MICRO-MOTION TARGET SENSING BY STEPPED-FREQUENCY CONTINUOUS-WAVE RADAR

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【期末试卷】2019-2020学年高一上学期期末考试英语试卷（新高考卷）笔试部分附参考答案

【期末试卷】2019-2020学年高一上学期期末考试英语试卷（新高考卷）笔试部分附参考答案按秘密级事项管理★启用前2019-2020 高一上学期期末考试英语试卷(新高考卷)注意事项:1. 答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、考生号等填写在答题卡和试卷指定位置上。

2. 回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上。

写在本试卷上无效。

3. 考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

第一部分阅读(共两节，满分50分)第一节(共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5 分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。

AArtificial intelligence (AI) is practically everywhere today. There are so many products out there which use AI. Some are being developed, some are already in use, and some failed and are being improved, so it’s very difficult to name a few of them and regard them as the best.ViIt is an AI personal trainer which is mainly concerned with fitness and coaching. It, however, requires the use of bio-sensing earphones and other fitness tracking equipment (设备)! It can play your favourite music while you work out and all you have to worry about is the exercise you’re doing.Deep TextDo you ever wonder how an ad appears suddenly just whenyou are looking for something similar? This is because of Deep Text. It uses real-time consumer (消费者) information to produce data which in turn is used to target consumers. Thus, if you search online for flight tickets from Bangalore to Delhi, it is very likely that an ad relating to hotels in Delhi will soon follow.Hello EggIf you live alone and miss your mother because you always miss your breakfast or don’t know what to eat for dinner, the n Hello Egg is exactly what you are looking for. A very healthy choice of the 2-minute noodles and oats, Hello Egg provides you with a detailed weekly meal plan about the needs of your body. It is truly a modern AI-powered home cooking tool for the young.WordsmithYou can put Mr. Smith into your Microsoft Excel using their free API, and let it write up detailed analysis (分析) of the stories behind your numbers. It can produce detailed reports on thousands of pages of spreadsheets in seconds.1.What can we learn about Vi from the text?A. It is an AI music player.B. It is a bio-sensing earphone.C. It doesn’t work without bio-sensing earphones.D. It can make you more energetic while you work out.2. Which can help you improve cooking skill?A.Hello Egg.B.Deep Text.C.Vi.D.Wordsmith.3. What can Wordsmith do for us?A.Produce a detailed report.B.Book a ticket ahead of time.C.Provide us with a detailed meal plan.D.Offer us information on hotels for traveling.BA couple in their 60s has travelled 12,000 miles across 16 countries from Britain to China — riding their bikes the entire way. Grandparents Peter and Chris stepped on the long journey after deciding to “do something a bit different”. They traversed (横穿) cities, deserts, mountains and everything in between across Europe, the Middle East and the East Asia. The married couple of 37 years enjoyed themselves with delicious local food and spent most nights inside a tiny tent put up wherever they could find shelter.Peter, 66, said the moment they finally had a look at the famous Great Wall after a year and a half of cycling 30 miles a day was “really exciting”. At the end of their journey, the special pair didn’t fly home but instead choose to book a cabin (舱) inside a 400m-long container ship. The final part was a three-week voyage from Singapore across the Indian Ocean and into the Mediterranean Sea before arriving at Southampton.“You never know what the day is going to bring. All you know is that you aregoing to get on your bike and cycle. Every day is an adventure and every day is new. Overall, the experience is absolutely unbelievable, ” Peter said.Peter and Chris initially set out to cycle from Britain in January 2017 but were forced home. They had cycled all the way to Hungary when Peter slipped on tiles and broke his leg. After seven months of recovery, the couple set out again in Britain. They finally arrived in China in November 2018.Both Peter and Chris agreed that the best part of the entiretrip was coming across the kindness of strangers along the way, many of whom invited the couple for food and drink. Chris, 64, said, “It was a wonderful experience, particularly wonderful because of the amazing people we met along the way.”4.What’s the couple’s purpose of taking the long journey?A.To try something new.B.To break the world record.C. To go across 16 countries by bike.D. To celebrate their 37-year marriage.5. How did the couple go back to their home after the trip to China?A. By cycling.B. By train.C. By plane.D. By sea.6. Why did the couple put off their trip in 2017?A. Peter had an accident.B. They ran out of their money.C. They met with a heavy snow.D. Peter fell ill suddenly in Hungary.7. What’s the best part of the trip for the couple?A. The beautiful scenes.B. The help from others.C. The delicious food and drink.D. The kindness from other cyclists.CHundreds of thousands of lives were saved in 2017 alone because of the improvement of the environment, according to a new research. Fine particle pollution declined rapidly following the new rules on industrial emissions and the promotion of cleanfuels, according to the study, published on Monday in the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. The study, which focused on the period from 2013-2017, was conducted by a group of Chinese researchers and scientists.PM2.5, as this kind of pollution is known, is so small that it can enter the bloodstream, potentially leading to cancer, stroke and heart attack in the long term. After rapid industrialization and weak regulations left the country with a reputation for smog and bad air quality, Chinese authorities started to take air pollution seriously in 2008.In 2013, Beijing had PM2.5 concentrations 40 times higher than levels recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), and the governmentintroduced its toughest-ever clean air policies that year. The study found “signif icant declines” in PM2.5 levels across China from 2013-2017, with new standards for thermal power plants and industrial boilers, the replacement of old factories, and new emissions rules for vehicles. The authors say this “confirms the effectiveness of Chi na’s recent clean air actions.”These recent actions have seen Beijing fall out of the top 100 most-polluted cities in Asia in recent years, with the pollution levels 10% lower across Chinese cities between 2017 and 2018, according to a report by Greenpeace and AirVisual. Shanghai, the country’s largest city and financial capital, has also made environmental advances, such as adopting strict recycling regulations. Public pressure has been the driving force of pollution policy in China.Air pollution is a global issue, and India is now home to 22 of the 30 most polluted world cities, according to the Greenpeace and AirVisual report. In the US, a recent study said air pollutionwas linked to more than 107,000 deaths in 2011 and cost the country $866 billion.8. What saved many lives in China?A. China’s clean air policies.B. The increased particle pollution.C. The study by researchers.D. The reduction of the clean fuels.9. Why did PM2.5 cause many diseases?A. It was called smog.B. It made the air cleaner.C. It went into the blood.D. It had a bad reputation.10. When did Chinese government decide to treat the pollution?A. In 2008.B. In 2013.C. In 2017.D. In 2018.11. What did people in Shanghai do to protect the environment?A. They built the thermal power plants.B. They stopped using industrial boilers.C. They made Shanghai financial capital.D. They tried to recycle some rubbish.DIn the 1994 film Forrest Gump, there’s a famous saying, “Life is like a box of chocolates; you never know what you’re gonna get.” The surprise is part of the fun. Now blind box toys are bringing the magic of surprise to online shopping.A blind box toy is hidden inside uniform packaging(包装) butinvisible from the outside. You don’t know what will be inside, although the toys typically come from pop culture, ranging from movies to comics and cartoons.Blind boxes have caught on since they were first introduced from Japan to China in 2014. According to a 2019 Tmall report, the mini-series of Labubu blind box. designed by Hong Kong -born Kasing Lung, was named Champion of Unit Sales with 55,000 sold in just 9 seconds during the Singles Day shopping event. Most customers for blind boxes are young people aged 18 to 35.According to The Paper, blind box toys are popular in part because of their cute appearances. The typically cute cartoon figurines (小塑像) come in miniature (微型的) sizes, making them suitable for display almost anywhere.Even if blind boxes are not their top choice for decorations(装饰品), the mystery and uncertainty of the process also attracts people. It’s the main reason why people buy blind boxes one after another.“Fear of the unknown is always a part of the box-opening process,” said Miss Cao, 24, who lives and works in Shenyang. Speaking to Sina News, she said: “Until you open all the boxes, you cannot know what it is inside.”Opening a blind box is a delightful little surprise for our mundane daily lives, something small but fun to wait for each day, week or month. When people open this simple little box, they may be disappointed, but the uncertainty is part of the fun. People will open more blind boxes and hope for a better outcome.When someone re-makes Forrest Gump, don't be surprised if he says, “Life is like a blind box.”12.What feature of blind boxes attracts people?A.They often get toys designed by famous artists.B.They don’t know what they’ve got until they open them.C.They can learn about pop culture from the packaging.D.They can experience the excitement of online shopping.13.Why does Miss Cao love blind box toys?。

频率步进脉冲引信目标一维距离像测距模糊及对策

在每组ＩＦＦＴ结果的末尾选取５６点（Ｎ一［（ｒ△，一１）Ｎ３一Ｅｒ，ＡｆＮ］），重复点比幅。选择最大值，得到目标一维距离像。如图６所示。
万方数据
胡秀娟等：频率步进脉冲引信目标一维距离像测距模糊及对策
１１
１．Ｏ０．９０．８
０．７｛醚０．６孽孽０．５丑０．４
０．３
０．２Ｏ．１
Ｏ．０３０
ｌ
／： √ Ｌ
＼＼－二
４０
５０
６０
７０
８０
ＩＦＦＴ单元数
９０
１∞
图６同距离选大法目标抽取后结果
３．２．３同距离舍弃法与最大值法对比分析同距离舍弃法最大的优点是计算简单，对于静
止目标很适用。缺点是对于运动目标，由于ＩＦＦＴ后存在偏移和发散，因此在回波中点部分采样点所得幅度最大的假设不成立，这就导致无法事先确定每组细化结果中合适的抽取起始点。
３）对于ＩＦＦＴ结果中的杂波，同样被选大后会列入目标抽取的结果，这仍然会导致一部分信杂比损失。
通过分析以及引信工作的特殊要求，同距离舍弃法更适合解决引信的距离模糊问题。
时引入的矩形窗长度为ｃ／２Ⅳ，当非合作目标尺寸
哪里ｎ４弘上簟斡ｊ囊娑斛勘
：ｊ１４江上名玲Ｌ删删
Ⅳ‘Ｕ卜单Ｌ鞋Ｌ蹲Ｌ』呤上叫必肥删－埘 …二·｜｜．．．．…》…·｛｜ ……… ：：：：
………
：：………：ｉ
：：
；ｉ
Ⅳ．。Ｊ
（采样点序号）ｌ２３
……… 妊ｌＭ
图１回波信号采样示意图
图２距离窗限制下的折叠现象
第３０卷第４期２００８年８月
探测与控制学报
ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＤｅｔｅｃｔｉｏｎ＆Ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ

离散S曲线算法控制的机械手臂运动特性研究

China Forest Products Industry林产工业，2021，58（04）：32-36离散S曲线算法控制的机械手臂运动特性研究∗刘晓飞高兴华郭庆东崔金鹏（北华大学机械工程学院，吉林省吉林市 132021）摘要：针对机械手装配应用中对作业精度及响应速度的要求，研究了步进电机驱动的正交两指机械手臂动作高精度、快响应的平滑控制方法。

研究基于连续S曲线函数离散处理的算法实现步进电机平滑控制调速的机理，分析了每步脉冲离散处理算法对步进电机升频和降频的作用。

通过理论计算确定优化离散S曲线，并应用于机械臂中进行仿真，结果表明：输出转矩曲线与理论曲线拟合度基本一致。

将离散优化的S曲线算法在还原魔方机器人正交两指机械手臂上进行试验，试验表明：在斜率常数为a=0.44时，步进电机可实现快速精确控制，能有效解决其在高速精确运动中的失步、过冲等问题。

关键词：正交两指机械手臂；离散化S曲线；步进电机调速控制；运动特性；仿真建模中图分类号：TS64文献标识码：A文章编号：1001-5299 （2021） 04-0032-05DOI:10.19531/j.issn1001-5299.202104007Research on Motion Characteristics of Robot Arm Controlled by Discrete S-curve AlgorithmLIU Xiao-fei GAO Xing-hua GUO Qing-dong CUI Jin-peng(College of Mechanical Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin132021, Jilin,P.R.China) Abstract:Aiming at the requirements of operation accuracy and response speed in robotic assembly applications, the high-precision, fast-response smooth control method of the motion of the orthogonal two-finger manipulator driven by the stepper motor were studied in this paper. The mechanism of smooth speed control of stepper motor based on discrete processing algorithm of continuous S-curve function was studied, and the effect of each step of the discrete processing algorithm on the up-frequency and down-frequency of the stepper motor was analyzed as well. The optimized discrete S-curve was determined by theoretical calculation and applied to the robot arm for simulation. The moment curve was basically consistent with the theoretical curve. The discrete optimized S-curve algorithm was tested on the orthogonal two-finger mechanical arm of the restored Rubik's cube robot. The experimental results showed that when the slope constant a of the motor was 0.44, the stepper motor can realize fast and accurate control, and can effectively solve the problems of out-of-step and overshoot in high-speed and accurate motion.Key words: Orthogonal two-finger manipulator; Discrete S-curve; Stepping motor speed control; Motion characteristics; Simulation modeling机械手臂作为机器人的末端执行机构[1-4]已在一些流水线生产中得到广泛应用[5]。

我发明的神奇外衣作文英语

In the heart of my youthful imagination, Ive always been fascinated by the concept of wearable technology that not only serves a functional purpose but also enhances the human experience. This fascination led me to a project that would change my perspective on innovation and creativity: the invention of a magical coat.The idea struck me one chilly winter morning when I was struggling to layer up to face the biting cold. I thought, What if there was a coat that could adapt to the weather, keep me warm, and even change its appearance to match my mood or outfit? This thought was the seed from which my magical coat would grow.The coat, which I affectionately named The AdaptaCoat, was designed with the future in mind. It was more than just a piece of clothing it was a technological marvel. The fabric was woven with thermoregulating fibers that could sense the temperature and adjust the insulation accordingly. This meant that whether I was braving a snowstorm or enjoying a mild winter day, the coat would keep me comfortable.But the real magic lay in its adaptive technology. Embedded within the coat were tiny sensors and a microprocessor that could detect my bodys temperature and the surrounding environment. The coat could then adjust its heat output to maintain an optimal warmth level. It was like having a personal thermostat that was always attuned to my needs.The AdaptaCoat also featured an integrated mood sensor that could analyze my emotional state. If I was feeling down, the coat would changeits color to a soothing blue or green, offering a visual comfort. On happier days, it might glow with vibrant reds or yellows, reflecting my joy. The coat was a living reflection of my emotions, a silent companion that understood me in ways that words could not.One of the most exciting features was its ability to connect to my smartphone. Through an app, I could control the coats settings, choose from a vast array of colors and patterns, and even set it to change automatically based on the weather forecast. The coat was not just a piece of clothing it was an extension of my digital life.The development process was a journey of trial and error, of latenight coding sessions and countless sketches. I collaborated with a team of fellow students, each bringing their unique skills to the table. We had textile engineers who worked on the fabric, software developers who programmed the coats intelligence, and designers who crafted its sleek and modern look.As we tested and refined the prototype, we faced numerous challenges. The sensors had to be sensitive enough to detect minute changes in temperature and mood but robust enough to withstand the wear and tear of daily use. The fabric had to be both stylish and functional, a balance that was not easy to achieve. But with perseverance and a shared passion for innovation, we overcame these obstacles.The moment of truth came when I wore the AdaptaCoat for the first time in public. It was a moment of pride and anticipation. The coat performedflawlessly, adapting to the weather and my mood with seamless precision. Passersby couldnt help but stare and ask about the coat that seemed to have a life of its own.The AdaptaCoat was more than just a personal project it was a testament to the power of imagination and the limitless potential of technology when combined with human ingenuity. It taught me that innovation is not just about creating something new its about solving problems and improving lives.As I look back on this journey, I am filled with gratitude for the lessons learned and the friendships forged. The AdaptaCoat may be a product of my imagination, but it represents a very real possibility for the future of wearable technology. Its a reminder that as long as we dare to dream and work hard to turn those dreams into reality, theres no limit to what we can achieve.。

211050371_正负压一体式无空气X_射线光电子能谱原位转移仓的开发及研制

第 29 卷第 1 期分析测试技术与仪器Volume 29 Number 1 2023年3月ANALYSIS AND TESTING TECHNOLOGY AND INSTRUMENTS Mar. 2023大型仪器功能开发(30 ~ 36)正负压一体式无空气X射线光电子能谱原位转移仓的开发及研制章小余，赵志娟，袁　震，刘　芬（中国科学院化学研究所，北京　100190）摘要：针对空气敏感材料的表面分析，为了获得更加真实的表面组成与结构信息，需要提供一个可以保护样品从制备完成到分析表征过程中不接触大气环境的装置. 通过使用O圈密封和单向密封柱，提出一种简便且有效的设计概念，自主研制了正负压一体式无空气X射线光电子能谱（XPS）原位转移仓，用于空气敏感材料的XPS测试，利用单向密封柱实现不同工作需求下正负压两种模式的任意切换. 通过对空气敏感的金属Li片和CuCl粉末进行XPS分析表明，采用XPS原位转移仓正压和负压模式均可有效避免样品表面接触空气，保证测试结果准确可靠，而且采用正压密封方式转移样品可以提供更长的密封时效性. 研制的原位转移仓具有设计小巧、操作简便、成本低、密封效果好的特点，适合给有需求的用户开放使用.关键词：空气敏感；X射线光电子能谱；原位转移；正负压一体式中图分类号：O657; O641; TH842 文献标志码：B 文章编号：1006-3757（2023）01-0030-07 DOI：10.16495/j.1006-3757.2023.01.005Development and Research of Inert-Gas/Vacuum Sealing Air-Free In-Situ Transfer Module of X-Ray Photoelectron SpectroscopyZHANG Xiaoyu， ZHAO Zhijuan， YUAN Zhen， LIU Fen（Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China）Abstract：For the surface analysis of air sensitive materials, and from the sample preparation to characterization, it is necessary to provide a device that can protect samples from exposing to the atmosphere environment so as to obtain accurate and impactful data of the surface chemistry. Through the use of O-ring and one-way sealing, a simple and effective design concept has been demonstrated, and an inert-gas/vacuum sealing air-free X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) in-situ transfer module has been developed to realize the XPS analysis of air sensitive materials. The design of one-way sealing was achieved conveniently by switching between inert-gas and vacuum sealing modes in face of different working requirements. The XPS analysis of air-sensitive metal Li sheets and CuCl powders showed that both the sealing modes (an inert-gas/vacuum sealing) of the XPS in-situ transfer module can effectively avoid air contact on the sample surface, and consequently, can ensure the accuracy and reliability of XPS data. Furthmore, the inert gas sealing mode can keep the sample air-free for a longer time. The homemade XPS in-situ transfer module in this work is characterized by a compact design, convenient operation, low cost and effective sealing, which is suitable for the open access to the users who need it.收稿日期：2022−12−07；　修订日期：2023−01−17.基金项目：中国科学院化学研究所仪器孵化项目[Instrument and Device Functional Developing Project of Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences]作者简介：章小余（1986−），女，硕士，工程师，主要研究方向为电子能谱技术及材料表面分析，E-mail：xyiuzhang@ .Key words：air-sensitive；X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy；in-situ transfer；inert-gas/vacuum sealingX射线光电子能谱（XPS）是一种表面灵敏的分析技术，通常用于固体材料表面元素组成和化学态分析[1]. 作为表面分析领域中最有效的方法之一，XPS广泛应用于纳米科学、微电子学、吸附与催化、环境科学、半导体、冶金和材料科学、能源电池及生物医学等诸多领域[2-3]. 其中在催化和能源电池材料分析中，有一些样品比较特殊，比如碱金属电池[4-6]、负载型纳米金属催化剂[7-8]和钙钛矿材料[9]对空气非常敏感，其表面形态和化学组成接触空气后会迅速发生改变，直接影响采集数据的准确性和有效性，因此这类样品的表面分析测试具有一定难度. 目前，常规的光电子能谱仪制样转移过程通常是在大气环境中，将样品固定在标准样品台上，随后放入仪器进样室内抽真空至1×10−6 Pa，再转入分析室内进行测试. 这种制备和进样方式无法避免样品接触大气环境，对于空气敏感材料，其表面很容易与水、氧发生化学反应，导致无法获得材料表面真实的结构信息.为了保证样品表面状态在转移至能谱仪内的过程中不受大气环境影响，研究人员采用了各种技术来保持样品转移过程中隔绝空气. 比如前处理及反应装置与电子能谱仪腔室间真空传输[10-12]、外接手套箱 [13-14]、商用转移仓[15-16]、真空蒸镀惰性金属比如Al层（1.5~6 nm）[17]等. 尽管上述技术手段有效，但也存在一些缺点，例如配套装置体积巨大、试验过程不易操作、投入成本高等，这都不利于在普通实验室内广泛应用. 而一些电子能谱仪器制造商根据自身仪器的特点也研发出了相应配套的商用真空传递仓，例如Thermofisher公司研发的一种XPS 真空转移仓，转移过程中样品处于微正压密封状态，但其价格昂贵，体积较大，转移过程必须通过手套箱大过渡舱辅助，导致传递效率低，单次需消耗至少10 L高纯氩气，因此购置使用者较少，利用率低.另外有一些国内公司也研发了类似的商品化气体保护原位传递仓，采用微正压方式密封转移样品，但需要在能谱仪器进样室舱门的法兰上外接磁耦合机械旋转推拉杆，其操作复杂且放置样品的有效区域小，单次仅可放置尺寸为3 mm×3 mm的样品3～4个，进样和测试效率较低. 因此，从2016年起本实验团队开始自主研制XPS原位样品转移装置[18]，经过结构与性能的迭代优化[19]，最终研制出一种正负压一体式无空气XPS原位转移仓[20]（本文简称XPS原位转移仓），具有结构小巧、操作便捷、成本低、密封效果好、正压和负压密封两种模式转移样品的特点. 为验证装置的密封时效性能，本工作选取两种典型的空气敏感材料进行测试，一种是金属Li材料，其化学性质非常活泼，遇空气后表面迅速与空气中的O2、N2、S等反应导致表面化学状态改变. 另一种是无水CuCl粉末，其在空气中放置短时间内易发生水解和氧化. 试验结果表明，该XPS 原位转移仓对不同类型的空气敏感样品的无空气转移均可以提供更便捷有效的密封保护. 目前，XPS原位转移仓已在多个科研单位的实验室推广使用，支撑应用涉及吸附与催化、能源环境等研究领域.1　试验部分1.1　XPS原位转移仓的研制基于本实验室ESCALAB 250Xi型多功能光电子能谱仪器（Thermofisher 公司）的特点，研究人员设计了XPS原位转移仓. 为兼顾各个部件强度、精度与轻量化的要求，所有部件均采用钛合金材料.该装置从整体结构上分为样品台、密封罩和紧固挡板三个部件，如图1（a）~（c）所示. 在密封罩内部通过单向密封设计[图1（e）]使得XPS原位转移仓实现正负压一体，实际操作中可通过调节密封罩上的螺帽完成两种模式任意切换. 同时，从图1（e）中可以直观看到，密封罩与样品台之间通过O圈密封，利用带有螺钉的紧固挡板将二者紧密固定. 此外，为确保样品台与密封罩对接方位正确，本设计使用定向槽定位样品台与密封罩位置，保证XPS原位转移仓顺利传接到仪器进样室.XPS原位转移仓使用的具体流程：在手套箱中将空气敏感样品粘贴至样品台上，利用紧固挡板使样品台和密封罩固定在一起，通过调节密封罩上的螺帽将样品所在区域密封为正压惰性气氛（压强为300 Pa、环境气氛与手套箱内相同）或者负压真空状态，其整体装配实物图如图1（d）所示. 该转移仓结构小巧，整体尺寸仅52 mm×58 mm×60 mm，可直接放入手套箱小过渡舱传递. 由于转移仓尺寸小，其第 1 期章小余，等：正负压一体式无空气X射线光电子能谱原位转移仓的开发及研制31原料成本大大缩减，整体造价不高. 转移仓送至能谱仪进样室后，配合样品停放台与进样杆的同时双向对接，将转移仓整体固定在进样室内，如图1（f ）所示. 此时关闭进样室舱门开始抽真空，当样品台与密封罩内外压强平衡后密封罩自动解除真空密封，但仍然处于O 圈密闭状态. 等待进样室真空抽至1×10−4Pa 后，使用能谱仪进样室的样品停放台摘除脱离的密封罩[如图1（g ）所示]，待真空抽至1×10−6Pa ，即可将样品送入分析室进行XPS 测试.整个试验过程操作便捷，实现了样品从手套箱转移至能谱仪内不接触大气环境.1.2　试验过程1.2.1　样品准备及转移试验所用手套箱是布劳恩惰性气体系统（上海）有限公司生产，型号为MB200MOD （1500/780）NAC ；金属Li 片购自中能锂业，纯度99.9%；CuCl 购自ALFA 公司，纯度99.999%.金属Li 片的制备及转移：将XPS 原位转移仓整体通过手套箱过渡舱送入手套箱中，剪取金属Li 片用双面胶带固定于样品台上，分别采用正压、负压两种密封模式将XPS 原位转移仓整体从手套箱中取出，分别在空气中放置0、2、4、8、18、24、48、72 h 后送入能谱仪内，进行XPS 测试.CuCl 粉末的制备及转移：在手套箱中将CuCl 粉末压片[21]，使用上述同样的制备方法，将XPS 原位转移仓整体在空气中分别放置0、7、24、72 h 后送入能谱仪内，进行XPS 测试.1.2.2　样品转移方式介绍样品在手套箱中粘贴完成后，分别采用三种方式将其送入能谱仪. 第一种方式是在手套箱内使用标准样品台粘贴样品，将其装入自封袋密封，待能谱仪进样室舱门打开后，即刻打开封口袋送入仪器中开始抽真空等待测试，整个转移过程中样品暴露空气约15 s. 第二种方式是使用XPS 原位转移仓负压密封模式转移样品，具体操作步骤：利用紧固挡板将样品台和密封罩固定在一起，逆时针（OPEN ）旋动螺帽至顶部，放入手套箱过渡舱并将其抽为真空，此过程中样品所在区域也抽至负压. 取出整体装置后再顺时针（CLOSE ）旋动螺帽至底部，将样品所在区域进一步锁死密封. 样品在负压环境中转移至XPS 实验室，拆卸掉紧固挡板，随即送入能谱仪进样室内. 第三种方式是使用XPS 原位转移仓正压密封模式转移样品，具体操作步骤：利用紧固挡板将样品台和密封罩固定在一起，顺时针（CLOSE ）旋螺帽抽气管限位板单向密封柱密封罩主体O 圈样品台紧固挡板(e) 密封罩对接停放台机械手样品台对接进样杆(a)(b)(c)(d)(g)图1　正负压一体式无空气XPS 原位转移仓系统装置（a ）样品台，（b ）密封罩，（c ）紧固挡板，（d ）整体装配实物图，（e ）整体装置分解示意图，（f ）样品台与密封罩在进样室内对接完成，（g ）样品台与密封罩在进样室内分离Fig. 1　System device of inert-gas/vacuum sealing air-free XPS in-situ transfer module32分析测试技术与仪器第 29 卷动螺帽至底部，此时样品所在区域密封为正压惰性气氛. 直至样品转移至XPS 实验室，再使用配套真空抽气系统（如图2所示），通过抽气管将样品所在区域迅速抽为负压，拆卸掉紧固挡板，随即送入能谱仪进样室内.图2　能谱仪实验室内配套真空抽气系统Fig. 2　Vacuum pumping system in XPSlaboratory1.2.3　XPS 分析测试试验所用仪器为Thermo Fisher Scientific 公司的ESCALAB 250Xi 型多功能X 射线光电子能谱仪，仪器分析室基础真空为1×10−7Pa ，X 射线激发源为单色化Al 靶（Alk α，1 486.6 eV ），功率150 W ，高分辨谱图在30 eV 的通能及0.05 eV 的步长等测试条件下获得，并以烃类碳C 1s 为284.8 eV 的结合能为能量标准进行荷电校正.2　结果与讨论2.1　测试结果分析为了验证XPS 原位转移仓的密封性能，本文做了一系列的对照试验，选取空气敏感的金属Li 片和CuCl 粉末样品进行XPS 测试，分别采用上述三种方式转移样品，并考察了XPS 原位转移仓密封状态下在空气中放置不同时间后对样品测试结果的影响.2.1.1　负压密封模式下XPS 原位转移仓对金属Li片的密封时效性验证将金属Li 片通过两种（标准和负压密封）方式转移并在空气中放置不同时间，对这一系列样品进行XPS 测试，Li 1s 和C 1s 高分辨谱图结果如图3（a ）（b ）所示，试验所测得的Li 1s 半峰宽值如表1所列. 根据XPS 结果分析，金属Li 片采用标准样品台进样（封口袋密封），短暂暴露空气约15 s ，此时Li 1s 的半峰宽为1.62 eV. 而采用XPS 原位转移仓负压密封模式转移样品时，装置整体放置空气18 h 内，Li 1s 的半峰宽基本保持为（1.35±0.03） eV. 放置空气24 h 后，Li 1s 的半峰宽增加到与暴露空气15 s 的金属Li 片一样，说明此时原位转移仓的密封性能衰减，金属Li 片与渗入内部的空气发生反应生成新物质导致Li 1s 半峰宽变宽. 由图3（b ）中C 1s 高分辨谱图分析，结合能位于284.82 eV 的峰归属为C-C/污染C ，位于286.23 eV 的峰归属为C-OH/C-O-CBinding energy/eVI n t e n s i t y /a .u .Li 1s半峰宽增大暴露 15 s密封放置 24 h 密封放置 18 h 密封放置 8 h 密封放置 4 h 密封放置 0 h6058565452Binding energy/eVI n t e n s i t y /a .u .C 1s(a)(b)暴露 1 min 暴露 15 s 密封放置 24 h 密封放置 18 h 密封放置 0 h292290288284282286280图3　金属Li 片通过两种（标准和负压密封）方式转移并在空气中放置不同时间的（a ）Li 1s 和（b ）C 1s 高分辨谱图Fig. 3　High-resolution spectra of (a) Li 1s and (b) C 1s of Li sheet samples transferred by two methods (standard andvacuum sealings) and placed in air for different times第 1 期章小余，等：正负压一体式无空气X 射线光电子能谱原位转移仓的开发及研制33键，位于288.61~289.72 eV的峰归属为HCO3−/CO32−中的C[22]. 我们从C 1s的XPS谱图可以直观的看到，与空气短暂接触后，样品表面瞬间生成新的结构，随着暴露时间增加到1 min，副反应产物大量增加（HCO3−/CO32−）. 而XPS原位转移仓负压密封模式下在空气中放置18 h内，C结构基本不变，在空气中放置24 h后，C结构只有微小变化. 因此根据试验结果分析，对于空气极其敏感的材料，在负压密封模式下，建议XPS原位转移仓在空气中放置时间不要超过18 h. 这种模式适合对空气极其敏感样品的短距离转移.表 1 通过两种（标准和负压密封）方式转移并在空气中放置不同时间的Li 1s的半峰宽Table 1　Full width at half maxima (FWHM) of Li 1stransferred by two methods (standard and vacuum sealings) and placed in air for different times样品说明进样方式半峰宽/eV密封放置0 h XPS原位转移仓负压密封模式转移1.38密封放置2 h同上 1.39密封放置4 h同上 1.36密封放置8 h同上 1.32密封放置18 h同上 1.32密封放置24 h同上 1.62暴露15 s标准样品台进样（封口袋密封）1.622.1.2　正压密封模式下原位转移仓对金属Li片的密封时效性验证将金属Li片通过两种（标准和正压密封）方式转移并在空气中放置不同时间，对这一系列样品进行XPS测试，Li 1s高分辨谱图结果如图4所示，所测得的Li 1s半峰宽值如表2所列. 根据XPS结果分析，XPS原位转移仓正压密封后，在空气中放置72 h内，Li 1s半峰宽基本保持为（1.38±0.04） eV，说明有明显的密封效果，金属Li片仍然保持原有化学状态. 所以对于空气极其敏感的材料，在正压密封模式下，可至少在72 h内保持样品表面不发生化学态变化. 这种模式适合长时间远距离（可全国范围内）转移空气敏感样品.2.1.3　负压密封模式下XPS原位转移仓对空气敏感样品CuCl的密封时效性验证除了金属Li片样品，本文还继续考察XPS原位转移仓对空气敏感样品CuCl的密封时效性. 图5为CuCl粉末通过两种（标准和负压密封）方式转移并在空气中放置不同时间的Cu 2p高分辨谱图. XPS谱图中结合能[22]位于932.32 eV的峰归属为Cu+的Cu 2p3/2，位于935.25 eV的峰归属为Cu2+的Cu 2p3/2，此外，XPS谱图中位于940.00~947.50 eV 处的峰为Cu2+的震激伴峰，这些震激伴峰被认为是表 2 通过两种（标准和正压密封）方式转移并在空气中放置不同时间的Li 1s的半峰宽Table 2　FWHM of Li 1s transferred by two methods(standard and inert gas sealings) and placed in air fordifferent times样品说明进样方式半峰宽/eV 密封放置0 h XPS原位转移仓正压密封模式转移1.42密封放置2 h同上 1.35密封放置4 h同上 1.35密封放置8 h同上 1.34密封放置18 h同上 1.38密封放置24 h同上 1.39密封放置48 h同上 1.42密封放置72 h同上 1.38暴露15 s标准样品台进样（封口袋密封）1.62Binding energy/eVIntensity/a.u.Li 1s半峰宽比正压密封的宽半峰宽=1.62 eV半峰宽=1.38 eV暴露 15 s密封放置 72 h密封放置 48 h密封放置 24 h密封放置 18 h密封放置 0 h605856545250图4　金属Li片通过两种（标准和正压密封）方式转移并在空气中放置不同时间的Li 1s高分辨谱图Fig. 4　High-resolution spectra of Li 1s on Li sheet samples transferred by two methods (standard and inert gas sealings) and placed in air for different times34分析测试技术与仪器第 29 卷价壳层电子向激发态跃迁的终态效应所产生[23]，而在Cu +和Cu 0中则观察不到.根据XPS 结果分析，CuCl 在XPS 原位转移仓保护（负压密封）下，即使放置空气中72 h ，测得的Cu 2p 高分辨能谱图显示只有Cu +存在，说明CuCl 并未被氧化. 若无XPS 原位转移仓保护，CuCl 粉末放置空气中3 min 就发生了比较明显的氧化，从测得的Cu 2p 高分辨能谱图能够直观的看到Cu 2+及其震激伴峰的存在，并且随着放置时间增加到40 min ，其氧化程度也大大增加. 因此，对于空气敏感的无机材料、纳米催化剂和钙钛矿材料等，采用负压密封模式转移就可至少在72 h 内保持样品表面不发生化学态变化.3　结论本工作中自主研制的正负压一体式无空气XPS原位转移仓在空气敏感样品转移过程中可以有效隔绝空气，从而获得样品最真实的表面化学结构.试验者可根据样品情况和实验室条件选择转移模式，并在密封有效时间内将样品从实验室转移至能谱仪中完成测试. 综上所述，该XPS 原位转移仓是一种设计小巧、操作简便、密封性能优异、成本较低的样品无水无氧转移装置，因此非常适合广泛开放给有需求的试验者使用. 在原位和准原位表征技术被广泛用于助力新材料发展的现阶段，希望该设计理念能对仪器功能的开发和更多准原位表征测试的扩展提供一些启示.参考文献：黄惠忠. 论表面分析及其在材料研究中的应用[M ].北京: 科学技术文献出版社, 2002: 16-18.［ 1 ］杨文超, 刘殿方, 高欣, 等. X 射线光电子能谱应用综述[J ]. 中国口岸科学技术，2022，4（2）：30-37.[YANG Wenchao, LIU Dianfang, GAO Xin, et al.TheapplicationofX -rayphotoelectronspectroscopy [J ]. China Port Science and Technology ，2022，4 （2）：30-37.]［ 2 ］郭沁林. X 射线光电子能谱[J ]. 物理，2007，36（5）：405-410. [GUO Qinlin. X -ray photoelectron spectro-scopy [J ]. Physics ，2007，36 （5）：405-410.]［ 3 ］Malmgren S, Ciosek K, Lindblad R, et al. Con-sequences of air exposure on the lithiated graphite SEI [J ]. Electrochimica Acta ，2013，105 ：83-91.［ 4 ］Zhang Y H, Chen S M, Chen Y, et al. Functional poly-ethylene glycol-based solid electrolytes with enhanced interfacial compatibility for room-temperature lithium metal batteries [J ]. Materials Chemistry Frontiers ，2021，5 （9）：3681-3691.［ 5 ］周逸凡, 杨慕紫, 佘峰权, 等. X 射线光电子能谱在固态锂离子电池界面研究中的应用[J ]. 物理学报，2021，70（17）：178801. [ZHOU Yifan, YANG Muzi,SHE Fengquan, et al. Application of X -ray photoelec-tron spectroscopy to study interfaces for solid-state lithium ion battery [J ]. Acta Physica Sinica ，2021，70（17）：178801.]［ 6 ］Huang J J, Song Y Y, Ma D D, et al. The effect of thesupport on the surface composition of PtCu alloy nanocatalysts: in situ XPS and HS-LEIS studies [J ].Chinese Journal of Catalysis ，2017，38 （7）：1229-1236.［ 7 ］Koley P, Shit S C, Sabri Y M, et al. Looking into moreeyes combining in situ spectroscopy in catalytic bio-fuel upgradation with composition-graded Ag-Co core-shell nanoalloys [J ]. ACS Sustainable Chemistry &Engineering ，2021，9 （10）：3750-3767.［ 8 ］Opitz A K, Nenning A, Rameshan C, et al. Enhancingelectrochemical water-splitting kinetics by polarization-driven formation of near-surface iron(0): an in situ XPS study on perovskite-type electrodes [J ]. Ange-wandte Chemie (International Ed in English)，2015，54（9）：2628-2632.［ 9 ］Czekaj I, Loviat F, Raimondi F, et al. Characterization［ 10 ］Binding energy/eVI n t e n s i t y /a .u .Cu 2pCu +Cu 2+暴露 3 min暴露 40 min 密封放置 7 h 密封放置 72 h 密封放置 24 h密封放置 0 h960950945935925955940930920图5　CuCl 粉末通过两种（标准和负压密封）方式转移并在空气中放置不同时间的Cu 2p 高分辨谱图Fig. 5　High-resolution spectra of Cu 2p on CuCl powder samples transferred by two methods (standard and vacuumsealings) and placed in air for different times第 1 期章小余，等：正负压一体式无空气X 射线光电子能谱原位转移仓的开发及研制35of surface processes at the Ni-based catalyst during the methanation of biomass-derived synthesis gas: X -ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)[J ]. Applied Cata-lysis A:General ，2007，329 ：68-78.Rutkowski M M, McNicholas K M, Zeng Z Q, et al.Design of an ultrahigh vacuum transfer mechanism to interconnect an oxide molecular beam epitaxy growth chamber and an X -ray photoemission spectroscopy analysis system [J ]. Review of Scientific Instruments ，2013，84 （6）：065105.［ 11 ］伊晓东, 郭建平, 孙海珍, 等. X 射线光电子能谱仪样品前处理装置的设计及应用[J ]. 分析仪器，2008（5）：8-11. [YI Xiaodong, GUO Jianping, SUN Haizhen, et al. Design of a sample pretreatment device for X -ray photoelectron spectrometer [J ]. Analytical Instrumentation ，2008 （5）：8-11.]［ 12 ］Aurbach D, Weissman I, Schechter A, et al. X -ray pho-toelectron spectroscopy studies of lithium surfaces pre-pared in several important electrolyte solutions. A comparison with previous studies by Fourier trans-form infrared spectroscopy [J ]. Langmuir ，1996，12（16）：3991-4007.［ 13 ］Światowska-Mrowiecka J, Maurice V, Zanna S, et al.XPS study of Li ion intercalation in V 2O 5 thin films prepared by thermal oxidation of vanadium metal [J ].Electrochimica Acta ，2007，52 （18）：5644-5653.［ 14 ］Weingarth D, Foelske-Schmitz A, Wokaun A, et al. Insitu electrochemical XPS study of the Pt/[BF 4]system [J ]. Electrochemistry Communications ，2011，13 （6）：619-622.［ 15 ］Schneider J D, Agocs D B, Prieto A L. Design of asample transfer holder to enable air-free X -ray photo-electron spectroscopy [J ]. Chemistry of Materials ，2020，32 （19）：8091-8096.［ 16 ］Karamurzov B S, Kochur A G, Misakova L B, et al.Calculation of the pure surface composition of the bin-ary alloy according to XPS data obtained after the al-loy surface contact with air [J ]. Journal of Structural Chemistry ，2015，56 （3）：576-581.［ 17 ］章小余, 赵志娟. 一种半原位XPS 样品转移装置: 中国, 201620925237.5[P ]. 2017-02-15.［ 18 ］章小余, 袁震, 赵志娟. 一种半原位X 射线光电子能谱分析仪的样品转移装置: 中国, 201720056623.X [P ]. 2017-12-08.［ 19 ］袁震, 章小余, 赵志娟. 一种样品转移装置及转移方法: 中国, 2011203822.1[P ]. 2022-03-01.［ 20 ］刘芬, 赵志娟, 邱丽美, 等. XPS 分析固体粉末时的样品制备法研究[J ]. 分析测试技术与仪器，2007，13（2）：107-109. [LIU Fen, ZHAO Zhijuan, QIU Limei, et al. Study of sample preparation method for XPS analysis of powdered samples [J ]. Analysis and Testing Technology and Instruments ，2007，13 （2）：107-109.]［ 21 ］Wagner C D, Riggs W M, Davis L E, et al. Handbookof X -ray photoelectron spectroscopy [M ]. 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sensme

sensmeSensMe: An Innovative Sensory TechnologyIntroductionIn today's modern world, technology has rapidly advanced and transformed various aspects of our lives. From smartphones to smart homes, there seems to be no limit to the possibilities that technology offers. One groundbreaking technology that has gained significant attention and has the potential to revolutionize the way we experience the world is SensMe. Developed by a team of dedicated researchers and engineers, SensMe integrates sensory technology into various devices, allowing users to interact with their surroundings in ways they never thought possible. In this document, we delve deeper into the concept of SensMe, exploring its features, applications, and potential impacts on various industries.What is SensMe?SensMe is a cutting-edge technology that enhances our sensory perception, enabling us to perceive and respond to our environment in new and exciting ways. It utilizes acombination of sensors and algorithms to collect and interpret data from our surroundings, transforming it into a comprehensive sensory experience. These sensors can detect a wide range of stimuli such as temperature, humidity, light, sound, and even more sophisticated inputs like facial expressions and gestures.How Does SensMe Work?At the core of SensMe lies a highly sophisticated algorithm that processes the data collected from the sensors. This algorithm analyzes and interprets the sensory inputs, generating meaningful content and responses tailored to the user's preferences. For example, SensMe can detect the user's mood through facial expressions and suggest appropriate music playlists to enhance their emotional state. Similarly, it can adjust lighting and temperature settings in a room based on the detected occupancy and environmental conditions, providing a comfortable and personalized experience.Applications of SensMeSensMe has wide-ranging applications across various industries. In the healthcare sector, SensMe can assist medical professionals in monitoring patients' vital signs in real-time,ensuring timely intervention in case of emergencies. In the automotive industry, SensMe can enhance the driving experience by dynamically adjusting the vehicle's settings based on the driver's preferences and environmental conditions. Additionally, SensMe can revolutionize the gaming industry by enabling more immersive and interactive gameplay, where the user's movements and gestures directly influence the virtual world.Impacts on IndustriesWith the integration of SensMe technology, industries are poised for significant transformations. In the retail sector, SensMe can revolutionize the shopping experience by personalizing recommendations based on the user's preferences and physiological state. For instance, when a shopper is browsing through a clothing store, SensMe can detect their body temperature and suggest suitable clothing options for the weather conditions. This level of personalization not only enhances customer satisfaction and loyalty but also opens up new revenue streams for businesses.In the entertainment industry, SensMe can amplify the user's experience by creating multisensory experiences. For example, while watching a movie, SensMe can synchronize the lighting, sound, and vibration patterns in a room to match the scenes,immersing the viewer in the movie's atmosphere. This level of immersion enhances the emotional impact of the content, making the entertainment experience more memorable and engaging.ConclusionSensMe is a monumental breakthrough in sensory technology that has the potential to reshape the way we experience the world. By harnessing the power of sensors and algorithms, SensMe offers a vast range of applications across industries, from healthcare to entertainment. As this technology continues to evolve, it will undoubtedly unlock new possibilities, allowing us to further enrich our daily lives and interactions with the world around us. SensMe opens the door to a future where our senses seamlessly merge with technology, creating a more personalized, interactive, and immersive reality.。

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Media PartnerPhotonics Europe 2008 · /pe · info@ · TEL: +44 29 2089 4747 12 Photonics Europe 2008 · /pe · info@ · TEL: +44 29 2089 4747SPIE Europe thanks the following sponsorsfor their generous supportAttendee Pens Stand #511www.micos.wsCoffee Breaks Stand #420www.klastech.deConference Bags Stand #Exhibitor Lounge Stand #Lanyards Stand #Pastries Stand #511www.micos.wsVertical Banner Stand #231www.hamamatsu.frExhibitor list as of 3 March 2008.AMA Association for Sensor Technology. . . . #209A.T. 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(LZH). . . . . . . . #505LEONI Fiber Optics GmbH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #406Leukos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #123LINOS Photonics France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #307Lovalite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #121Lumera Laser GmbH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #310Lumerical Solutions, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #121M.C.S.E.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #128Mad City Labs, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #214Materials Today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #435Menlo Systems GmbH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #517Exhibitor ListPhotonics Europe 2008 · /pe · info@ · TEL: +44 29 2089 47473T Advertiser Index Alcatel Thales III-V Lab. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 11CVI Melles Griot Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cover 4ET Enterprises Ltd.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 23EPIC—European Photonics Industry Consortium . . . . . . p. 13KLASTECH—Karpushko Laser Technologies . . . . . . . . . p. 19LINOS Photonics France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 17Photoniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 5RSoft Design Group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cover 2Space Light srl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 21Exhibition Floor PlanMesse Stuttgart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #524MICOS GmbH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #511Nature Publishing Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #208NEMO (Network of Excellence onMicro-Optics). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #217New Focus, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #317Newport Spectra-Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #205NEYCO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #212NIL Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #125NP Photonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #501Nufern. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #428NuSil Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #525Ocean Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #110OLLA Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #429Omega Optical, Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #107OpTIC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #333Optics & Laser Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #312Optics Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #527OptiGrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #510Optima Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #131OptoIndex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #531Opton Laser International. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #130Optronis GmbH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #216OXXIUS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #304Phoenix BV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #315Photon Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #204Photonex 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #527Photonic Cleaning Technologies . . . . . . . . . . #421Photonics 4 Life - Network of Excellence . . . #427Photonics Spectra - Laurin Publishing. . . . . . #100Photonik Zentrum Hessen in Wetzlar AG. . . . #222Physik Instrumente (PI) GmbH & Co.. . . . . . . #308Point Source. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #113Quantel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #305Raicol Crystals Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #206Rhenaphotonics Alsace . . . . . #533, 535, 537, 539Royal Society of Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #541RSoft Design Group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #320RSP Technology BV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #424Santec Europe Ltd.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #409Scientec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #412SEDI Fibres Optiques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #313SEMELAB PLC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #109Sill Optics GmbH & Co., KG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . #221SIOF-Italian Society of Optics and Photonics #516Space Light srl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #518Spectroscopy Magazine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #433SphereOptics GmbH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #504Spiricon GmbH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #419Springer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #211Stanford Computer Optics GmbH . . . . . . . . #114bTaylor & Francis - Contemporary Physics . . . #528Taylor & Francis - Fiber and Integrated Optics #528Taylor & Francis - Informa UK Ltd.. . . . . . . . . #528Taylor & Francis - International Journal ofOptomechatronics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #528Taylor & Francis - Journal of Modern Optics . #528THALES Laser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #506The Institution of Engineering andTechnology (IET) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #425Thorlabs GmbH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #517TSP Diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #417UCM AG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #116Unice E-O Services Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #422Universal Photonics, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #207VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. . . #129Wiley-VCH GmbH & Co. KGaA . . . . . . . . . . . #523Xiton Photonics GmbH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #501XLITH GmbH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #432Yole Développement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #225ZODIAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #322Photonics Europe 2008 · /pe · info@ · TEL: +44 29 2089 4747 5The French magazine specializing in Optics-Photonics Photoniques :the magazine of theFrench Optical CommunityPhotoniques,magazine of the French OpticalSociety,establishes links and partnerships betweenall the entities working in Optics-Photonics :at national level with AFOP (French ManufacturersAssociation in Optics and Photonics)and in eachregion of France.Photoniques :The source of information for all the professionals in thefield of Optics-Photonics in France.In each issue :industry news,technical articles written by specialists,new products…A useful and efficient circulation :7500copiesAfter 7years of existence,cooperation and networking withthe specialists of the optic world in France,Photoniques hasbuilt a large qualified database of potential users :researchers,technicians,engineers and managers,fromindustry such as communications,industrial vision,lasers,test and measurements,imaging/displays…Are you interested in the French optics and photonics markets?Photoniques is your partner!How to keep you informed about Optics-Photonics in France?Become a Photoniques reader!123For additionnal information,contact:Olga Sortais :+33134042144o.sortais@ to request an issue of Photoniques and a media kit6 Photonics Europe 2008 · /pe · info@ · TEL: +44 29 2089 4747As a new addition to Photonics Europe, the Industry PerspectivesProgramme will provide a series of executive brieﬁ ngs coveringkey technologies and sectors.Come hear key members of Europe’s photonics industrydiscuss their successes, future plans and the way in which theyintend to maximize their market penetration and growth. Hearreviews of the European Innovation landscape highlightinggeographical areas of strengths in areas such as business R&D,knowledge transfer and demonstrate the outcomes from recentsuccessful European-funded industry programmes.Industry Perspectives Programme Included with Conference registration.Individual Sessions can be purchased at the Cashier. Individual sessions, €100. The sessions will deliver a strategic perspective into each application area, allowing you to uncover and confirm the future prospects for your business. Benchmark your aspirations for your business and technology against some of Europe’s leading companies and engage with them as a potential supplier or partner. You will hear presentations from Philips, Audi, PCO, Coherent Scotland, GlaxoSmithKline, Carl Zeiss, Yole Development, Koheras and Fraunhofer on their successes and strategic priorities. Tuesday 8 April Morning SessionPhotovoltaics10.15 to 10.45 hrs.Photovoltaics - Market and Technology TrendsGaëtan Rull, Market Analyst for New Energy Technologies,Yole Développement 10.45 to 11.15 hrs.High Throughput Manufacturing for BulkHeterojunction PVsMarkus Scharber, Head of Materials Group, Konarka 11.15 to 11.45 hrs.Managing JGrowth in the Production of Thin Films(To be conﬁ rmed.)Dr. Immo Kotschau, Director of Research and Development,Centrotherm GmbH 11.45 to 12.30 hrs.End to End Mass Production of Silicon Thin FilmModulesDetlev Koch, Head of BU Solar Thin Films & Senior Vice President,O C Oerlikon Balzers AG Break – 12.30 to 14.00 hrs.Afternoon SessionMEMS/MOEMS14.00 to 14.30 hrs.Market Trends and Technical Advances in M(O)EMSDr. Eric Mounier, Manager for MEMS & Optoelectronics andMicronews Chief Editor, Yole Développement14.30 to 15.00 hrs.Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Polymers (ORMOCER) forOptical InterconnectsDr. Michael Popall, Head of Microsystems and Portable PowerSupply, Fraunhofer ISC15.00 to 15.30 hrs.Future MOEMS and Photonic MicrosystemsDr. Thomas Hessler, Director Axetris, Leister Process Technologies15.30 to 16.15 hrs.Innovations in MOEMS product developmentProf. Hubert Karl, Director, Fraunhofer IPMSWednesday 9 AprilMorning Session Multimedia, Displays and Lighting 10.15 to 10.45 hrs.Plasmonics for Photonics: Challenges and Opportunities Ross Stanley, Section Head: MOEMS & Nanophotonics, CSEM 10.45 to 11.15 hrs.Photonic Microsystems for Displays Edward Buckley, VP Business Development, Light Blue Optics Ltd.11.15 to 11.45 hrs.Matrix-Beam – the antiglaring LED-high beam Benjamin Hummel, Research for Concept Lighting T echnologies, Audi 11.45 to 12.30 hrs.High Brightness OLEDs for Next Generation LightingPeter Visser, Project Manager, OLLA Project, The Netherlands Break –12.30 to 14.00 hrs.Photonics Europe 2008 · /pe · info@ · TEL: +44 29 2089 4747 7Thursday 10 AprilMorning SessionImaging10.15 to 10.45 hrs.High Resolution Imaging detectors for invisiblelight –Development and IndustrialisationHans Hentzell, CEO, Acreo10.45 to 11.15 hrs.(Presentation to be conﬁ rmed.)11.15 to 11.45 hrs.Raman Spectroscopy, Raman Imaging and FutureTrendsSopie Morel, Sales Manager, Molecular & Microanalysis Division,HORIBA Jobin Yvon 11.45 to 12.30 hrs.World Markets for Lasers and Their Application Steve Anderson, Associate Publisher/Editor-in-Chief,Laser Focus World Break – 12.30 to 14.00 hrs. Afternoon SessionBiomedical and Healthcare Photonics 14.00 to 14.30 hrs.Photonic Systems for Biotechnology Research Karin Schuetze, Director of R&D, Carl Zeiss Microimaging 14.30 to 15.00 hrs.Photonics 4 Life Prof. Jeürgen Popp, Director, IPHT Germany 15.00 to 15.30 ser System Development for Biophotonics Chris Dorman, Managing Director, Coherent Scotland15.30 to 16.15 hrs.Supercontinuum Light - a paradigm shift in lasersources for biophotonicsJakob Dahlgren Skov, CEO, Koheras Husain Imam, Business Development Manager, Koheras Industrial Perspectives ProgrammeWednesday 9 April Afternoon Session OPERA 2015: European Photonics - Corporate and Research Landscape 13.30 to 13.45 hrs.Optics and Photonics in the 7th Framework ProgrammeGustav Kalbe, Head of Sector - Photonics, Information Society andMedia, Directorate General, European Commission 13.45 to 14.00 hrs.OPERA 2015: Aims, Results and link to Photonics 21Markus Wilkens, VDI 14.00 to 14.20 hrs.European Photonics Industry Landscape Bart Snijders, TNO 14.20 to 14.40 hrs.European Photonics Research Landscape Marie-Joëlle Antoine, Optics Valley 14.40 to 15.00 hrs.Resources for Photonics Development Peter Van Daele, IMEC Break – 15.00 to 15.15 hrs. 15.15 to 15.35 hrs.Towards the Future on Optics and Photonics ResearchDr. Eugene Arthurs, SPIE Europe (UK)15.35 to 16.15 hrs.Strategic Opportunities for R&D in EuropeMike Wale, Bookham, UK16.15 to 16.45 hrs.A Sustainable Business Model for Optics andPhotonicsDavid Pointer, Managing Director, Point Source (Pending)16.45 to 17.15 hrs.Final Open DiscussionChaired by: Gustav Kalbe, Head of Sector - Photonics, InformationSociety and Media, Directorate General, European Commission8Photonics Europe 2008 · /pe · info@ · TEL: +44 29 2089 4747Photonics Innovation Village Tuesday to Thursday during Exhibition HoursThe Photonics Innovation Village will showcase the latest projects and breakthroughs from optics-photonics researchers at universities, research centres and start-up companies. This is a great opportunity to see how EU R&D and project funds are being used by some of the great young innovators in Europe.A window on creative products developed by universities and research centres. Under the patronage of the European Commission, ﬁ fteen entrants from across Europe complete to win categories ranging from Best Marketability to Best Design, Best Technology, and Best Overall Product.Low power remote sensing system Y. A. Polkanov, Russia (Individual work)New approach is based on use of a low-power radiation source with speciﬁ ed gating, when time of source radiation interruption is equal to a pulse duration of ordinary lidar. We propose to reconstruct the average values of these characteristics over the parts commensurable with the sounding path length. As scanning systems is offered with speed of circular scanning is determined by time of small linear moving of a laser beam. It allows to predict a reduction of the meteorological situation stability from an anticipatory change of the revealed structure character of optical heterogeneities of a atmosphere ground layer atmosphere.Point of care sensor for non-invasive multi-parameter diagnostics of blood biochemistry Belarusian State University, Belarus; Ruhr-Universität-Bochum, Germany; Second Clinical Hospital, Belarus Compact ﬁ bre optical and thermal sensor for noninvasive measurement of blood biochemistry including glucose, hemoglobin and its derivatives concentrations is developed as a prototype of the point-of-care diagnosticdevices for cardiologic, tumour and diabetic patients. Integrated platform for data acquisition, data processing and communication to remote networks has been developed on the pocket PC.Polarization-holographic gratings and devices on their basisLaboratory of Holographic Recording & Processing of Information, Institute of Cybernetics, GeorgiaWe have developed the technology of obtaining of polarization-holographic gratings that have anisotropic proﬁ le continuously changing within each spatial period and also the technology of obtaining of polarization-holographic elements on the basis of such gratings. Special highly effective polarization-sensitive materials developed by us are used for obtaining such gratings and elements. We can present samples of gratings and elements and give a demonstration of their work.Ultra-miniature omni-view camera moduleImage Sensing group of the Photonics Division of CSEM (Centre Suisse d’Electronique et de Microtechnique), SwitzerlandA live demonstration with a working prototype of a highly integrated ultra-miniature camera module with omni-directional view dedicated to autonomous micro ﬂ ying devices is presented.Femtosecond-pulse ﬁ bre laser for microsurgery and marking applicationsMultitel, BelgiumMultitel presents a new prototype of an all-ﬁ bred femtosecond ampliﬁ ed laser. The device has been speciﬁ cally developed for micromachining and microsurgery applications and operates at 1.55µm, which corresponds to a high absorption peak of water (molecule contained in large quantity in living tissue and cells). Since no free-space optics is used for pulse compression or ampliﬁ cation the prototype is compact and very stable. Moreover, the seed laser source has a high repetition rate therefore enabling multiphoton absorption applications and use in multi-pulse and burst modes.Flexible artiﬁ cial optical robotic skinsDepartment of Applied Physics and Photonics (VUB-TONA) and Robotics & Multibody Mechanics Research Group (VUB-R&MM) of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium; Thin Film Components Group (UG-TFCG) and Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group (UG-PBM) of the Universiteit Gent, BelgiumWe will present a paradigm shifting application for optical ﬁ bre sensors in the domain of robotics. We propose ﬁ bre B ragg gratings (FB Gs) written in highly-birefringent microstructured optical ﬁ bres integrated in a ﬂ exible skin-like foil to provide a touch capability to a social pet-type robot for hospitalized children named “Probo”. The touch information is complementary to vision analysis and audio analysis and will be used to detect where Probo is being touched and to differentiate between different types of affective touches such as tickling, poking, slapping, petting, etc.Co-Sponsored by: Location: Galleri de Marbre Under the patronage of the European Commission, Photonics Unit Join us for the Photonics Innovation Village Awards 2008 which will take place on Wednesday, 9th April 2008, from 17.00 hrs. in the Galerie de Marbre.3D tomographic microscopeLauer Technologies, FranceThe 3D tomographic microscope generates 3D high-resolution images of non-marked samples. The demonstration will show 3D manipulation of images obtained with this microscope.Polar nephelometerInstitute of Atmospheric Optics of Tomsk, RussiaMaterial comprising a matrix, apatite and at least one europium composite compound with particle medium sizes more 4-5 micron. The composition for the production of the material comprises (wt. %) apatite 0.01-10.0; composite compound. 0.01-10.0, and the balance is a matrix-forming agent, such as a polymer, a ﬁbre, a glass-forming composition, or lacquer/adhesive-forming substance.High speed Stokes portable polarimeterMIPS Laboratory of the Haute Alsace University, FranceThe implementation of an imaging polarimeter able to capture dynamic scenes is presented. Our prototype is designed to work at visible wavelengths and to operate at high-speed (a 360 Hz framerate was obtained), contrary to commercial or laboratory liquid crystal polarimeters previously reported. It has been used in the laboratory as well as in a natural environment with natural light. The device consists of commercial components whose cost is moderate. The polarizing element is based on a ferroelectric liquid crystal modulator which acts as a half-wave plate at its design wavelength.Diffractive/refractive endoscopic UV-imaging system Institut für Technische Optik (ITO) of the University of Stuttgart, GermanyWe present a new optical system with an outstanding high performance despite of demanding boundary conditions of endoscopic imaging to enable minimal invasive laser-based measurement techniques. For this purpose the system provides a high lens speed of about 10 times the value of a conventional UV-endoscope, a multiple broad band chromatic correction and small-diameter but wide-angle access optics. This was realized with a new design concept including unconventional, i.e. diffractive components. An application are UV-LIF-measurements on close-to-production engines to speed up the optimization of the combustion and produce aggregates with less fuel consumption and exhaust gases like CO2.Light-converting materials and composition: polyethylene ﬁ lm for greenhouses, masterbatch, textile, sunscreen and aerosolUsefulsun Oy, Finland; Institute Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics Russian Academy of Sciences, RussiaThe composition for the production of the material comprises (wt. % ) composite compound (inorganic photoluminophore particles with sizes 10-800nm) -0.01-10.0; coordination compound of metal E (the product of transformation of europium, samarium, terbium or gadolinium ) - 0,0-10,0 and the balance is a matrix-forming agent, such as, a polymer, a ﬁ ber, a glass-forming composition or gel, aerosol, lacquer/adhesive-forming substance. The present invention relates to composite materials, in particular to light-converting materials used in agriculture, medicine, biotechnology and light industry.HIPOLAS - a compact and robust laser sourceCTR AG (Carinthian Tech Research AG), AustriaThe prototype covers a robust, compact and powerful laser ignition source for reciprocating gas and petrol engines that could be mounted directly on the cylinder.We have developed a diode pumped solid-state laser with a monolithic Neodymium YAG resonator core. A ring of 12 high power laser diodes pumps the resonator. Due to the adjustment-free design, the laser is intrinsically robust to environmental vibrations and temperature conditions. With overall dimensions of Æ 50 x 70 mm the laser head is small enough to be ﬁ tted at the standard spark plug location on the cylinder head. The dimensions can be reduced for future prototypes. OLLA OLED lighting tile demonstratorOLLA project-consortiumOLED technology is not only a display technology but also suited for lighting purposes. The OLLA project has the goal to demonstrate viability of OLED technology for general lighting applications. The demonstrator tile shown here combines the current results of the project : a large sized (15x15cm2) white OLED stack with high efﬁ cacy (up to 50 lm/W), combined with long lifetime (>10.000 hours).During Photonics Europe, we will show several OLEDs tiles in different colors. The demonstrators are made by the OLLA project-consortium members. The large OLED demonstrator tile was fabricated on the inline tool at Fraunhofer IPMS in Dresden.Analyze-IQNanoscale Biophotonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry,and Machine Learning / Data Mining Group, Department ofInformation Technology, National University of Ireland, Galway, IrelandAnalyze-IQ is the next generation spectral analysis software tool for optical and molecular spectroscopies such as Raman, Mid-IR, NIR, and Fluorescence. The Analyze-IQ software is based on patented machine-learning algorithms and a model based approach in which the software learns to recognise the relevant information in complex mixtures from sample spectra. It then uses these models to rapidly and accurately identify or quantify unknown materials such as narcotics and explosives, in complex mixtures commonly found in law-enforcement and industrial applications.Micro-optical detection unit for lab-on-a-chipDepartment of Applied Physics and Photonics (VUB-TONA) of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, BelgiumWe present a detection unit for ﬂ uorescence and UV-VIS absorbance analysis in capillaries, which can be used for chromatography. By usinga micro-fabrication technology (Deep Proton Writing) the optics aredirectly aligned onto the micro-ﬂ uidic channel. This integration enables the development of portable and ultimately disposable lab-on-a-chip systems for point-of-care diagnosis. We will explain the working principle of our detection system in a proof-of-concept demonstration set-up while focusing on some speciﬁ c applications of micro-ﬂ uidics in low-cost lab-on-a-chip systems.Photonics Innovation Village。

基于Leap Motion的沉浸式体感交互系统研究

文章编号:1007-757X(2021)02-0008-04基于Leap Motion的沉浸式体感交互系统研究朱惠娟，王军！朱俊(南京理工大学紫金学院计算机学院，江苏南京210046)摘要：Leap Motion是采用双目视觉原理来对手部进行距离的精准测量的体感交互设备，因此常被用作交互式沉浸系统的开发"以Leap Motion传感器为手势识别设备，采用TBD(Track-Before-Detect检测前跟踪)技术对手部进行追踪，根据两个摄像机进行深度成像，从而提取人体手部各关节点的深度信息并建立手部立体模型"最后，通过Cinema4D创建虚拟环境仿真要素，与Unity3D结合实现商用沉浸式艺术展示的效果"经试验证实该系统可通过手势交互实现较好的沉浸感，表明了该系统实现方法的实用性和有效性°关键词：Leap Motion；体感交互；虚拟现实；沉浸体验中图分类号：TP391文献标志码：AResearch on Immersive Somatosensory In t eract i o n Sys t em Based on Leap Mo t i onZHU Huijuan,WANG Jun,ZHU Jun(Computer College,Nanjing University of Science and Technology Zijin College,Nanjing210046,China) Abstract:Leap Motion is a somatosensory interactive device that uses binocular vision principle to accurately measure the dis-anceofthehand.Therefore!itisoftenusedforthedevelopmentofinteractiveimmersionsystem.TheLeap Motionsensoris usedasgesturerecognitiondevice.ByusingLeap Motionsensorasagesturerecognitiondevice!TBD(trackbeforedetect) technologyisusedtotrackthehand!andtwocamerasareusedfordepthimaging!soastoextractthedepthinformationof each joint point of human hand and establish a three-dimensional model of hand.Finally,Cinema4D is used to create virtual en-vironmentsimulationelements!combined with Unity3Dtoachievetheefectofcommercialimmersiveartdisplay.Theexperi-mental results show that the system can achieve be ter immersion through gesture interaction!which shows the practicability andefectivenessofthesystem.Key words:Leap Motion；somatosensory interaction；virtual reality；immersive experience0引言我国对于体感交互技术的相关研究主要开始于《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要(2010-2020年)》和《教育信息化十年发展规划(2011-2020年)》掀起的技术、应用和教育信息化理论三方面的研究浪潮&2011年胡赢⑴在文中提到“所谓的，体感交互，就是指'使用者通过人体姿态来控制计算机在教育领域，李青和王青提出“体感交互技术在教学中可作为教学工具，将体感和白板结合，可以扩展电子白板的功能2同时与现有教学形式相结合，推出情景化教学、个别化学习及游戏化学习等教习方式，极大地提升孩子的学习兴趣。

湖北省武汉市华中师范大学第一附属中学2023-2024学年高二下学期4月期中英语试题

湖北省武汉市华中师范大学第一附属中学2023-2024学年高二下学期4月期中英语试题学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、阅读理解FOOTLOOSE FUNThe Isle of Wight Walking Festival is celebrating its 25th anniversary this year — and a number of similar events are taking place across the UK as the weather warms up.BEST FOR ISLANDSIsle of Wight Walking FestivalThis festival celebrates its 25th anniversary in 2024, with an event in spring and another in autumn. Book onto the spring session to see the island’s natural world beginning to stir — guided walks take participants in search of red squirrels, passing through bluebell (风铃草) woods, wading the shallows on a seagrass harvesting project and exploring the steep, splendid scenery of West Wight. 11-19 May.BEST FOR MOUNTAINSArran Mountain FestivalAnyone wishing to dip their toe into Scottish mountaineering should head to the Isle of Arran: not only are its hills said to represent the Highlands in mini size, but it also hosts the Arran Mountain Festival, with a programme of walks for multiple abilities. Head up Goatfell — the island’s highest point (874m) — or cross the A’Chir ridge, with vertical drops below. 17-20 May.BEST FOR EASY W ALKSSuffolk Walking FestivalIf the contours (等高线) of Wales, the English Lakes or the Scottish Highlands seem too hard, head to the more kindly slopes of Suffolk for this walking festival. Close to 60 guided walks explore this famously flat county, ranging from wanders beside the North Sea coast at mysterious Orford Ness to strolls amid the more picturesque landscapes of Dedham Vale. 11-26 May. 1．What makes Isle of Wight Walking Festival special?A．Location.B．Arrangement.C．Bio-diversity.D．Culture.2．What do readers know about Arran Mountain Festival?A．It offers some water sports.B．It will last for more than a week.C．It is famous for flat walking routes.D．It’s friendly for hikers of various abilities.3．Who is this passage mainly written for?A．An extreme athlete willing to challenge himself.B．A college researcher studying British geography.C．A tourist thinking of a hiking experience in UK.D．A businessman investing in UK’s tourist industry.For Mother’s Day I asked for one thing: a house cleaning service. Bathrooms and floors specifically, windows if the extra expense was reasonable. The gift, for me, was not so much in the cleaning itself but the fact that for once I would not be in charge of the household office work. I would not have to make the calls, get multiple quotes (报价), research and compare each service, arrange payment and schedule the appointment. The real gift I wanted was to be relieved of the emotional labor of a single task that had been nagging (唠叨) at the back of my mind. The clean house would simply be a bonus.My husband waited for me to change my mind to an “easier” gift than housecleaning, something he could one-click order on Amazon. Disappointed by my unwavering desire, the day before Mother’s Day he called a single service, decided they were too expensive, and promised to clean the bathrooms himself. He still gave me the choice, of course. He told me the high dollar amount of completing the cleaning services I requested (since I control the budget) and asked repeatedly if I still wanted him to book it.What I wanted was for him to ask friends on Facebook for a recommendation, call four or five more services, do the emotional labor I would have done if the job had fallen to me. I had wanted to hire out deep cleaning for a while, especially since my freelance (自由职业的) work had picked up considerably. The reason I hadn’t done it yet was part guilt over not doing my housework, and an even larger part of not wanting to deal with the work of hiring a service. I knew exactly how exhausting it was going to be. That’s why I asked my husband to do it as a gift.But, I was gifted a necklace for Mother’s Day while my husband stole away to deep sweep the bathrooms, leaving me to tend to our children as the rest of the house fell into total mess…4．Why did the author request a housecleaning service for Mother’s Day?A．To reduce her husband’s financial burden.B．To force her husband to do some housework.C．To treat herself to a break from household chores.D．To experience a pricy service for a special occasion.5．What does the underlined word “unwavering” in the 2nd paragraph mean?A．Unyielding.B．Undemanding.C．Unbearable.D．Unreasonable. 6．What did the author’s husband decide to do the day before Mother’s Day?A．He arranged for the service as a gift.B．He searched relevant information online.C．He determined to clean the bathroom himself.D．He purchased a necklace instead as an apology.7．How did the author feel about her husband’s final solution?A．She felt completely satisfied with it.B．She felt being ignored with her real needs.C．She was relieved to see her problem solved.D．She was disappointed but tried to understand him.One long gray ship at the Port of Los Angeles is doing its part to combat climate change. On the ship, which belongs to Captura, a Los Angeles-based startup, is a system that takes into seawater and sucks out CO2, which can be used for various purposes or buried. The decarbonated (不含二氧化碳的) seawater is returned to the ocean, where it absorbs more CO2from the atmosphere, in a small strike against the massive rise of the greenhouse gas.After a yearlong experiment, Captura is planning to open a 1000-ton-per-year facility that will bury the captured CO2in rock formations under the North Sea. Equatic, another Los Angeles-based startup, is launching an even larger 3650-ton-per-year ocean CO2 capture plant this year in Singapore.Supporters say capturing CO2from the ocean should be easier and cheaper than aseemingly more direct approach: extracting it directly from the air. Direct air capture, which relies on fans to sweep air past absorbent chemicals, currently costs between $600 to $1000 per ton of CO2 removed, largely because atmospheric CO2 is so thin, making up less than 0.05% of the air. Earth’s oceans, in contrast, hold the gas at a concentration nearly 150 times higher, and absorb roughly 30% of all CO2emissions each year. Companies say they should ultimately be able to capture CO2 at $100 per ton, or less.Ocean capture advocates are seeking government support. In the US, direct air capture plants earn a $180 tax credit per ton of removed CO2, but Ocean efforts currently don’t qualify. “A similar tax incentive (激励政策) for water-based CO2 removal is absolutely needed,” says Ruben Brands, CEO of Equatic.Even if the technology takes off, it will have to scale up massively to make a meaning contribution in offsetting (抵消) global emissions. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, by 2050 we will need to remove some 5 billion tons of CO2 every year to limit the global temperature increase to 1.5℃. So far, the ocean capture companies are pulling out only thousands of tons. Matthew Eisaman, a chief scientist at Captura, says, “We have an enormous challenge ahead of us.”8．How does the system in para. 1 work?A．It converts seawater into CO2.B．It releases CO2 into the atmosphere.C．It absorbs seawater and extracts CO2.D．It stores decarbonated seawater on the ship.9．What makes extracting CO2 from the ocean easier and cheaper?A．CO2 in seawater is more absorbent.B．CO2 is stored in solid form in seawater.C．CO2 in the ocean is more readily accessible.D．CO2 is naturally more concentrated in seawater.10．What is the Ruben Brands’s attitude toward the new form of capturing technology?A．Doubtful.B．Objective.C．Supportive.D．Indifferent. 11．What would be the best title of the passage?A．Combining Ocean CO2 Capture with Air CaptureB．Setting a New Example of Climate Change SolutionC．Analyzing Ocean CO2 Capture against Climate ChangeD．Exploring Oceanic Solutions for Reducing CO2 EmissionsThis is going to sound weird, but I want you to look closely for a moment at your thumbs. See how they bend flexibly forwards as well as back. The human thumb is not just a device for giving the thumbs-up sign or for picking up dropped keys. It is also one of the most efficient and sensitive tools in existence for determining the ripeness of fruit.However, most of us don’t use them that way anymore. One of the most striking things about eating in the modern world is that we act as if we were sense-blind. Our noses can distinguish fresh milk from sour milk, and yet we prefer to look at the use-by date rather than sniffing. Senses, wrote the late anthropologist Jack Goody, are “our windows on the world” —the main tools through which humans acquire information about our environments.But today, we have yielded many of the functions of our own senses to the modern food industry — which suits that industry just fine. A survey of 7,000 young people in 2011 found that most of them would be hypothetically (假设地) prepared to give up their sense of smell if it meant that they could keep their laptop or phone.In reality, it is not easy to live without a sense of smell. According to the survey data produced by Fifth Sense, more than half of the respondents having smell loss said that cooking had become a source of stress and anxiety because they could no longer experience the joy of trying new recipes, and could not easily tell when something was burned, which even increases feelings of loneliness and depression and leads to the breakdown of relationships.No human activity is more multi-sensory than eating, but to eat in the modern world is often to eat in a state of profound sensory disengagement. We order groceries on a computer, or takeaways on a phone, and they arrive wrapped in plastic, so that we can neither smell them nor see them before we take the first mouthful.12．In which way we mostly don’t use our thumbs according to the author?A．Squeeze a fig.B．Push a button.C．Hold a fork.D．Pick a key. 13．Why does the author mention the survey in 2011?A．To show the addiction to the Internet.B．To focus on the senseless young people.C．To highlight the ignorance about senses.D．To introduce a popular and modern lifestyle.14．What does the paragraph 4 mainly talk about?A．Daily troubles of sense loss.B．An uneasy world without senses.C．Mental concerns about sense loss.D．The robbed pleasure of cooking food. 15．What makes people lose sensory connection with food?A．A fast-paced modern lifestyle.B．Lessening interests about food.C．The development of computers.D．The convenient packaging technology.Culture shock is the feeling of losing direction experienced by someone suddenly subjected to an unfamiliar culture and way of life. 16 . This guide will inform you of the different stages of culture shock, helping you be better mentally prepared.1. The Honeymoon StageThe first stage of culture shock is often overwhelmingly positive during which travelers become fascinated with the language, people and food in their new surroundings. 17 . On short trips, the honeymoon phase may take over the entire experience as the later effects of culture shock don’t have time to set in.2. The Frustration StageFrustration may be the most difficult stage of culture shock and is probably familiar to anyone who has lived abroad or who travels frequently. At this stage, the stress of not understanding gestures, signs and the language sets in and miscommunications may be happening frequently. Small things — losing keys, missing the bus or not being able easily order food in a restaurant-may trigger frustration. 18 . These are common phenomenon that people tend to see as natural reactions.3. The Adjustment Stage19 . Navigation becomes easier, friends and communities of support are established and details of local languages may become more recognizable during the adjustment stage. People are comfortable with the cultures, people, food and languages of new environments.4. The Acceptance StageGenerally — though sometimes weeks, months or years after wrestling with the emotional stages outlined above — the final stage of culture shock is acceptance. Acceptance doesn’t mean that new cultures or languages are fully grasped. 20 . During the acceptance stage, travelers have the familiarity and are able to draw together the resources they need to feel at ease. A．It will fade out eventually as a result.B．It can be a difficult and overwhelming time.C．Travelers interpret culture shocks in unexpected ways.D．Then, depression and homesickness are bound to follow.E．People realize a complete understanding isn’t necessary.F．The experience seems like the greatest decision ever made.G．Frustration often moderates as travelers begin feeling familiar.二、完形填空As an artist, I am constantly struck by the profound impact that art can have on people’s lives. Recently, I have had an experience that 21 the great power of human connection.One day, as I was 22 my stand at an outdoor show, a young mother and her daughter caught my attention. The young girl was 23 fascinated by one of my earlier works, “The Children’s Spirit.” The piece 24 a young girl holding both of her hands up, 25 a butterfly. The work was mostly red in color, with one side dark and sad, and the other bright and 26 .As they explored my artwork, the mother began to tell me the little girl’s story. The child used to be an orphan who had experienced a lot of 27 during childhood, but had finally found a new 28 who cherished and raised her. The mother was moved by the piece and decided to buy a 29 of it. However, as she was leaving, she turned back and said, “I really want the original painting. But I need to 30 on it tonight.”Finally she came the next morning and quickly paid for the original and take it home with a huge smile.As an artist, I drew inspiration from my own experiences, emotions, and observations, creating pieces that are very 31 to me. But I am never quite sure how they will be32 by others. This encounter reminds me of the 33 bond art fosters. Each of the 34 emphasizes its ability to touch hearts, bridge gaps, and bring comfort. It showcases the timeless impact of art to unite and 35 us all.21．A．denied B．highlighted C．decreased D．transformed 22．A．adjusting to B．appealing to C．setting up D．wiping out 23．A．mildly B．barely C．apparently D．potentially 24．A．represented B．exposed C．predicted D．clarified 25．A．comforting B．bothering C．releasing D．casting 26．A．vivid B．cheerful C．exceptional D．abstract 27．A．growth B．hardships C．changes D．adventures 28．A．organization B．school C．team D．family 29．A．copy B．part C．photograph D．draft 30．A．sleep B．insist C．depend D．thunder 31．A．dramatic B．logical C．personal D．practical 32．A．crafted B．grasped C．processed D．interpreted 33．A．spiritual B．ideal C．fundamental D．conventional 34．A．perception B．interaction C．application D．interruption 35．A．separate B．devote C．uplift D．defend三、语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

New Perspectives on the Structure of Graphitic Carbons

Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences,30:235–253,2005 Copyright c Taylor and Francis Inc.ISSN:1040-8436printDOI:10.1080/10408430500406265New Perspectives on the Structure of Graphitic CarbonsPeter J.F.Harris∗Centre for Advanced Microscopy,University of Reading,Whiteknights,Reading,RG66AF,UKGraphitic forms of carbon are important in a wide variety of applications,ranging from pollutioncontrol to composite materials,yet the structure of these carbons at the molecular level ispoorly understood.The discovery of fullerenes and fullerene-related structures such as carbonnanotubes has given a new perspective on the structure of solid carbon.This review aims toshow how the new knowledge gained as a result of research on fullerene-related carbons canbe applied to well-known forms of carbon such as microporous carbon,glassy carbon,carbonﬁbers,and carbon black.Keywords fullerenes,carbon nanotubes,carbon nanoparticles,non-graphitizing carbons,microporous carbon,glassy carbon,carbon black,carbonﬁbers.Table of Contents INTRODUCTION (235)FULLERENES,CARBON NANOTUBES,AND CARBON NANOPARTICLES (236)MICROPOROUS(NON-GRAPHITIZING)CARBONS (239)Background (239)Early Models (241)Evidence for Fullerene-Like Structures in Microporous Carbons (242)New Models for the Structure of Microporous Carbons (242)Carbonization and the Structural Evolution of Microporous Carbon (243)GLASSY CARBON (244)CARBON FIBERS (245)CARBON BLACK (248)Background (248)Structure of Carbon Black Particles (249)Effect of High-Temperature Heat Treatment on Carbon Black Structure (250)CONCLUSIONS (250)ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (251)REFERENCES (251)INTRODUCTIONUntil quite recently we knew for certain of just two allotropes of carbon:diamond and graphite.The vast range of carbon ma-∗E-mail:p.j.f.harris@ terials,both natural and synthetic,which have more disordered structures have traditionally been considered as variants of one or other of these two allotropes.Because the great majority of these materials contain sp2carbon rather than sp3carbon,their struc-tures have been thought of as being made up from tiny fragments235236P.J.F.HARRISFI G.1.(a)Model of PAN-derived carbon ﬁbres from the work of Crawford and Johnson,1(b)model of a non-graphitizing carbon by Ban and colleagues.2of crystalline graphite.Examples of models for the structures of carbons in which the basic elements are graphitic are reproduced in Figure 1.The structure shown in Figure 1(a)is a model for the structure of carbon ﬁbers suggested by Crawford and Johnson in 1971,1whereas 1(b)shows a model for non-graphitizing car-bon given by Ban and colleagues in 1975.2Both structures are constructed from bent or curved sheets of graphite,containing exclusively hexagonal rings.Although these models probably provide a good ﬁrst approximation of the structures of these car-bons,in many cases they fail to explain fully the properties of the materials.Consider the example of non-graphitizing carbons.As the name suggests,these cannot be transformed into crystalline graphite even at temperatures of 3000◦C and above.I nstead,high temperature heat treatments transform them into structures with a high degree of porosity but no long-range crystalline order.I n the model proposed by Ban et al.(Figure 1(b)),the structure is made up of ribbon-like sheets enclosing randomly shaped voids.It is most unlikely that such a structure could retain its poros-ity when subjected to high temperature heat treatment—surface energy would force the voids to collapse.The shortcomings of this and other “conventional”models are discussed more fully later in the article.The discovery of the fullerenes 3−5and subsequently of re-lated structures such as carbon nanotubes,6−8nanohorns,9,10and nanoparticles,11has given us a new paradigm for solid car-bon structures.We now know that carbons containing pentago-nal rings,as well as other non-six-membered rings,among the hexagonal sp 2carbon network,can be highly stable.This new perspective has prompted a number of groups to take a fresh look at well-known forms of carbon,to see whether any evidence can be found for the presence of fullerene-like structures.12−14The aim of this article is to review this new work on the structure of graphitic carbons,to assess whether models that incorporate fullerene-like elements could provide a better basis for under-standing these materials than the conventional models,and to point out areas where further work is needed.The carbon ma-terials considered include non-graphitizing carbon,glassy car-bon,carbon ﬁbers,and carbon black.The article begins with an outline of the main structural features of fullerenes,carbon nanotubes,and carbon nanoparticles,together with a brief dis-cussion of their stability.FULLERENES,CARBON NANOTUBES,AND CARBON NANOPARTICLESThe structure of C 60,the archetypal fullerene,is shown in Figure 2(a).The structure consists of twelve pentagonal rings and twenty hexagons in an icosahedral arrangement.I t will be noted that all the pentagons are isolated from each other.This is important,because adjacent pentagonal rings form an unstable bonding arrangement.All other closed-cage isomers of C 60,and all smaller fullerenes,are less stable than buck-minsterfullerene because they have adjacent pentagons.For higher fullerenes,the number of structures with isolated pen-tagonal rings increases rapidly with size.For example,C 100has 450isolated-pentagon isomers.16Most of these higher fullerenes have low symmetry;only a very small number of them have the icosahedral symmetry of C 60.An example of a giant fullerene that can have icosahedral symmetry is C 540,as shown in Figure 2(b).There have been many studies of the stability of fullerenes as a function of size (e.g.,Refs.17,18).These show that,in general,stability increases with size.Experimentally,there is evidence that C 60is unstable with respect to large,multiwalled fullerenes.This was demonstrated by Mochida and colleagues,who heated C 60and C 70in a sublimation-limiting furnace.19They showed that the cage structure broke down at 900◦C–1000◦C,although at 2400◦C fullerene-like “hollow spheres”with diameters in the range 10–20nm were formed.We now consider fullerene-related carbon nanotubes,which were discovered by Iijima in 1991.6These consist of cylinders of graphite,closed at each end with caps that contain precisely six pentagonal rings.We can illustrate their structure by considering the two “archetypal”carbon nanotubes that can be formed by cutting a C 60molecule in half and placing a graphene cylinder between the two halves.Dividing C 60parallel to one of the three-fold axes results in the zig-zag nanotube shown in Figure 3(a),whereas bisecting C 60along one of the ﬁvefold axes produces the armchair nanotube shown in Figure 3(b).The terms “zig-zag”and “armchair”refer to the arrangement of hexagons around the circumference.There is a third class of structure in which the hexagons are arranged helically around the tube axis.Ex-perimentally,the tubes are generally much less perfect than the idealized versions shown in Figure 3,and may be eitherNEW PERSPECTIVES ON GRAPHITIC CARBONS STRUCTURE237FI G.2.The structure of (a)C 60,(b)icosahedral C 540.15multilayered or single-layered.Figure 4shows a high resolu-tion TEM image of multilayered nanotubes.The multilayered tubes range in length from a few tens of nm to several microns,and in outer diameter from about 2.5nm to 30nm.The end-caps of the tubes are sometimes symmetrical in shape,but more often asymmetric.Conical structures of the kind shown in Fig-ure 5(a)are commonly observed.This type of structure is be-lieved to result from the presence of a single pentagon at the position indicated by the arrow,with ﬁve further pentagons at the apex of the cone.Also quite common are complex cap struc-tures displaying a “bill-like”morphology such as thatshownFI G.3.Drawings of the two nanotubes that can be capped by one half of a C 60molecule.(a)Zig-zag (9,0)structure,(b)armchair (5,5)structure.20in Figure 5(b).21This structure results from the presence of a single pentagon at point “X”and a heptagon at point “Y .”The heptagon results in a saddle-point,or region of negative curvature.The nanotubes ﬁrst reported by Iijima were prepared by va-porizing graphite in a carbon arc under an atmosphere of helium.Nanotubes produced in this way are invariably accompanied by other material,notably carbon nanoparticles.These can be thought of as giant,multilayered fullerenes,and range in size from ∼5nm to ∼15nm.A high-resolution image of a nanopar-ticle attached to a nanotube is shown in Figure 6(a).22In this238P.J.F.HARRISFI G.4.TEM image of multiwalled nanotubes.case,the particle consists of three concentric fullerene shells.A more typical nanoparticle,with many more layers,is shown in Figure 6(b).These larger particles are probably relatively im-perfect instructure.FI G.5.I mages of typical multiwalled nanotube caps.(a)cap with asymmetric cone structure,(b)cap with bill-like structure.21Single-walled nanotubes were ﬁrst prepared in 1993using a variant of the arc-evaporation technique.23,24These are quite different from multilayered nanotubes in that they generally have very small diameters (typically ∼1nm),and tend to be curledNEW PERSPECTIVES ON GRAPHITIC CARBONS STRUCTURE239FI G.6.I mages of carbon nanoparticles.(a)small nanoparticle with three concentric layers on nanotube surface,22(b)larger multilayered nanoparticle.and looped rather than straight.They will not be considered further here because they have no parallel among well-known forms of carbon discussed in this article.The stability of multilayered carbon nanotubes and nanopar-ticles has not been studied in detail experimentally.However,we know that they are formed at the center of graphite electrodes during arcing,where temperatures probably approach 3000◦C.I t is reasonable to assume,therefore,that nanotubes and nanopar-ticles could withstand being re-heated to such temperatures (in an inert atmosphere)without signiﬁcant change.MICROPOROUS (NON-GRAPHITIZING)CARBONS BackgroundIt was demonstrated many years ago by Franklin 25,26that carbons produced by the solid-phase pyrolysis of organic ma-terials fall into two distinct classes.The so-called graphitizing carbons tend to be soft and non-porous,with relatively high den-sities,and can be readily transformed into crystalline graphite by heating at temperatures in the range 2200◦C–3000◦C.I n con-trast,“non-graphitizing”carbons are hard,low-densitymateri-FI G.7.(a)High resolution TEM image of carbon prepared by pyrolysis of sucrose in nitrogen at 1000◦C,(b)carbon prepared bypyrolysis of anthracene at 1000◦C.I nsets show selected area diffraction patterns.30als that cannot be transformed into crystalline graphite even at temperatures of 3000◦C and above.The low density of non-graphitizing carbons is a consequence of a microporous struc-ture,which gives these materials an exceptionally high internal surface area.This high surface area can be enhanced further by activation,that is,mild oxidation with a gas or chemical pro-cessing,and the resulting “activated carbons”are of enormous commercial importance,primarily as adsorbents.27−29The distinction between graphitizing and non-graphitizing carbons can be illustrated most clearly using transmission elec-tron microscopy (TEM).Figure 7(a)shows a TEM image of a typical non-graphitizing carbon prepared by the pyrolysis of sucrose in an inert atmosphere at 1000◦C.30The inset shows a diffraction pattern recorded from an area approximately 0.25µm in diameter.The image shows the structure to be disordered and isotropic,consisting of tightly curled single carbon layers,with no obvious graphitization.The diffraction pattern shows symmetrical rings,conﬁrming the isotropic structure.The ap-pearance of graphitizing carbons,on the other hand,approxi-mates much more closely to that of graphite.This can be seen in the TEM micrograph of a carbon prepared from anthracene,240P.J.F.HARRI Swhich is shown in Figure 7(b).Here,the structure contains small,approximately ﬂat carbon layers,packed tightly together with a high degree of alignment.The fragments can be considered as rather imperfect graphene sheets.The diffraction pattern for the graphitizing carbon consists of arcs rather than symmetrical rings,conﬁrming that the layers are preferentially aligned along a particular direction.The bright,narrow arcs in this pattern correspond to the interlayer {0002}spacings,whereas the other reﬂections appear as broader,less intense arcs.Transmission electron micrographs showing the effect of high-temperature heat treatments on the structure of non-graphitizing and graphitizing carbons are shown in Figure 8(note that the magniﬁcation here is much lower than for Figure 7).I n the case of the non-graphitizing carbon,heating at 2300◦C in an inert atmosphere produces the disordered,porous material shown in Figure 8(a).This structure is made up of curved and faceted graphitic layer planes,typically 1–2nm thick and 5–15nm in length,enclosing randomly shaped pores.A few somewhat larger graphite crystallites are present,but there is no macroscopic graphitization.n contrast,heat treatment of the anthracene-derived carbon produces large crystals of highly or-dered graphite,as shown in Figure 8(b).Other physical measurements also demonstrate sharp dif-ferences between graphitizing and non-graphitizing carbons.Table 1shows the effect of preparation temperature on the sur-face areas and densities of a typical graphitizing carbon prepared from polyvinyl chloride,and a non-graphitizing carbon prepared from cellulose.31It can be seen that the graphitizing carbon pre-pared at 700◦C has a very low surface area,which changes lit-tle for carbons prepared at higher temperatures,up to 3000◦C.The density of the carbons increases steadily as thepreparationFI G.8.Micrographs of (a)sucrose carbon and (b)anthracene carbon following heat treatment at 2300◦C.TABLE 1Effect of temperature on surface areas and densities of carbonsprepared from polyvinyl chloride and cellulose 31(a)Surface areas Speciﬁc surface area (m 2/g)for carbons prepared at:Starting material 700◦C 1500◦C 2000◦C 2700◦C 3000◦C PVC 0.580.210.210.710.56Cellulose 4081.601.172.232.25(b)Densities Helium density (g/cm 3)for carbons prepared at:Starting material 700◦C 1500◦C 2000◦C 2700◦C 3000◦C PVC 1.85 2.09 2.14 2.21 2.26Cellulose1.901.471.431.561.70temperature is increased,reaching a value of 2.26g/cm 3,which is the density of pure graphite,at 3000◦C.The effect of prepara-tion temperature on the non-graphitizing carbon is very different.A high surface area is observed for the carbon prepared at 700◦C (408m 2/g),which falls rapidly as the preparation temperature is increased.Despite this reduction in surface area,however,the density of the non-graphitizing carbon actually falls when the temperature of preparation is increased.This indicates that a high proportion of “closed porosity”is present in the heat-treated carbon.NEW PERSPECTIVES ON GRAPHITIC CARBONS STRUCTURE241FI G.9.Franklin’s representations of(a)non-graphitizing and(b)graphitizing carbons.25Early ModelsTheﬁrst attempt to develop structural models of graphitizingand non-graphitizing carbons was made by Franklin in her1951paper.25In these models,the basic units are small graphitic crys-tallites containing a few layer planes,which are joined togetherby crosslinks.The precise nature of the crosslinks is not speci-ﬁed.An illustration of Franklin’s models is shown in Figure9.Using these models,she put forward an explanation of whynon-graphitizing carbons cannot be converted by heat treatmentinto graphite,and this will now be summarized.During car-bonization the incipient stacking of the graphene sheets in thenon-graphitizing carbon is largely prevented.At this stage thepresence of crosslinks,internal hydrogen,and the viscosity ofthe material is crucial.The resulting structure of the carbon(at ∼1000◦C)consists of randomly ordered crystallites,held to-gether by residual crosslinks and van der Waals forces,as inFigure9(a).During high-temperature treatment,even thoughthese crosslinks may be broken,the activation energy for themotion of entire crystallites,required for achieving the struc-ture of graphite,is too high and graphite is not formed.Onthe other hand,the structural units in a graphitizing carbon areapproximately parallel to each other,as in Figure9(b),and thetransformation of such a structure into crystalline graphite wouldbe expected to be relatively facile.Although Franklin’s ideason graphitizing and non-graphitizing carbons may be broadlycorrect,they are in some regards incomplete.For example,thenature of the crosslinks between the graphitic fragments is notspeciﬁed,so the reasons for the sharply differing properties ofgraphitizing and non-graphitizing carbons is not explained.The advent of high-resolution transmission electron mi-croscopy in the early1970s enabled the structure of non-graphitizing carbons to be imaged directly.n a typical study,Ban,Crawford,and Marsh2examined carbons prepared frompolyvinylidene chloride(PVDC)following heat treatments attemperatures in the range530◦C–2700◦C.I mages of these car-bons apparently showed the presence of curved and twistedgraphite sheets,typically two or three layer planes thick,enclos-ing voids.These images led Ban et al.to suggest that heat-treatednon-graphitizing carbons have a ribbon-like structure,as shownin Figure1(b).This structure corresponds to a PVDC carbonheat treated at1950◦C.This ribbon-like model is rather similar to an earlier model of glassy carbon proposed by Jenkins andKawamura.32However,models of this kind,which are intendedto represent the structure of non-graphitizing carbons follow-ing high-temperature heat treatment,have serious weaknesses,as noted earlier.Such models consist of curved and twistedgraphene sheets enclosing irregularly shaped pores.However,graphene sheets are known to be highlyﬂexible,and wouldtherefore be expected to become ever more closely folded to-gether at high temperatures,in order to reduce surface energy.Indeed,tightly folded graphene sheets are quite frequently seenin carbons that have been exposed to extreme conditions.33Thus,structures like the one shown in Figure1(b)would be unlikelyto be stable at very high temperatures.It has also been pointed out by Oberlin34,35that the modelsput forward by Jenkins,Ban,and their colleagues were basedon a questionable interpretation of the electron micrographs.In most micrographs of partially graphitized carbons,only the {0002}fringes are resolved,and these are only visible when they are approximately parallel to the electron beam.Therefore,such images tend to have a ribbon-like appearance.However,because only a part of the structure is being imaged,this appear-ance can be misleading,and the true three-dimensional structuremay be more cagelike than ribbon-like.This is a very importantpoint,and must always be borne in mind when analyzing imagesof graphitic carbons.Oberlin herself believes that all graphiticcarbons are built up from basic structural units,which comprisesmall groups of planar aromatic structures,35but does not appearto have given a detailed explanation for the non-graphitizabilityof certain carbons.The models of non-graphitizing carbons described so farhave assumed that the carbon atoms are exclusively sp2and arebonded in hexagonal rings.Some authors have suggested thatsp3-bonded atoms may be present in these carbons(e.g.,Refs.36,37),basing their arguments on an analysis of X-ray diffrac-tion patterns.The presence of diamond-like domains would beconsistent with the hardness of non-graphitizing carbons,andmight also explain their extreme resistance to graphitization.Aserious problem with these models is that sp3carbon is unsta-ble at high temperatures.Diamond is converted to graphite at1700◦C,whereas tetrahedrally bonded carbon atoms in amor-phousﬁlms are unstable above about700◦C.Therefore,the242P.J.F.HARRI Spresence of sp 3atoms in a carbon cannot explain the resistance of the carbon to graphitization at high temperatures.I t should also be noted that more recent diffraction studies of non-graphitizing carbons have suggested that sp 3-bonded atoms are not present,as discussed further in what follows.Evidence for Fullerene-Like Structures in Microporous CarbonsThe evidence that microporous carbons might have fullerene-related structures has come mainly from high-resolution TEM studies.The present author and colleagues initiated a series of studies of typical non-graphitizing microporous carbons using this technique in the mid 1990s.30,38,39The ﬁrst such study in-volved examining carbons prepared from PVDC and sucrose,after heat treatments at temperatures in the range 2100◦C–2600◦C.38The carbons subjected to very high temperatures had rather disordered structures similar to that shown in Figure 8(a).Careful examination of the heated carbons showed that they often contained closed nanoparticles;examples can be seen in Figure 10.The particles were usually faceted,and often hexagonal or pentagonal in shape.Sometimes,faceted layer planes enclosed two or more of the nanoparticles,as shown in Figure 10(b).Here,the arrows indicate two saddle-points,similar to that shown in Figure 5(b).The closed nature of the nanoparticles,their hexagonal or pentagonal shapes,and other features such as the saddle-points strongly suggest that the parti-cles have fullerene-like structures.I ndeed,in many cases the par-ticles resemble those produced by arc-evaporation in a fullerene generator (see Figure 6)although in the latter case the particles usually contain many more layers.The observation of fullerene-related nanoparticles in the heat treated carbons suggested that the original,freshly prepared car-bons may also have had fullerene-related structures (see next section).However,obtaining direct evidence for this is difﬁ-cult.High resolution electron micrographs of freshly prepared carbons,such as that shown in Figure 7(a),are usuallyratherFI G.10.(a)Micrograph showing closed structure in PVDC-derived carbon heated at 2600◦C,(b)another micrograph of same sample,with arrows showing regions of negative curvature.38featureless,and do not reveal the detailed structure.Occasion-ally,however,very small closed particles can be found in the carbons.30The presence of such particles provides circumstan-tial evidence that the surrounding carbon may have a fullerene-related structure.Direct imaging of pentagonal rings by HRTEM has not yet been achieved,but recent developments in TEM imaging techniques suggest that this may soon be possible,as discussed in the Conclusions.As well as high-resolution TEM,diffraction methods have been widely applied to microporous and activated carbons (e.g.,Refs.40–44).However,the interpretation of diffraction data from these highly disordered materials is not straightforward.As already mentioned,some early X-ray diffraction studies were interpreted as providing evidence for the presence of sp 3-bonded atoms.More recent neutron diffraction studies have suggested that non-graphitizing carbons consist entirely of sp 2atoms.40It is less clear whether diffraction methods can establish whether the atoms are bonded in pentagonal or hexagonal rings.Both Petkov et al .42and Zetterstrom and colleagues 43have interpreted neutron diffraction data from nanoporous carbons in terms of a structure containing non-hexagonal rings,but other interpreta-tions may also be possible.Raman spectroscopy is another valuable technique for the study of carbons.45Burian and Dore have used this method to analyze carbons prepared from sucrose,heat treated at tem-peratures from 1000◦C–2300◦C.46The Raman spectra showed clear evidence for the presence of fullerene-and nanotube-like elements in the carbons.There was also some evidence for fullerene-like structures in graphitizing carbons prepared from anthracene,but these formed at higher temperatures and in much lower proportions than in the non-graphitizing carbons.New Models for the Structure of Microporous Carbons Prompted by the observations described in the previous section,the present author and colleagues proposed a model for the structure of non-graphitizing carbons that consists ofNEW PERSPECTIVES ON GRAPHITIC CARBONS STRUCTURE243FI G.11.Schematic illustration of a model for the structure of non-graphitizing carbons based on fullerene-like elements.discrete fragments of curved carbon sheets,in which pentagons and heptagons are dispersed randomly throughout networks of hexagons,as illustrated in Figure11.38,39The size of the micropores in this model would be of the order of0.5–1.0nm, which is similar to the pore sizes observed in typical microp-orous carbons.The structure has some similarities to the“ran-dom schwarzite”network put forward by Townsend and col-leagues in1992,47although this was not proposed as a model for non-graphitizing carbons.I f the model we have proposed for non-graphitizing carbons is correct it suggests that these carbons are very similar in structure to fullerene soot,the low-density, disordered material that forms on walls of the arc-evaporation vessel and from which C60and other fullerenes may be ex-tracted.Fullerene soot is known to be microporous,with a sur-face area,after activation with carbon dioxide,of approximately 700m2g−1,48and detailed analysis of high resolution TEM mi-crographs of fullerene soot has shown that these are consis-tent with a structure in which pentagons and heptagons are dis-tributed randomly throughout a network of hexagons.49,50It is signiﬁcant that high-temperature heat treatments can transform fullerene soot into nanoparticles very similar to those observed in heated microporous carbon.51,52Carbonization and the Structural Evolutionof Microporous CarbonThe process whereby organic materials are transformed into carbon by heat treatment is not well understood at the atomic level.53,54In particular,the very basic question of why some organic materials produce graphitizing carbons and others yield non-graphitizing carbons has not been satisfactorily answered. It is known,however,that both the chemistry and physical prop-erties of the precursors are important in determining the class of carbon formed.Thus,non-graphitizing carbons are formed, in general,from substances containing less hydrogen and more oxygen than graphitizing carbons.As far as physical properties are concerned,materials that yield graphitizing carbons usu-ally form a liquid on heating to temperatures around400◦C–500◦C,whereas those that yield non-graphitizing carbons gen-erally form solid chars without melting.The liquid phase pro-duced on heating graphitizing carbons is believed to provide the mobility necessary to form oriented regions.However,this may not be a complete explanation,because some precursors form non-graphitizing carbons despite passing through a liquid phase.The idea that non-graphitizing carbons contain pentagons and other non-six-membered rings,whereas graphitizing car-bons consist entirely of hexagonal rings may help in understand-ing more fully the mechanism of carbonization.Recently Kumar et al.have used Monte Carlo(MC)simulations to model the evo-lution of a polymer structure into a microporous carbon structure containing non-hexagonal rings.55They chose polyfurfuryl al-cohol,a well-known precursor for non-graphitizing carbon,as the starting material.The polymer was represented as a cubic lattice decorated with the repeat units,as shown in Figure12(a). All the non-carbon atoms(i.e.,hydrogen and oxygen)were then removed from the polymer and this network was used in the。

写一块奶酪的童话作文关于蚂蚁刺猬

写一块奶酪的童话作文关于蚂蚁刺猬English Response:---。

Title: The Tale of the Cheese: A Story of Ants and Hedgehogs.Once upon a time, in a lush green meadow, there stood a grand old oak tree. Beneath its branches lay a piece of cheese, forgotten by some passing picnic-goer. Little did anyone know, this cheese would become the center of a most unusual adventure involving ants and hedgehogs.One sunny morning, as I was wandering through the meadow, I stumbled upon this forgotten piece of cheese. It glistened in the sunlight, tempting me with its savory aroma. But as I reached out to take a nibble, I heard atiny voice cry out, "Stop!"Startled, I looked around and saw a line of industrious ants marching towards the cheese, led by their wise queen. "This cheese belongs to us," she declared, her tiny antennae quivering with determination. "We found it first, and we shall feast upon it."But just as the ants were about to claim their prize, a prickly hedgehog named Harold appeared from behind the oak tree. "Hold on a minute," he grumbled, rolling towards us. "That cheese may be yours, but it's sitting on my favorite sunbathing spot. I demand a share of it."The ants and the hedgehog began to argue, each refusing to back down. Sensing the tension escalating, I stepped in and proposed a compromise. "Why don't you share the cheese?" I suggested. "After all, there's plenty to go around."At first, the ants and hedgehog were hesitant. But then they realized that by working together, they could all enjoy the cheese without any resentment. So they divided the cheese into portions, with the ants taking the softerparts and the hedgehog enjoying the rind.As they feasted together beneath the oak tree, the ants and hedgehog laughed and chatted, realizing that sometimes sharing is the best solution to a problem. And from that day on, they became the best of friends, always looking out for one another in the meadow.And so, dear reader, remember the tale of the cheese, and the lesson it teaches us about cooperation and friendship. For in the end, it's not about who owns the cheese, but about the joy of sharing it with others.---。

真情自然流露英语作文600字别人很少经历过的

真情自然流露英语作文600字别人很少经历过的全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1An Experience Like No OtherAs I trudged through the dense rainforest, sweat dripped down my face and the humid air felt thick in my lungs. The calls of exotic birds and the buzz of insects surrounded me, a symphony of the wilderness. Little did I know, this journey would become one of the most profound experiences of my life.It all started when my family decided to embark on atwo-week expedition deep into the Amazon rainforest. My parents, both avid explorers, had been planning this trip for years, and they were adamant about exposing my sister and me to the wonders of nature at its most untamed state.Initially, I'll admit, I wasn't thrilled about the idea. Leaving behind the comforts of modern life and venturing into the unknown seemed daunting. But as we delved deeper into the heart of the rainforest, something within me began to shift.The sheer vastness and biodiversity of the Amazon was awe-inspiring. Towering trees, some older than civilizationsthemselves, stretched towards the sky, their branches intertwined in an intricate dance. Vibrant hues of green, accented by splashes of vivid colors from exotic flowers, painted a canvas more breathtaking than any artist could capture.As we trekked deeper, our guide, a local indigenous man named Kawá, shared his pro found knowledge of the forest and its inhabitants. He taught us about the medicinal properties of certain plants, the symbiotic relationships between different species, and the delicate balance that sustained this intricate ecosystem.One day, as we were setting up camp beside a crystalline river, Kawá motioned for us to remain silent. In the distance, we spotted a family of giant river otters, playfully frolicking in the water. It was a sight so rare and precious that even our seasoned guide was awestruck.In those moments, I realized that this experience transcended mere adventure or tourism. It was a profound connection with nature in its purest form, a glimpse into a world that few have the privilege to witness firsthand.Nights in the rainforest were equally mesmerizing. As darkness fell, a symphony of nocturnal creatures came alive, filling the air with a cacophony of sounds unlike anything I hadever heard. The stars, unobstructed by city lights, seemed to dance across the inky black canvas of the sky, reminding me of the vastness of the universe and my own insignificance within it.As our journey neared its end, I found myself reluctant to leave this mystical realm behind. The rainforest had become a teacher, imparting invaluable lessons about the fragility of our planet, the interconnectedness of all life, and the importance of preserving these natural wonders for generations to come.Returning to the concrete jungle of the city was a stark contrast, but the Amazon had left an indelible mark on my soul. The experience had awakened within me a profound respect for nature and a desire to be a steward of the environment.In a world where so many are disconnected from the natural world, I count myself incredibly fortunate to have had this rare and transformative experience. It has shaped my perspective, ignited my passion for conservation, and instilled in me a deep appreciation for the beauty that surrounds us, if only we take the time to immerse ourselves in it.篇2An Otherworldly EncounterIt was just another ordinary summer evening as I lazed on the sofa watching TV, when a blinding flash of light suddenly flooded the room. I shielded my eyes, and when the glare subsided, I found myself gaping in disbelief. Standing before me were two figures I could scarcely comprehend – tall, slender beings with elongated heads and large almond-shaped eyes that seemed to encompass galaxies within their depths."Greetings, Earthling," one of them spoke in a resonant, almost melodic voice that reverberated through my very soul. "We come in peace from the distant realms of Andromeda."My jaw must have dropped to the floor. Aliens? Here in my living room? I must be dreaming or watching some crazy sci-fi movie. Yet, as I tentatively reached out to touch one of their forms, the peculiar texture left no doubt that they were tangibly real."You are not dreaming," the other alien reassured me, as if reading my stunned thoughts. "We have made journey across the vastest of cosmic expanses to commune with your species."Still struggling to comprehend this extraordinary encounter, a million questions raced through my mind. Why me? What did they want? Should I be afraid? Somehow finding my voice, I managed to stammer, "B-but...aliens...how?"The first alien regarded me with what I could only interpret as an amused look. "You have much to learn about the universe, young one. We are what you might call 'ancient ancestors' – an advanced civilization that seeded life across innumerable worlds aeons ago, including your own prehistoric Earth."My head was spinning trying to process this staggering revelation. The theory that life on Earth originated from extraterrestrial sources was one I had scoffed at, yet here was apparent proof standing right in front of me. It was all so overwhelmingly mind-boggling.Sensing my turmoil, the alien continued, "We understand this may be difficult to accept, but we desire to share our knowledge and enlighten your species to awaken the celestial consciousness slumbering within. If you allow us entry into your neural pathways, we can bestow upon you a broader comprehension of the cosmos."I had no idea what they meant by "neural pathways", but some deep instinct told me I could trust these enigmatic beings despite their bizarre appearance and unfathomable claims. Perhaps this was the opportunity of a lifetime to glimpse profound cosmic truths."O-okay," I heard myself replying, my voice wavering with trepidation and awe. "I'm ready."The two aliens closed their mesmerizing eyes and extended their slender limbs toward me. A shimmering energy began to envelop my body as they made a peculiar humming vibration. At first, I felt a strange tingling across my skin, which swiftly escalated into an intense thrumming throughout my entire being.Then, it happened – an inrushing torrent of indescribable sensations and revelations bombarding my consciousness from all directions at once. I was everywhere and everywhen, perceiving realities beyond realities, higher dimensions interweaving with commorient universal constructs. Binary pulsars and quantum singularities coalesced and unfurled like cosmic symphony as I bore witness to the birth of a million galaxies.My finite human mind could scarcely process these boundless infinitudes, and yet, I could FEEL and intrinsically KNOW the ineffable mysteries unveiled before me. Everything was perpetually interconnected in a vast vivific Whole – I was one with the universe itself.When I finally regained awareness of my immediate surroundings, the two alien beings were already departing, their forms shimmering and distorting. "We have etched the seed of cosmic communion into your consciousness," one of them echoed reverently. "When you are ready, you shall be a living vessel to enlighten your kind and propel your civilisation to transcendence among the stars."With a final blast of kaleidoscopic energy, they were gone, leaving me shaken to my core yet indelibly altered – both blessed and burdened with the profoundest of revelations. As I attempted to process the enormity of this experience over the ensuing days and sleepless nights, one certainty burned brilliant and resilient:My perspective on reality and the purpose of our existence would never be the same.篇3An Unexpected Adventure: My Summer in the Amazon RainforestAs I stepped off the small plane onto the dirt airstrip in the heart of the Amazon rainforest, I couldn't help but feel a mix of excitement and trepidation. This was unlike any summer vacationI had ever experienced before. While most of my classmates were spending their break lounging by the pool orbinge-watching Netflix, I had embarked on an extraordinary journey that would forever change my perspective on life.My parents, both botanists, had been invited to participate in a research expedition deep into the Amazon basin, and they had decided to bring me along. At first, I'll admit, I was hesitant. The idea of spending weeks in the sweltering humidity, surrounded by insects and potentially dangerous wildlife, didn't exactly sound like a dream vacation for a teenager. However, as the plane took off, leaving the comforts of civilization behind, I realized that this was an opportunity unlike any other.The first few days were a whirlwind of new sights, sounds, and smells. The sheer vastness of the rainforest was overwhelming, a verdant sea of towering trees and tangled vines that seemed to stretch on forever. Our small team of researchers, led by a seasoned local guide, made our way along narrow trails, machetes in hand, hacking through the dense foliage.It wasn't long before I encountered my first close encounter with the incredible biodiversity of the Amazon. One morning, as I was helping to set up camp, I heard a rustling in the nearby bushes. Cautiously, I peered through the leaves and foundmyself face-to-face with a troop of curious woolly monkeys. Their large, soulful eyes studied me with an intelligence that caught me off guard. In that moment, I felt an inexplicable connection, a realization that we were all part of this intricate web of life.As the days turned into weeks, I found myself becoming more attuned to the rhythms of the rainforest. I learned to identify the calls of different bird species, to spot the telltale signs of animal trails, and to appreciate the intricate relationships between plants and their pollinators. My parents and the other researchers were a constant source of knowledge, patiently answering my endless questions and encouraging my curiosity.One of the most profound experiences came during a night hike through the forest. Our guide instructed us to turn off our flashlights, and in the pitch blackness, a world of bioluminescence revealed itself. Fireflies danced through the air, their glowing bodies creating a celestial display unlike anything I had ever seen. On the forest floor, luminescent fungi cast an otherworldly glow, illuminating the intricate root systems beneath our feet. It was as if the rainforest itself was alive with a secret, pulsing energy.Of course, not every moment was filled with wonder and amazement. There were challenges to overcome, from swarms of biting insects to treacherous river crossings. One particularly harrowing experience involved a close encounter with a territorial jaguar, its piercing yellow eyes watching us from the shadows of the forest. In those moments, I truly understood the power and unpredictability of the natural world.As our time in the Amazon drew to a close, I found myself reluctant to leave. This place had become a part of me, its rhythms and secrets etched into my very being. On our final night, we gathered around the campfire, sharing stories and reflecting on the incredible journey we had undertaken.Looking back, it's difficult to put into words the profound impact that this experience had on me. The Amazon rainforest is a place of unparalleled beauty and complexity, a living, breathing entity that demands our respect and protection. It is a reminder that there are still vast expanses of our planet that remain untamed, untouched by the relentless march of human progress.As I returned to the familiar comforts of home, I carried with me a newfound appreciation for the natural world and a determination to do my part in preserving its wonders. The memories of that summer will stay with me forever, a testamentto the incredible diversity of life on our planet and the importance of protecting it for future generations.。

气溶胶微喷射打印柔性应变传感器及性能研究

精密成形工程第15卷第12期王子文1a，张远明1b*，宋时雨1b，朱涛1a，侯宗香2（1.临沂大学 a.自动化与电气工程学院 b.机械与车辆工程学院，山东临沂 276000；2.苏丹依德里斯教育大学计算机技术学院，丹戎马琳 35900）摘要：目的研究气溶胶微喷射打印工艺在制备柔性应变传感器方面的可行性。

方法利用气溶胶微喷射打印工艺不受限于柔性基底且打印定位精度高的优势，通过等离子清洗技术增大PDMS表面附着力，使用纳米银墨水与PDMS基底制作用于人体运动检测的电阻式柔性应变传感器。

结果通过等离子清洗PDMS基底表面，解决了打印过程中柔性应变传感器因PDMS表面纳米银液滴凝聚而产生的不导电问题。

探究了气溶胶微喷射打印工艺参数对打印银线宽度的影响规律，发现增大鞘气流量或缩小喷头内径能有效减小打印线宽。

利用高精度万用表检测由气溶胶微喷射打印制备的传感器在受力时产生的电信号，测试传感器在无应力状态下导电性良好且稳定，计算出传感器应变在3.5%内且灵敏度可达163.84。

将传感器用于人体手指部位的运动监测，证明其具有检测微小信号的能力。

结论气溶胶微喷射打印工艺可用于制备所需要的柔性应变传感器，该传感器在智能穿戴设备方面具有一定应用潜力。

关键词：气溶胶；微喷射打印；应变传感器；纳米银墨水；人体运动检测DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2023.12.025中图分类号：TH161；TH165 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1674-6457(2023)12-0210-07Aerosol Micro-jet Printing Flexible Strain Sensor and Its PerformanceWANG Zi-wen1a, ZHANG Yuan-ming1b*, SONG Shi-yu1b, ZHU Tao1a, HOU Zong-xiang2(1.a. College of Automation & Electrical Engineering, b. School of Mechanical & Vehicle Engineering, Linyi University, Shan-dong Linyi 276000, China; 2. Computing and Meta Faculty, Universiti PendidikanSultan Idris, Tanjung Malim 35900, Malaysia)ABSTRACT: The work aims to study the feasibility of aerosol micro-jet printing process in preparing flexible strain sensors.Taking the advantage that the aerosol micro-jet printing process is not limited to flexible substrates and has high printing posi-tioning accuracy, plasma cleaning technology was used to increase PDMS surface adhesion, and nano-silver ink and PDMS sub-strates were used to produce flexible strain sensors for human motion detection. Plasma cleaning was conducted to treat the PDMS substrate surface, which solved the non-conductive problem of the flexible strain sensor caused by the agglomeration of收稿日期：2023-10-19Received：2023-10-19基金项目：山东省自然科学基金（ZR2021ME109）；山东省创新能力提升工程资助项目（2022TSGC1340）；山东省泰山产业领军人才工程（TSCY20221186）Fund：Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(ZR2021ME109); Shandong Province Innovation Capability Improvement Project Funded Project (2022TSGC1340); Shandong Province Taishan Industrial Leading Talent Project (TSCY20221186)引文格式：王子文, 张远明, 宋时雨, 等. 气溶胶微喷射打印柔性应变传感器及性能研究[J]. 精密成形工程, 2023, 15(12): 210-216.WANG Zi-wen, ZHANG Yuan-ming, SONG Shi-yu, et al. Aerosol Micro-jet Printing Flexible Strain Sensor and Its Perform-ance[J]. Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering, 2023, 15(12): 210-216.*通信作者（Corresponding author）第15卷第12期王子文，等：气溶胶微喷射打印柔性应变传感器及性能研究211nano-silver droplets on the PDMS surface during printing. The influence of aerosol microjet printing process parameters on the printed silver line width was explored. It was found that increasing the sheath gas flow rate or reducing the inner diameter of the nozzle could effectively reduce the width of the printed line. A high-precision multimeter was used to detect the changes in the electrical signal produced by the sensor prepared by aerosol micro-jet printing when it was stressed. The test sensor showed good conductivity and stability in a stress-free state. It was calculated that the sensor strain range was within 3.5% and its sensi-tivity could reach 163.84. Finally, the sensor was used to monitor the motion of human finger parts, proving its ability to detect small signals. The test results show that the aerosol micro-jet printing process can be used to prepare the required flexible strain sensor, which has potential application in smart wearable devices.KEY WORDS: aerosol; micro-jet printing; strain sensor; nano silver ink; human motion detection随着数字医疗与制造业的发展，灵活柔韧的柔性传感器可与人体表面完全贴合，实现对人体心率、血氧及运动状态等健康信号的在线监测[1-4]。

不同紧急工况下的汽车主动避撞控制的研究

汽车工程Automotive Engineering 2020年（第42卷）第12期2020(Vol.42)No.12doi ：10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2020.12.006不同紧急工况下的汽车主动避撞控制的研究**国家自然科学基金（51505354）资助。

原稿收到日期为2020年3月16日，修改稿收到日期为2020年5月25日通信作者:裴晓飞,副教授,博士,E-mail ： peixiaofei@ 。

裴晓飞，李朋，陈祯福，过学迅(武汉理工大学汽车工程学院，武汉430070)[摘要]本文中针对复杂工况提岀了一种集成主动制动和主动转向的紧急避撞策略。

首先根据车速与地面附着系数，结合制动与转向安全距离模型，获得考虑前方障碍影响的转向与制动优先级。

在此基础上，针对旁车道的其他交通要素，又将转向优先下的避撞模式细分为转向、制动和转向加制动3种。

对于转向避撞，采用五次多项式进行路径规划，根据安全性和平滑性代价函数，综合优选岀安全、平滑的期望路径，然后采用前馈加LQR 反馈控制实现路径跟踪。

通过驾驶员在环仿真验证所提岀主动避撞算法的有效性。

3种典型工况下的试验结果表明，智能汽车能根据不同紧急工况做岀合理避撞模式决策，并能顺利完成转向、制动和转向加制动的主动避撞操作。

与 Sigmoid 函数所生成的路径相比,基于五次多项式的规划路径更适合紧急避撞使用。

关键词：智能汽车；紧急避撞；路径规划；路径跟踪；驾驶员在环仿真Research on Active Collision Avoidance Control of Vehicles Lnder DifferentEmergency ConditionsPei Xiaofei , Li Peng , Chen Zhenfu & Guo XuexunSchool of Auto m obile Engineering , Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan 430070[ Abstract ] An emergency collision avoidance strategy integrating active braking and active steering is pro posed for complex conditions in this paper. Firstly ， according to the vehicle speed and road adhesion coefficient and combining with the braking and steering safety distance model ， a steering and braking priority that considers theeffect of frontal obstacles is obtained. Based on this and in view of the other traffic factors in the side lane ， the colli sion avoidance mode under steering priority is further subdivided into three types : steering , braking and steeringplus braking. For collision avoidance by steering ， a fifth-degree polynomial is used for path planning. Based on thesafety and smoothness cost functions ， an optimal safe and smooth desired path is comprehensively selected ， and thenachieving path tracking by using feedforward and LQR feedback control. A driver-in-the-loop simulation is conducted to verify the effectiveness of the active collision avoidance algorithm proposed. The test results under three typical operating conditions show that the intelligent vehicle can make reasonable decision on collision avoidance mode ac cording to different emergency operating conditions ， and can successfully complete the active collision avoidance op erations of steering ， braking and steering plus braking. Compared with the path generated by Sigmoid function ， theplanned path based on the fifth-degree polynomial is more suitable for emergency collision avoidance.Keywords : intelligent vehicle ； emergency collision avoidance ； path planning ； path tracking ； driver-in-the-loop simulation•1648•汽车工程2020年(第42卷)第12期前言面对复杂多变的交通环境,如果驾驶员的应急操作无法使汽车成功避撞，需要汽车避撞系统及时干预,通过主动制动或转向保证安全性。

猫咪打架一系列的动词英语作文450字

猫咪打架一系列的动词英语作文450字全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Claws Unsheathed: A Feline Battle RoyaleAs I strolled down the alleyway, a flurry of movement caught my eye. Two feline combatants, their fur standing on end, engaged in a fierce territorial dispute. The air crackled with tension as they circled each other, tails lashing and eyes narrowed to slits.The aggressor, a sleek tabby, launched the opening salvo, lunging forward with outstretched claws. His opponent, a scrappy calico, nimbly sidestepped the attack, hissing menacingly. Undeterred, the tabby regrouped, feinting left before darting right, attempting to wrong-foot his adversary.The calico, however, proved to be no pushover. She pivoted gracefully, parrying each swipe with practiced ease. Seizing an opening, she countered with a lightning-fast barrage of slashes, her paws a blur of motion. The tabby reeled backward, narrowly avoiding a glancing blow to his face.Momentarily thrown off balance, the tabby retreated, reassessing his strategy. His foe, sensing vulnerability, pressed her advantage, stalking forward with a predatory gait. Suddenly, she pounced, her lithe form arcing through the air in a breathtaking display of feline agility.The tabby, caught off guard, rolled desperately to avoid the onslaught. Claws extended, the combatants grappled fiercely, a whirlwind of fur and fury. They wrestled for dominance, each vying for the upper hand, their snarls and growls echoing through the narrow passage.In a dizzying flurry of movement, the pair disengaged, circling warily once more. Chests heaving, they eyed each other with a mixture of respect and disdain, their territorial dispute far from resolved.Just then, a loud clatter shattered the tense standoff. Both cats froze, swiveling their heads toward the source of the disturbance. In an instant, they bolted, fleeing the scene with the same alacrity they had displayed in combat.As the dust settled, I stood in awe, having witnessed a true clash of feline titans. Their battle, though brief, had been a mesmerizing display of agility, ferocity, and unwaveringdetermination – a testament to the indomitable spirit that burns within even the smallest of creatures.篇2Cats Fighting: A Whirlwind of VerbsAs I lounged on the couch, engrossed in a riveting novel, a sudden commotion outside the window caught my attention. Two feline adversaries, their fur standing on end, engaged in a fierce battle for dominance. It was a spectacle that would make any vocabulary enthusiast's heart race with excitement, for it presented a vivid tapestry of action verbs woven into a captivating narrative.The confrontation commenced as one cat hissed menacingly, arching its back and flattening its ears against its skull. Its opponent retaliated by yowling defiantly, puffing out its fur to appear larger and more intimidating. The tension escalated as they circled each other, tails lashing furiously, their eyes locked in a fierce gaze.Without warning, one of the cats pounced, launching itself into the air with claws extended. The other feline dodged nimbly, twisting its body to evade the attack. They grappled fiercely,rolling across the ground in a whirlwind of fur and claws, snarling and spitting as they wrestled for dominance.The combatants parted momentarily, crouching low and sizing each other up. One cat feinted to the left, causing its opponent to flinch, before darting swiftly to the right. The chase was on, with the two felines weaving through the bushes, leaping over obstacles, and scrambling up trees in a frenzied pursuit.Inevitably, they engaged in another bout of vicious grappling, their bodies contorting and twisting as they tried to gain the upper hand. Claws raked through fur, and teeth snapped mere inches from vulnerable flesh. The air was filled with the sounds of growling and hissing, punctuated by the occasional yowl of pain or triumph.Just as the battle seemed to reach its climax, a loud noise startled the combatants, and they broke apart. With one final hiss of defiance, they retreated in opposite directions, leaving me to ponder the rich tapestry of action verbs I had just witnessed unfold.From the initial hissing and arching to the pouncing, dodging, and grappling, this feline skirmish was a masterclass in the art of descriptive writing. Each verb painted a vivid picture,imbuing the scene with a sense of urgency and intensity that left me breathless.As I returned to my novel, I found myself appreciating the power of words in a newfound way. The seemingly mundane act of cats fighting had become a canvas upon which a vibrant array of action verbs danced, transforming an ordinary encounter into a captivating narrative. It was a reminder that language, when wielded with precision and care, could elevate even the most familiar experiences into works of literary brilliance.篇3Here's an English composition of around 2,000 words narrating a series of actions involving cats fighting, written from a student's perspective using action verbs:A Clawing Catastrophe: The Tale of Feline FuryAs I sat peacefully by the window, my tranquility was shattered by a commotion outside that sent shivers down my spine. Two feline foes, their fur bristling and tails lashing, were engaged in a fierce battle for dominance on the sidewalk.The fight commenced with the cats circling each other warily, their eyes narrowed and ears flattened against their heads. Suddenly, one of them lunged forward, claws unsheathed andteeth bared, launching a vicious attack on its opponent. The other cat hissed and retaliated, rearing up on its hind legs and swiping furiously at the aggressor.The two felines rolled across the pavement, a whirlwind of fur and fury, each one struggling to gain the upper hand. They scratched and bit, their bodies contorting as they grappled for victory. Yowls of rage echoed through the neighborhood, alerting every living being to the ferocious confrontation unfolding before my eyes.As the battle raged on, I couldn't help but feel a twinge of concern for the combatants. Their movements were so frenzied, so primal, it seemed as if they had reverted to their wildest instincts. Yet, at the same time, there was a certain grace and fluidity to their actions, a dance of fangs and claws that was both mesmerizing and terrifying.Just when I thought the fight couldn't escalate any further, one of the cats seized the other by the scruff of its neck and hurled it against a nearby fence. The impact was jarring, and for a moment, I feared the worst. But the resilient feline quickly regained its footing and retaliated with a series of lightning-fast swipes, leaving its opponent's fur in disarray.The clash continued, neither cat willing to back down or surrender. They rolled and tumbled, their bodies a tangle of limbs and teeth. At one point, they separated briefly, each panting heavily and eyeing the other with a mixture of fury and caution.Just when I thought the battle might finally come to an end, a stray dog wandered onto the scene, drawn by the commotion. The canine's arrival only served to reignite the feline feud, and the cats turned their attention to the newcomer, hissing and spitting with renewed vigor.The dog, clearly bewildered by the feline fury, barked and lunged forward, only to be met with a flurry of claws and teeth. The cats, united in their disdain for the intruder, attacked with a fervor that left me both awed and appalled.Eventually, the dog beat a hasty retreat, its tail tucked between its legs, leaving the feline foes to resume their epic clash. The fight raged on, ebbing and flowing like the tides, until finally, one of the cats emerged victorious, its opponent retreating into the shadows, battered and bruised.As the victor strutted away, head held high and tail upright, I couldn't help but marvel at the sheer tenacity and resilience of these diminutive creatures. Their battle had been fierce, theiractions primal and unrelenting, yet they had emerged unscathed, their spirits unbroken.In that moment, I realized that beneath their fluffy exteriors, cats harbor a ferocity and determination that rivals even the mightiest of beasts. Their fight was a testament to the indomitable spirit that burns within every living creature, a reminder that even the smallest of adversaries can possess a strength and courage that defies their size.。

捡到钱包的英语作文

捡到钱包的英语作文It was a brisk autumn afternoon as I strolled down the bustling city street on my way home from work. The leaves had just begun to turn and a cool breeze rustled through the trees lining the sidewalk. I was lost in my own thoughts thinking about the day's events when something on the ground caught my eye. As I got closer I realized it was a black leather wallet lying on the concrete. Without hesitation, I stopped and picked it up, my heart racing slightly as I wondered what I should do.Holding the wallet in my hand, I could feel it was thick and full, indicating it likely contained a significant amount of cash as well as various cards and identification. A pang of temptation shot through me as I considered simply pocketing the wallet and going on my way. After all, I told myself, finders keepers. No one would ever know and I could use the money. But that thought was quickly replaced by a strong sense of guilt. I knew in my heart that the right thing to do would be to try and return the wallet to its rightful owner.I carefully opened the wallet and began rifling through its contents.Inside I found a driver's license, several credit and debit cards, a small amount of cash, and a few miscellaneous receipts. The license identified the owner as a man named Michael Thompson, who lived only a few blocks away. Without wasting any time, I headed in the direction of his address, determined to return the wallet as soon as possible.As I approached the apartment building, I began to feel a bit nervous. What if the owner wasn't home? What if he accused me of trying to steal the wallet? I tried to push those doubts aside and focus on doing the right thing. I climbed the steps to the front door and rang the bell, wallet in hand.After a moment, the door swung open to reveal a middle-aged man with a surprised look on his face. "Can I help you?" he asked."Hi, are you Michael Thompson?" I inquired."Yes, that's me. What can I do for you?""I, uh, I found your wallet on the street a few blocks away. I wantedto return it to you."Michael's eyes widened as he looked down and saw the familiar black leather wallet in my outstretched hand. "Oh my goodness, my wallet! I must have dropped it earlier. Thank you so much for finding it and bringing it back to me." He took the wallet from me and quickly began rifling through it, no doubt checking to make sureeverything was still there."Everything seems to be in order," he said with a relieved sigh. "I can't thank you enough for your honesty. Most people would have just kept it for themselves."I shrugged modestly. "It's the right thing to do. I'm just glad I could return it to you."Michael smiled warmly. "Well, you're a good person. Please, come in for a moment. I'd like to offer you a reward."I hesitated, not feeling comfortable accepting a reward for simply doing the right thing. "Oh, that's not necessary. I was just happy to help.""Nonsense," Michael insisted. "You've done me a huge favor. Please, I insist."Sensing I wouldn't be able to refuse, I reluctantly agreed and stepped inside the apartment. Michael led me to the living room and motioned for me to have a seat on the couch. He disappeared for a moment and then returned carrying a small envelope, which he handed to me."Please, take this. It's the least I can do to show my appreciation."I opened the envelope and my eyes widened as I saw that it contained several crisp one hundred dollar bills. "Oh, I can't accept this," I protested. "It's too much.""Nonsense," Michael said firmly. "You've saved me a huge hassle. That money is rightfully yours."Seeing that I wasn't going to be able to refuse, I graciously accepted the envelope and thanked him. We chatted for a few more minutes, and I learned that Michael was a retired accountant who lived alone. He expressed his deep gratitude for my honesty and said he was relieved to have his wallet back, as it contained important documents and cards that would have been a nightmare to replace.As I left the apartment and made my way back home, I couldn't help but feel a sense of pride and satisfaction. I knew I had done the right thing by returning the wallet, even though the temptation to keep the cash had been strong. It would have been so easy to just pocket the money and go on my way, but that would have gone against my moral principles.Later that evening, as I sat on my couch counting the cash in the envelope, I was struck by how much of a difference a simple act ofhonesty and kindness can make. The hundred dollars was a significant amount of money, and it would have been easy for me to justify keeping it. But in the end, the feeling of doing the right thing and helping someone in need far outweighed any potential financial gain.I couldn't help but wonder what would have happened if the roles were reversed. How would I have felt if I had lost my own wallet and a stranger had simply kept it for themselves? The thought of the hassle and stress of having to replace all my important cards and documents made me shudder. I knew I would have been incredibly grateful to the person who took the time to return it to me.As I reflected on the experience, I realized that it's often the small, seemingly insignificant actions that can have the biggest impact on someone's life. By taking a few minutes out of my day to do the right thing, I had not only helped Michael but also reinforced my own moral compass. It was a reminder that being honest and compassionate, even in the face of temptation, is always the best policy.In the end, the hundred dollars I received as a reward felt like a bonus, not the primary motivation for my actions. The true reward was the sense of satisfaction and pride I felt in knowing that I had done the right thing. It was a reminder that sometimes the mostvaluable things in life can't be measured in dollars and cents, but rather in the positive impact we have on the lives of others.。

仿生螃蟹所需的理论计算

仿生螃蟹所需的理论计算在这篇论文中，作者提出了一种可模仿、可控制和可感知的螃蟹。

该研究报告于2019年7月在《美国国家科学院院刊》(PNAS)上发表。

螃蟹的设计可以在仿生螃蟹(Camera Bird)上实现。

在螃蟹体内有一个类似螃蟹脚的小型机械臂。

它能够在机械臂上旋转以获得动作。

机械手可以控制机械臂的移动方式，例如在原地旋转或向前旋转。

机械臂具有许多不同的运动模式（例如抓握和旋转）以及在机械臂上旋转时施加不同加速度的能力（例如在振动条件下施加更大的加速度）。

该研究中涉及一种由纳米尺度下可实现可感知的螃蟹结构组成的原型。

该研究结果发表在《机器人研究》上(Advanced Materials Letters)。

1.设计原理仿生螃蟹的基本概念是以一种独特的方式将纳米结构与生物材料结合在一起，其纳米结构可以像螃蟹脚一样由多种不同的方式灵活移动，并具有自驱动功能，因此可以产生独特且响应更加精确的驱动反应，并且具有高灵敏度、高响应能力、高精度等特点。

根据设计，仿生螃蟹由三部分组成，它们是仿生脚（通过一条腿向后伸展并与另一条腿形成折叠),两个关节相互配合以完成从伸直到弯曲（类似螃蟹）的转变。

它们被纳米结构限制并形成微型圆环(Camera Bird)。

两个关节可以一起旋转（一个旋转为180°，另一个旋转为180°）。

为了保证良好的机械性能，他们必须具有良好的刚度，以保证在转动过程中能够正确地承受压力以保持所需力量。

该结构由两个圆环固定在一起，并形成了一个圆环，该圆环与两个关节配合以产生运动。

为了控制所需动力，该设计通过其具有自驱动功能的机器人手控制其扭矩。

通过控制机械手的每个转动角速度及旋转角度（以0°为单位）来完成这些任务。

2.基本设计螃蟹有许多不同的表面，但总体而言，大多数表面都具有特定的形状。

为了模仿螃蟹的四足步行能力，螃蟹有四条腿，包括两条腿部，三条小腿和一条小腿。

螃蟹腿由八块光滑均匀的碳化硅基片组成，它们具有光滑表面的碳化硅纳米片(MoSiC)。

篮球2加1怎么写英语作文

篮球2加1怎么写英语作文Writing an essay in English about a basketball game where a player scores a "2 plus 1" (a two-point shot and a free throw resulting from a foul) involves describing the game scenario, analyzing the player's skill, and reflecting on the significance of the moment within the game and the team's overall strategy. Here's a sample essay:---。

A Crucial Moment: The 2 Plus 1 Play。

In the midst of a tense basketball game, a pivotal moment arose when one player executed a "2 plus 1" play, significantly impacting the dynamics of the match. This play, comprising a two-point field goal and a subsequent free throw due to a foul, not only showcased individualskill but also underscored the importance of strategy and composure under pressure in competitive sports.The game was intense, with both teams displaying exceptional athleticism and tactical prowess. As the clock wound down in the fourth quarter, the score remained tight, and every possession became increasingly critical. It was during this high-stakes period that the "2 plus 1" play unfolded, altering the course of the game.The sequence began with a swift offensive maneuver by our team, as the point guard adeptly dribbled past defenders to create an opening. Sensing an opportunity, the shooting guard made a decisive cut towards the basket, positioning himself for a high-percentage shot. With impeccable timing, a teammate delivered a precise pass, allowing the shooting guard to catch the ball in stride and elevate for the shot.As the ball left his fingertips, there was a split-second pause, the collective breath held in anticipation. Then, with a satisfying swish, the ball found its mark, sinking through the net for a crucial two-point score. However, the play did not end there; it was compounded by a defensive foul committed by the opposing team in theirattempt to thwart the shot.With the crowd roaring in the background, the shooting guard calmly stepped up to the free-throw line, mentally blocking out distractions and focusing on the task at hand. This was his moment to capitalize on the opportunity created by his initial shot and extend the lead for our team. With a fluid motion, he released the ball, and it arced gracefully through the air before dropping through the hoop, completing the "2 plus 1" play.The significance of this play reverberated beyond the mere addition of points to the scoreboard. It epitomized the culmination of hours of practice, honing skills to perfection, and maintaining composure under pressure. Moreover, it highlighted the interconnectedness of individual performance and team strategy in basketball—a sport where every action, no matter how seemingly minor, can influence the outcome.From a strategic standpoint, the "2 plus 1" play not only increased our team's lead but also disrupted therhythm of the opposing team, forcing them to recalibrate their defensive approach. It injected a surge of momentum and confidence into our squad, energizing players and fans alike as we surged towards victory.In conclusion, the "2 plus 1" play was more than just a sequence of events on the basketball court; it was a microcosm of the essence of competitive sports. It showcased skill, strategy, and mental fortitude, encapsulating the thrill of athletic competition and the triumph of teamwork. As the final buzzer sounded, it stood as a testament to the power of seizing opportunities and making the most of every moment in the pursuit of victory.。

冬日的暖阳下的故事

冬日的暖阳下的故事Winter sun is often described as a rare and precious gift, especially in regions where the season is marked by long, cold nights and short, gray days. Here's a story that unfolds under the warm embrace of a winter sun.---**Title: A Tale of Winter Warmth**In the heart of a frosty winter, the small town of Elmsworth was enveloped in a blanket of snow that sparkled under the moonlight. The days were short, and the nights were long, stretching their shadows across the white landscape. The residents, bundled in layers of wool and down, moved like penguins, waddling through the icy streets.One particular morning, the sky was a canvas of pale blue, and the sun began to rise, casting a golden glow that seemed to warm the air. The townsfolk, sensing the change, stepped out of their homes to bask in the rare warmth. Children built snowmen with cheerful grins, their breath visible in the crisp air, while the elderly sat on benches, their faces turned towards the sun, soaking in its gentle rays.Among them was old Mr. Whittaker, a retired teacher known for his love of storytelling. He sat on a bench in the town square, his eyes closed, a contented smile on his face. A group of children, drawn by his presence, gathered around him, their eyes wide with anticipation."Mr. Whittaker, tell us a story," they pleaded.He opened his eyes, the twinkle of mischief reflecting the sunlight. "Ah, a tale for a tale," he said, his voice carrying the warmth of a thousand stories.The children exchanged glances, then one of them, a brave little boy with freckles, stepped forward. "We'll give you our best snowball fight," he proposed.Mr. Whittaker chuckled, his eyes crinkling at the corners. "Deal," he agreed.And so, under the watchful gaze of the winter sun, the children engaged in a snowball fight, their laughter echoing through the town. Afterward, panting and rosy-cheeked, they returned to Mr. Whittaker, ready for hisstory.He began with tales of ancient heroes and mythical creatures, of brave deeds done under the cover of snow. The children listened, rapt, as the sun climbed higher, its warmth seeping into their bones.As the story reached its climax, the sun stood high in the sky, its light filtering through the branches of the trees, casting dappled shadows on the snow. The children felt a sense of unity, of belonging, under the sun's benevolent gaze.When the tale ended, the children thanked Mr. Whittaker, their eyes shining with the magic of the story. As they dispersed, returning to their homes, the sun began its slow descent, its warmth gradually fading.But the memory of that day, the warmth of the winter sun, and the joy of shared stories would stay with them, a beacon of warmth in the heart of winter.---This story captures the essence of community, the joy of storytelling, and the transformative power of a warm winter sun. It's a reminder that even in the coldest times, there is warmth to be found in the simplest of moments.。

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