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翻译：帕特《文艺复兴》之一

翻译：帕特《文艺复兴》之一在网上看到有人评论新近出版的《文艺复兴——艺术与诗研究》一书的译文毛病多多，仅从评论文字看，确实如此，正巧我自己对这一块的梳理也做到文艺复兴了，对这本书也久闻大名，找来电子版，发现并不长，遂决定化一两个月时间自己翻译，应该能够译完。

每天译一点，参考英文本做好注释。

THE RENAISSANCESTUDIES IN ART AND POETRYBy Walter PaterSixth Edition文艺复兴艺术与诗研究瓦尔特·帕特第六版Dedication To C.L.S.献给C.L.S.PREFACE前言Many attempts have been made by writers on art and poetry to define beauty in the abstract, to express it in the most general terms, to find a universal formula for it. The value of theseattempts has most often been in the suggestive and penetrating things said by the way. Such discussions help us very little to enjoy what has been well done in art or poetry, to discriminate between what is more and what is less excellent in them, or to use words like beauty, excellence, art, poetry, with a more precise meaning than they would otherwise have. Beauty, like all other qualities presented to human experience, is relative; and the definition of it becomes unmeaning and useless in proportion to its abstractness. To define beauty, not in the most abstract, but in the most concrete terms possible, to find, not a universal formula for it, but the formula which expresses most adequately this or that special manifestation of it, is the aim of the true student of aesthetics.人们就艺术和诗做了许多研究，力图给美以抽象的定义，最为概括的表述和通用的公式。

文艺复兴作文英文

文艺复兴作文英文英文：The Renaissance was a period of great cultural and intellectual growth that took place in Europe from the 14th to the 17th century. It was characterized by a renewed interest in classical art, literature, and philosophy, as well as a shift towards humanism and individualism.During this time, artists and thinkers began to focus on the individual and the human experience, rather than solely on religious or societal ideals. This led to the development of new forms of art, such as perspective in painting and the use of the sonnet in poetry.One of the most famous figures of the Renaissance was Leonardo da Vinci, who is known for his artistic masterpieces such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, as well as his scientific and engineering inventions.The Renaissance had a profound impact on Western civilization, shaping the way we think about art, science, and the individual. It paved the way for the Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution, which built upon the humanistic ideals of the Renaissance.中文：文艺复兴是欧洲14世纪到17世纪的一段文化和知识增长的时期。

人文英语教程第二版邓红课文翻译文艺复兴

人文英语教程第二版邓红课文翻译文艺复兴The Renaissance was an ideological and cultural movement that emerged in Europe from the 14th century to the 16th century. It brought a period of scientific and artistic revolution and opened the prelude to modern European history. It is considered to be the boundary between the Middle Ages and modern times. Marxist historians consider it to be the dividing line between the feudal era and the capitalist era. It is generally believed that the Renaissance originated in Italy in the 14th century (the word Renaissance comes from the Italian Rinascimento, meaning regeneration or revival), and later expanded to Western European countries, reaching its peak in the 16th century. In 1550, Vasari officially used it as the name of the new culture in his "Famous People in Yiyuan". The word was transliterated in French as Renaissance, and it was used in European countries after the 17th century. In the 19th century, Western historians further regarded it as a general term for Western European culture from the 14th to the 16th century. Western historians once thought it was the revival of the culture and art ofancient Greece and the Roman Empire. In the 14th century, with the development of the handicraft industry and the commodity economy, capitalist relations have gradually formed within the European feudal system; politically, the feudal separatist regime has caused widespread dissatisfaction, and national consciousness has begun to awaken. A strong desire for unity. As a result, a new period reflecting the interests and demands of the emerging capitalist forces began to appear in culture and art. The emerging bourgeoisie believed that medieval culture was a retrogression, while the classical Greek and Roman cultures were bright and developed models. They tried to revive the classical culture—and the so-called "revival" was actually an unprecedented liberation and creation of knowledge and spirit. The Renaissance movement originated in northern Italy, and it is generally believed that the first representative figure was Dante, whose representative is "The Divine Comedy". His works first criticized and exposed the corruption and stupidity of medieval religious rule in an implicit way, using local dialects instead of Created in Latin as the official literary language of medieval Europe. Another representative was Petrarch, whobelieved that the ancient Greek and Roman eras were the most perfect eras of human nature, and it was against nature to suppress human nature in the Middle Ages. Although he had extensive research on Latin literature, he wrote a large number of lyrical poems in the form of sonnets in Italian dialect, which were warmly welcomed by the rulers of the city states. Another important reason for the Renaissance was the fall of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks in 1453 and the demise of the Eastern Roman Empire. A large number of talents who were influenced by eastern culture and still retained the spirit of the ancient Roman Empire fled to Italy, brought back many fresh ideas and arts, and opened schools in Rome to teach Greek, which led to the formation of the Renaissance movement. The works of the Renaissance period embodies humanistic thought: advocate the liberation of individuality, oppose the asceticism and religious views of the Middle Ages; advocate scientific culture, oppose obscurantism, and get rid of the shackles of the church on people's thoughts; affirm human rights, oppose theocracy, and reject actions All authoritative and traditional dogmas underlying theology and scholastic philosophy; support forcentralization and opposition to feudal separatism are the main ideas of humanism. Among them, representative works include: Dante's "The Divine Comedy", Boccaccio's "Decameron", Machiavelli's "The Prince", Rabelais' "Giant" and so on. The art of the Renaissance sang the beauty of the human body, advocated that the proportion of the human body was the most harmonious proportion in the world, and applied it to architecture. Although a series of paintings and sculptures were still based on religious stories, they were all The scene of ordinary people pulled God to the ground. Humanists began to study the Bible with the method of studying classical literature, and translated the Bible into the language of the nation, which led to the rise of the religious reform movement. Humanism extols the secular contempt for heaven, advertises reason as a substitute for divine inspiration, affirms that "people" are the creators and enjoyers of life in this world, requires literature and art to express people's thoughts and feelings, science for people's well-being, education to develop people's individuality, requires Free people's thoughts, feelings and wisdom from the bondage of theology. Advocating individual freedom, so it hasplayed a great role in the development of history.。

2019新人教版高中英语选择性必修三unit1课文及翻译(英汉对照)

2019新人教版高中英语选择性必修三unit1课文及翻译(英汉对照)During the Middle Ages。

XXX and was often created for XXX。

The artists of this d used a style called Byzantine。

which featured flat。

nal figures with XXX。

as the Middle Ages progressed。

XXX naturalistic style。

with artists like XXX.在中世纪时期，西方绘画主要关注宗教主题，通常是为教堂和大教堂创作的。

这个时期的艺术家使用了一种称为拜占庭的风格，其中包括扁平的二维人物形象，大眼睛和风格化的姿势。

然而，随着中世纪的进展，西方艺术开始向更加自然主义的风格转变，如XXX和XXX创作了更加真实的人物和风景描绘。

The Renaissance (14th to 17th century)文艺复兴(14世纪到17世纪)The Renaissance was a d of great artistic and cultural changein Western Europe。

During this time。

XXX。

Some ofthe most famous artists of the Renaissance include Leonardo da Vinci。

Michelangelo。

and Raphael。

These artists created works that were characterized by their n to detail。

use of perspective。

and realistic ns of the human form.文艺复兴是西欧一个伟大的艺术和文化变革时期。

在这个时期，艺术家开始探索新的技术和风格，导致对古典艺术和文化的重新关注。

文艺复兴Renaissance

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法国园林
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法国：勒· 诺特（尔）式园林英语和德语国家：巴洛克园林中国：古典主义园林勒· 诺特的造园保留了意文艺复兴庄园的一些要素，又以一种新的更加开朗、华丽、宏伟、对称的方式重新组合，创造了一种更显高贵的园林（宫廷文化，伟大风格）。

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第六章法国园林
古典主义第一节、法国古典主义园林一、文艺复兴前的法国园林二、文艺复兴时期的法国园林三、法国古典主义园林第二节法国古典主义园林在欧洲的影响
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古典主义
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17世纪和18世纪前半期流行于欧洲君主专制时期的一种文艺思潮或文艺流派。它的代表人物在创作实践和文艺理论上，把古希腊、古罗马时代的文艺视为必须仿效的崇高典范，从中吸取题材、情节、形象和创作经验，并赋予它们新的历史内容。古典主义一词由此而得名。

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Amboise

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二、文艺复兴时期的法国园林（4）
16世纪中叶，王权进一步加强，中央集权的君主政体要求在艺术上有与其相适应的审美观点。同时，一批杰出的意大利建筑师来到法国，而且在意大利学习的法国建筑师也结业回国。意大利的影响更加广泛、深刻，不再停留在花园的局部处理及造园要素上，而是影响到庄园的整体布局。

文艺复兴Renaissance
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当时人们认为，文艺在希腊、罗马古典时代曾高度繁荣，但在中世纪“黑暗时代”却衰败湮没，直到14世纪以后才获得“再生”与“复兴”。因此，文艺复兴着重表明了新文化以古典为师的一面，但它并非单纯的古典复兴，实际上是反封建的新文化的创造。文艺复兴宣扬个性解放、尊重人、爱人等人文主义思想，用资产阶级的“人道”反对封建阶级的“神道”，用资产阶级的纵欲主义反对封建阶级的禁欲主义。文艺复兴主要表现在科学、文学和艺术的普遍高涨。

英美文学选读英国部分第一章文艺复兴时期

英美文学选读中文翻译及重点习题答案英国文学(AMERICAN LITERATURE)第一章文艺复兴时期(The Renaissance Period)二、背景知识(Background knowledge)1、历史文化背景(Historical and cultural background)(1)文艺复兴是从中世纪向近代过渡时期发生在欧洲许多国家的一场思想文化运动。

它是在一些历史因素的合力作用下而引发的，如对希腊罗马古典文化的重新发现，宗教改革运动，地理和自然科学领域的探索，以及资本主义经济的扩张等。

(2)人文主义是文艺复兴的主要特征。

它颂扬人性，强调以“人”为本，宣传个性解放，反对神秘主义和中古神权，反对野蛮和兽性。

(3)16世纪的宗教改革导致了新教的创立。

英格兰同罗马教皇的决裂最初源于国王亨利八世决定与其第一位妻子离婚但遭到教皇否决。

宗教教义的改革则发生在后来的爱德华六世和女王伊丽莎白一世统治期间。

(4)工商业持续发展，中产阶级逐渐壮大，非神职人员获得受教育的机会，王权巩固，宫廷成为文化生活的中心，以及海外扩张和科学探索日益拓展人们的视野，所有这些都为文学提供了新的推动力和发展方向。

威廉·卡克斯顿首次将印刷术介绍到英国，使那里的出版社迅速增加，随之而来的是印刷书籍的繁荣。

2、英国文艺复兴时期文学的特点(Features of English Renaissance literature)(1) 诗歌(Poetry)开创文艺复兴时期一代新的华丽诗风的两个最重要的人物是菲利普·悉尼爵士和埃德蒙·斯宾塞。

在他们的抒情和叙事作品中，展现出一种词藻华丽、精雕细琢的文风。

到16世纪末，出现了两类新的诗歌风格。

第一类以约翰·邓恩和其他玄学派诗人为代表；第二类风格的典范是本·琼森和他所代表的流派。

英国文艺复兴时期的最后一位大诗人是清教作家约翰·密尔顿，他的诗歌具有惊人的震撼力和优雅的韵致，同时传达出深邃的思想。

Renaissance文艺复兴英文介绍

David (1504) by Michelangelo
In essence,
the Renaissance is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers attempted to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by Roman Catholic Church and to introduce new ideas expressing the interest of the rising bourgeoisie.
1.1 What is Renaissance?
Renaissance refers to the activity, spirit and time of the revival of art, learning, and literature in Europe extending over a period of 300 years (1350-1650), marking a transition from the Middle Ages to the modern time.
Assignment
A Presentation on William Shakespeare
Humanism
A Different View of Humanity Human beings are glorious creatures capable of individual development toward the direction of perfection. Human beings live in this world not to suffer merely but to interrogate, to explore and to enjoy.

自考英美文学选读_第一章_文艺复兴时期(英国)(课文翻译)

英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考）第一部分：英国文学第一章文艺复兴时期文艺复兴标志着一个过渡时期,即中世纪的结束和现代社会的开始。

一般来说,文艺复兴时期是从十四世纪到十七世纪中叶。

它从意大利兴起,伴随着绘画、雕塑和文学领域的百花齐放,而后文艺复兴浪潮席卷了整个欧洲。

文艺复兴,顾名思义即重生、复苏,是由一系列历史事件激发推动的,其中包括对古希腊罗马文化的重新发现。

地理天文领域的新发现,宗教改革及经济发展。

因此,文艺复兴从本质上是欧洲人文主义者竭力摒弃中世纪欧洲的封建主义,推行代表新兴城市资产阶级利益的新思想,并恢复早期宗教的纯洁性,远离腐败的罗马天主教廷的一场运动。

文艺复兴浪潮影响到英国的速度比较慢,不仅因为英国远离欧洲大陆,而且还因为其国内的动荡不安。

乔叟去世后的一个半世纪是英国历史上最动荡不安的时期。

好战的贵族篡取了王位,使英国走上自我毁灭之路。

著名的玫瑰之战就是极好的例子。

后来理查三世的恐怖统治标志着内战的结束,在都铎王朝的统治下英国的民族情感又成长起来。

然而直到亨利八世统治期间(1509-1547),文艺复兴的春风才吹入英国。

在亨利八世的鼓励下,牛津的改革派学者和人文主义者们将古典文学引入英国。

基于古典文学作品及《圣经》的教育重获生机,而十五世纪就被广泛传阅的文学作品则更加流行了。

自此,英国的文艺复兴开始了。

英国,尤其是英国文学进入了黄金时代。

这个时期涌现出莎士比亚、斯宾塞、约翰逊、锡德尼、马洛、培根及邓恩等一大批文学巨匠。

但英国的文艺复兴并未使新文学与旧时代彻底决裂,带有十四、十五世纪特点的创作态度与情感依然贯穿在人文主义与改革时代。

人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。

它源于努力恢复中世纪产生的对古希腊罗马文化的尊崇。

人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以"人"为中心,人是万物之灵。

通过这些对古代文化崭新的研究,人文主义者不仅看到了光彩夺目的艺术启明星,还在那古典作品中寻求到了人的价值。

The renaissance 文艺复兴运动

He is considered the father of humanism.
who are the three most famous artists in later period of the Renaissance?
列奥纳多·达·芬奇列奥纳多达芬奇 Leonardo Da Vinci １４５２－（１４５２－１５１９ )
3.Renaissance development process and the major achievements
（1）. Early Renaissance） The Early Three Masters of the Renaissance
（2））
. Renaissance heyday –
The spread of Renaissance
1. The Renaissance started in the United Kingdom (16th Century) 2. Outstanding Representative:William Shakespeare
Masterpieces:
“Othello”奥赛罗 “ King Lear”李尔王奥赛罗李尔王 “Macbeth”麦克白 “Hamlet”哈姆雷特麦克白哈姆雷特 “The Merchant of Venice” 威尼斯商人 “Midsummer Night‘s Dream”仲夏夜仲夏夜之梦 Shakespeare
Mona Lisa ,by Leonardo Da Vinci
The Last Supper, by Da vinci
米开朗基罗·博米开朗基罗博那罗蒂 Michelangelo Bo that Rorty １４７５－（１４７５－１５６４）Michelangelo

文艺复兴和启蒙运动的中英文介绍

文艺复兴（一）一、概念（Concept）意大利文艺复兴（Italy Renaissance）文艺复兴运动是发生在14—17世纪的欧洲，是正在形成中的资产阶级在复兴希腊罗马古典文化的名义下发起的弘扬资产阶级思想和文化的运动The Renaissance was occurred in 14 - seventeenth Century in Europe, is the emerging bourgeoisie in the revival of Greek classical culture in Rome under the name of initiating promoting bourgeois ideology and cultural movement为什么称这场运动为“文艺复兴”？Why is referring to this movement as " the renaissance "由于新生的资产阶级是借助古代希腊、罗马的文化来反对封建神学的，所以历史上称这场新兴的文化运动为“文艺复兴”。

The new bourgeoisie is have the aid of ancient Greece, the culture of Rome to oppose the feudal theology, so the history that the new cultural movement of the Renaissance " ".二、实质（Solid matter）是一场以古典文化复活为外衣的新文化运动，是当时欧洲社会经济与政治结构变革条件下的产物，是中世纪晚期欧洲世俗文化发展的必然结果，同时，它又反过来进一步加速欧洲社会的进步。

To be a classical culture the resurrection as the coat of the new culture movement, was the European social economy and political structure reform under the conditions of the product, is a late medieval secular European culture and the inevitable result of the development, at the same time, it in turn further acceleration of European society.实质：资产阶级文化的兴起性质：资产阶级性质Properties: bourgeois文艺复兴运动为什么首先开始于意大利？The Renaissance began in Italy why?(1) 资本主义萌芽最早出现在意大利，这是意大利成为文艺复兴发源地的前提条件。

英语专业英国文学文艺复兴时期名词翻译

The Elizabethan time: refer to the period in English history fromcomposed plays that broke free of England's past style of theatre. It was an age of exploration and expansion abroad, while back at home,end of the period when England was a separate realm before its royal union with Scotland.Renaissance（文艺复兴）: The Renaissance Movement is a great revolution carried out in the fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century Europe. It marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world in Western Europe. It first started in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. The word “Renaissance” means rebirth or revival. In essence, it is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to lift the restriction in all areas placed by the Roman Catholic Church authorities. Two features of renaissance: It is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. People learned to admire the Greek and Latin works asmodels of literary form. It is the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.Humanism: A philosophy that places faith in the dignity of humankind and rejects the medieval perception of the individual as a weak, fallen creature. "Humanists" typically believe in the perfectibility of human nature and view reason and education as the means to that end.The English Reformation: was a series of events in 16thSonnet a lyric poem comprising 14 rhyming lines of equal length: iambic pentameters in English, alexandrines in French, hendecasyllables in ltalian. He rhyme schemes of the sonnet follow two basic patterns.①The Italian sonnet (also called the Petrarchan sonnet afterthe most influential of the Italian sonneteers) comprises an 8-line‘octave’of two quatrains, rhymed abbaabba, followed by a 6-line‘sestet’ usually rhymed cdecde or cdcdcd. The transition fromoctave to sestet usually coincides with a ‘turn’ ( ltalian, volta )inthe argument or mood of the poem. In a variant form used by the English poet John Milton, however, the ‘turn’ is delayed to a laterposition around the tenth line. Some later poets----notablyWilliam Wordsworth----have employed this feature of the‘Miltonic sonnet’while relaxing the rhyme scheme of the octave to abbaacca . The Italian pattern has remained the most widely used in English and other languages.②The English sonnet (also called the Shakespearean sonnetafter its foremost practitioner) comprises three quatrains and afinal couplet, rhyming ababcdcdefefgg. An important variant ofthis is the Spenserian sonnet (introduced by the Elizabethan poetEdmund Spenser), which links the three quatrains by rhyme, in the sequence ababbabccdcdee. In either form, the ‘turn’comes withthe final couplet, which may sometimes achieve the neatness ofan epigram.Spenserian Stanza（斯宾塞诗节）A nine-line stanza rhyming in an ababbcbcc pattern in which the first eight lines are iambic pentameter and the last line is an iambic hexameter line. The name Spenserian comes from the form’s most famous user, Spenser, who used it in The Fairie Queene. Other examples include Keat’s “Eve of Saint Agnes” and Shelley’s “Adonais.” The Spenserian stanza is probably the longest and most intricate stanza generally employed in narrative poetry.The Spenserian sonnet uses three quatrains and a couplet like the Shakespearean, but links their three rhyme schemes in this way: abab bcbc cdcd ee. The Spenserian sonnet develops its theme in two parts likethe Petrarchan, its final six lines resolving a problem, analyzing a narrative, or applying a proposition put forth in its first eight lines.iambic pentameter 五步抑扬格the basic line in English verse, with five feet in a line, usually an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable. It was probably introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer and certainly established by him in The Canterbury Tales.Edmund Spenser埃德蒙▪斯宾塞(莎翁之前最杰出的英国诗人)：The poet’s poet of the period was ES who was buried beside Chaucer in Westminster Abbey. ES has held his position as a model of poetical art among the Renaissance English poets, and his influence can be traced in the works of Milton, Shelley, and Keats. ES is the first master to make that language the natural music of his poetic effusions(感情的流露). His sonnets in Amoretti, together with Sidney’s Astrophel and Stella and Shakespeare’s sonnets ,are the most famous sonnet sequences of the Elizabeth Age.【In 1579 he wrote The Shepherd’s Calendar《牧人日记》which marked the budding(萌芽) of the Renaissance flower in the northern island of England. The faerie Queen 《仙后》is his greatest work which was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth.】Francis Bacon: He is the founder of English materialist philosophy and the founder of modern science in England. His New Instrument is called the Inductive Method of reasoning. He is also the first English essayist. To give a few, “Men fear death as children fear to go in th e dark..” “Studies serve for delight.” “Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.”Drama: The Miracle Play圣迹剧The Morality Play道德剧寓意剧The Interlude幕间节目Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗·马洛: The most gifted of the “university wits” was Christopher Marlowe. His best work include 3 of his plays, Tamburlaine《帖木儿大帝》(1587), The Jew of Malta《马耳岛的犹太人》(1592), and Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士》(1588). He was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama. His work paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist——Shakespeare——whose achievements were the monument of the English Renaissance. 【His plays show the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie, its eager curiosity for knowledge, its towering pride, its insatiable(不知足的) appetite for power won by military, might, knowledge, or gold. The theme of his plays is the praise of individuality freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and law, and the conviction of the boundless possibility ofhuman efforts in conquering the universe. The heroes in his plays are merely individualists, their individualistic ambition often brings ruin to the world and sometimes to themselves.】William Shakespeare: Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature. His dramatic creation often used the method of adaptation. Shakespeare long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting. Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank verse. He was especially at home with the blank verse. Shakespeare was a great master of the English language. Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest writers over the world.①The great comedies:A Midsummer Might’s Dream, TheMerchant of Venice, As You Like It, Twelfth Night.②The great tragedies:Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth. 一辈子时光在匆忙中流逝，谁都无法挽留。

英语专业英国文学文艺复兴时期名词翻译

The Elizabethan time: refer to the period in English history fromcomposed plays that broke free of England's past style of theatre. It was an age of exploration and expansion abroad, while back at home,end of the period when England was a separate realm before its royal union with Scotland.Renaissance（文艺复兴）: The Renaissance Movement is a great revolution carried out in the fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century Europe. It marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world in Western Europe. It first started in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. T he word “Renaissance” means rebirth or revival. In essence, it is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to lift the restriction in all areas placed by the Roman Catholic Church authorities. Two features of renaissance: It is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. People learned to admire the Greek and Latin works asmodels of literary form. It is the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.Humanism: A philosophy that places faith in the dignity of humankind and rejects the medieval perception of the individual as a weak, fallen creature. "Humanists" typically believe in the perfectibility of human nature and view reason and education as the means to that end.The English Reformation: was a series of events in 16thSonnet a lyric poem comprising 14 rhyming lines of equal length: iambic pentameters in English, alexandrines in French, hendecasyllables in ltalian. He rhyme schemes of the sonnet follow two basic patterns.①The Italian sonnet (also called the Petrarchan sonnet afterthe most influential of the Italian sonneteers) comprises an 8-line‘octave’of two quatrains, rhymed abbaabba, followed by a 6-line‘sestet’ usually rhymed cdecde or cdcdcd. The transition fromoctave to sestet usually coincides with a ‘turn’ ( ltalian, volta )inthe argument or mood of the poem. In a variant form used by the Englis h poet John Milton, however, the ‘turn’ is delayed to a laterposition around the tenth line. Some later poets----notablyWilliam Wordsworth----have employed this feature of the‘Miltonic sonnet’while relaxing the rhyme scheme of the octave to abbaacca . The Italian pattern has remained the most widely used in English and other languages.②The English sonnet (also called the Shakespearean sonnetafter its foremost practitioner) comprises three quatrains and afinal couplet, rhyming ababcdcdefefgg. An important variant ofthis is the Spenserian sonnet (introduced by the Elizabethan poetEdmund Spenser), which links the three quatrains by rhyme, in the sequence ababbabccdcdee. In either form, the ‘turn’comes withthe final couplet, which may sometimes achieve the neatness ofan epigram.Spenserian Stanza（斯宾塞诗节）A nine-line stanza rhyming in an ababbcbcc pattern in which the first eight lines are iambic pentameter and the last line is an iambic hexameter line. The name Spenserian comes from the form’s most famous user, Spenser, who used it in The Fairie Queene. Other examples include Keat’s “Eve of Saint Agnes” and Shelley’s “Adonais.” The Spenserian stanza is probably the longest and most intricate stanza generally employed in narrative poetry.The Spenserian sonnet uses three quatrains and a couplet like the Shakespearean, but links their three rhyme schemes in this way: abab bcbc cdcd ee. The Spenserian sonnet develops its theme in two parts likethe Petrarchan, its final six lines resolving a problem, analyzing a narrative, or applying a proposition put forth in its first eight lines.iambic pentameter 五步抑扬格the basic line in English verse, with five feet in a line, usually an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable. It was probably introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer and certainly established by him in The Canterbury Tales.Edmund Spenser埃德蒙▪斯宾塞(莎翁之前最杰出的英国诗人)：The poet’s poet of the period was ES who was buried beside Chaucer in Westminster Abbey. ES has held his position as a model of poetical art among the Renaissance English poets, and his influence can be traced in the works of Milton, Shelley, and Keats. ES is the first master to make that language the natural music of his poetic effusions(感情的流露). His sonnets in Amoretti, together with Sidney’s Astrophel and Stella and Shakespeare’s sonnets ,are the most famous sonnet sequences of the Elizabeth Age.【In 1579 he wrote The Shepherd’s Calendar《牧人日记》which marked the budding(萌芽) of the Renaissance flower in the northern island of England. The faerie Queen 《仙后》is his greatest work which was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth.】Francis Bacon: He is the founder of English materialist philosophy and the founder of modern science in England. His New Instrument is called the Inductive Method of reasoning. He is also the first English essayist. To give a few, “Men fear death as children fear to go in the dark..” “Studies serve for delight.” “Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.”Drama: The Miracle Play圣迹剧The Morality Play道德剧寓意剧The Interlude幕间节目Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗·马洛: The most gifted of the “university wits” was Christopher Marlowe. His best work include 3 of his plays, Tamburlaine《帖木儿大帝》(1587), The Jew of Malta《马耳岛的犹太人》(1592), and Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士》(1588). He was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama. His work paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist——Shakespeare——whose achievements were the monument of the English Renaissance. 【His plays show the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie, its eager curiosity for knowledge, its towering pride, its insatiable(不知足的) appetite for power won by military, might, knowledge, or gold. The theme of his plays is the praise of individuality freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and law, and the conviction of the boundless possibility ofhuman efforts in conquering the universe. The heroes in his plays are merely individualists, their individualistic ambition often brings ruin to the world and sometimes to themselves.】William Shakespeare: Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature. His dramatic creation often used the method of adaptation. Shakespeare long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting. Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank verse. He was especially at home with the blank verse. Shakespeare was a great master of the English language. Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest writers over the world.①The great comedies: A Midsummer Might’s Dream, TheMerchant of Venice, As You Like It, Twelfth Night.②The great tragedies:Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth.。

文艺复兴【英文】Renaissance

• Trade and commerce increased • Cities grew larger and wealthier • Newly wealthy merchants and bankers supported the
growth of the arts and learning • The Renaissance was an age of recovery from the disasters
• Once people are infected, they infect others very rapidly
• Plague causes fever, painful swelling of the lymph glands, and spots on the skin lack = Black Death
SWBAT sequence events related to the rise of Italian city-states and their political
development, including Machiavelli’s theory of governing as
described in The Prince.
period)
Increased demand for Middle Eastern products
Stimulated production of goods to trade in Middle Eastern markets
Encouraged the use of credit and banking
When did the Renaissance Take Place?
Roughly the 14th to the 17th century

The-Renaissance文艺复兴

• e. defeating the Spanish Invincible fleet “Armada” in 1588 and the establishment of the hegemony（霸权） on the seas.
• f. The geographical exploration and trade expansion brought about the growth of the cities and the development of the capitalist textile（织物）industry.
• While people learned to admire their works as models of literary form they also caught sth very different in spirit from the medieval Catholic dogma.
Renaissance(14th—mid 17th)
• It’s the rebirth of Greek and Roman cultures. It sprang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. Two features are striking of this movement. One is the thirst for the classical literature and the other is the keen interest in life and human activities.
• (4) In the countryside the peasants were terribly exploited and they either rose in uprisings or ran away and flocked to the cities and added to the proletariat there;

文艺复兴_英文版

Pieter Bruegel the Elder（老彼得· 勃鲁盖尔）
Pieter Bruegel (c. 1525 – 1569) was a renaissance painter and printmaker known for his landscapes and peasant scenes. 勃鲁盖尔（公元前 1525年至1569年），文艺复兴时期的画家和版画家，以风景画和农民场景著名。
Renaissance in the Low North
The Low Countries refers to the area of The Netherlands (荷兰) and Flanders (佛兰德斯).
Desiderius Erasmus
Desiderius Erasmus (1466 – 1536)was a Dutch Renaissance humanist,Catholic priest, and a theologian from The Netherlands. 伊拉斯谟（1466-1536）是一家荷兰文艺复兴时期的人文主义者，天主教神父和神学家
Ceiling of Sistine Chapel（西斯廷教堂） took four years to complete.
Donatello (1386-1466)
Donatello was an early Renaissance Italian artist and sculptor from Florence. He is most famous for his bronze statues（青铜雕像）.
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Some of his greatest and most famous works include The Last Supper and Mona Lisa.

文艺复兴

文艺复兴：The Renaissance era encompasses（围绕，包围）Western music history from 1400 to the beginning of the 1600. This period in time marked the rebirth of humanism, and the revival （复兴）of cultural achievements for their own sake in all forms of art, including music. The word "Renaissance" in itself is defined as a "rebirth" or a "reconstruction".During this time, artists and musicians produced works that displayed more artistic freedom and individualism. This creativity allowed artists to abandon the stricter ways of the Medieval（中古的，中世纪的）Era（纪元）. Their art forms rediscovered the ancient Greek ideals. The great masters of the Renaissance were revered（崇敬，尊崇，敬畏）in their own lifetimes (rather than after their deaths), which was different from most of their Medieval predecessors. With the new printing techniques, music and musical ideas were able to be preserved and distributed to the people.莎士比亚：throne （王位，帝位）(1603) the troupe（剧团）was designated by the new king as the King's Men (or King's Company). The Letters Patent of the company specifically charged Shakespeare and eight others "freely to use and exercise the art and William Shakespeare was born to John Shakespeare and mother Mary Arden some time in late April 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon. There is no record of his birth, but his baptism （火的洗礼，初次的不愉快）was recorded by the church, thus hisbirthday is assumed（假设的，设想的）to be the 23 of April. His father was a prominent and prosperous alderman（市议员）in the town of Stratford-upon-Avon, and was later granted a coat of arms by the College of Heralds. All that is known of Shakespeare's youth is that he presumably（据推测，大概，可能）attended the Stratford Grammar School, and did not proceed to Oxford or Cambridge. The next record we have of him is his marriage to Anne Hathaway in 1582. The next year she bore a daughter for him, Susanna, followed by the twins Judith and Hamlet two years later.Seven years later Shakespeare is recognized as an actor, poet and playwright, when a rival playwright（剧作家）, Robert Greene, refers to him as "an upstart（暴发户，新贵，傲慢自负的人）crow（乌鸦）" in A Groatsworth of Wit. A few years later he joined up with one of the most successful acting troupe's（剧团）in London: The Lord Chamberlain's Men. When, in 1599, the troupe lost the lease of the theatre where they performed, (appropriately called The Theatre) they were wealthy enough to build their own theatre across the Thames（泰晤士河）, south of London, which they called "The Globe." The new theatre opened in July of 1599, built from the timbers（横梁，木材）of The Theatre, with the motto "Totus mundus agit histrionem" (A whole world of players) When James I came to thfaculty of playing Comedies,Tragedies, Histories, Inerludes, Morals, Pastorals（牧函，主教教书）, stage plays ... as well for recreation of our loving subjects as for our solace（安慰）and pleasure."概念隐喻In cognitive(认知的) linguistics, conceptual metaphor, or cognitive metaphor, refers to the understanding of one idea, or conceptual domain（领域）, in terms of another, for example, understanding quantity in terms of directionality(方向性，定向性) (e.g. "price is rising"). A conceptual domain can be any coherent organization of human experience. The regularity with which different languages employ the same metaphors, which often appear to be perceptually（知觉的，有知觉的）based, has led to the hypothesis（假说，假设，前提）that the mapping between conceptual domains corresponds to（相当于）neural （神经的）mappings（映射，计划，绘制地图）in the brain (概念隐喻理论思想首先是在Lakoff & Johnson在《我们赖以生存的隐喻》一书中提出来的)明喻simileInfluenceSee also Literary influence of HamletHamlet is one of the most quoted works in the Englishlanguage, and is often included on lists of the world's greatest literature.[99] As such, it reverberates through the writing of later centuries. Academic Laurie Osborne identifies the directinfluence of Hamlet in numerous modern narratives, and divides them into four main categories: fictional accounts of the play's composition, simplifications of the story for young readers, stories expanding the role of one or more characters, and narratives featuring performances of the play.[100]Henry Fielding's Tom Jones, published about 1749, describes a visit to Hamlet by Tom Jones and Mr Partridge, with similarities to the "play within a play".[101] In contrast, Goethe's Bildungsroman Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship, written between 1776 and 1796, not only has a production of Hamlet at its core but also creates parallels between the Ghost and Wilhelm Meister's dead father.[101] In the early 1850s, in Pierre, Herman Melville focuses on a Hamlet-like character's long development as a writer.[101] Ten years later, Dickens's Great Expectations contains many Hamlet-like plot elements: it is driven by revenge-motivated actions, contains ghost-like characters (Abel Magwich and Miss Havisham), and focuses on the hero's guilt.[101] Academic Alexander Welsh notes that Great Expectations is an "autobiographical novel" and "anticipates psychoanalytic readings of Hamlet itself".[102] About the same time, George Eliot's The Mill on the Floss was published, introducing Maggie Tulliver "whois explicitly compared with Hamlet"[103] though "with a reputation for sanity".[104]In the 1920s, James Joyce managed "a more upbeat version" of Hamlet—stripped of obsession and revenge—in Ulysses, though its main parallels are with Homer's Odyssey.[101] In the 1990s, two women novelists were explicitly influencedby Hamlet. In Angela Carter's Wise Children, To be or not to be[105] is reworked as a song and dance routine, and Iris Murdoch's The Black Prince has Oedipal themes and murder intertwined with a love affair between a Hamlet-obsessed writer, Bradley Pearson, and the daughter of his rival.[103] There is the story of the woman who read Hamlet forthe first time and said, "I don't see why people admirethat play so. It is nothing but a bunch of quotationsstrung together."—Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Guide to Shakespeare, pg vii, Avenal Books, 1970。

第六单元意大利文艺复兴的艺术参考译文

iumph was the cupola (dome) atop the Florence cathdral, which echoes both Rome’s Pantheon （罗马的万神殿） and Constantinople’s Hagia Sophia（君士坦丁堡的圣索菲亚大教堂）.
• 在探索新方向上稍显滞后的建筑师们也深受古典榜样的影响。 • 直到菲利普· 布鲁内莱斯基（1377-1446）最先运用了数学透视的法则才出现了明显的革新。 • 布鲁内莱斯基是折中的，在他的教堂建筑中，他将罗马式建筑的十字架形的平面构图与诸如柱式、圆形窗户以及拱顶等古典建筑的特征结合在一起。
• 他最成功的杰作是佛罗伦萨大教堂的圆顶，可与罗马的万神殿和君士坦丁堡的圣索菲亚大教堂媲美。
• Artists of the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, in line with Ficino’s (and Plato’s) notion that love of the world’s physical beauty was an initial step toward love of God’s spiritual beauty, sought to make figures more beautiful, and thus more godlike. • Sandro Botticelli (1444-1510) （桑德罗· 波提切利）particularly embodied that artistic Platonism in painted figures of a mystical beauty.
• 意大利艺术家的一个突出特征是他们对自然的密切细致观察。 • 这种趋势，在晚期哥特式艺术中很明显，并为法兰西斯派（方济各会）的教义予以强化，法兰西斯派人物自然界的一切都是为了人的幸福而予以的神圣的创造。 • 艺术上的新趋势包括将过去的空白背景用风景予以替换，以及对于动作和情感表现的强调。

文艺复兴的爱翻译英语作文

The Renaissance,a period of profound cultural rebirth in Europe,is often associated with a renewed interest in the arts,sciences,and the revival of classical learning.This era, spanning roughly from the14th to the17th century,saw a shift from the medieval to the modern age,and it is characterized by a flourishing of intellectual and artistic activity. Here is an essay on the love during the Renaissance,translated into English,that delves into the romantic and artistic aspects of this transformative period.The Renaissance:A Time of Love and Artistic ExpressionThe Renaissance was not just a rebirth of art and intellect it was also a time when love and its expression took on new dimensions.The period was marked by a shift in societal values,where individualism and personal emotions began to be celebrated.This was reflected in the literature,poetry,and visual arts of the time,which often centered around themes of love,both romantic and platonic.In the realm of literature,the Renaissance saw the emergence of sonnets,a poetic form that became synonymous with expressing love and admiration.Poets like Petrarch and Shakespeare used the sonnet to convey the depth of their feelings,often idealizing their beloved and exploring the complexities of love.The sonnets structure,with its14lines and alternating rhyme scheme,provided a framework that allowed poets to explore the nuances of love in a structured yet flexible manner.Visual arts also played a significant role in the expression of love during the Renaissance. Artists like Botticelli and Leonardo da Vinci depicted love in their paintings,often using mythological or biblical stories as a backdrop.Botticellis The Birth of Venus,for example,is a celebration of beauty and love,with the goddess Venus emerging from the sea,embodying the ideal of love and desire.The Renaissance also saw a change in the way love was perceived in society.The concept of courtly love,which had been prevalent in the Middle Ages,began to evolve. While courtly love often involved unrequited love and was characterized by a sense of chivalry and respect,the Renaissance brought about a more personal and intimate approach to love.Relationships were no longer just about duty and honor but were also about mutual affection and companionship.Music,too,became an essential medium for expressing love during the Renaissance. Composers like Palestrina and Monteverdi wrote madrigals,which were secular songs that often dealt with themes of love and longing.These compositions were performed incourts and private gatherings,providing a musical backdrop to the romantic pursuits of the time.The Renaissance was also a time when the concept of love was explored in a more philosophical and intellectual manner.Humanist thinkers like Erasmus and More began to question the nature of love and its role in human life.They argued that love was not just a physical or emotional experience but also a moral and spiritual one,capable of elevating the human soul.In conclusion,the Renaissance was a period of great change and transformation,not just in the arts and sciences but also in the way love was understood and expressed.The era saw a shift from the idealized and chivalrous love of the Middle Ages to a more personal and intimate approach,one that celebrated individual emotions and the beauty of human connection.The legacy of the Renaissance continues to influence our understanding of love today,reminding us of the power of art and intellect to shape our emotions and our world.。

The Renaissance 1(文艺复兴时期)1

D. Religious Reformation
In 16th century, Martin Luther, a German theologist, started a Church Reformation which led to the appearance of Protestant. He attacked the corruption of the Roman Catholic, and proposed that the Church should give up the property, the clergies should live a simple life. Martin Luther also put forward that everyone could be priest for himself. This improved the common people’s social position, and emancipated the human beings’ thoughts.
I. What is Renaissance?
1. Definition The Renaissance (14th – mid-17th century), which means rebirth and revival. The renaissance, therefore, in essence, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars tried to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the