COMPLETENESS OF THE PARABOLIC SUBGROUPS OF PROJECTIVE ORTHOGONAL GROUPS

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了不起的盖茨比第七章英语单词知乎

了不起的盖茨比第七章英语单词知乎以下是《了不起的盖茨比》第七章中出现的一些单词及其用法解释：1. Debauch: (verb) to corrupt morally or by intemperance or sensuality.Example: The wild party in Gatsby's mansion was filled with debauchery and excess.2. Sotto voce: (adverb) in a low voice, or in an undertone.Example: Jordan spoke to Nick sotto voce, revealing a secret that nobody else could hear.3. Affront: (verb) to insult intentionally.Example: Tom felt affronted when Gatsby openly declared his love for Daisy.4. Elude: (verb) to evade or escape from, as by daring, cleverness, or skill.Example: Despite all efforts, the truth about Gatsby's past eluded everyone.5. Nebulous: (adjective) hazy, vague, indistinct, or confused.Example: Gatsby's actual identity remained nebulous to many of his party guests.6. Meretricious: (adjective) alluring by a show of flashy or vulgar attractions, but often without real value.Example: Daisy was not impressed by the meretricious displays of wealth at Gatsby's parties.7. Contemptuous: (adjective) showing or expressing contempt or disdain; scornful.Example: Tom looked at Gatsby with a contemptuous expression, as he considered him a social climber.8. Ineffable: (adjective) incapable of being expressed or described in words; inexpressible.Example: Daisy experienced an ineffable sense of longing when Gatsby took her for a drive in his fancy car.9. Ramification: (noun) a consequence or implication; a branching out.Example: The ramification of Gatsby's obsession with Daisy was the destruction of his own life.10. Libertine: (noun) a person who is morally or sexually unrestrained, especially a dissolute man.Example: Gatsby was often seen as a libertine, indulging in extravagant parties and relationships.11. Sluggish: (adjective) displaying slow or lazy movements or responses.Example: The sluggish summer heat made everyone at the party feel lethargic and unmotivated.12. Pander: (verb) to cater to the lower tastes or base desires of others.Example: Gatsby's extravagant parties were seen by some as an attempt to pander to the desires of the wealthy elite.13. Incarnation: (noun) a particular physical form or state; a concrete or actual form of a quality or concept.Example: Gatsby believed that he could recreate himself into an incarnation of the man Daisy truly desired.14. Inexplicable: (adjective) unable to be explained or accounted for.Example: Daisy's sudden attraction towards Gatsby seemed inexplicable to many, considering their past.15. Insidious: (adjective) proceeding in a gradual, subtle way, but with harmful effects.Example: Tom warned Daisy about Gatsby's insidious intentions, accusing him of trying to steal her away.16. Supercilious: (adjective) behaving or looking as though one thinks they are superior to others; arrogant.Example: Tom's supercilious attitude towards Gatsby was evident in his condescending mannerisms.17. Saunter: (verb) to walk in a slow, relaxed, and confident manner.Example: Gatsby sauntered across the lawn towards Daisy, trying to appear nonchalant.18. Harrowed: (adjective) distressed or disturbed.Example: Gatsby's harrowed expression revealed the emotional turmoil he was experiencing.19. Truculent: (adjective) eager or quick to argue or fight; aggressively defiant.Example: Tom showed his truculent nature when he confronted Gatsby about his relationship with Daisy.20. Portentous: (adjective) of or like a portent; foreboding; full of unspecified meaning.Example: The dark clouds and thunderous sky seemed portentous, as if something significant was about to happen.21. Gaudiness: (noun) the quality of being tastelessly showy or overly ornate.Example: Despite the gaudiness of Gatsby's mansion, the guests were drawn to its opulence.22. Indiscernible: (adjective) impossible to see or clearly distinguish.Example: In the chaos of the party, individual voices became indiscernible and blended into a cacophony.23. Intermittent: (adjective) occurring at irregular intervals; not continuous or steady.Example: The intermittent rain throughout the night dampened the enthusiasm of the party guests.24. Stratum: (noun) a layer or a series of layers of rock in the ground.Example: Gatsby tried to climb the social stratum, hoping to be accepted by the upper class.25. Harlequin: (noun) a character in traditional pantomime; a buffoon.Example: Gatsby's harlequin smile hid the sadness and longing he felt for Daisy.26. Disconcerting: (adjective) causing one to feel unsettled or disturbed.Example: Daisy's disconcerting confession about her true feelings left Gatsby feeling disoriented and hurt.请注意，以上的双语例句是根据所给的单词和上下文进行编写的，但并非《了不起的盖茨比》中的原文。

咬文嚼字：“颈静脉球瘤”和“副神经节瘤”

咬⽂嚼字：“颈静脉球瘤”和“副神经节瘤”摘⾃Al-Mefty⽂献Paragangliomas are tumors that arise from the paraganglionic system—aggregations of cells found throughout the body associated with vascular andneuronal adventitia. They originate from the neural crest and are related to theautonomic nervous system. The tumors of the head and neck are associated withthe parasympathetic division, as opposed to the sympathetic division for the otherparts of the body.Accordingly, the term glomus should be replaced with paraganglioma denoting itslocation, as outlined in the WHO classification.这段定义来⾃意⼤利ENT界的侧颅底⼤师Sanna教授2013年的著作《Microsurgery of Skull Base Paragangliomas》⼀书，从中可以发现，平时常说的“球瘤（glomus tumor）”已经被WHO剔除，⽽这⼀类肿瘤的官⽅名称就是“副神经节瘤（paraganglioma）”。

剔除的原因，查阅wiki可知，真正的“glomus tumor”（⾎管球瘤）另有所指，其起源于⽪肤真⽪层（dermis layer）的“glomus body (或glomus apparatus)”（⾎管球体），后者是结缔组织包绕的动静脉分流器（arteriovenous shunt），⼤多分布于肢端，作⽤是通过动静脉分流来调节体温（保暖和散热）。

虚无悖论

上节提及，资产的升值代表着财富累积的增加，因此，所有资产皆可以看为财富累积的仓库。问题是，在费雪的传统中，资产有生产力，带来租值或收入，而这些收入以利率折现是资产的价值，称财富。本身毫无生产力的资产也是资产，但我们无从以其产出的收入折现。这类资产的主要用场是累积财富，当年费雪没有分析过。以「仓库」来描述这类资产是恰当的，虽然其他有生产力的资产也是财富累积的仓库。-
这里顺便一提。在同类的收藏品中，那些所谓「精品」的，在市价一般上升时其升幅的百分率通常比较高，而市价一般下降时其跌幅百分率比较小。不是永远如是，是或然率如是。有两个原因。其一是精品通常不多，其存在市场通常知道。比较平庸的不仅远为量大，其总量究竟有多少市场通常不知道。其二，称得上是精品的，假冒远为困难，出现赝品的机会比较少。-
从上述的四个需要的条件看，一个健全的收藏品仓库的形成可真不易，而正因为得之不易，失之也难。一个健全的收藏仓库可以长存不破。-
印象画派对乾隆皇帝-
要举出收藏仓库的成功例子，西方应该首推法国十九世纪的印象派画作。中国呢？今天看我选十八世纪的乾隆皇帝。乾隆不仅是神州历来最大的收藏家，也可能是人类历史的收藏一哥。此帝也，有点发神经，收藏兴趣广泛，工程之巨属天方夜谭。我个人认为乾隆自己指导炮制的物品有点俗气，但风格明确。（他的书画收藏有他的题跋、玺印风格。）不乱来，乾隆凡事苛求：瓷器华丽，玉雕精绝。魄力雄强，这个皇帝写过逾万首诗；手痒，到处题字，遗留下来的墨宝无数。好印章，据说为他刻的逾八千件。别的我没有研究，但有点研究的印章钮雕，我认为乾隆御用的来来去去是同一组人，不仅风格相同，刀法也差不多。这样的皇帝日理万机，六下江南，竟然活到八十然在第二章我细说了复息利率的杀伤力，持久地收藏不容易斗得过利息代价的蹂躏。然而，收藏品的市值上升不是平稳的，可以有大幅的波动，机缘巧合，市值的上升可以有一段长时期高于利息的代价。上世纪八十年代，因为日本的经济不济，法国印象派的画作下跌得急，但十年后回升。今天回顾，六十年前收藏印象派的画，选择得对，其升值高于以复息算的利息。-

The Globular Cluster System of NGC 1316 (Fornax A)

a r X i v :a s t r o -p h /0103501v 1 29 M a r 2001Astronomy &Astrophysics manuscript no.(will be inserted by hand later)The Globular Cluster System of NGC 1316(Fornax A)M.G´o mez 1,2,T.Richtler 3,L.Infante 1,and G.Drenkhahn 41Departamento de Astronom ´ıa y Astrof ´ısica,P.Universidad Cat´o lica de Chile.Casilla 306,Santiago,Chilee-mail:mgomez@astro.puc.cl,linfante@astro.puc.cl 2Sternwarte der Universit¨a t Bonn,Auf dem H¨u gel 71,D-53121Bonn,Germany 3Departamento de F ´ısica,Universidad de Concepci´o n.Casilla 4009,Concepci´o n,Chile e-mail:tom@coma.cfm.udec.cl 4Max-Planck-Institut f¨u r Astrophysik,Postfach 1317,D-85741Garching bei M¨u nchen,Germany e-mail:georg@mpa-garching.mpg.deReceived .../Accepted ...Abstract.We have studied the Globular Cluster System of the merger galaxy NGC 1316in Fornax,using CCD BV I photometry.A clear bimodality is not detected from the broadband colours.However,dividing the sample into red (presumably metal-rich)and blue (metal-poor)subpopulations at B −I =1.75,we ﬁnd that they follow strikingly diﬀerent angular distributions.The red clusters show a strong correlation with the galaxy elongation,but the blue ones are circularly distributed.No systematic diﬀerence is seen in their radial proﬁle and both are equally concentrated.We derive an astonishingly low Speciﬁc Frequency for NGC 1316of only S N =0.9,which conﬁrms with a larger ﬁeld a previous ﬁnding by Grillmair et al.(1999).Assuming a “normal”S N of ∼4for early-type galaxies,we use stellar population synthesis models to estimate in 2Gyr the age of this galaxy,if an intermediate-age population were to explain the low S N we observe.This value agrees with the luminosity-weighted mean age of NGC 1316derived by Kuntschner &Davies (1998)and Mackie &Fabbiano (1998).By ﬁtting t 5functions to the Globular Cluster Luminosity Function (GCLF),we derived the following turnover magnitudes:B =24.69±0.15,V =23.87±0.20and I =22.72±0.14.They conﬁrm that NGC 1316,in spite of its outlying location,is at the same distance as the core of the Fornax cluster.Key words.galaxies:distances and redshifts –galaxies:elliptical and lenticular,cD –galaxies:individual:NGC 1316–galaxies:interactions1.IntroductionThe analysis of globular cluster systems (GCSs)in ellipti-cal galaxies can have diﬀerent motivations.One of them is to investigate the variety of GCS morphologies in relation to their host galaxy properties in order to gain insight into the formation of cluster systems (see Ashman &Zepf 1997and Harris 2000for reviews).On the other hand,GCSs have been successfully em-ployed as distance indicators (Whitmore et al.1995,Harris 2000).This is particularly interesting if the host galaxy is simultaneously host for a type Ia supernova whose ab-solute luminosity can accordingly be determined,as has been the case for SN 1992A in NGC 1380(Della Valle et al.1998)and SN 1994D in NGC 4526(Drenkhahn &Richtler 1999).However,it can happen that both aspects are equally interesting as with the target of the present contribution,NGC 1316.2M.G´o mez et al.:The Globular Cluster System of NGC1316(Fornax A)during a merger event.But despite the strong evidence for a previous merger in NGC1316,the only indication for cluster formation is that Grillmair et al.(1999,here-after Gr99),could not see a turnover in the GCLF at the expected magnitude.They interpreted thisﬁnding as an indication for an enhanced formation of many less massive clusters,perhaps in connection with the merger.However, their HST study was restricted to the innermost region of the galaxy.In contrast to other galaxy mergers,where,presum-ably caused by the high star-formation rate(Larsen& Richtler1999,2000),the speciﬁc frequency of GCs in-creases,Gr99found an unusually small total number of clusters relative to the luminosity of NGC1316(M V∼−22.8,adopting a distance modulus to Fornax ofµ= 31.35,Richtler et al.2000).There is also evidence from stellar population synthesis of integrated spectra that NGC1316hosts younger popu-lations(Kuntschner&Davies1998,Kuntschner2000)and thus the question arises,whether the surprisingly low spe-ciﬁc frequency is caused by a high luminosity rather than by a small number of clusters.Goudfrooij et al.(2000, hereafter Go00)obtained spectra of27globular clusters and reported that the3brightest clusters have an age of about3Gyr,indicating a high star-formation activity 3Gyr ago,presumably caused by the merger event.Theseﬁndings and the hope for a good distance via the GCLF were the main motivation to do the present study of the GCS of NGC1316in a larger area than that of the HST study.As we will show,this galaxy resembles in many aspects the“old”merger galaxy NGC5018,whose GCS has been investigated by Hilker&Kissler-Patig(1996).The paper is organized as follows:in Sect.2we dis-cuss the observations,the reduction procedure and the selection of cluster candidates.The photometric and mor-phological properties of the GCS are discussed in Sect.3. Sect.4contains ourﬁndings concerning the Speciﬁc Frequency.We conclude this work with a general discus-sion in Sect.5.2.Observations and ReductionThe B,V and I images were obtained at the3.6m tele-scope at La Silla during the nights29th and30th of December,1997(dark moon),using the ESO Faint Object Spectrograph and Camera,EFOSC2.Theﬁeld of view was 5.′6×5.′6with a scale of0.′′32/pixel.During theﬁrst night, short-and long-exposures in eachﬁlter were centred on the galaxy.In the second night,a backgroundﬁeld located about5′away from the centre of NGC1316was observed, overlapping by1′the observations of theﬁrst night.In addition,severalﬁelds containing standard stars from the Landolt catalog(Landolt1992)were acquired in eachﬁl-ter,as well as some short exposures of NGC1316.Fig.1 shows the combined frames from both nights and Table1 summarises the observations.Table1.Summary of the observations.Dec.29,1997B4×6001.′′1Dec.29,1997V5×3001.′′0Dec.29,1997I6×3001.′′0Dec.30,1997B4×6001.′′3Dec.30,1997V3×6001.′′3Dec.30,1997I3×6001.′′2M.G´o mez et al.:The Globular Cluster System of NGC1316(Fornax A)3 Table2.General parameters of the target galaxy,from de Vaucouleurs et al.(1991)and Poulain(1988).NGC131603h22m41.s6−37◦06′10′′240.◦16−56.◦69(R’)SAB(s)08.53±0.080.861793±12ﬁlter A j1A j2rms of theﬁtture radii between22.′′9and86.′′6are: ∆V =0.013,∆B−V =0.007and ∆V−I =0.006mag,well below therms of theﬁt(see Table3).We then deﬁned5local stan-dard stars in theﬁeld of NGC1316to set the photometryof both nights in a consistent way.2.3.Selection criteriaSeveral criteria have been applied to select cluster can-didates,according to colours,magnitude,photometric er-rors,stellarity index and projected position around thegalaxy.We assume that the clusters are similar to theMilky Way clusters.Adopting an absolute turnover mag-nitude(TOM)of V=−7.60for the galactic clusters(Drenkhahn&Richtler1999,Ferrarese et al.2000)andµ=31.35(Richtler et al.2000),the TOM of NGC1316isexpected to be V∼23.7mag,and the brightest clustersabout V∼20.Although no reddening corrections are normally ap-plied when looking towards Fornax(Burstein&Heiles1982),we cannot restrict the colours of the clusters inNGC1316to match exactly the galactic ones.One pointis the smaller sample of galactic clusters.Besides,we mustallow for signiﬁcant photometric errors of faint cluster can-didates.Fig.2shows a colour-magnitude diagram for allobjects detected simultaneously in B,V and I in bothnights(before the selection),together with the cut-oﬀval-ues adopted as criterium for this colour.As can be seen,the majority of objects have colours around V−I=1.0.Objects bluer than0.5mag are very probably foregroundstars.A fraction of the data points redder than V−I=1.6are background galaxies.We also tested in our images the robustness of the“stellarity index”computed by SExtractor.This indexranges from0.0(galaxy)to1.0(star)and varies for thesame object by about0.2when classifying under diﬀerentseeing conditions,except for the brightest objects,whichare clearly classiﬁed.By visual inspection of the images,we are quite conﬁdent that bright galaxies are always givenindices near to zero.However,this classiﬁcation becomesprogressively more diﬃcult with fainter sources.4M.G´o mez et al.:The Globular Cluster System of NGC 1316(Fornax A)−0.50.51 1.522.5V−I161820222426V Fig.2.A colour-magnitude diagram for all objects de-tected in B ,V and I in both nights before the selection criteria (911points).The dashedlines indicates the selection criterium in the V −I colour (see Sect.2.3.)V0.00.20.40.60.81.0s t e l l a r i t y i n d e xFig.3.The stellarity index computed by SExtractor as function of the V magnitude.The dashed lined indicates the cut value adopted in the selection criteria to reject background galaxies.Fig.3shows the “stellarity index”for the 911objects in our sample (before the selection criteria)as a function of the magnitude.Two groups of objects having indices of ∼0.0and ∼1.0can be seen,but it is apparent that faint clusters cannot be unambiguously distinguished from background galaxies due to the uncertainty of the stellar-ity index in the case of faint sources.Very similar results were obtained with our “artiﬁcial stars”(see Sect.2.5),where indices down to 0.2were measured for faint objects that are constructed using the PSF model and,therefore,are expected to have a stellarity index of ∼1.0.Guided by our experience with artiﬁcial stars,we de-ﬁned the cut-oﬀvalue for the stellarity index to be 0.35.Remaining galaxies will be statistically subtracted be-cause the same criteria are applied to the background ﬁeld (see Sect.2.4).Finally,we rejected objects with photometric errorlarger than 0.15mag.To summarise,the following criteria were applied to our sample of 911sources detected in B ,V and I :i)V >19.5ii)0.4<B −V <1.4iii)0.3<V −I <1.8iv)stellarity index >0.35v)error(V ),error(B −V ),error(V −I )<0.15375objects met this set of criteria and are our globular cluster candidates.2.4.Background correctionAfter the selection,there might still be some contamina-tion by foreground stars and background galaxies in our sample.To subtract them statistically,one needs to ob-serve a nearby ﬁeld,where no clusters are expected,and to apply the same detection and selection criteria as with the galaxy frame.However,the analysis of our background ﬁeld still shows a concentration towards the galaxy centre,which means that only part of the ﬁeld can be considered as background.We used the radial proﬁle of the GC surface densi-ties (see Sect.3.3)to select all objects on the ﬂat part of the proﬁle,i.e.,where the number of globular cluster can-didates per area unit exhibits no gradient.Fig.11(top)shows that this occurs at r ≈300′′,where r is the distance from the optical centre.Thus,all objects with galactocen-tric distances larger than 300′′and matching the above criteria,constitute our background sample.We constructed a semi-empirical luminosity function of the background clusters with a technique described by Secker &Harris (1993),where a Gaussian is set over each data point,centred at the corresponding observed magni-tude.The sum of all Gaussians gives a good representation of the background,without introducing an artiﬁcial undu-lation or loss of information due to the binning process.Fig.4shows the histogram of the background objects,us-ing a bin size of 0.4mag,and the adopted semi-empirical function,which we use as background in the calculation of the luminosity function (see Sect.3.4)and the speciﬁc frequency.Admittedly,the numbers are small.The dip at V =23may be simply a result of bad statistics.On the other hand,as Table 6shows,the background counts are small compared to the clusters counts.Therefore,errors of the order of the statistically expected uncertainty do not signiﬁcantly inﬂuence our results and are accounted for in the uncertainties of the total counts in Table 6.pleteness correctionTo correct statistically for completeness,one needs to de-termine which fraction of objects are actually detected by the photometry routines.These ‘artiﬁcial stars ex-periments’were performed using the task addstar inM.G´o mez et al.:The Globular Cluster System of NGC 1316(Fornax A)52021222324V05101520N Fig.4.The semi-empirical luminosity function for the background ﬁeld (dashed line).A histogram with a bin size of 0.4mag is over-plotted for comparison.DAOPHOT.In one step,100stars were added in the sci-ence frames from V =20to V =25in steps of 0.1mag,distributed randomly to preserve the aspect of the image and not to introduce crowding as an additional param-eter,but with the same coordinates in the B ,V and I frames every loop.The colours of the stars were forced to be constant B −V =0.7and V −I =1.0,close to the mean colours of the globular clusters in NGC 1316(see Sect.3.1).The object detection,photometry,classi-ﬁcation and selection criteria were applied in exactly the same way as for the globular cluster candidates.To get suﬃciently good statistics,we repeated the whole proce-dure 10times,using diﬀerent random positions in each of them and averaging the results.In all,50000stars were added.However,the completeness is not only a function of the magnitude.Due to the remaining noise after galaxy subtraction,the probability of detecting an object near the centre of the galaxy is smaller than in the outer parts.We divided our sample of artiﬁcial stars into elliptical rings,in the same way as we did in deriving the radial proﬁle (see Sect.3.3).The results of the completeness tests are summarised in Fig.5.It can be seen that the 50%limit goes deeper with increasing galactocentric distance.3.Photometric and morphological properties 3.1.Colour distributionIn this section we discuss the colours of our GC candidates.No interstellar reddening is assumed (Burstein &Heiles 1982)and therefore,only internal reddening might aﬀect the colours.The histograms in Fig.6show the colour distribution of the cluster candidates.A ﬁt of a Gaussian function with free dispersions returned the values listed in Table 4and is overplotted for comparison.As can be seen,the dispersion in the B −V and V −I histograms is completely explained by the photometric er-rors alone.This is not the case for the B −I histogram,due probably to the greater metallicity sensitivity of thisV0.00.20.40.60.81.0c o m p l e t e n e s spleteness factors in four elliptical annuli.The probability of detection strongly decreases near the centre of NGC 1316.Table 4.Fit of a Gaussian function to the colour his-tograms of the GC candidates.B −V 0.80±0.020.13±0.04V −I 0.95±0.010.17±0.02B −I 1.77±0.020.35±0.036M.G´o mez et al.:The Globular Cluster System of NGC 1316(Fornax A)0.00.51.0 1.52.0B−V0204060N0.00.51.0 1.52.0V−I0204060N0.81.31.82.3 2.8B−I010203040N Fig.6.Colour histograms of the cluster candidates.The bin size is 0.05mag in each colour.A Gaussian function has been ﬁt to the histograms (dashed line,see text).The dot-dashed line is a Gaussian with σ=0.15.The long-dashed line at B −I =1.75(lower panel)was set to divide the sample in red and blue clusters.the clusters are on average ∼0.2mag bluer than the un-derlying galaxy light.This is a property commonly found also in normal early-type galaxies,where the blue and presumably metal-poor clusters indicate the existence of−3.0−2.0−1.00.0 1.0[Fe/H]1020304050NFig.7.Metallicity histogram of the GCS of NGC 1316,from its B −I broadband colour.The galactic system (dashed line)is overplotted for comparison.The long-dashed line near [Fe /H]=−1.0divides the sample in metal-rich and metal-poor clusters,using the calibration from Couture et al (1990)and B −I =1.75(see text and Fig.6.)a faint metal-poor stellar (halo?)population,as the case of NGC 1380suggests (Kissler-Patig et.al 1997).However,the non-existence of a colour gradient is consistent with the ﬁnding that blue and red clusters have similar surface density proﬁles (Sect.3.3).Diﬀerential reddening caused by the irregular dust structure might aﬀect the width of the colour distribution,but apparently does not produce any colour gradient.3.2.Angular distributionFor all objects in our sample of clusters,a transformation from cartesian (x,y )coordinates to polar (r,θ)was done,with origin in the optical centre of NGC 1316.An oﬀset of 50◦in θwas applied to match the PA of the galaxy quoted by RC3.In this way,θ=0represents the direction of the semi-major axis (sma)of the galaxy,a ,and θ=90◦the direction of b ,the semi-minor axis.To analyse the angular distribution,we rejected ob-jects inside a radius of 150pixels (corresponding to 4.3kpc with µ=31.35),where the completeness is signiﬁcantly lower (see Fig.5)and some clusters appear over ripples and dust structures.Objects outside of 450pixels were also rejected,as one needs equally-sized sectors to do this analysis,and r =450is roughly the radius of the largest circle fully covered by our frame (see dotted line in Fig.10).Only candidates brighter than V =23.8(the 50%completeness level in the entire frame)were considered.The data were then binned in θ.Several bin sizes from 18◦to 30◦were tested,and Fig.9shows the histogram for a bin size of 22.◦5,which corresponds to dividing the sample into 16sectors.The bins were taken modulo πfor a better statistics,that is,we assume that the distribution of clusters is symmetric along the semi-mayor axis of the galaxy.Due to the substructures present in NGC 1316,andM.G´o mez et al.:The Globular Cluster System of NGC 1316(Fornax A)71.21.4 1.61.82.0 2.2 2.4log r (arcsec)1.02.03.0B −I1.02.03.0B −IFig.8.The B −I colour gradient along the projected galactic radius.Top:the cluster candidates and a least-square ﬁt(solid line).The crosses indicate the B −I colour of the galaxy.Bottom:the mean colour in several rings,with the error bars indicating the σof the mean at that ring.090180270360θ [deg]10203040N Fig.9.The angular distribution of globular clusters for a radius from 150to 450pixels (48′′to 144′′)down to V =23.8.The bin size is 22.◦5and the data were taken mod π.The histogram from 0◦to 180◦is repeated from 180◦to 360◦for a better visualisation.The dashed line indicates the best ﬁt of a double-cosine function.from the fact that it is a merger galaxy,one could expect some systematic diﬀerences in the azimuthal distribution of the clusters between both halves.Although this is not observed at any bin size,the small number of counts does not allow us to address this question clearly.The histogram shown in Fig.9demonstrates the strong correlation of the globular clusters with the galaxy light.By ﬁtting isophotes to the galaxy,we obtained ellipticities ranging from 0.27to 0.32and position angles from 49◦to53◦,between semi-major axes of 150to 450pixels (thesame used with the clusters).From the least-square ﬁt to this histogram (with ﬁxed period π),we derived PA =63◦±9◦and an ellipticity of 0.38±0.06.There are,however,some problems that cannot be eas-ily resolved with our ground-based data.As indicated,the detection of cluster candidates near the centre of the galaxy is quite poor.This is,unfortunately,the most in-teresting region to search for young clusters which might be related to a merger event.3.3.Radial proﬁleTo derive the radial surface density of GCs,we divide our sample into elliptical annuli,as shown in Fig.10.The annuli have a width of 100pixels along the major axis (a )and start from a =50pixels.Due to the small number of objects in the periphery of NGC 1316,rings beyond a =900were given a width of 300pixels.The ellipticity,position angle and centre of these rings were taken from the ﬁt of the galaxy light (see Sect.3.2)and ﬁxed for all annuli.In particular,the ellipticity e ,deﬁned as 1−(b/a ),where a and b are the semi-major and semi-minor axis respectively,was set to 0.3and the PA to 50◦.We then counted the number of globular cluster can-didates per unit area in each ring,down to V =23.8,and corrected them with the corresponding completeness function.The results are presented in Table 5.The ﬁrst column lists the mean semi-major axis of the ring.Column 2gives the raw number of clusters down to V =23.8,without correction for completeness.Column 3lists the corrected data with their errors.Column 4lists the visible area of the rings,in ⊓⊔′.Column 5gives the number of candidates per unit area.Column 6,7and 8are used to compute the Speciﬁc Frequency (see Sect.4).Fig.11shows the radial proﬁle of the clusters’surface density,before and after the subtraction of the background counts.A ﬁt of a power-law ρ(r )=A ·r α,where ρis the surface density and r the projected distance along the semi-major axis,gives αgcs =−2.04±0.20and αgal =−2.03±0.02for the clusters and the galaxy light,respectively.We are well aware that a King proﬁle may be more adequate than a power function,but our purpose is to compare our result with previous work in other GCSs in Fornax,which quote only power functions.The similarity between both slopes indicates that the GCS of NGC 1316is not more extended than the galaxy light.Moreover,αGCS =−2.04is in good agreement with other GCS of “normal”early-type galaxies in Fornax (Kissler-Patig et al.1997).We divided the system at B −I =1.75mag into blue (presumably metal-poor)and red (metal-rich)clusters,and searched for systematic diﬀerences in the morpholog-ical properties between both subgroups.Again,only clus-8M.G´o mez et al.:The Globular Cluster System of NGC1316(Fornax A)Table5.This table gives the result of the radial proﬁle of the cluster candidate surface density.Theﬁrst column lists the centre of each annulus(in pixels).Then follows the raw number counts down to V=23.8,before and after the correction for completeness.The fourth column gives the visible area of the annulus in⊓⊔′.Column5lists the mean density of GC per⊓⊔′.Columns6and7give the number of clusters down to the TOM in V,before and after the correction for completeness.The applied geometrical corrections are listed in column8.Finally,the number of the clusters in each annulus,after doubling the counts around the TOM.Note that the corrected and total number of clusters for the innermost annulus(sma=100)are NOT derived using the completeness correction.Instead,they were estimated by extrapolating the radial proﬁle towards the centre(see text in Sect.4).1002058.6±18.1 1.25146.86±14.4720200.2±37.5 1.400±7520053100.3±17.9 2.50240.09±7.1553100.7±18.0 1.201±3630068104.4±15.2 3.75127.84±4.0569109.4±15.8 1.219±324005465.4±10.7 5.00613.06±2.135668.9±11.0 1.134±225004858.2±10.0 6.2349.34±1.605162.0±10.40.997124±216003742.9±8.5 6.1596.96±1.223744.5±8.80.821108±217001922.4±6.2 5.1454.35±1.211922.8±6.30.58878±219001923.2±6.49.4402.45±0.68————12001112.7±4.67.1591.77±0.64————150045.3±3.2 2.8801.84±1.11————M.G´o mez et al.:The Globular Cluster System of NGC 1316(Fornax A)9Fig.10.The elliptical annuli used in the calculation of the globular cluster density and speciﬁc frequency.The open circles indicate the position of all GC candidates brighter than V =23.8.Objects outside the annulus deﬁned by r =150and r =450pixels (dotted line)were rejected for the analysis of the angular distribution (see Sect.3.2).Objects outside the dashed ellipse are considered as background.The scale and orientation is the same as in the Fig.1.There are two additional columns,namely the number of blue and red clusters.They were calculated in the same way and will be discussed in Sect.5.Bin sizes of 0.3,0.4and 0.5mag were tested,and the results were always in good agreement with each other.Finally,we have chosen 0.5mag as our bin size from the appearance of the ﬁt histogram,and the absence of undu-lations which are present for the other cases.We note,however,that our derived TOM is close to the limit of the observations,and the last bins are strongly aﬀected by the completeness correction.Nevertheless,the similarity of the results using diﬀerent bin sizes and cen-ters,and the robustness of the ﬁt against skipping the last bin,is encouraging.100110100G C /a r c m i n2100r (arcsec)110100G C /a r c m i n2Fig.11.Top:the radial proﬁle of the density of glob-ular cluster candidates.The dashed line indicates thevalue adopted for the background,corresponding to 2.0objects /⊓⊔′.Bottom:the radial proﬁle after subtrac-tion of the background counts.The crosses represent the proﬁle of the galaxy light,arbitrarily shifted.1.61.82.02.2 2.4log r (arcsec)−0.50.00.51.01.52.0l o g (G C /a r c m i n2)Fig.12.The radial proﬁle of the GC surface density for the red (triangles)and blue population (squares).No sys-tematic diﬀerence is seen and both are equally concen-trated.Fig.14shows the three luminosity functions in B ,V ,I .For ﬁtting the LF we chose t 5functions,which are of the form:t 5(m )=85πσt1+(m −m 0)210M.G´o mez et al.:The Globular Cluster System of NGC1316(Fornax A)Table6.The counts(in bins of0.5mag)used in the determination of the GCLF.Given are the V-magnitudes(or B,I,respectively)of the bin centers.Then follow the raw counts of the four elliptical annuli N i(see text)together with the corresponding completeness factors f i.The background counts are then listed as deﬁned in Sect.2.4.The completeness factors of the fourth annulus have been used for the background as well.The total number of clusters is the sum of the four annuli minus the background,normalised to the same area(see text).Also given is the number of clusters for the blue and the red population separately,where the separating colour was B−I=1.75.19.500.7110.981 1.002 1.000.04.0±2.01.0±1.03.0±1.720.010.7110.983 1.001 1.000.06.4±2.72.4±1.74.0±2.020.510.6700.984 1.002 1.000.26.9±3.13.9±2.63.0±1.721.020.6260.983 1.003 1.00 1.012.6±5.01.4±3.311.2±3.821.520.5830.94120.9970.99 2.518.8±7.07.8±4.611.3±5.222.020.5650.84140.97110.98 4.622.2±8.814.4±6.98.0±5.422.570.40110.68320.95140.95 4.269.8±12.536.6±9.033.3±8.623.030.35180.54390.93140.90 1.794.2±12.944.3±8.749.9±9.523.520.1480.28520.71190.79 3.7127.2±19.965.5±15.661.7±12.124.000.0720.20320.2280.25 3.8145.1±38.848.8±24.896.5±28.124.500.0000.0040.0310.030.5———B N B1f1N B2f2N B3f3N B4f4N B bkg.N B total N B blue N B red18.500.7110.980 1.002 1.000.03.0±1.70.0±0.03.0±1.719.000.7110.984 1.001 1.000.06.0±2.51.0±1.05.0±2.219.530.6710.983 1.000 1.000.08.5±3.34.0±2.34.5±2.320.000.6350.983 1.005 1.000.511.7±4.13.2±2.58.5±3.320.540.5840.94110.9950.99 2.819.8±7.49.5±4.910.3±5.521.020.5660.84160.97100.98 3.826.7±8.59.3±5.417.4±6.621.540.4090.68350.95170.95 5.163.1±12.133.0±9.030.1±8.022.050.35180.54370.93120.90 1.994.9±13.539.0±9.255.9±9.822.510.1490.28460.71150.79 2.3115.0±17.962.0±13.953.4±10.923.010.0700.20380.22150.25 4.3199.4±45.4130.6±36.468.8±24.623.500.0210.0030.0300.03 1.4———。

综合英语_河南师范大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年

综合英语_河南师范大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.Which of the following four scenic spots does NOT belong to the naturallandscape?答案:Loch Ness monster2.The Milky Way was originally about the jealous love between ______.答案:Zeus and Hera3.National Trust is a ______ organization in charge of the special places for everand for everyone in the UK.答案:charity4.In a British pub, which of the following things is NOT allowed?答案:One can take his young boys to a pub and watch foot matches all day long.5.Dorothy’s Grasmere Journal Entry is not about ______.答案:the National Trust6.What is Mr. Boggis’ secret?答案:He invented a clever way of searching for supply for his antique furniture business.7.They bargained for half an hour, and of course in the end Mr. Boggis got thechairs and agreed to pay her something ______ a twentieth of their value.答案:less than8.Why did Mr. Boggis comb the countryside on Sundays?答案:Because in that way, it wouldn’t interfere with his work at all.9.The idea ______ Mr. Boggis’s little secret was a simple one and it had come tohim as a result of something that had happened on a certain Sundayafternoon.答案:behind10.Among the following books, which one is NOT written by Iris Chang?答案:The Good Man of Nanking11.The Rape of Nanking was about the atrocities and massacre committed by______.答案:Japanese invaders12.According to the text, China’s Schindler refers to ______.答案:John Rabe13.______ founded the Safety Zone in Nanking during the Second World War.答案:John Rabe, the local leader of Nazi party14.What is the common meaning of white color in both Chinese and westernculture in modern society?答案:purity and innocence15.The hard and pointed mouth of most birds is called ______.答案:bill16.Cats use ______ to help them navigate in a dark environment.答案:whiskers17.Fish extracts oxygen from water using ______.答案:gills18.I don’t like going to the opera. It just isn’t my ______.答案:cup of tea19.Putting all your ______ in one basket can be risky, you know?答案:eggs20.We have arranged special insurance to cover medical ______ in the event of anaccident.答案:expenses21.The ______ were told to fasten their seat belts as the plane began its descent.答案:passengers22.Mike is treated as the odd man out, the misfit, the black ______.答案:sheep23.I’m sure he is fit for the work. He’s as strong as a ______.答案:horse24.The ______ preys farthest from his hole.答案:fox25.Don’t be afraid of him. He’s nothing but a paper ______.答案:tiger26.There was nothing to ______ him with the burglary until the police found agold ring in his car.答案:link27.She had asked the government for ______ to move the books to a safe place,but they refused.答案:permission28.If you want to have a pet you must be ready to look ______ it for several years.答案:after29.It’s hard to believe how ______ people are until you see the helplessness of anewborn baby.答案:vulnerable30.In English, “green hands” refer to ______.答案:inexperienced workers31.“The man is a midget” means the man is ______.答案:very short32.Ma Yun is a business titan means Ma Yun is ______ in business field.答案:successful and influential33.As you have seen, the values of a nation’s currency is a ______ of its economy.答案:reflection34.He mumbled something and blushed as though a secret had been ______.答案:exposed35.It’s time to ______ our differences and work together for a common purpose.答案:set aside36.Thousands of people were seriously ______ in health by radioactivecontamination.答案:affected37.If I ______ where he lived, I ______ a note to him.答案:had known; would have sent38.Without your help, we ______ so much.答案:wouldn’t have achieved39.She wishes she ______ to the theatre last night.答案:had gone40.It is high time that we ______ strive to improve technology and strengthen oureconomy in the face of trade war between China and the USA.答案:should41.Though ______ of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice.答案:warned42.______ from this point of view, the question will be of great importance.答案:Considered43.______ and ______, they ran out of the room.答案:Excited; happy44.Bill Is a man ______ is interesting to talk with, but ______ stories about himselfare so incredible that not many people believe them.答案:who / whose45.______ how hard she tries, Andy Capp’s wife cannot convince him to look for ajob.答案:No matter46.The people for ______ I work have gone on holiday, so the office has been quiterelaxed this week.答案:whom47.You haven’t read the new book that has been so highly acclaimed yet, ______?答案:have you48.The president cannot decide how to deal with the crisis, and______ hisadvisors.答案:neither can49.Both of the job offers are interesting, but the position in Izmir seems to be______ suitable for me.答案:more50.How ______ you manage to get here so quickly?答案:did。

epq论文题目例子

【科学类】1、海啸波在海洋环境与工程中的传播与转化研究2、我们可以在墙上种植植物吗?3、肥胖是遗传问题吗?4、为什么呕吐恐惧症主要影响女性?5、当太阳衰退，太阳系会发生什么变化?6、人类在火星上生存的可能性论述7、数学纽结理论和应用8、从柑橘类水果提取柠檬烯9、阿斯巴甜(E951)应该被允许出现在我们的食物和饮料中吗?10、在过去的200年里，药物化学物质的发现发生了怎样的变化?【经济学】1、应该有最低工资吗?2、非法移民对英国经济的影响3、英国退出欧盟对英国经济的影响4、众筹平台的研究5、非理性的消费者行为如何损害经济?6、财富会直接影响到幸福水平吗?7、股票分析师会被人工智能取代吗?Medicine（医学）Is gene therapy ethical?Should parents be allowed to genetically alter their child’s gender? Can cannabis use in adolescence cause schizophrenia?To what extent does the sugar tax reduce sugar consumption in the UK?Why are the death-rates from Covid-19 worse in places with higher air pollution?Why does emetophobia primarily affect women?Could the legalisation of cannabis improve mental health?Should we allow only UK citizens to use the NHS?Can plastic surgery ever solve body dysmorphic disorder?Do care home environments worsen the affects of Dementia and Alzheimer’s?What are the links between obesity and parents criticizing their children’s bodies?If a woman who wanted a child freezes her eggs and then happens to die, should a relative be allowed to use her eggs to conceive a child?Is it right that mothers of Down’s syndrome babies are allowed to abort them up until birth?Are anti-depressants a quick fix problem in an overwhelmed healthcare system?Should the NHS provide IVF for women over 40?To what extent are Black women discriminated against when giving birth?Should counsellors have a qualification in psychology before being allowed to practice?Why are girls so chronically misdiagnosed when it comes to autism? Did the ancient Egyptians have a comprehensive understanding of mental health and illness?Could electroshock therapy be the most effective method of treating depression?Should we prioritise ICU places to people with children and dependents?What are the similarities between Reactive Attachment Disorder and Autism?A study of medical practices in North KoreaA comparison of different cancer treatments: surgical removals and chemotherapy to immunotherapies.Is hypnotherapy ever a viable anaesthetic for surgery?【政治社会类】1、人类的思想、习俗和行为是如何融合在一起形成文化的?2、我们应该禁止整容应用吗?3、完美主义在女孩中比在男孩中更普遍吗?这和我们两性交往的方式有什么关系?4、裙带关系如何对政治产生负面影响?5、全球治理会是比单个政府更好的政策吗?6、不同的社会化模式如何影响儿童?Psychology（心理学）Is the media making suicide aspirational for young people?To what extent does having social workers intervene in a family affect a child’s life outcomes?Is talking therapy nearly ineffective for treating panic disorder? Should children be allowed to decide if they can be taken into care? Are the children of alcoholics more likely to become hoarders?Is there a link between undiagnosed Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and alcoholism?Can non-violent psychopaths have successful relationships?Given how they change behaviour, should advertising and marketing be made illegal?How has social media altered our brains since its inception?Does the Stanford Prison Experiment prove that we should promote rehabilitation over punitive incarceration?Are attachment issues in neglected children irreversible?Can unschooling be classed as child neglect?Can authoritarian parenting styles lead to overeating in adulthood? Is technology making us more depressed?Do gender-neutral toys lead to children with less stereotypical views of gender roles?Can music help ease the effects of Dementia?What are the long term effects of bullying?Can studying people’s behaviours pre-suicide help prevent suicide? Should crime-predicting algorithms be banned for their bias?A study of the effects of living in an overcrowded household during Covid-19 lockdown.Do memories alter when we recall them?How does intergenerational trauma effect cortisol levels?Do the negative affects of racism begin in the womb?What can Savant Syndrome tell us about the multi-faceted nature of intelligence?Do all humans have some level of body dysmorphia?EPQ选题·计算机计算机程序能理解艺术到什么程度?音乐对听众情绪的影响有多大?探索配音在电影制作过程中的影响按黄金分割比例建造的建筑还符合当代审美吗?经典好莱坞时代女性主义研究，与现代相比以上就是往年几届同学的优秀EPQ选题，很多同学虽然想通过EPQ给自己申请加码，但不得不说，这分数确实没那么容易拿，很多同学的心理历程都是，从EPQ选题到…放弃。

了不起的盖茨比第七章英语单词知乎

了不起的盖茨比第七章英语单词知乎全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Vocabulary of Chapter 7 in The Great Gatsby: A Student's In-Depth AnalysisWhat's up, fellow literature lovers and word nerds? Today, we're diving deep into the rich and symbolic vocabulary found in Chapter 7 of F. Scott Fitzgerald's masterpiece, The Great Gatsby. As a student who adores dissecting literary works, I'm thrilled to share my insights and personal interpretations of the language used in this pivotal chapter.First things first, let's set the stage. Chapter 7 is the climax of the novel, where tensions reach a boiling point, and the illusions surrounding Gatsby's persona and his pursuit of Daisy begin to unravel. The atmosphere is thick with dramatic irony, and Fitzgerald masterfully employs evocative diction to convey the underlying emotions and thematic elements.One word that immediately caught my attention is "inexplicable." Fitzgerald describes the "inexplicable certified confusion" surrounding Gatsby's background and wealth. Thisword not only highlights the mystery and ambiguity surrounding Gatsby but also foreshadows the eventual revelation of his shady past and the disillusionment that follows.Moving on, we encounter the phrase "fantastic conceits." This phrase perfectly encapsulates the grandiose delusions and unrealistic expectations that have driven the characters' actions throughout the novel. It's a poignant reminder of the theme of disillusionment and the harsh reality that often shatters our idealized dreams.Another standout word is "appalling." Used to describe Gatsby's reaction to Tom's revelations about his past, it conveys the profound sense of shock and dismay that overwhelms him as his carefully crafted persona crumbles. The intensity of this word mirrors the devastating impact of the truth on Gatsby's psyche.Let's not forget the word "colossal." Fitzgerald employs this adjective to depict the sheer magnitude of Gatsby's illusions and the scale of his dreams. It's a testament to the grandiose nature of his aspirations, which ultimately prove to be his undoing.Shifting gears, the phrase "grotesque, circumstantial" caught my eye. Fitzgerald uses it to describe the evidence Tom presents against Gatsby, hinting at the sordid and unsavory details of his past. This phrase adds a sense of ugliness and distortion to therevelations, further emphasizing the stark contrast between Gatsby's idealized persona and the harsh realities of his life.One word that struck me as particularly powerful is "holocaust." Fitzgerald employs this term to describe the intense emotional turmoil and devastation that Gatsby experiences as his dreams are shattered. The word's connotations of complete destruction and sacrifice resonate deeply with the theme of disillusionment and the sacrifices Gatsby made in pursuit of his dreams.Finally, let's explore the phrase "obscurity borne once more in line of sight." This poetic line refers to the resurfacing of Gatsby's obscure past, which had been carefully concealed until this point. It's a haunting reminder that no matter how hard we try to reinvent ourselves, our pasts have a way of catching up with us, and the truth ultimately prevails.In conclusion, the vocabulary employed by Fitzgerald in Chapter 7 of The Great Gatsby is a masterclass in literary craftsmanship. Each word and phrase is meticulously chosen to convey deeper meanings, symbolism, and thematic elements. From the sense of mystery and ambiguity to the harsh realities of disillusionment, the diction in this chapter is a powerful tool thatenhances the emotional impact of the narrative and leaves a lasting impression on the reader.So, there you have it, my fellow word enthusiasts – a deep dive into the vocabulary of Chapter 7 of The Great Gatsby. I hope this analysis has piqued your interest and inspired you to delve deeper into the rich tapestry of language woven by Fitzgerald in this literary masterpiece.篇2Vocabulary Gems from Chapter 7 of The Great GatsbyHey fellow bookworms! As an avid reader and lover of literature, I always look forward to diving deep into the linguistic riches found in classic novels. Today, I want to share some of the juiciest vocabulary morsels from Chapter 7 of F. Scott Fitzgerald's masterpiece, The Great Gatsby.Let's kick things off with a word that perfectly encapsulates the lavish lifestyle portrayed in the novel: "sumptuous." When Gatsby's house is described as "a solemn, haunting house, broodingly immense among its fringed and sumptuous gardens," the word "sumptuous" conjures up images of extravagant opulence and luxurious splendor. It's a word that screams "over-the-top" and "no expense spared."Speaking of lavish parties, the word "revelers" caught my eye. It refers to the raucous, carefree merrymakers who attended Gatsby's legendary bashes. Can't you just picture a horde of revelers, decked out in their finest threads, dancing the night away with reckless abandon?Now, let's delve into a word that carries a more ominous undertone: "sinister." When Nick describes Gatsby's smile as having "a quality of eternal reassurance in that conclusive smile, the vigorous promise that the rock of the world was founded securely on a fairy's wing," the word "sinister" is used to describe the smile's "sinister resilience." This word choice hints at something darker lurking beneath the surface, foreshadowing the tragic events to come.Moving on, we have the delightfully whimsical word "oblivious." When the narrative states that Gatsby was "oblivious of the sunshine," it paints a vivid picture of someone so lost in their own thoughts and preoccupations that they fail to notice the world around them. It's a relatable feeling we've all experienced at one point or another.Next up is a word that evokes a sense of mystique and intrigue: "inscrutable." When Nick observes Gatsby's "inscrutable vision," it suggests a depth and complexity to Gatsby's characterthat defies easy comprehension. It's a tantalizing hint at the layers of mystery surrounding this enigmatic figure.Let's not forget the deliciously descriptive word "grotesque." When Nick describes the "grotesque, fascinating brightness" of Gatsby's wealth and possessions, it simultaneously conveys a sense of awe and repulsion. It's a word that perfectly captures the allure and excess of the Gatsby lifestyle while hinting at its inherent ugliness.Moving on, we have the evocative word "haunt." When Nick mentions Gatsby's "haunting loneliness," it conjures up images of a specter-like figure, forever trapped in a state of melancholic solitude. It's a word that adds a haunting, ethereal quality to Gatsby's character.Finally, let's explore the word "permeate." When Nick describes the "permeating scent" of Gatsby's house, it creates a vivid sensory experience, as if the reader can smell the rich, lingering aromas wafting through the air. It's a word that adds depth and texture to the descriptive passages.Well, there you have it, fellow word nerds! A tantalizing glimpse into the rich vocabulary that permeates Chapter 7 of The Great Gatsby. Whether you're a seasoned literary connoisseur or a budding bibliophile, these words are sure to add somelinguistic sparkle to your reading experience. Happy reading, and may the words dance off the page and into your heart!篇3The Dazzling Vocabulary of Gatsby's ReunionChapter 7 of The Great Gatsby is a pivotal moment in the novel, where the long-awaited reunion between Gatsby and Daisy finally occurs. As a student of literature, I was struck by the masterful way Fitzgerald uses language to convey the intense emotions and tensions at play during this climactic scene. The vocabulary he employs is rich, evocative, and at times, dazzlingly complex, adding layers of depth and nuance to the narrative. Let's delve into some of the most captivating words and phrases from this chapter.One word that immediately caught my attention was "colossal," used to describe Gatsby's dreams and aspirations. This adjective conjures up images of something vast, monumental, and awe-inspiring, perfectly capturing the grandiose nature of Gatsby's pursuit of Daisy. The word's etymological roots in Greek further emphasize its magnitude, lending a sense of timelessness and universality to Gatsby's desires.Another striking word is "feign," which Fitzgerald employs when describing Gatsby's attempts to appear casual and nonchalant in Daisy's presence. The term "feign" suggests a deliberate act of deception or pretense, hinting at the complex web of emotions and facades that Gatsby has woven around himself. This word choice skillfully underscores the deep vulnerability and insecurity that lie beneath Gatsby's carefully constructed persona.Fitzgerald's use of the word "ineffable" is particularly noteworthy, as he applies it to describe the quality of Gatsby's smile when he finally reunites with Daisy. "Ineffable" suggests something that is too profound or too sublime to be adequately expressed in words, perfectly capturing the depth of Gatsby's emotional state in that moment. This word choice elevates the scene to a level of almost spiritual transcendence, reflecting the intensity of Gatsby's long-held dreams and desires.The phrase "furnace of vitriol" is another evocative turn of phrase that caught my eye. Fitzgerald uses this vivid metaphor to describe Tom Buchanan's simmering anger and hostility towards Gatsby. The word "vitriol" conjures up images of a highly corrosive and toxic substance, while "furnace" implies an intense and uncontrollable heat, together painting a powerful picture ofTom's barely contained rage. This metaphor foreshadows the explosive confrontation that ultimately erupts between the two men, heightening the sense of tension and impending conflict.Fitzgerald's use of the word "appalling" is particularly interesting, as it carries a dual meaning. On one level, it suggests something that is shocking or horrifying, reflecting the profound emotional turmoil and disillusionment that Gatsby experiences as his dreams begin to unravel. However, the word "appalling" can also mean "causing dismay or disappointment," which aptly describes the sense of disenchantment that Gatsby must feel as he realizes the true nature of Daisy's character and the insurmountable challenges standing in the way of their reunion.The phrase "grotesque and fantastic conceits" is another standout example of Fitzgerald's rich vocabulary. "Conceits" refers to fanciful or imaginative notions, while "grotesque" and "fantastic" suggest something that is both distorted and whimsical. This phrase is used to describe the extravagant and over-the-top decorations adorning Gatsby's mansion, reflecting the grandiose and almost absurd lengths to which he has gone in his pursuit of wealth and status – all in an effort to win over Daisy. This vivid description not only paints a striking visualpicture but also serves as a metaphor for the distorted and fantastical nature of Gatsby's dreams and aspirations.Throughout Chapter 7, Fitzgerald employs a multitude of evocative and richly descriptive words and phrases, such as "riotous," "curtains of azaleas," "vanished trees," and "ecstatic caress." These word choices not only create a vivid and immersive reading experience but also serve to reinforce the overarching themes of the novel, such as the futility of pursuing the past, the corrupting influence of wealth and materialism, and the disillusionment that often accompanies the pursuit of idealized dreams.As a student of literature, I am in awe of Fitzgerald's masterful command of language and his ability to weave together words in a way that not only tells a compelling story but also resonates on a deeper, emotional level. The vocabulary he employs in Chapter 7, with its rich tapestry of evocative and nuanced terms, is a testament to his literary genius and his profound understanding of the human condition.In conclusion, the dazzling vocabulary and artful use of language in Chapter 7 of The Great Gatsby are a true hallmark of Fitzgerald's literary prowess. From the grandiose "colossal" to the sublime "ineffable," and the vivid "furnace of vitriol," eachword is carefully chosen and expertly woven into the narrative, adding depth, nuance, and emotional resonance to this pivotal moment in the novel. As a student, exploring and unpacking the meanings and connotations of these words has not only enriched my understanding of the text but has also deepened my appreciation for the power of language and the craft of great literary works.。

INSEARCHOFEXCELLENCE

IN SEARCH OF EXCELLENCEExcellence is a journey and not a destination. In science itimplies perpetual efforts to advance the frontiers of knowledge.This often leads to progressively increasing specialization andemergence of newer disciplines. A brief summary of salientcontributions of Indian scientists in various disciplines isintroduced in this section.92P U R S U I T A N D P R O M O T I O N O F S C I E N C EThe modern period of mathematics research in India started with Srinivasa Ramanujan whose work on analytic number theory and modular forms ishighly relevant even today. In the pre-Independence period mathematicians like S.S. Pillai,Vaidyanathaswamy, Ananda Rau and others contributed a lot.Particular mention should be made of universities in Allahabad, Varanasi, Kolkata,Chennai and Waltair and later at Chandigarh,Hyderabad, Bangalore and Delhi (JNU). The Department of Atomic Energy came in a big way to boost mathematical research by starting and nurturing the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), which, under the leadership of Chandrasekharan, blossomed into a great school of learning of international standard. The Indian Statistical Institute, started by P.C. Mahalanobis,made its mark in an international scene and continues to flourish. Applied mathematics community owes a great deal to the services of three giants Ñ N.R. Sen, B.R. Seth and P .L. Khastgir. Some of the areas in which significant contributions have been made are briefly described here.A LGEBRAOne might say that the work on modern algebra in India started with the beautiful piece of work in 1958 on the proof of SerreÕs conjecture for n =2. A particular case of the conjecture is to imply that a unimodular vector with polynomial entries in n vari-ables can be completed to a matrix of determinantone. Another important school from India was start-ed in Panjab University whose work centres around Zassanhaus conjecture on groupings.A LGEBRAIC G EOMETRYThe study of algebraic geometry began with a seminal paper in 1964 on vector bundles. With further study on vector bundles that led to the mod-uli of parabolic bundles, principle bundles, algebraic differential equations (and more recently the rela-tionship with string theory and physics), TIFR has become a leading school in algebraic geometry. Of the later generation, two pieces of work need special mention: the work on characterization of affine plane purely topologically as a smooth affine surface, sim-ply connected at infinity and the work on Kodaira vanishing. There is also some work giving purely algebraic geometry description of the topologically invariants of algebraic varieties. In particular this can be used to study the Galois Module Structure of these invariants.L IE T HEORYThe inspiration of a work in Lie theory in India came from the monumental work on infinite dimensional representation theory by Harish Chandra, who has, in some sense, brought the sub-ject from the periphery of mathematics to centre stage. In India, the initial study was on the discrete subgroups of Lie groups from number theoretic angle. The subject received an impetus after an inter-national conference in 1960 in TIFR, where the lead-ing lights on the subject, including A. Selberg partic-M ATHEMATICAL S CIENCESC H A P T E R V I Iipated. Then work on rigidity questions was initiat-ed. The question is whether the lattices in arithmetic groups can have interesting deformations except for the well-known classical cases. Many important cases in this question were settled.D IFFERENTIALE QUATIONA fter the study of L-functions were found to beuseful in number theory and arithmetic geome-try, it became natural to study the L-functions arising out of the eigenvalues of discrete spectrum of the dif-ferential equations. MinakshisundaramÕs result on the corresponding result for the differential equation leading to the Epstein Zeta function and his paper with A. Pleijel on the same for the connected com-pact Riemanian manifold are works of great impor-tance. The idea of the paper (namely using the heat equation) lead to further improvement in the hands of Patodi. The results on regularity of weak solution is an important piece of work. In the later 1970s a good school on non-linear partial differential equa-tions that was set up as a joint venture between TIFR and IISc, has come up very well and an impressive lists of results to its credit.For differential equations in applied mathematics, the result of P.L. Bhatnagar, BGK model (by Bhatnagar, Gross, Krook) in collision process in gas and an explanation of Ramdas Paradox (that the temperature minimum happens about 30 cm above the surface) will stand out as good mathematical models. Further significant contributions have been made to the area of group theoretic methods for the exact solutions of non-liner partial differential equations of physical and engineering systems.E RGODIC T HEORYE arliest important contribution to the Ergodic the-ory in India came from the Indian Statistical Institute. Around 1970, there was work on spectra of unitary operators associated to non-singular trans-formation of flows and their twisted version, involv-ing a cocycle.Two results in the subjects from 1980s and 1990s are quoted. If G is lattice in SL(2,R) and {uÐt} a unipotent one parameter subgroup of G, then all non-periodic orbits of {uÐt} on GÐ1 are uniformly distributed. If Q is non-generate in definite quadratic form in n=variables, which is not a multiple of rational form, then the number of lattice points xÐwith a< ½Q(x)½< b, ½½x½½< r, is at least comparable to the volume of the corresponding region.N UMBER T HEORYT he tradition on number theory started with Ramanujan. His work on the cusp form for the full modular group was a breakthrough in the study of modular form. His conjectures on the coefficient of this cusp form (called RamanujanÕs tau function) and the connection of these conjectures with conjectures of A. Weil in algebraic geometry opened new research areas in mathematics. RamanujanÕs work (with Hardy) on an asymptotic formula for the parti-tion of n, led a new approach (in the hands of Hardy-Littlewood) to attack such problems called circle method. This idea was further refined and S.S. Pillai settled WaringÕs Conjecture for the 6th power by this method. Later the only remaining case namely 4th powers was settled in mid-1980s. After Independence, the major work in number theory was in analytic number theory, by the school in TIFR and in geometry of numbers by the school in Panjab University. The work on elliptic units and the con-struction of ray class fields over imaginary quadratic fields of elliptic units are some of the important achievements of Indian number theory school. Pioneering work in BakerÕs Theory of linear forms in logarithms and work on geometry of numbers and in particular the MinkowskiÕs theorem for n = 5 are worth mentioning.P ROBABILITY T HEORYS ome of the landmarks in research in probability theory at the Indian Statistical Institute are the following:93 P U R S U I T A N D P R O M O T I O N O F S C I E N C Eq A comprehensive study of the topology of weak convergence in the space of probability measures on topological spaces, particularly, metric spaces. This includes central limit theorems in locally compact abelian groups and Milhert spaces, arithmetic of probability distributions under convolution in topological groups, Levy-khichini representations for characteristic functions of probability distributions on group and vector spaces.q Characterization problems of mathematical statistics with emphasis on the derivation of probability laws under natural constraints on statistics evaluated from independent observations.q Development of quantum stochastic calculus based on a quantum version of ItoÕs formula for non-commutative stochastic processes in Fock spaces. This includes the study of quantum stochastic integrals and differential equations leading to the construction of operator Markov processes describing the evolution of irreversible quantum processes.q Martingale methods in the study of diffusion processes in infinite dimensional spaces.q Stochastic processes in financial mathematics.C OMBINATORICST hough the work in combinatorics had been ini-tiated in India purely through the efforts of R.C.Bose at the Indian Statistical Institute in late thirties, it reached its peak in late fifties at the University of North Carolina, USA, where he was joined by his former student S.S.Shrikhande. They provided the first counter-example to the celebrat-ed conjecture of Euler (1782) and jointly with Parker further improved it. The last result is regarded a classic.In the absence of these giants there was practically no research activity in this area in India. However, with the return of Shrikhande to India in 1960 activities in the area flourished and many notable results in the areas of embedding of residual designs in symmetric designs, A-design conjecture and t-designs and codes were reported.T HEORY OF R ELATIVITYI n a strict sense the subject falls well within the purview of physics but due to the overwhelming response by workers with strong foundation in applied mathematics the activity could blossom in some of the departments of mathematics of certain universities/institutes. Groups in BHU, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Calcutta University, and IIT, Kharagpur, have contributed generously to the area of exact solutions of Einstein equations of gen-eral relativity, unified field theory and others. However, one exact solution which has come to be known as Vaidya metric and seems to have wide application in high-energy astrophysics deserves a special mention.N UMERICAL A NALYSIST he work in this area commenced with an attempt to solve non-linear partial differential equations governing many a physical and engineering system with special reference to the study of Navier-Stabes equations and cross-viscous forces in non-Newtonian fluids. The work on N-S equation has turned out to be a basic paper in the sense that it reappeared in the volume, Selected Papers on Numerical Solution of Equations of Fluid Dynamics, Applied Mathematics, through the Physical Society of Japan. The work on non-Newtonian fluid has found a place in the most prestigious volume on Principles of Classical Mechanics & Field Theory by Truesdell and Toupin. The other works which deserve mention are the development of extremal point collocation method and stiffy stable method.A PPLIED M ATHEMATICST ill 1950, except for a group of research enthusi-asts working under the guidance of N.R.Sen at Calcutta University there was practically no output in applied mathematics. However, with directives from the centre to emphasize on research in basic94P U R S U I T A N D P R O M O T I O N O F S C I E N C Eand applied sciences and liberal central fundings through central and state sponsored laboratories, the activity did receive an impetus. The department of mathematics at IIT, Kharagpur, established at the very inception of the institute of national importance in 1951, under the dynamic leadership of B.R.Seth took the lead role in developing a group of excellence in certain areas of mathematical sciences. In fact, the research carried out there in various disciplines of applied mathematics such as elasticity-plasticity, non-linear mechanics, rheological fluid mechanics, hydroelasticity, thermoelasticity, numerical analysis, theory of relativity, cosmology, magneto hydrody-namics and high-temperature gasdynamics turned out to be a trend setting one for other IITs, RECs, other Technical Institutes and Universities that were in the formative stages. B.R. SethÕs own researches on the study of Saint-VenamtÕs problem and transi-tion theory to unify elastic-plastic behaviour of mate-rials earned him the prestigious EulerÕs bronze medal of the Soviet Academy of Sciences in 1957. The other areas in which applied mathematicians con-tributed generously are biomechanics, CFD, chaotic dynamics, theory of turbulence, bifurcation analysis, porous media, magnetics fluids and mathematicalphysiology.95 P U R S U I T A N D P R O M O T I O N O F S C I E N C E。

台球的英语作文

Billiards,a classic and sophisticated sport,has been enjoyed by enthusiasts around the world for centuries.It is a game that combines strategy,precision,and skill,offering a unique challenge to players of all levels.The Origins of BilliardsThe history of billiards dates back to the15th century in France,where it was known as bille.The game evolved over time,with the introduction of the cue stick,the billiard table, and the various types of balls used today.The modern game of billiards,as we know it, was formalized in the19th century.Types of BilliardsThere are several variations of billiards,each with its own set of rules and objectives:1.Snooker:Originating in India,snooker is played on a larger table with21balls, including15reds,6colors,and the white cue ball.The objective is to score points by potting the balls in a specific order.2.Pool:This is perhaps the most common form of billiards,with variations such as8ball and9ball.Pool is played on a table with six pockets and typically involves potting a set of solid or striped balls before the8ball in8ball pool.3.Carom Billiards:This form of the game is played without pockets on the table.The aim is to strike the cue ball so that it touches both the object ball and the rail in a single shot.EquipmentThe essential equipment for billiards includes:A billiard table:Covered in cloth and having six pockets,it provides a smooth and even surface for the balls to roll.Cue sticks:These are used to strike the cue ball and are available in various lengths and weights.Chalk:Applied to the tip of the cue stick to ensure a firm grip on the cue ball.Balls:Made of materials like phenolic resin or composite materials,they come in different sizes and colors depending on the game being played.Skills and TechniquesMastering billiards requires the development of several key skills:Accuracy:The ability to hit the ball with precision,controlling the direction and speed of the shot.Strategy:Planning the sequence of shots to achieve the games objectives while considering potential obstacles and opportunities.Control:Managing the spin and power of the cue ball to influence the movement of the object ball.Health BenefitsPlaying billiards offers numerous health benefits,including:Improved handeye coordination:The game requires players to focus on the ball and the intended target,enhancing this skill over time.Mental stimulation:Billiards is a game of strategy,which can help to improve cognitive function and problemsolving abilities.Physical relaxation:The game can be a calming activity,reducing stress and promoting a sense of wellbeing.ConclusionBilliards is more than just a game it is a sport that fosters mental agility,physical dexterity,and social interaction.Whether you are a casual player or a seasoned competitor,the world of billiards offers endless opportunities for enjoyment and personal growth.So,gather your cue stick,chalk up,and prepare to engage in this timeless sport that has captivated players for generations.。

英语电影介绍-无敌破坏王

Color Palette
The color palette used in the movie is vibrant and complements the visual style perfectly. The colors pop off the screen, adding to the overall aesthetic of the film and keeping tHale Waihona Puke e viewer engaged.
Set in a post-apocalyptic world where a nuclear war has destroyed civilization, the story follows the journey of a group of survivors as they attempt to rebuild society while dealing with the aftermath of the war.
The war has left the world decimated, with radiation and mutated creatures
present throughout the land. The survivors must overcome these
obstacles while also dealing with internal conflicts and power struggles
The climax and turning point of the plot
• The climax of the movie occurs when
03
Role analysis

第七周翻译

这个进程是有很高的本质组织而且给了我很深的印象，引导我去使用“病态组织”这个术语去描述防御的内部结构。

临床的自身情况也和许多有作用的分析相似而且已经被大量的负责后续的书籍复审的作家描述成各种各样的术语。

Abraham关于自恋抵抗的研究和Reich在“性格保护”上的研究就是早期的例子。

Riviere说过的关于防御的高级组织的系统，Rosenfeld描述的破坏性自恋的操作。

Segal,O'Shaughnessy,Riesenberg- Malcom和Joseph也描述了陷入有能量色的防御系统的病人。

这些和其他相似的工作已经关心在非常情况下的可以被认为与根本的妨碍去改变弗洛伊德在“有限的和无限的分析”的演说相关的病人。

弗洛伊德将这些最深的妨碍连接起来去改变死亡本能的运转，并且，在我看来，病态组织在处理原始的破坏性的宇宙问题中扮演着重要的角色。

这会深深的影响个人，无论它产生的源头是内部还是外部。

带有暴力或是环境疏忽的创伤经历会导致暴力破坏物体的内化，这在相同的时间被作为个体自己破坏性投射的合适容器来对待。

这不是必要的去解决关于死亡本能的复杂问题，辨别那些经常死亡和个体自我破坏组成了预示他是正直除非他足够能控制。

在我看来，防御组织服务是盲目的，中立的，并且控制原始破坏性的根源，并且是一个全面的所有个体防御组合。

而且，在一些病人那，涉及破坏的问题是特别突出的，机构为了控制这个本质，这些案例允许它的手术方式被准备鉴定，一经辨认，如果较少的破坏版本可以被确认为神经敏感和正常个体。

我一直最关心的是的是遵循会话的细粒度的情况，并描述病人通过动作来摆脱安全处，只有当再次撤退时,他才会面对他不能或不愿忍受的焦虑。

然而在所有这些病人受到威胁变化的可能性，如果挑起，可以用更深刻的撤退作出回应。

这些情况都具有十分重要的理论兴趣，但我自己主要关注于临床，这意味着我的当务之急的中心任务是方式组织的分析过程中发挥作用的个别患者在个别时段。

o sacrum convivium 译文

O sacrum convivium圣洁的宴会1.大家都听过这个名字，它代表羔羊：耶稣基督。

原文出自圣经《约翰福音》第六章，其中有一句话是这样写的：“我是永生的饼，到我这里来的，必不饿，信我的，永不渴。

” 这是基督对人们的呼吁，他要我们跟随他，信靠他，这样我们的灵魂才能得到滋养，得到真正的救赎。

2.在基督教的文化里，sacrum convivium代表了一种神圣的交流。

它不仅仅是一种物质上的共餐，更象征着人灵魂的交流和连接。

在圣经中，“ultiplex sevena modum”这个词语用来形容这种交流的意义。

古人们把这个词解释为“神圣”，“仪式”，“宴会”，“安慰”，“灵魂的愉悦”等等意义。

这种精神上的交流不仅仅发生在基督和门徒之间，也发生在每一个人之间。

3.在这个宴会中，基督是我们的主宾，同时也是我们的食物。

他把自己交给我们，让我们可以通过食用他的肉和喝他的血，来得到救赎。

顺着这个思路，sacrum convivium也可以解释为一个救赎的过程，是上帝和人交流的渠道。

据此可以推理出，上帝的恩典并不只是给予人们物质上的满足，更多的还有精神上的寄托和慰藉。

4.在这个宴会中，宾客都是基督徒。

我们坐在一起，一同享受这份神圣的礼物。

不管我们来自哪里，我们都是他的子民，我们都是他视为宝贵的珍珠。

信徒之间的这种连接不仅仅稳固了他们的信仰，也带给他们心灵上的安慰和满足。

5.随着时间的推移，这个概念也在宗教艺术中得到了体现。

很多教堂里的艺术作品中，都可以见到sacrum convivium这个主题的呈现。

有些是描绘耶稣和门徒坐在一起吃饭，有些是描绘耶稣的身体和血。

无论是哪一种形式的呈现，它们都透露着人们对这种精神交流的追求和渴望。

6.总结来说，sacrum convivium并不只是一个宗教的名词，更是人们对精神愉悦和满足的渴求。

通过与基督的交流和食用他的身体和血，我们得以得到救赎和满足。

我们也应该牢记，这种满足不仅仅停留在个人层面，更是有着社会和整个人类裙体的意义和价值。

Van Kampen's embedding obstruction for discrete groups

1 Introduction
In [vK33] van Kampen developed an obstruction theory for embeddings of ﬁnite n-complexes into R2n. We will brieﬂy review van Kampen’s theory in Section 2. It is natural (and straightforward) to remove the dimension restrictions and talk about a cohomological obstruction to embedding a complex into Rm. Complexes where this obstruction does not vanish will be called m-obstructor complexes. The precise deﬁnition will be given below (see Deﬁnition 4). For example, the utilities graph (the join of two 3-point sets) is a 2-obstructor complex, and van Kampen proved that the n-fold join of 3-point sets is a (2n − 2)-obstructor complex.
Corollary 3. Let X = X1 ×X2 ×· · ·×Xn be the n-fold product of connected graphs Xi with the ﬁrst betti number 2. Then X does not immerse up to homotopy into R2n−1.

[Ballrockin][宇宙共同体]歌词

宇宙共同体
2019-03-04
作曲 : Ballrockin
作词 : RoccWay
宇宙共同体
在星空中穿梭让火箭的尾焰划破
低温包裹的星系几百万光年的谜题
陨石经过飞船解体
人类的寂寞在宇宙留下垃圾
重构解体时间定做
稀稀落落留下痕迹宇宙共同体
勤勤恳恳敬畏生灵
走走停停锁定外星生命躲躲藏藏
未知现象踉踉跄跄匆忙落在星球上
正如灵魂不停被降解
亮点焦点逐渐被削减
远在苍穹的星斑放任天狗垂涎
放眼在放电远在天际
但星火落在身边
为升迁畏升天畏身边位高权重怕胶片
准备翻篇整备相片投稿会被吞没的邮件卫星精准查找的维度
疑似落在银河的九天
共同体共生的画面
触电快出现
第三类接触电影的画面和ET的照面
笑靥如花的经历要用爵士的配乐
兑现和平的诺言暴力的宣泄
一切的一切消散在世界
透过神的嘴巴扩散宗教的一面
串联神话故事惊人相似的情节
存在世上的神迹人类阴谋的游戏
深谙黑暗丛林法则游弋逡巡奴役
被洗脑的族群扭曲真理禁锢人性
穿越黑洞时空旅行
道法自然
最终觉醒
阴阳相生
打破禁忌
宇宙共同体。

GAP在近世代数教学中的应用__

第38卷第4期西南师范大学学报(自然科学版)2013年4月V o l.38N o.4J o u r n a l o f S o u t h w e s t C h i n aN o r m a lU n i v e r s i t y(N a t u r a l S c i e n c eE d i t i o n)A p r.2013文章编号:10005471(2013)04014804G A P 在近世代数教学中的应用①刘建军西南大学数学与统计学院,重庆400715摘要:针对近世代数课程内容比较抽象的特点,以及当前近世代数教学中过多注重理论体系的完整性,忽视学生作为主体地位的现状,介绍了适合近世代数教学的软件G A P及其在教学中的具体运用.通过G A P的使用,可以变革近世代数内容的呈现方式,使得证明清晰化,计算简单化,以及结论直观化,从而使近世代数学习变得更生动㊁更形象㊁更具体,以促进近世代数教学质量的提高.关键词:近世代数;教学;数学软件中图分类号:G420文献标志码:A近世代数(又名抽象代数)是以研究代数系统的性质与构造为中心的一门学科,是现代数学的重要基础,对培养学生严谨的思维方法和数学素养,提高学生的抽象思维能力和逻辑推理能力都具有重要意义.本文试图利用数学软件G A P来辅助近世代数的教学,变革教学内容的呈现方式,使其变得形象直观,达到激发学生的学习兴趣,提高逻辑思维能力,开阔视野的目的.1国内近世代数课程的教学现状近世代数的研究对象是群㊁环㊁域等带有运算的集合,它把集合中运算的共同点抽象出来作为不同的代数结构进行研究,因此近世代数具有高度的抽象性和严密的逻辑性,许多初学者感到这门课程生涩难懂,不具体直观.在我国,一般的近世代数教学都是教师按照教学大纲的要求,对定义㊁引理㊁定理等在课堂上给学生进行理论上的推导和计算,直到学生们理解并记忆下来为止.这种以教师讲授为主的教学方式在传授系统知识时具有比较好的效果,但过多偏重理论体系的完整性,过多强调证明和推理,忽视了学生作为主体的地位,不利于培养学生主动获取知识的能力,使学生缺乏创新能力.因此,学生很难具备用近世代数的基本思想和理论来处理或解决具体问题的能力,从而直接影响了后继课程学习的热情[1-4].随着计算机技术的迅速发展,利用计算机软件(如M a t l a b,M a t h e m a t i c a,M a p l e等)来辅助各门课程的教学已经非常普遍(参见文献[5-9]).然而,这些软件很少被应用到近世代数的教学中.究其原因主要是这门课程研究的对象较抽象,在一般的软件上难以实现.2G A P介绍G A P(G r o u p s,A l g o r i t h m s a n dP r o g r a mm i n g)和M a g m a的出现可以说是一场革命,它们实现了抽象对象的计算机化.由于M a g m a的使用需要收取一定的费用,不是很普及,所以我们这里只介绍可以从其官方网站免费下载的G A P.G A P于1986年由德国RWT H A a c h e n大学的研究团队开发,它是计算离散代数领域内的一个优秀系统,主要专注于计算群论的计算.G A P提供了上千个由G A P语言写成的用于算法①收稿日期:20111001Copyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved.基金项目:中央基本科研业务费(X D J K2012C039);西南大学博士科研启动基金(S WU111052).作者简介:刘建军(1981),男,山西吕梁人,博士,讲师,主要从事有限群论的研究.补充方面的函数库,以及已经计算好的庞大的代数对象数据库.G A P 的软件系统是可扩展的,它支持面向对象的编程,用户可以使用G A P 语言编写需要的程序和建立自己的函数库.G A P 可用于群及其表示㊁环㊁向量空间㊁代数㊁组合结构等的研究.它还有如下的特点:拥有多种数学运算功能,内存自动管理,对一些关键的抽象对象加入了嵌入式数据类型,有灵活的菜单管理和完整的记录保存.国内已有很多学者在群论的研究中用到了G A P (参见文献[10-11]).因此,G A P 比较适合应用于近世代数的教学当中.3 G A P 在近世代数教学中的一些应用我们可以借助G A P 对近世代数的相关内容作较为直观的认识.另外,G A P 给出的结果反过来可以指导我们研究的方向,并能极大地减轻计算负担.下面我们介绍G A P 在近世代数教学中的一些应用.3.1 将繁琐证明清晰化近世代数的很多证明非常繁琐和抽象,可以用G A P 来具体说明,使得某些证明更加清晰和顺理成章.例1 证明凡200阶群都不是单群[1].解析主要应用S y l o w 第三定理来证明.S y l o w 定理是近世代数教学中的一个难点.学生要理解它的具体用法比较难.课本给出的证明是:判断阶为200的群必然有正规子群.在这个过程中会有阶的分解㊁同余等知识的灵活应用,理解起来有一定的困难,而G A P 的使用可以很好地解决这个问题,降低学生理解的难度.下面我们用G A P 来具体说明.输入程序:g a p >A :=A l l S m a l l G r o u p s (S i z e ,200,I s S i m p l e ,t r u e ); #直接寻找200阶的单群输出:[]这表明不存在这样的群.如果我们想了解更多200阶群的信息,也可以将所有200阶群的结构输出,只需输入命令:g a p >B :=A l l S m a l l G r o u p s (200);L i s t (B ,S t r u c t u r e D e s c r i p t i o n );3.2 将复杂计算简单化几乎所有的数学软件都有非常好的计算功能,G A P 也不例外.在近世代数中出现的某些计算,使用G A P 之后会变得非常简单.3.2.1 共轭类中的G A P 计算由于有限群G 中与它的元素a 共轭的元素个数为|G ʒC G (a )|,因此要计算某个群中元素的共轭类需要计算它的中心化子.当群G 比较大的时候这个计算量将非常的大,但是用G A P 计算就显得非常容易了.例2 计算5次对称群S 5的所有共轭类的代表元及每类所含元素的个数.输入程序:g a p >G :=S y mm e t r i c G r o u p (5); #5次对称群g a p >c l :=C o n j u g a c y C l a s s e s (G );#S 5的共轭类输出:[()ɡG ,(1,2)ɡG ,(1,2)(3,4)ɡG ,(1,2,3)ɡG ,(1,2,3)(4,5)ɡG ,(1,2,3,4)ɡG ,(1,2,3,4,5)ɡG ]g a p >L i s t (c l ,R e p r e s e n t a t i v e );#共轭类代表元输出:[(),(1,2),(1,2)(3,4),(1,2,3),(1,2,3)(4,5),(1,2,3,4),(1,2,3,4,5)]g a p >L i s t (c l ,S i z e );#每个类所含的个数输出:[1,10,15,20,20,30,24]3.2.2 元素相乘及元素统计的G A P 计算例2中的S 5包含有120个元素,若要验证每个元素之间的性质,计算量将比较大.下面的两个例子将更能体现G A P 在计算方面的优势.例3 找一个S 5中的元,与给定的5阶元相乘,得另一个给定的5阶元.输入程序:g a p >G :=S y mm e t r i c G r o u p(5);251西南师范大学学报(自然科学版) h t t p ://x b b jb .s w u .c n 第38卷Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.g a p >a :=(1,4,3,2,5);b :=(1,2,3)(5,4);g a p >f o r g i nGd o #使用循环语句>i f g *b =a t h e n >P r i n t (g , , );>f i ;>o d ;输出:(1,2,4)(3,5)下面我们介绍如何用G A P 来统计满足某些性质的元素的个数.例4 找某个群的固定阶元并统计个数.输入程序:g a p >G :=G r o u p ((1,2),(1,2,3,4,5,6));g a p >i :=0;A :=[];g a p >f o r a i nGd o >i fO r d e r (a )=2t h e n >A d d (A ,a );>i :=i +1;>f i ;>o d ;g a p >A ;#可以得到群G 的每个2阶元g a p >i ;#群G 的所有2阶元的个数输出:753.3 将抽象结论直观化近世代数中抽象内容多,具体例子少,命题㊁定理多,推理㊁论证各式各样,使得学生较难理解和掌握[12].与抽象的内容相比,学生更易于识记生动㊁形象和有趣的知识和结论.G A P 强大的功能可以做到这一点.例5 4次交错群A 4无6阶子群.解析在近世代数中这是一个非常基本的结论,常常会在构造反例及基本证明中用到,但是很难让学生有深刻的体会.下面我们用G A P 来具体说明.输入程序:g a p >L o a d P a c k a g e ( s o n a t a );#调用 s o n a t a ,为了使用命令s u b g r o u p s g a p >G :=A l t e r n a t i n g G r o u p (4);#4次交错群g a p >S :=S u b g r o u p s (G );g a p >L i s t (S ,S i z e );#列出所有子群的阶输出:[1,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,4,12]g a p >L i s t (S ,S t r u c t u r e D e s c r i p t i o n );#列出所有子群的结构输出:[ 1 , C 2 , C 2 , C 2 , C 3 , C 3 , C 3 , C 3 , C 2ˑC 2 , A 4 ]其中C 2表示2阶循环群,C 2ˑC 2表示两个2阶循环群的直积.经过软件G A P 的运算之后,4次交错群A 4的所有子群摆在了我们的面前,非常直观.4 小结从上面的例子可以看到,利用G A P 辅助近世代数教学,可以让抽象的数学理论具体化㊁直观化,复杂的计算简单化.而且这种教学不仅是简单的演示,更大程度上能让学生亲身参与,并培养学生解决实际问题的能力.这在一定程度上实现了从被动接受的学习方式到主动发现和探索的过程,而且能增强数学学习兴趣,提高分析和解决问题的能力,最终达到提高教学质量的目的.351第4期刘建军:G A P 在近世代数教学中的应用Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.451西南师范大学学报(自然科学版)h t t p://x b b j b.s w u.c n第38卷G A P作为一个辅助教学工具应用于近世代数教学中,主要功能在于协助教师教学,辅助学生学习.毫无疑问,G A P不能替代逻辑推理,如果一味追求其形象直观这一优势而不考虑其它因素,势必将会淡化主体,影响学习效果.因此,在实践中,教师需要根据每个章节具体的教学内容㊁教学目标以及学生的认知水平来决定是否有必要使用G A P.参考文献:[1]杨子胥.近世代数[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2003.[2]赵建伟,罗敏霞.关于近世代数教学的探讨[J].运城学院学报,2008,26(5):1-2.[3]吕恒,徐海静.关于近世代数中群论学习的探讨[J].西南师范大学学报:自然科学版,2012,37(2):131-133.[4]夏静波,邹庭荣,张四兰. 近世代数的教学技巧[J].大学数学,2009,25(1):5-8.[5]王小华.基于M a t h e m a t i c a的高等数学教学实践[J].重庆科技学院学报:自然科学版,2010,12(4):14-16.[6]鲍四元,孙洪泉,陈旭元.M a t h e m a t i c a在振动波问题中的应用[J].物理与工程,2010,20(4):22-26.[7]堵秀凤,张水胜,李晓红.在大学数学中开设数学实验的实践研究[J].大学数学,2009,25(3):21-25.[8]戚景南,黄玉明.MA T L A B软件在构建潜流人工湿地水力学模型中的应用[J].西南大学学报:自然科学版,2008,30(5):145-148.[9]宋海珍,卢成,张鸿军.基于M a p l e的理论力学教学实践[J].实验室研究与探索,2011,30(7):11-14.[10]B E D A I W I SA,L I S h a n g-z h i.A n I n v e s t i g a t i o no nt h eP a r a b o l i cS u b g r o u p o f t h eG e n e r a lL i n e a rG r o u p sb y G A P[J].C h i n e s eQ u a r t e r l y J o u r n a l o fM a t h,2004,19(3):221-231.[11]B E D A I W I SA,李尚志.某些子群的正则结构的研究及其诱导特征标的计算[J].中国科学技术大学学报,2006,36(7):704-711.[12]李桃生.怎样克服近世代数学习中的困难[J].高等函授学报,1995(5):9-16.O nE x p l o r a t i o n i nT e a c h i n g A b s t r a c t A l g e b r a A s s i s t e dw i t hG A PL I UJ i a n-j u nS c h o o l o fM a t h e m a t i c sa n dS t a t i s t i c s,S o u t h w e s t U n i v e r s i t y,C h o n g q i n g400715,C h i n aA b s t r a c t:I n t h i s p a p e r,G A P,am a t h e m a t i c a l s o f t w a r e,i s i n t r o d u c e d f o r t e a c h i n g o f a b s t r a c t a l g e b r a.B y m e a n so fG A P,t e d i o u s p r o o fw i l l b e c o m e c l e a r,c o m p l e x c a l c u l a t i o n s s i m p l e a n d a b s t r a c t c o n c l u s i o n s i n t u-i t i v e.I t i s g e n e r a l l y b e l i e v e d t h a t t h eu s e o fG A Pw i l l i m p r o v e t h e q u a l i t y o f a b s t r a c t a l g e b r a t e a c h i n g. K e y w o r d s:a b s t r a c t a l g e b r a;t e a c h i n g;m a t h e m a t i c a l s o f t w a r e责任编辑廖坤Copyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved.。

乌合之众的英文介绍

乌合之众的英文介绍英文回答：Gustave Le Bon's classic work, "The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind," offers a penetrating analysis of the psychology of crowds and the dynamics of crowd behavior. Originally published in 1895, the book remains essential reading for anyone interested in understanding the nature of collective behavior.Le Bon argues that crowds are fundamentally different from individuals, and that they exhibit a distinct set of psychological characteristics. Crowds are impulsive, emotional, and suggestible, and they are easily swayed by demagogues and other charismatic leaders. Le Bon also asserts that crowds are prone to violence and other destructive behavior, and that they can be a threat to social order.Le Bon's work has been criticized for its pessimisticview of crowds, and for its lack of empirical evidence. However, his insights into the psychology of crowds remain valuable, and his book continues to be an important contribution to the field of social psychology.Key Concepts in "The Crowd":The Law of Mental Unity of Crowds: Crowds are characterized by a sense of unity and common purpose. This unity is created by a shared emotional state, and it is reinforced by the physical proximity of the crowd members.The Contagiousness of Emotions: Emotions spread rapidly through crowds, and they can quickly become amplified. This is due to the fact that crowds are highly suggestible, and they are easily influenced by the actions and emotions of others.The Power of Suggestion: Crowds are easily swayed by suggestion, and they are often willing to believe whatever they are told. This makes them susceptible to manipulation by demagogues and other charismatic leaders.The Illusion of Invulnerability: Crowds often feel invincible, and they are willing to take risks that they would not take as individuals. This is due to the fact that they feel protected by the anonymity of the crowd.The Tendency to Violence: Crowds are prone to violence and other destructive behavior. This is because they are impulsive and emotional, and they are easily swayed bytheir passions.Le Bon's work on crowds has been influential in a number of fields, including social psychology, political science, and sociology. It has also been used to explain a wide range of social phenomena, from lynchings to riots to revolutions.Criticisms of "The Crowd":Le Bon's work has been criticized on a number of grounds, including:Its pessimism: Le Bon's view of crowds is highly pessimistic. He sees them as irrational and dangerous, and he argues that they pose a threat to social order.Its lack of empirical evidence: Le Bon's work is based on observation and anecdote, rather than on empirical research. This has led some critics to argue that his conclusions are not reliable.Its focus on the negative aspects of crowds: Le Bon's work focuses on the negative aspects of crowds, such as their irrationality and their tendency to violence. This has led some critics to argue that he has overlooked the positive aspects of crowds, such as their creativity and their ability to bring about social change.Despite these criticisms, Le Bon's work remains an important contribution to the field of social psychology. His insights into the psychology of crowds are valuable, and his book continues to be an essential reading for anyone interested in understanding the nature of collective behavior.中文回答：“乌合之众”的英文介绍。

parabolic

2 2 Q− R (P0 ) := { (x, t) ∈ R : |x − x0 | < R and 0 < t0 − t < R } .
The function 1 l{u>0} denotes the characteristic function of the set {u > 0} := {(x, t) ∈ QR (P0 ) : u(x, t) > 0}: 1 if u(x, t) > 0 , 1 l{u>0} (x, t) = 0 if u(x, t) = 0 . Our main assumption is the following assumption on uniform parabolicity and non degeneracy and regularity of the coeﬃcients and of the function f : a, b, c and f belong to Hα (QR (P0 )) for some α ∈ (0, 1) , (1.2) there exists a constant δ0 > 0 such that for any (x, t) ∈ QR (P0 ) , a(x, t) ≥ δ0 and f (x, t) ≥ δ0 .
Deﬁnition The sets {u = 0} and Γ := QR (P0 ) ∩ ∂ {u = 0} are respectively called the coincidence set and the free boundary of the parabolic obstacle problem (1.1).
2
By [14], under Assumption (1.2), (1.1) has a unique solution for suitable initial datum and boundary conditions. From standard regularity theory for parabolic equations, [20,12,18], it is known that any solu2,1;q tion u belongs to Wx,t (Qr (P0 )) for any r < R and q < +∞. As a consequence of Sobolev’s embeddings, u is continuous. The set {u = 0} is then closed in QR (P0 ).

【超能陆战队】台词中英对照56846

起来起来Get up！Get up！赢家诞生完胜对手The winner！By total annihilation.催命阎王Yama!谁是下一个谁还有胆量在赛场上一决雌雄Who's next? Where's the guts to stop me in the ring?挑战我的小阎王With little Yama!我能试试吗Can I try？我有个机器人是我自己造的I have a robot. I built it myself。

算了吧小子这儿有规矩交钱才能入场Beat it kid！House Rules：You gottapay to play.这些够了吗Oh，Is this enough?你叫什么小朋友What’s your name, little boy?我叫小宏滨田宏Hiro，Hiro Hamada。

准备好你的机器人小虫Prepare your bot, Zero。

.两方对垒决一死战Two bots enter.。

One might leaves.准备好了吗Fighters ready?开战Fight！这是我第一次参赛能再试一次吗That was my first fight. Can I try again?没人喜欢输不起的人小朋友No one likes a sore loser little boy.回家吧Go home。

我还有钱I've got more money。

..准备好了吗Fighters ready？开战Fight！磁力神Megabot！灭了他Destroy。

—再见了小阎王—什么— Not more "Little Yama". — Butwhat?这怎么可能This is not possible！1我也没想到也许是新手运气好吧Hey, I'm as surprised as you are。

Beginner's luck.你还想再来一次吗Do you wanna go again?阎王Yama?— No one hustles Yama! — Wooh！Hey!给他点颜色看看Teach him a lesson!伙计们有话好好说Hey fellas. Let's talk about this.- 小宏快上车—阿正- Hiro, get on! — Tadashi！来得真是时候Ooh! Good timing.— Are you okay? — Yeah。

陈琦戈弋GRE长难句300例unit8

1.Its subject (to use Maynard Mack’scategories) is “life-as-spectacle”,for readers, diverted by its various incidents, observe its heroes Odysseus primarily from without; the tragic Iliad, however, presents “life-as-experience”: readers are asked to id entify with the mind of Achilles, whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero.如果使用Maynard Mack的分类法的话,《奥德赛》的主题就是“生命是一段奇特的旅程”,因为读者会以旁观者的心态来看待作品主人公Odysseus的一生,在此过程中,读者很享受Odysseus如何应对各种各样的意外事件。

但是,悲剧《伊利亚特》的主题却是“生命是由现实经历构成的”,作品要求读者能体会到Achilles 的心境,而Achilles的动机却使他不是特别具有吸引力。

2.But those of who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb’s newly publishedcomplete edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909would document the process in greater detail are disappointed.Kolb 新出版的著作完整收录了Proust在1909年所写的所有信件,人们期待这部著作能够更加详细的记录这个过程。

但是,他们对Kolb失望了。

3.This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits andevents not directly related to glacial and interglacial period, rather than being based on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits.这个次序主要建立在一系列与冰川期与间冰期没有直接联系的沉积物和事件之上,而不是基于一种更常见的现代方法----这种现代方法研究冰川期沉积物之间的间冰期地层中的生物残骸。

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