields of his country there are certain shining stones of several colours …and had ever since been a very serviceable brute.)。
语文作业的英语
语文作业的英语在英语教学中，语文作业的英语表达可以是 "Chinese language homework" 或者 "homework in Chinese literature"。
以下是一些可能的作业内容：1. Reading Comprehension:- Read the selected passage from "Journey to the West" and answer the following questions:- What is the main theme of the story?- How does the main character demonstrate his intelligence and bravery?2. Vocabulary Practice:- Learn the following Chinese idioms and their English translations:- 画龙点睛 (to add the finishing touch)- 杯弓蛇影 (to see a bow in a cup and mistake it for a snake)3. Grammar Exercise:- Rewrite the following sentences in the past tense:- 我今天去了图书馆。
(I went to the library today.)- 他明天会来参加聚会。
(He will come to the party tomorrow.)4. Writing Assignment:- Write a short essay (200-250 words) on the importance of preserving traditional Chinese culture.5. Cultural Study:- Research and present a report on the Chinese New Year, including its history, traditions, and significance in modern society.6. Listening Exercise:- Listen to a recording of a Chinese poem and transcribeit in pinyin. Then, translate it into English.7. Pronunciation Drill:- Practice the pronunciation of the following Chinese tones:- 马 (ma1 - high level tone)- 妈 (ma2 - rising tone)- 骂 (ma4 - falling then rising tone)8. Dialogue Practice:- Role-play a conversation between two characters from a Chinese play, using appropriate language and expressions.9. Literary Analysis:- Analyze the use of imagery in the poem "静夜思" by LiBai and explain how it contributes to the poem's overall mood.10. Translation Task:- Translate the following sentence from English to Chinese:- "Despite the heavy rain, the children continued toplay outside."通过这些作业，学生不仅能够提高他们的英语能力，同时也能加深对中国语言和文化的了解。
英语文学价值观问卷 -回复
英语文学价值观问卷-回复Title: English Literary Values QuestionnaireIntroduction:In this article, we will explore the significance and relevance of English literary values as showcased in an English literature questionnaire. By delving into the various themes mentioned within the questionnaire, we aim to understand the role of literature in shaping cultural perspectives, promoting empathy, fostering critical thinking, and inspiring human creativity.Section 1: Cultural PerspectivesThe first theme within the questionnaire pertains to cultural perspectives. English literature, with its vast array of works representing diverse cultures, allows readers to gain insights into different societies, historical backgrounds, and social norms. As readers delve into the rich tapestry of stories and characters, they develop an understanding and appreciation for cultures beyond their own. This exposure helps break down stereotypes and fosters a sense of empathy and inclusivity.Section 2: Empathy and UnderstandingEnglish literature artfully captures the human experience, enabling readers to step into the shoes of characters from different walks of life. By immersing ourselves in their trials, tribulations, and triumphs, we develop empathy and understanding. Through literature, we learn to embrace diverse perspectives, cultivating our ability to relate to others on a deeper level. This empathy helps to bridge divides and promote harmony in an increasingly interconnected world.Section 3: Critical ThinkingThe third theme in the questionnaire explores the role of literature in fostering critical thinking. English literary works often present complex themes, moral dilemmas, and societal issues, encouraging readers to analyze, evaluate, and form their own opinions. Analyzing literature helps individuals develop their critical thinking skills, enabling them to question and challenge assumptions, biases, and power structures. Literature encourages readers to think critically about the world around them, ultimately leading topersonal growth and a more informed society.Section 4: Human CreativityLastly, the questionnaire raises the importance of human creativity within literature. English literature showcases the boundless imagination of writers who have created captivating storylines, unforgettable characters, and profound messages. Through their creative expression, authors challenge societal norms, provoke thought, and inspire readers to explore new ideas and possibilities. Literature, therefore, plays a vital role in nurturing human creativity, reinforcing the importance of imagination and artistic expression.Conclusion:English literary values hold immense significance, both in shaping individual perspectives and influencing society as a whole. Through exploring cultural perspectives, fostering empathy and understanding, promoting critical thinking, and nurturing human creativity, literature becomes a powerful force for personal development and societal progress.Whether through Shakespearean tragedies, Dickensian tales, or modern-day novels, English literature transcends time and geography, offering readers glimpses into the human condition. By valuing and appreciating this literary heritage, we enrich our lives, broaden our horizons, and contribute to a more empathetic, thoughtful, and creative world.。
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Selective Reading of English LiteratureReading QuestionsWeek 2-3 Geoffrey Chaucer “The General Prologue” to The Canterbury Tales Reading: pp.29-48 (There will be five quizzes to check your reading.)Close reading: pp.33-40 (Till the line—―That’s why he sang so merrily and loud.‖) General questions:1.How many elements are included in the general prologue of the Canterbury tales?2.What is the role of the Host? How are the tales chained together by Chaucer? Doyou think it is reasonable? What problem is there in the design?3.Who are the characters that are depicted in detail in the excerpt? Do you thinkChaucer’s characters are well chosen or chosen at random?Questions about the opening lines:4.In the first ten lines four major images are used to describe April. What are they?How are they unified?Questions about the Prioress:5.By his humorous description of the prioress’ smiling, oath, her Romantic nameand her way of singing, what does Chaucer suggest?6.Do you like the prioress’ good manners? Why or why not?7.In what ways is the prioress’ behavior of keeping dogs improper?8.Is there any problem in the way the prioress wears her veil?9.What does ―a golden brooch‖ suggest? Why do you think the prioress wears abrooch inscribed with ―Amor vincit omnia‖?Questions about the wife of Bath:10.Why does Chaucer say that the Wife of Bath is ―a worthy woman‖?11.Chaucer calls our attention to the finely woven kerchiefs of the wife of Bath, herhat as broad as a shied, together with her fine socks and shoes. What’s the point?12.How is her appearance related to her character?13. Does her wide traveling suggest anything?14. What does Chaucer’s attitude seem to be towards the fact that she had five husbands?15.What is probably her real intention of all the religious journeys? What is yourevidence?16.How do you like the Wife of Bath?Questions about the pardoner and summoner:ment on Chaucer’s satire in the portray ing of the pardoner and the summoner.How and why?Class discussion topics:18. What is Chaucer’s attitude towards women?19. What was the role of church in Chaucer’s time? How did people generally see those working for church?20. Please comment on the style of the prologue of the Canterbury Tales.Week 3-4 William Shakespeare “Sonnet 18” and “Sonnet 29”, The Merchant of VeniceReading: pp.66-67, 93-97, ―Sonnet 18‖ and ―Sonnet 29‖ pp.98-101,The Merchant of Venice pp.108-132Questions:1.How do you understand renaissance?2.What is a sonnet?3.What is the primary conceit of Sonnet 18?4.In line 6 of Sonnet 18, are the two ―fairs‖ ide ntical or different? How do youunderstand this line?5.How do you understand the last two lines in Sonnet 18? Was Shakespeareboasting?6.In the middle ages, men were regarded as trivial and sinful. How does Sonnet 18argue against the belief?7.What was the po et’s situation described in Sonnet 29? What changes everything?8.How do you understand Shylock’s statement ―it is my humour‖ (p.111)? Iscruelty his humour?ment on Bassanio’s ―wife sacrificing‖ statement. (pp.120-121)ment on Portia’s statement on ―mercy‖. (pp.116-117) Do you think theChristians in the play are men of mercy?11.Where is the climax of the play?ment on Antonio and Shylock in The Merchant of Venice.What isShakespeare’s attitude? Yours?Week 5 Francis Bacon“Of Studies”,“Of Great Place”―Of Great Place‖1.What kind of person is a man in great place compared to?2.Why is it a strange desire to seek power?3.How does one rise to a high position?4.How about the regress from the position?5.Could a man in great place feel happy?6.Does a man in great place usually know himself? Why or why not?7.What’s the best condition in terms of doing evil? And what’s the second best?8.What’s the relationship between good thoughts and good deeds?9.How should one follow examples? Good examples, bad examples. Ancient and contemporary.10.How should one act in front of a person inferior in place?11.Explain in your own words the four vices of authority—delay, corruption, roughness and facility and how to avoid the four vices respectively.12.How should one behave when they rise to great place? How should one handle the problems such as factions, predecessors, and colleagues?13.In conversations, is it proper for one to be sensitive to or always remembering his place?―Of Studies‖14.Why is ―Of Studies‖ impressive?15.Read the essay carefully and point out the rhetoric devices employed. Considerhow the devices help to make his writing effective.16.How would you understand the statement ― To spend much time in studies issloth‖? What is the philosophical or logic proposition in it?Week 6 Metaphysical Poets & Cavalier PoetsRead John Donne ―Song‖, ―the Canonization‖, ―A Valediction: Forbidden Mourning‖, and Ben Johnson ―Song to Celia‖1. What is a metaphysical conceit?2. Why is John Donne regarded ―modern‖?3. How do you understand Donne’s concept of love in his poems?4. What is ―Carpe diem‖?Why is ―Song to Celia‖ a poem with a carpe diem theme? Week 7-8 John Milton Paradise LostGeneral questions:1. Life of John Milton2. What is ―epic‖? What are the characteristics of the genre?3. Re ad the story of Adam and Eve’s fall in the Bible. (See supplementary readingmaterial in class email box)4. Paradise Lost consists12 books:Books 1-4: Satan’s unsuccessful attempt to seduce EveBooks 5-8: Adam and Eve warned by Raphael about the danger from SatanBooks 9-12: Adam and Eve’s fallFrom Book 1 our text is excerpted. According to what you read, how does Satan react to the failed attempt?5.How do you describe the tone of Paradise Lost ?6.Examine one of his soliloquies and identify the character traits and poetictechniques that make him seem appealing or forgivable.Class Discussion Questions: (please think the following questions over after reading and before the discussion)7.How does Milton understand Christianity? Does he want to redefine Christianityor replace the Bible by Paradise Lost?8.How do you describe God in Paradise Lost? Was Milton attacking God? Howdoes Milton ―justify the ways of God to man‖9.Satan is the most well-developed character in Paradise Lost. Is he a sympatheticcharacter? Why is Satan made heroic?10.In terms of revolution that Milton was involved in, what is Paradise Lost symbolicmeaning?11.The first words of Paradise Lost state the poem’s main theme. Milton narrates thestory of Adam and Eve’s disobedience, explains how and w hy it happens, and places the story within the larger context of Satan’s rebellion and Jesus’ resurrection. In essence, Paradise Lost presents two moral paths that one can take after disobedience separately represented by Satan and Adam and Eve. Can you find out the two moral paths implied by Milton?Week 9 Thomas Gray “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”1.What is an elegy?2.How is ―Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard‖ different from previous elegiesin terms of whom an elegy mourns?3.What is ―the graveyard school‖?4.In the first three stanzas, the poet employs a number of images to set the tone forthe whole piece. Could you classify the images? And how are they worked to achieve that effect?5.In stanzas 4-7, many daily laboring scenes and living scenes are depicted. Whatconclusion do they lead us to?6.In stanzas 8-11, what conclusion does Gray aim to arrive at by mentioning thenoble, the powerful, the beautiful, and the wealthy in his contemplation about the death of the unknown?7.What is ―momento mori‖? Can you find the theme in the elegy? Where?8.In stanzas 12-23, what are the potentials of the country fellows for Gray? Whatmetaphors are used to state that their talents are hidden? And to what great persons are they compared?9.The poet appears on the scene in stanzas 24-29. And how does this part reaffirmthe argument that life is transitory and short? Which side does he stand on –the great or the humble?10.What information could you get about the poet from the epigraph? How does thepoet bridge between death and religion in the closing lines?Further Discussion:11.How do you understand death? Why do we live if we have to die? Is human life atragedy?Week 10-12 Romantic PoetryRead all the Romantic poems in the course book and read closely the following ones: *Wordsworth ―I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud‖*Coleridge ―The Rime of the Ancient Mariner‖*Byron Don Juan*Shelley ―Ode to the West Wind‖*Keats ―To Autumn‖Prepare for the following questions:1.What is Romanticism?2.The Lake Poets3.How does Wordsworth understand nature?4.What’s the relation between man and nature described in Wordsworth’s poem ―IWandered Lonely as a Cloud‖ ?5.What graphic word-pictures does Coleridge’s ―The Rime of the Ancient Mariner‖depict? What style?6.What is an ode? Qualities of ode.7.What are the three major images that help to intensify the power of the west windin the first three stanzas respectively?8.How does Shelley perceive the relation between Spring, Autumn and Winter?9.―Wild spirit, which are moving everywhere; Destroyer and Preserver; hear, oh,hear!‖ What would the west wind destroy and preserve?10.Which is often regarded as ―the most serene poem in the English language‖ ?11.Is there melancholy in Keats’ ―To Autumn‖? What is Keats’ autumn like?12.How musical element help to achieve the effect of Keats’ autumn?13.In this poem, autumn is personified. What personality is indicated? What doesdescriptive detail in each of the three stanzas contribute to the definition of that personality? How is this personality related to the mood of the poem—and the theme?14.What are the paradoxical qualities of autumn? What images reveal the contrastingqualities of the season?15.Why, as a matter of fact, do swallows gather in the skies? What meaning does thishave for the poem?16.The poem has been admired for its precise and suggestive diction. Locate wordsand phrases which seem to justify the admiration.Further discussion:Tet states that ―nature may provide a stimulus, but it is the poetic consciousness itself that must give voice to nature and articulate its meanings‖. Then the season of autumn stimulates different feelings and ideas in Shelley and Keats. Human understanding that everything in our lives is transitive and that nothing is forever. Compare Shelley’s autumn with Keats’ autumn.Week 13-14 18th Century Novel1.Describe 18th century British social and historical circumstances.2.Why did the novel rise in the 18th- century Britain?pare 18th century Britain with today’s China.4.What are the most striking features of the genre novel?5.What is a picaresque novel, an epistolary novel and a Gothic novel?6.Have you ever read any 18th century British novels from cover to cover? (Checkthe following list of major 18th century novels). Comment on at least one of the novel(s) you have read.Week 15-16 Victorian AgeReading Assignment:Bronte Sisters pp.195-198, Charlotte Bronte Jane Eyre, William Thackeray V anity Fair, Emily Bronte Wuthering Heights pp.199-221, Thomas Hardy Tess pp.231-241Reading Questions:1.What is realism?2.What is bildungsroman? Is Jane Eyre a bildungsroman?3.Who are Jane, Helen, Rochester, and Bertha Mason? Briefly introduce thecharacters.4.What are generally believed to be typical Victorian values?5.Why is the novel entitled Vanity Fair?6.How could Becky and Crawley live well on nothing a year in Paris?7.What have you learned about Becky Sharp’s personality from the excerpt?8.Is Becky a feminist figure? Why or why not?9.How does Catherine’s love for Heathcliff compromise with Victorian values?Does love exist in vacuum?10.How does nature echo the protagonist’s emotions?11.In what sense is Wuthering Heights gothic?12.What do you think of Heathcliff’s love and revenge?13.Is Tess a pure woman? In what values?14.What is fatalism? And how does it set the tones of Tess and Jude?15.How do landscapes work in Hardy’s novels?Week 17 Modern and Contemporary PeriodJames Joyce Ulysses, Samuel Becket Waiting for Godot, William Golding Lord of the Flies1.What is the modern movement and what is modernism?2.How important is psychoanalysis to modernism?3.What is ―stream of consciousness‖?4.What is imagism?5.How is postmodernism different from modernism?6.Why is Ulysses modern? What new techniques are adopted and what themesexplored?7.What is the theme of Waiting for Godot?8.How do you understand Lord of the Flies as a multilayered allegory?。