练习册-2-第二章

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材料力学习题册答案-第2章-拉压

材料力学习题册答案-第2章-拉压
第二章 轴向拉压
一、 选择题
1.图 1 所示拉杆的外表面上有一斜线,当拉杆变形时,斜线将(
A.平动
B.转动
C.不动
D.平动加转动
D)
2.轴向拉伸细长杆件如图 2 所示,则正确的说法是 ( C )
A.1-1、2-2 面上应力皆均匀分布 B.1-1、2-2 面上应力皆非均匀分布 C. 1-1 面上应力非均匀分布,2-2 面上应力均匀分布 D.1-1 面上应力均匀分布,2-2 面上应力非均匀分布
30KN 1
300mm
l1 解:(1) 轴力图如下
2
400mm
l2
10KN
-
40KN
50KN 3
400mm
l3
10KN
+
10KN
(2)
(3)右端面的位移
=
= 即右端面向左移动 0.204mm。
8.一杆系结构如图所示,试作图表示节点 C 的垂直位移,设 EA 为常数。
A
30
C
30 ΔL2 60 ΔL1
CD 段:σ3= =
Pa=25MPa
2.图为变截面圆钢杆 ABCD,已知 =20KN, = =35KN, = =300mm, =400mm,
D
3
C
P3
2
,绘出轴力图并求杆的最大最小应力。
B
1 P2
A
P1
l3 解:
-
50KN
l2 15KN
l1
20KN
+
AB 段:σ1=

=176.9MPa
BC 段:σ2=
反力均匀分布,圆柱承受轴向压力 P,则基座剪切面的剪力
。ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้

四年级上册科学练习册及答案

四年级上册科学练习册及答案

四年级上册科学练习册及答案### 四年级上册科学练习册及答案#### 第一章:自然界的奥秘练习一:植物的生长1. 问题:植物生长需要哪些基本条件?- 答案:植物生长需要充足的阳光、水分、适宜的温度和土壤中的养分。

2. 问题:为什么植物的叶子大多是绿色的?- 答案:植物的叶子中含有叶绿素,叶绿素能够吸收阳光中的红光和蓝光,反射绿光,因此我们看到的叶子是绿色的。

练习二:动物的适应性1. 问题:动物是如何适应不同环境的?- 答案:动物通过进化出不同的生理结构和行为习性来适应不同的环境,例如,北极熊有厚厚的脂肪层来抵御寒冷,而沙漠中的骆驼能够储存水分以适应干旱。

#### 第二章:物质的性质练习一:物质的三态1. 问题:什么是物质的三态?- 答案:物质的三态包括固态、液态和气态。

固体有固定的形状和体积;液体有固定的体积但形状随容器变化;气体既没有固定的形状也没有固定的体积。

2. 问题:水在什么温度下会沸腾?- 答案:在标准大气压下,水的沸点是100摄氏度。

练习二:物质的溶解1. 问题:什么是溶解?- 答案:溶解是指一种物质(溶质)均匀分散在另一种物质(溶剂)中形成溶液的过程。

2. 问题:为什么糖可以溶解在水中?- 答案:糖分子与水分子之间存在吸引力,使得糖分子能够均匀分散在水中,形成糖水溶液。

#### 第三章:力与运动练习一:力的作用1. 问题:什么是力?- 答案:力是物体对物体的作用,可以改变物体的形状或运动状态。

2. 问题:推和拉是力的哪种作用?- 答案:推和拉是力的两种基本作用方式,它们可以改变物体的位置。

练习二:简单机械1. 问题:什么是杠杆?- 答案:杠杆是一种简单的机械,由支点、力臂和作用力组成,可以用来放大力或改变力的方向。

2. 问题:使用杠杆可以省力吗?- 答案:使用杠杆可以省力,特别是当力臂较长时,较小的力可以产生较大的效果。

#### 第四章:地球与宇宙练习一:地球的结构1. 问题:地球由哪些主要部分组成?- 答案:地球主要由地壳、地幔和地核三部分组成。

画法几何学第七版练习册第二章答案

画法几何学第七版练习册第二章答案

2-4 判别下列各对重影点的相对位置(填空) 分析:
AB重影于H面,在 V面上判断高低 CD重影于V面,在 H面上判断前后 EF重影于W面,在 V面上判断左右
20
15
20
1.点A在点B的 正上 方 2.点D在点C的 正后 方 3.点F在点E的 正右 方
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
15 mm; 20 mm; 25 mm,且该两点均在
中途返回请按“ESC” 键
2-3-2 已知各点的两面投影,画第三面投影。 分析:根据点的投影特性(投影连线垂直于坐标轴),画第 三面投影
作图:过d”作线垂直于, OY1和OY,d在OZ上
过e作线垂直于OX,过e” 作线垂直于OZ,交点即为e’ 过f 作线垂直于OY和OY1,f” 在OY1上
中途返回请按“ESC” 键
第二章 点
2-01
2-02 2-03-1 2-03-2 2-04 2-05
2-06
退出
2-1 已知点T 的坐标为(20,15,20),点S 的坐标为(30,0,10), 作它们的三面投影图和直观图. 作图: 分别在X、Y、Z 坐标轴上量取点T 的坐标20、15、20 作坐标轴的平行线,交点即为点T的投影。 同理作点S。 画直观图。
中途返回请按“ESC” 键
2-3-1 已知各点的两面投影,画第三面投影。 分析:根据点的投影特性(投影连线垂直于坐标轴),画第 三面投影 作图:过a’作线垂直于OZ, 过a作线垂直于OY和OY1,交点 即为a” 过b’作线垂直于OX,过b”作 线垂直于OY1和OY,交点即为b 过c’作线垂直于OZ,c”在 OZ上
4 3 1 2
分角 分角 分角 分角
中途返回请按“ESC” 键
V 面上。

线性代数练习册练习题—第2章 矩阵

线性代数练习册练习题—第2章 矩阵
第2章
一、填空题
1.
2 0
3
121
2 1
02 _________.
矩阵
2.设 A 2 3 1 2 ,则 AAT _________.
3.设
A
a c
b d
,则
A
的伴随矩阵
A*
_________.
4.设 A 为 3 阶方阵,且 A =2, 则 A =

5. A 为 3 阶方阵, A =2,则 A A
( A )若 A, B 可逆,则 A B 可逆
( B )若 A, B 可逆,则 AB 可逆
( C )若 A B 可逆,则 A B 可逆 ( D )若 A B 可逆,则 A, B 可逆
5.A 为 n 阶可逆矩阵,下列各式中不正确的是( ).
(A) (2A)1 =2 A1
(B) A1 = 1 A
(B)4
( C )5 (D)40
a11 a12 a13
a21
a22
a23
9.设
A
a21
a22
a23

B
a11
a12
a13
a31 a32 a33
a11 a31 a12 a32 a13 a33
0 1 0
1 0 0
P1
1
0
0

P2
0
1
0
,则(
)成立.
0 0 1
1 0 1
()
4. 在秩是 r 的矩阵中,所有的 r 阶子式都不等于 0.
()
5. 从矩阵 A 中划去一行得到矩阵 B ,则 R( A) R(B) . ( )
四、计算题
1.计算
1 0

八年级物理练习册答案

八年级物理练习册答案

第二章 声现象单元测试答案 1.C 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.D 6.B 7.D 8.D 9.A 10.C 11. 产生 大小 振幅 12. (1)响度 (2)音色 (3)频率 13.音调 响度 14. 分散 响度 15.反射 反射 回声 17m 16.传递能量 听 传递信息 17.低于 次声 18. 略 19. 骨骼 咀嚼食物的声音是通过什么传播的? 20. 340m/s 21.机械闹钟 B 泡沫 锡箔纸衣服 22.略 23.(1)乒乓球被弹开 发 声体在振动 (2)放大振动 转换法 (3)①声音变大 乒乓球被弹 开的幅度变大 ②振幅越大,响度越大 24. 乙 丁 甲可说明真空不 能传声 丙说明振动频率不同,音调不同 25.(1)超声 频率(音 调) (2)次声波 (3) 240Hz 能量 (4)频率越大,音调越高 26解(1)火车行驶速度:v₁=72km/h=20m/s 设火车鸣笛时离隧道口的距离为S,则 S₁+S₂=2S V₁t+V₂t=2S 20m/s×2s+340m/s×2s=2s S=360m (2)司机听到回声时距离隧道口的距离: S′=S -S ₁=S -V ₁t=360m -20m/s ×2s=320m 火车还需再行驶的时间: t ′=S ′ /V ₁=320m/(20m/s)=16s
第四节噪声的危害和控制 1.C 2.B 3.B 4.B 5.B 6.D 7.在声源处减弱 在传播过程中减弱 8.不 规则振动 传播过程 9.略 10. 属于 11.乐音 规则振动形成的声波 波形 噪声 无规则振动形成的声波波形 12.工厂机器的运转声 工 地上施工的声音、嘈杂声 机动车辆的鸣笛声、振动声 高声讲话的 声音、歌舞厅的音乐声、嘈杂声等 13.可以从减弱噪声入手,如改 变机器的性能,在机器下加垫,改厂门,植树种草等 14.(1)收 音机、海绵、泡沫塑料、胶带纸 (2)打开收音机,分别用海绵 和泡沫塑料包裹收音机,慢慢远离收音机,直到听不到声音为止记 下此时的位置;比较两种情况下人离收音机的距离 (3) 两种材料 的厚度,包裹收音机的方式,收音机的音量等。 15.提示:夏天温 度高,电线因膨胀而变长,在风吹动时振动较慢,音调较低,低于 人的听觉下限(20Hz),所以我们就不容易听到声音了;冬天温度 低,电线因收缩而变短,风吹动时振动较快,音调较高,在人们的 听觉频率范围内,所以人们就容易听到声音了。实验验证:器材: 橡皮筋,方法:将橡皮筋在绷紧和绷松情况下拨动橡皮筋,听声音, 然后得出结论。

财务管理练习册第二章资金时间价值基础知识

财务管理练习册第二章资金时间价值基础知识

财务管理练习册第二章资金时间价值基础知识第二章资金时间价值基础知识一、单项选题1.普通年金终值系数的倒数称之为()。

A.偿债基金 B.偿债基金系数 C.年回收额 D.投资回收系数2.某企业按年利率9%向银行借款2000万元,银行要求保留10%的补偿性余额,则该借款的实际利率应为()%。

A.9 B.10 C.11 D.12.53.根据资金时间价值理论,在普通年金现值系数的基础上,期数减1、系数加1的计算结果,应当等于( )。

A. 递延年金现值系数 B.普通年金终值系数C.预付年金现值系数 D.预付年金终值系数4.某人准备给某学校设立专项奖学金,预计每年应发放200 000元,在存款利率为10%的情况下,此人应存人( )元,才可以从利息中发放预计的奖学金。

A.900000B.2000000C.100000D.10000005.某企业拟建立一项基金,每年初投入200000元,若利率为10%,五年后该项基金本利和将为( )元。

A.671 600B.564 100C.134 3120D.1021 0206.若使复利终值经过4年后变为本金的2倍,每半年计息一次,则年利率应为( )。

A.18.10%B.18.92%C.37.84%D.9.05%7.当银行利率为10%时,一项6年后付款1600元的购货,若按单利计息,相当于第一年初一次现金支付的购价为( )元。

A.451.6B.500C.1000D.4808. 如果两个投资项目预期收益的标准离差相同,而期望值不同,则这两个项目()。

A.预期收益相同 B.标准离差率相同C.预期收益不同 D.未来风险报酬相同9.距今若干期后发生的每期期末收款或付款的年金称为( )。

A.后付年金B.先付年金C.递延年金D.永续年金10.若干期后本金加利息所得的资金的未来价值叫()。

A终值 B.现值 C.年金终值 D.年金现值11.某方案在三年中每年年末付款500元,利率10%则到第三年年末时的终值为()。

八年级上册生物练习册参考答案

八年级上册生物练习册参考答案

八年级上册生物练习册参考答案第一章动物的主要类群第一节腔肠动物和扁形动物基础练习1.C2.D3.B4.A5.D6.D7.B8.B9.C 10.C水平提升11.D 12.B13.口口腔肠口肛门14.人吸血扁形寄生钉螺人15(1)口食物由口进入消化腔,食物残渣也由口排出体外(2)触手捕食(3)刺细胞射出刺丝,注射毒液(4)芽体新的水螅拓展练习16.(1)不是珊瑚不是珊瑚虫,是珊瑚虫分泌的外壳堆积在一起慢慢形成的(2)需要营养、需要呼吸、能排出废物、能生长繁殖(3)温度、光照、水分、空气、珊瑚虫、鱼等(4)因为珊瑚和藻类共同生活,而藻类实行光合作用需要光照第二节线形动物和环节动物基础练习1.B2.A3.C4.A5.D6.C7.A8.B9.D 10.D水平提升11.B 12.B13.肌肉刚毛体壁 14.(1)雄虫雌虫(2)人体小肠内(3)受精卵(4)受精卵蛔虫卵感染性(5)饮食卫生注意个人饮食卫生和管理好粪便15.(1)口体节环带刚毛(2)前此端有口和环带(3)不灵敏灵敏拓展练习16.(1)使蚯蚓能正常呼吸使身体运动灵活自如(2)粗糙的纸板上在粗糙表面,刚毛能起到支撑作用第三节软体动物和节肢动物基础练习1.A2.C3.C4.B5.A6.B7.C8.D9.A 10.C水平提升11.B 12.A13.A—e B—c C—d D—a E—b14.(1)翅上有网状翅脉,增强了翅的坚固性;此外还有翅斑,增加了翅的强度(2)肌肉(3)神经系统15.B 贝壳钝圆的一端是河蚌身体的前端 A 环带靠近身体的前端拓展练习16.(1)B试管中的蝗虫窒息而死,A试管中的不会死(2)蝗虫靠气管实行气体交换,气门是气体进入体内的门户,位于胸腹部第四节鱼基础练习1.C2.B3.A4.D5.C6.A7.A8.B9.C 10.C水平提升11.C 12.A13.鳃鳃丝红毛细血管14.氧气二氧化碳动脉静脉15.(1)水的阻力(2)上深下浅(3)侧线测定方向和感知水流的作用(4)② 拓展练习16.(1)活体(2)直接观察模拟(3)缺少对照(4)控制前进方向,产生前进动力第五节两栖动物和爬行动物基础练习1.A2.C3.C4.B5.D6.C7.C8.B9.D 10.C水平提升11.B 12.C13.肺皮肤干燥14.白绿(或草绿)环境敌害保护拓展练习16.(1)人类对青蛙的捕杀;杀虫剂或生产生活污水对水域环境的污染和破坏;生活环境的改变等。

七年级上册地理练习册及答案

七年级上册地理练习册及答案

七年级上册地理练习册及答案### 七年级上册地理练习册及答案#### 第一章:地球与地图练习一:地球的知识1. 地球的形状是什么?- 地球是一个不完全规则的球体,接近于一个椭球体。

2. 地球的自转和公转分别会产生哪些现象?- 地球自转产生昼夜交替和时间差异;地球公转产生季节变化和太阳高度角的变化。

3. 请简述地图的三要素。

- 地图的三要素包括比例尺、方向和图例。

答案:1. 地球的形状接近于一个椭球体。

2. 地球自转产生的现象包括昼夜交替和时间差异;地球公转产生的现象包括季节变化和太阳高度角的变化。

3. 地图的三要素是比例尺、方向和图例。

#### 第二章:陆地和海洋练习二:陆地和海洋的分布1. 描述世界七大洲的名称。

- 世界七大洲包括亚洲、非洲、北美洲、南美洲、南极洲、欧洲和大洋洲。

2. 描述世界四大洋的名称。

- 世界四大洋包括太平洋、大西洋、印度洋和北冰洋。

3. 请说明陆地和海洋的分布特点。

- 陆地主要集中在北半球,而海洋则在南半球占优势。

答案:1. 世界七大洲的名称是亚洲、非洲、北美洲、南美洲、南极洲、欧洲和大洋洲。

2. 世界四大洋的名称是太平洋、大西洋、印度洋和北冰洋。

3. 陆地和海洋的分布特点是陆地主要集中在北半球,而海洋则在南半球占优势。

#### 第三章:天气与气候练习三:天气与气候1. 描述天气和气候的区别。

- 天气是短时间内的大气状况变化,而气候是长期内大气状况的平均。

2. 请列举影响气候的主要因素。

- 影响气候的主要因素包括纬度、海陆分布、地形和洋流。

3. 简述季风气候的特点。

- 季风气候的特点是有明显的干湿季,夏季湿润多雨,冬季干燥少雨。

答案:1. 天气是短时间内的大气状况变化,气候是长期内大气状况的平均。

2. 影响气候的主要因素包括纬度、海陆分布、地形和洋流。

3. 季风气候的特点是夏季湿润多雨,冬季干燥少雨。

#### 第四章:居民和聚落练习四:居民和聚落1. 描述人口分布的特点。

大学化学:练习册习题及答案第二章

大学化学:练习册习题及答案第二章

第二章化学反应的基本原理一、判断题(正确请画“√”,错误的画“×”)1.当温度接近0K时,所有的放热反应可以认为都是自发进行的反应。

2.△S >0的反应,必定是自发反应。

3.对于一个反应如果△H>△G,则该反应必定是熵增的反应。

4.△Gθ值大,平衡常数Kθ值就愈大。

5.平衡常数K值越大,则反应速度越快。

6.对于△H<0的反应,提高温度速度常数k值减小。

7.对于△Hθ>0的可逆反应,提高温度平衡常数Kθ值增大。

8.NO的△f Gθm(298.15K)>0,空气中的N2和O2在常温常压下稳定共存。

但在高温常压时能发生反应,说明该反应是△Hθ>0, △Sθ>0的反应。

9.反应CO(g) = C(s)+1/2O2 (g)的△G>0,正向非自发,加入催化剂后降低了活化能,则反应正向进行。

10.在一个封闭系统中进行的可逆反应达到平衡后,若平衡条件体积和温度不变,则系统中各组分的浓度或分压不变。

11.一定温度下,对于△υg=0的可逆反应,达平衡后改变系统中某组分的浓度或分压,平衡不移动。

12.一定温度下,对于△υg≠0的可逆反应,达到平衡后,加入惰性气体,保持总压力不变,平衡不发生移动。

13.某可逆反应在一定条件下,转化率α值增大,则在该条件下平衡常数K值也一定增大。

14.对于一个复杂反应,当总反应的标准摩尔吉布斯函数变为:△Gθ总=△Gθ1+△Gθ2则该反应的平衡常数Kθ总=Kθ1+Kθ215.单质的△f Gθm(298.15K)值一定为零。

16. 反应级数取决于反应方程式中反应物的计量系数。

17. 自发进行的反应,一定具有较小的活化能。

18. 基元反应是指一步完成的简单反应。

19. 其它条件固定时,活化能小的反应,其反应速度快。

20. 化学平衡是指系统中正逆反应活化能相等的状态。

21. 反应的活化能越高,则该反应的平衡常数就越小。

22.平衡常数Kθ值小于1,则△Gθ>0。

大学物理上练习册 第2章《刚体定轴转动》答案-2013

大学物理上练习册 第2章《刚体定轴转动》答案-2013

第2章 刚体定轴转动一、选择题1(B),2(B),3(C),4(C),5(C) 二、填空题(1). 62.5 1.67s (2). 4.0 rad/ (3). 0.25 kg ·m 2(4). mgl μ21参考解:M =⎰M d =()mgl r r l gm l μμ21d /0=⎰(5). 2E 0三、计算题1. 如图所示,半径为r 1=0.3 m 的A 轮通过皮带被半径为r 2=0.75 m 的B 轮带动,B 轮以匀角加速度π rad /s 2由静止起动,轮与皮带间无滑动发生.试求A 轮达到转速3000 rev/min 所需要的时间.解:设A 、B 轮的角加速度分别为βA 和βB ,由于两轮边缘的切向加速度相同, a t = βA r 1 = βB r 2则 βA = βB r 2 / r 1 A 轮角速度达到ω所需时间为()75.03.060/2300021⨯π⨯π⨯===r r t B Aβωβωs =40 s2.一砂轮直径为1 m 质量为50 kg ,以 900 rev / min 的转速转动.撤去动力后,一工件以 200 N 的正压力作用在轮边缘上,使砂轮在11.8 s 内停止.求砂轮和工件间的摩擦系数.(砂轮轴的摩擦可忽略不计,砂轮绕轴的转动惯量为21mR 2,其中m 和R 分别为砂轮的质量和半径).解:R = 0.5 m ,ω0 = 900 rev/min = 30π rad/s ,根据转动定律 M = -J β ① 这里 M = -μNR ②μ为摩擦系数,N 为正压力,221mR J =. ③ 设在时刻t 砂轮开始停转,则有: 00=+=t t βωω从而得 β=-ω0 / t ④将②、③、④式代入①式,得 )/(2102t mR NR ωμ-=- ∴ m =μR ω0 / (2Nt )≈0.5r1. 有一半径为R 的圆形平板平放在水平桌面上,平板与水平桌面的摩擦系数为μ,若平板绕通过其中心且垂直板面的固定轴以角速度ω0开始旋转,它将在旋转几圈后停止?(已知圆形平板的转动惯量221mR J =,其中m 为圆形平板的质量)解:在r 处的宽度为d r 的环带面积上摩擦力矩为r r r R mgM d 2d 2⋅π⋅π=μ总摩擦力矩 mgR M M R μ32d 0==⎰故平板角加速度 β =M /J设停止前转数为n ,则转角 θ = 2πn由 J /Mn π==4220θβω可得 g R MJ n μωωπ16/342020=π=2. 一转动惯量为J 的圆盘绕一固定轴转动,起初角速度为ω0.设它所受阻力矩与转动角速度成正比,即M =-k ω (k 为正的常数),求圆盘的角速度从ω0变为021ω时所需的时间.解:根据转动定律: J d ω / d t = -k ω ∴ t J kd d -=ωω两边积分:⎰⎰-=t t J k02/d d 100ωωωω得 ln2 = kt / J∴ t =(J ln2) / k5.一质量为m 的物体悬于一条轻绳的一端,绳另一端绕在一轮轴的轴上,如图所示.轴水平且垂直于轮轴面,其半径为r ,整个装置架在光滑的固定轴承之上.当物体从静止释放后,在时间t 内下降了一段距离S .试求整个轮轴的转动惯量(用m 、r 、t 和S 表示).解:设绳子对物体(或绳子对轮轴)的拉力为T ,则根据牛顿运动定律和转动定律得:mg ­T =ma ① T r =J β ② 由运动学关系有: a = r β ③ 由①、②、③式解得: J =m ( g -a ) r 2 / a ④ 又根据已知条件 v 0=0 ∴ S =221at , a =2S / t 2 ⑤将⑤式代入④式得:J =mr 2(Sgt22-1)3.如图所示,设两重物的质量分别为m 1和m 2,且m 1>m 2,定滑轮的半径为r ,对转轴的转动惯量为J ,轻绳与滑轮间无滑动,滑轮轴上摩擦不计.设开始时系统静止,试求t 时刻滑轮的角速度. 解:作示力图.两重物加速度大小a 相同,方向如图.m 1g -T 1=m 1a T 2-m 2g =m 2a 设滑轮的角加速度为β,则 (T 1-T 2)r =J β 且有 a =r β 由以上四式消去T 1,T 2得: ()()J r m m gr m m ++-=22121β 开始时系统静止,故t 时刻滑轮的角速度.()()Jrm m grt m m t ++-==22121 βω7.一根放在水平光滑桌面上的匀质棒,可绕通过其一端的竖直固定光滑轴O 转动.棒的质量为m = 1.5 kg ,长度为l = 1.0 m ,对轴的转动惯量为J = 231ml .初始时棒静止.今有一水平运动的子弹垂直地射入棒的另一端,并留在棒中,如图所示.子弹的质量为m '= 0.020 kg ,速率为v = 400 m ·s -1.试问:(1) 棒开始和子弹一起转动时角速度ω有多大?(2) 若棒转动时受到大小为M r = 4.0 N ·m 的恒定阻力矩作用,棒能转过多大的角度θ?解:(1) 角动量守恒:ω⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛'+='2231l m ml l m v ∴ l m m m ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛'+'=31vω=15.4 rad ·s -1(2) 由转动定律,得: -M r =(231ml +2l m ')β0-ω 2=2βθ∴ rM l m m 23122ωθ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛'+==15.4 rad8.如图所示,A 和B 两飞轮的轴杆在同一中心线上,设两轮的转动惯量分别为 J =10 kg ·m 2 和 J =20 kg ·m 2.开始时,A 轮转速为600 rev/min ,B 轮静止.C 为摩擦啮合器,其转动惯量可忽略不计.A 、B 分别与C 的左、右两个组件相连,当C 的左右组件啮合时,B 轮得到加速而A 轮减速,直到两轮的转速相等为止.设轴光滑,求: mm , lOm '(1) 两轮啮合后的转速n ; (2) 两轮各自所受的冲量矩.解:(1) 选择A 、B 两轮为系统,啮合过程中只有内力矩作用,故系统角动量守恒J A ωA +J B ωB = (J A +J B )ω,又ωB =0得: ω ≈ J A ωA / (J A +J B ) = 20.9 rad / s 转速 ≈n 200 rev/min (2) A 轮受的冲量矩⎰t MAd = J A (J A +J B ) = -4.19×10 2 N ·m ·s负号表示与A ωϖ方向相反. B 轮受的冲量矩⎰t MBd = J B (ω - 0) = 4.19×102 N ·m ·s方向与A ωϖ相同.4.一匀质细棒长为2L ,质量为m ,以与棒长方向相垂直的速度v 0在光滑水平面内平动时,与前方一固定的光滑支点O 发生完全非弹性碰撞.碰撞点位于棒中心的一侧L 21处,如图所示.求棒在碰撞后的瞬时绕O 点转动的角速度ω.(细棒绕通过其端点且与其垂直的轴转动时的转动惯量为231ml ,式中的m 和l 分别为棒的质量和长度.)解:碰撞前瞬时,杆对O 点的角动量为L m L x x x x L L 0202/002/30021d d v v v v ==-⎰⎰ρρρ式中ρ为杆的线密度.碰撞后瞬时,杆对O 点的角动量为ωωω2221272141234331mL L m L m J =⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎣⎡⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛+⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=因碰撞前后角动量守恒,所以 L m mL 022112/7v =ω ∴ ω = 6v 0 / (7L)10. 空心圆环可绕光滑的竖直固定轴AC 自由转动,转动惯量为J 0,环的半径为R ,初始时环的角速度为ω0.质量为m 的小球静止在环内最高处A 点,由于某种微小干扰,小球沿环向下滑动,问小球滑到与环心O 在同一高度的B 点和环的最低处的C 点时,环的角速度及小球相对于环的速度各为多大?(设环的内壁和小球都是光滑的,小球可视为质点,环截面半径r <<R .)解:选小球和环为系统.运动过程中所受合外力矩为零,角动量守恒.对地球、小球和环系统机械能守恒.取过环心的水平面为势能零点.小球到B 点时: J 0ω0=(J 0+mR 2)ω ①2121()22220200212121BR m J mgR J v ++=+ωωω ② 式中v B 表示小球在B 点时相对于地面的竖直分速度,也等于它相对于环的速度.由式①得:ω=J 0ω 0 / (J 0 + mR 2) 1分代入式②得222002J mR RJ gR B ++=ωv 当小球滑到C 点时,由角动量守恒定律,系统的角速度又回复至ω0,又由机械能守恒定律知,小球在C 的动能完全由重力势能转换而来.即: ()R mg m C 2212=v , gR C 4=v 四 研讨题1. 计算一个刚体对某转轴的转动惯量时,一般能不能认为它的质量集中于其质心,成为一质点,然后计算这个质点对该轴的转动惯量?为什么?举例说明你的结论。

物理长江练习册全册答案

物理长江练习册全册答案

物理长江练习册全册答案第一章:力学基础1. 题目:一个质量为5kg的物体在水平面上,受到一个大小为20N的水平推力,求物体的加速度。

答案:根据牛顿第二定律,\[ F = ma \],其中\( F \)为推力,\( m \)为质量,\( a \)为加速度。

代入数值解得,\[ a =\frac{F}{m} = \frac{20N}{5kg} = 4m/s^2 \]。

2. 题目:一个物体从静止开始自由下落,求其在第2秒末的速度。

答案:自由下落的物体速度\( v \)与时间\( t \)的关系为\[ v = gt \],其中\( g \)为重力加速度,取9.8m/s²。

代入\( t = 2s \),得\[ v = 9.8m/s^2 \times 2s = 19.6m/s \]。

第二章:能量守恒与转换1. 题目:一个质量为2kg的物体从高度5m处自由落下,求其着地时的动能。

答案:物体的势能\( PE \)为\[ PE = mgh \],其中\( m \)为质量,\( g \)为重力加速度,\( h \)为高度。

代入数值,\[ PE = 2kg \times 9.8m/s^2 \times 5m = 98J \]。

由于能量守恒,物体着地时的动能\( KE \)等于其势能,\[ KE = 98J \]。

2. 题目:一个物体以10m/s的速度运动,求其动能。

答案:动能\( KE \)的公式为\[ KE = \frac{1}{2}mv^2 \],代入数值,\[ KE = \frac{1}{2} \times 2kg \times (10m/s)^2 = 100J \]。

第三章:电磁学1. 题目:一个导体两端的电压为12V,通过的电流为2A,求导体的电阻。

答案:根据欧姆定律,\[ V = IR \],其中\( V \)为电压,\( I \)为电流,\( R \)为电阻。

解得电阻\[ R = \frac{V}{I} =\frac{12V}{2A} = 6\Omega \]。

九年级上册物理练习册答案 (2)

九年级上册物理练习册答案 (2)

九年级上册物理练习册答案第一章:运动和力1.1 运动的概念和分类习题 1-11.运动的定义:物体在空间中改变位置的过程称为运动。

2.运动的分类:–根据物体的运动状态:匀速直线运动、变速直线运动、曲线运动–根据运动的路径:直线运动、曲线运动、周期性运动、非周期性运动–根据相对于参照物的位置:静止、相对静止、相对运动1.2 速度和加速度习题 1-21.计算平均速度的公式:速度 = 位移÷时间2.计算平均加速度的公式:加速度 = (末速度 - 初速度)÷时间1.3 力的概念和分类习题 1-31.力的定义:改变物体状态或形状的原因称为力。

2.力的分类:–按照力的性质:接触力、非接触力–按照力的产生方式:重力、弹力、摩擦力、浮力–按照力的方向:拉力、压力第二章:力的作用效果2.1 力的合成和分解习题 2-11.力的合成:当一个物体同时受到几个力作用时,其合力等于这几个力的矢量和。

2.力的分解:一个力可以分解成两个力,分别与原力作用在同一直线上,且它们的合力等于原力。

2.2 牛顿运动定律习题 2-21.牛顿第一定律(惯性定律):物体在不受外力作用时,保持匀速运动或静止状态。

2.牛顿第二定律(力的作用定律):物体的加速度与作用在其上的合外力成正比,与物体的质量成反比。

加速度 = 合外力÷物体质量。

3.牛顿第三定律(作用-反作用定律):相互作用的两个物体之间,彼此施加的力大小相等、方向相反,且作用在两个物体上的线都在同一直线上。

2.3 静摩擦力和动摩擦力习题 2-31.静摩擦力:物体相对静止时,接触面上摩擦力的最大值。

2.动摩擦力:物体相对运动时,接触面上的摩擦力。

第三章:机械能与机械能守恒3.1 功与能习题 3-11.功的定义:当力沿着其作用方向移动物体时,力对物体做功。

功 = 力 × 距离× cosθ。

2.功的单位:焦耳(J)。

3.动能的定义:物体由于运动而具有的能量称为动能。

第2章-习题解答-哈工大习题册讲课教案

第2章-习题解答-哈工大习题册讲课教案

第2章-习题解答-哈工大习题册收集于网络,如有侵权请联系管理员删除第2章 线性直流电路2.1. 求图示电路的a b 端口的等效电阻。

图 题 2.1解:根据电桥平衡有eq (2060)||(2060)40R =++=Ω2.2.图中各电阻均为6Ω,求电路的a b 端口的等效电阻。

abab 图 题 2.2解:根据电桥平衡,去掉电桥电阻有eq [(66)||(66)6]||64R =+++=Ω2.3求图示电路的电压1U 及电流2I 。

20k Ω1U +-图 题2.220k Ω(b)+_U解:电路等效如图(b)所示。

图中等效电阻(13)520(13)k //5k k k 1359R +⨯=+ΩΩ=Ω=Ω++由分流公式得:220mA 2mA 20k RI R =⨯=+Ω电压220k 40V U I =Ω⨯=再对图(a)使用分压公式得:13==30V 1+3U U ⨯收集于网络,如有侵权请联系管理员删除2.4 图示电路中要求21/0.05U U =,等效电阻eq 40k R =Ω。

求1R 和2R 的值。

2U +-1U 图 题2.3_1R U解:设2R 与5k Ω的并联等效电阻为2325k 5k R R R ⨯Ω=+Ω(1)由已知条件得如下联立方程:32113130.05(2) 40k (3)eqR U U R R R R R ⎧==⎪+⎨⎪=+=Ω⎩由方程(2)、(3)解得138k R =Ω 32k R =Ω再将3R 代入(1)式得 210k 3R =Ω 2.5求图示电路的电流I 。

图 题 2.5解:由并联电路分流公式,得收集于网络,如有侵权请联系管理员删除1820mA 8mA (128)I Ω=⨯=+Ω2620mA 12mA (46)I Ω=⨯=+Ω由节点①的KCL 得128mA 12mA 4mA I I I =-=-=- 2.6求图示电路的电压U 。

图 题2.5120Ω(a)(b)解:首先将电路化简成图(b)。

概率论与数理统计练习册-第二章答案

概率论与数理统计练习册-第二章答案

第二章 随机变量及其分布基础训练Ⅰ一、选择题1、下列表中( A )可以作为离散型随机变量的分布律。

A) X 1 -1 0 1 B) X 2 0 1 2P 1/4 1/2 1/4 P -1/4 3/4 1/2C) X 3 0 1 2 D) X 4 1 2 1P 1/5 2/5 3/5 P 1/4 1/4 1/2 2、常数b =( B )时,),2,1()1( =+=k k k bp k 为离散型随机变量的概率分布。

A )2B )1C )1/2D )33、设⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧≥<<≤=1,110,2/0,0)(x x x x x F ,则( D )A )是随机变量的密度函数 B) 不是随机变量的分布函数 C )是离散型随机变量的分布函数 D )是连续型随机变量的分布函数4、设)(1x F 和)(2x F 分别为随机变量21,X X 的分布函数,为使)()()(21x bF x aF x F -=是某一随机变量的分布函数,在下列给定的各组数值中应取( A )A )a =3/5,b =-2/5 B) a =2/3,b =2/3 C )a =-1/2,b =3/2 D )a =1/2,b =-3/25、设随机变量),(~2σμN X ,且}{}{c X P c X P >=≤,则=c ( B )A) 0 B)μ C) μ- D) σ二、填空题1、连续型随机变量取任何给定值的概率为 0 。

2、设离散型随机变量X 分布律为⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛5.03.02.0210,则P (X ≤1.5) = 0.5 。

3、设连续型随机变量X 的分布函数为⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧≥<≤<=1,110,0,0)(2x x Ax x x F ,则A = 1 ,X 落在(-1,1/2)内的概率为 1 / 4 。

4、设K 在(0, 5)上服从均匀分布,则方程02442=+++K Kx x 有实根的概率为0.6 。

5、随机变量X 的分布函数)(x F 是事件}{x X ≤的概率。

第二章练习册题

第二章练习册题

第二章技术测量的基本知识及常用计量器具§2-1 技术测量的基本知识一、填空题(将正确的答案填在横线上)1、一个完整的测量过程都包括测量对象、计量单位、测量方法和测量精度四个要素。

2、计量器具按结构特点可分为量具、量规、量仪和计量装置。

3、测量方法的分类,按测量时所测的几何量是否为要求的被测量分为直接测量和间接测量;按测量时是否直接读取被测量值分为绝对测量和相对测量;按在一次测量中测得几何量的多少分为单项测量和多项测量。

4、测量误差产生的原因主要有计量器具误差、测量方法误差、环境误差和人员误差等。

二、判断题(判断正误,并在括号内填“√”或“”)1、在机械制造中,只有通过测量或检验判定为合格的零件,才具有互换怀。

(√)2、测量和检验的区别是,测量能得到被测几何量的大小,而检验只确定被测几何量是否合格,不能得到具体的量值。

因而测量比检验的精度高。

(×)—3、机械制造中长度单位一般用毫米(mm),在精密测量中,长度计量单位采用微米(μm ),超精密测量中采用纳米(nm)。

(√)4、量具和量仪在结构上最主要的区别是,量具一般具有传动放大系统,而量仪没有此系统。

(×)5、使用相同精度的计量器具,采用直接测量法比采用间接测量法精度高。

(√)6、根据测量方法分类的定义可知:绝对测量一般也同时为直接测量;相对测量一般也同时为间接测量。

(×)7、用游标卡尺测量两孔的中心距属于相对测量法。

(×)8、用机械式比较仪测量轴径尺寸,既属于相对测量法,又属于直接测量法。

(√)9、综合测量一般属于检验,如用螺纹量规综合检验螺纹的合格性。

(√)10、规格为150mm的游标卡尺的示值范围和测量范围均为0~150mm,因而可以说示值范围和测量范围属于同一概念。

(×)11、对于机械比较仪,示值范围由比较仪本身确定,而测量范围的大小还与辅助设计(如底座、立柱、支架等)有关。

(√)12、计量器具的校正值又称为修正值,计量器具的校正值等于计量器具的示值误差。

英语学习国家地理读物Reading Explorer课后练习册L2-2

英语学习国家地理读物Reading Explorer课后练习册L2-2

Paragraph正文A Herman Melville,the writer of the famous whale story Moby Dick,once wrote that humpback whales were“the______lighthearted of all the whales.”A favorite of whale watchers everywhere,they often swim in ocean areas close______land and are active at the surface.They can often be______(see)breaching,or rising out of the water,and then______(come)down with a great splash.Humpbacks are intelligent animals,and can be seen working together to hunt schools______ small fish.And,if you listen closely,you might even hear one______(sing). Recording Gentle GiantsB Marine biologist Jim Darling has______(study)the songs of humpback whales for more______25years.While recording whale songs on a boat near Hawaii,he invited author Douglas Chadwick to experience diving with a humpback.In the water,Chadwick heard the whale’s songs in a way he had never______(hear)them before.“Suddenly,I______longer heard the whale’s voice in my ears,”he said.“I felt it inside my head and bones.”C When swimming with the whale,Chadwick could see that it______(be)aware of him,but not worried by his______(present).The13-meter-long giant looked him over curiously,but never harmed him.The whale then swam under the boat.It pointed its head down to the ocean floor and,with flippers extended______to its sides,began to sing.Up in the boat,Darling recorded the whale’s song.minutes or more.They are perhaps the______(long)songs sung by any animal. Why Do They Sing?D Darling says that only male humpbacks sing,but for unknown reasons.One idea is that they sing to attract females.However,when a group of scientists played recordings of whale songs in the ocean,female whales did not respond.Another idea is that male humpbacks use their songs to let other males know they are in the area.E Researchers have also found that humpback whale songs are different in different ______(part)of the world,perhaps like whale national anthems.They may also be like hit tunes on the radio,______(change)over time—from one year to the next, or even over a single______(breed)season.F There is still so much the scientists don’t know,and years of study lie______for whale researchers like Jim Darling.“Why do I do it?”he wonders aloud.“Human beings like puzzles.I want to know.”Another member of the research team, photographer Flip Nicklin,recalls a special moment he had while interacting ______a humpback.While he was snorkeling some distance from the huge animal, it approached him until it was just a few meters away.It then gently carried Nicklin toward its eye with a flipper,as______examining him.Apparently,the desire to understand a different species______(go)both ways.Bowhead songs are more creative and jazzythan those of other whalesFor a study released in the April 4, 2018, edition of Biology Letters, scientists eavesdropped on the songs of bowhead whales which roam the Arctic under the ice and found they are jazzier than other whales. Photo by: NOAAWASHINGTON, D.C. — Some whales are taking jazz riffs to new depths. For the first time,scientists have eavesdropped year-round on the songs of bowhead whales.Bowhead whales are the little-heard whales that roam under the Arctic Ocean ice. The Arctic is the smallest of the oceans. Its center is near the North Pole.Scientists found that bowheads — the bigger, more blubbery cousins of the better known humpbacks — are more creative and downright jazzier than other whales. Jazz musicians are known for improvising new versions of songs on the spot."Bowhead whales are the jazz singers of the Arctic. You don't know what they're going to do," said University of Washington oceanographer Kate Stafford.Each Whale Sings Its Own SongBy Associated Press, adapted by Newsela staff on 04.24.18Word Count 518Level 1030LOver three years, a single underwater microphone captured 184 distinct bowhead whale songs, according to Stafford's study in the April 4 issue of the journal Biology Letters. That's remarkable because there are probably only a couple hundred males in an area north of Europe between Greenland and Norway to make the songs, Stafford said.Stafford and her coworkers couldn't track specific songs to individual whales to know the exact number of whales, but given the wide variety of songs, they think each male has a different song. The songs also likely change from season to season.In contrast, nearly all humpback males sing versions of the same song every winter, Stafford said. "Humpback whales are classical music singers. They make long elaborate songs but their songs are really ordered and almost predictable."Until now, biologists would hear only snippets of bowhead songs in other Arctic areas. They already have many recordings of humpback songs because there are more humpbacks and they travel much farther south.Just Like Miles DavisScientists think only male bowheads sing and that they sing to attract females with the best versions of songs. Stafford said she was reminded of the wild tunes of jazz trumpet player Miles Davis and admitted bowhead music isn't for everyone."I find the songs to be quite beautiful, but some people compare them to fingernails on a chalkboard," Stafford said. "They're scream-y. They're yell-y and they're quite funny."Bowheads — which can live to be 200 years old and are almost 60 feet long — start with very high notes before changing the volume of their tune quite a bit. At times they make two completely different sounds at the same time."We don't know how they do that," Stafford said. Humans can't, although some birds are able to, she said.Variety Is The Spice Of (Ocean) LifeSyracuse University science professor Susan Parks, who wasn't involved in the study, praised the research as "a huge step forward" in learning about bowhead songs. They show surprising freshness and variety."Something very different is going on with bowhead whale song," Parks wrote.One of Stafford's favorites makes repeated riffs of "woo-woo-woo" but with differing volume levels, and she'll often play the songs on her cellphone just to listen."These guys are great mimics. They can imitate ice," Stafford said. "They make the nuttiest songs."Quiz1Which section BEST highlights the idea that bowhead whales produce their songs in an unusual way?(A)Introduction [paragraphs 1-4](B)"Each Whale Sings Its Own Song"(C)"Just Like Miles Davis"(D)"Variety Is The Spice Of (Ocean) Life"2The sentence below from the section "Each Whale Sings Its Own Song" helps support the claim that bowhead and humpback whales are very different.In contrast, nearly all humpback males sing versions of the same song every winter, Staffordsaid.Which sentence from the article provides further support for the claim?(A)That's remarkable because there are probably only a couple hundred males in an area north of Europebetween Greenland and Norway to make the songs, Stafford said.(B)"They make long elaborate songs but their songs are really ordered and almost predictable."(C)Until now, biologists would hear only snippets of bowhead songs in other Arctic areas.(D)They already have many recordings of humpback songs because there are more humpbacks and theytravel much farther south.3Which two of the following sentences from the article include CENTRAL ideas of the article?1. For the first time, scientists have eavesdropped year-round on the songs of bowheadwhales.2. Stafford and her coworkers couldn't track specific songs to individual whales to know theexact number of whales, but given the wide variety of songs, they think each male has adifferent song.3. "I find the songs to be quite beautiful, but some people compare them to fingernails on achalkboard," Stafford said.4. One of Stafford's favorites makes repeated riffs of "woo-woo-woo" but with differing volumelevels, and she'll often play the songs on her cellphone just to listen.(A) 1 and 2(B) 1 and 4(C) 2 and 3(D) 3 and 44Which of the following answer choices describes two MAIN ideas in the article?(A)Bowhead whales have not been studied much because there are not many of them in the wild;scientists want to help preserve bowhead whales, so they are learning more about their songs.(B)Scientists have recently begun studying the songs of bowhead whales; what they have found so farsuggests that the songs have a specific purpose and are unique to individual whales.(C)Bowhead whales communicate through singing; their singing can be fun to listen to but oftentimes it justsounds like loud, obnoxious noise.(D)Scientists are just now beginning to research the songs of bowhead whales; before this most recentstudy, scientists assumed that bowheads behaved the same as their cousins, humpback whales.Answer Key1Which section BEST highlights the idea that bowhead whales produce their songs in an unusual way?(A)Introduction [paragraphs 1-4](B)"Each Whale Sings Its Own Song"(C)"Just Like Miles Davis"(D)"Variety Is The Spice Of (Ocean) Life"2The sentence below from the section "Each Whale Sings Its Own Song" helps support the claim that bowhead and humpback whales are very different.In contrast, nearly all humpback males sing versions of the same song every winter, Staffordsaid.Which sentence from the article provides further support for the claim?(A)That's remarkable because there are probably only a couple hundred males in an area north of Europebetween Greenland and Norway to make the songs, Stafford said.(B)"They make long elaborate songs but their songs are really ordered and almost predictable."(C)Until now, biologists would hear only snippets of bowhead songs in other Arctic areas.(D)They already have many recordings of humpback songs because there are more humpbacksand they travel much farther south.3Which two of the following sentences from the article include CENTRAL ideas of the article?1. For the first time, scientists have eavesdropped year-round on the songs of bowheadwhales.2. Stafford and her coworkers couldn't track specific songs to individual whales to know theexact number of whales, but given the wide variety of songs, they think each male has adifferent song.3. "I find the songs to be quite beautiful, but some people compare them to fingernails on achalkboard," Stafford said.4. One of Stafford's favorites makes repeated riffs of "woo-woo-woo" but with differing volumelevels, and she'll often play the songs on her cellphone just to listen.(A) 1 and 2(B) 1 and 4(C) 2 and 3(D) 3 and 44Which of the following answer choices describes two MAIN ideas in the article?(A)Bowhead whales have not been studied much because there are not many of them in the wild;scientists want to help preserve bowhead whales, so they are learning more about their songs.(B)Scientists have recently begun studying the songs of bowhead whales; what they have found sofar suggests that the songs have a specific purpose and are unique to individual whales.(C)Bowhead whales communicate through singing; their singing can be fun to listen to but oftentimes it justsounds like loud, obnoxious noise.(D)Scientists are just now beginning to research the songs of bowhead whales; before this most recentstudy, scientists assumed that bowheads behaved the same as their cousins, humpback whales.Paragraph正文A Every summer,the calls of thousands______swamp sparrows can be______(hear) across North America’s wetlands.These little brown birds know only a______songs, but they know them very well.In______,their musical set list probably hasn’t ______(change)much for centuries.B Like humans,baby swamp sparrows learn to communicate______copying adults. From a young age,they learn to copy,or mimic,songs sung by their elders.“Swamp sparrows very rarely make mistakes when they learn their songs,”says biologist Robert Lachlan.In fact,their mimicry is so accurate______the music changes little between generations.C Just like children,the sparrows don’t remember every song they hear,Lachlan says.“They don’t just learn songs______random;they pick______commoner songs rather than rarer songs.”In______words,they learn songs they hear most often.It’s an example of a strategy that scientists call conformist bias.Until recently,this ______(learn)ability was______(think)to be special only to humans.D Between2008and2009,Lachlan’s research team recorded the calls of615male swamp sparrows across the northeastern United States.The researchers used computer software to break each song______a collection of notes,or syllables. They then measured the differences______the tunes.E The research revealed that only2percent of male sparrows sung a different songbias allows the birds______create traditions that last for centuries.“With those two ingredients together,you end up______traditions that are really stable,”says Lachlan.“The song-types that you hear in the marshes of North America today may well have______(be)there1,000years ago.”F Lachlan’s study is______the first to measure the longevity of song traditions within a bird species.Another aspect scientists are now exploring is the impact of habitat loss______songbirds.Man-made barriers—such as cities,roads,and plantations—can breakup a bird population______a number of isolated groups.These barriers may prevent cultural interaction between songbird populations,such______the exchange of song types.G The findings are really exciting,says scientist Andrew Farnsworth.He hopes that future research will evolve from these studies.For example,scientists may______(be)able to identify how other animals are able to preserve their cultural traditions.“______(See)the potential for it in other organisms is super cool,”says Farnsworth.Through song, swamp sparrows pass downtraditionsImage 1. Young sparrows mimic the songs sung by their elders so accurately that throughout the years they have been singing the same few songs. Photo from Flickr.Every summer, thousands of American swamp sparrows sing their songs. They live spread across North America's wetlands. These birds may know just a few songs. However, they know them well.In fact, they haven't changed their set list in more than 1,000 years, according to a new study.The scientific name for swamp sparrows is Melospiza georgiana. Scientists believe that they have likely been singing the same songs for at least 1,000 years. The young sparrows copy the songs sung by their elders. They do it so well that their music has remained relatively unchanged in all that time. Now, scientists suggest that these sparrows also save their cultural traditions as well as humans, if not more so.Don't Learn Songs At Random"We were able to show that swamp sparrows very rarely make mistakes when they learn their songs," says Robert Lachlan, a biologist. He works at Queen Mary University of London. He alsoBy National Geographic, adapted by Newsela staff on 07.09.18Word Count 552Level 840Lled the study. "They don't just learn songs at random. They pick up commoner songs rather than rarer songs.""Conformist Bias"Like humans, baby swamp sparrows learn to communicate by copying the adults around them. Human kids usually learn only the biggest pop hits they hear a lot. In the same way, these sparrows don't memorize every song they hear. Instead, they choose to learn the songs they hear most often. This is a way of learning that scientists call "conformist bias." Until recently, it was believed that only humans did this.Between 2008 and 2009, Lachlan and his co-workersrecorded the calls of 615 males. They were recordedacross the northeastern United States. Using specialcomputer software, the scientists broke each songdown into a collection of musical notes. They thenmeasured the degree of difference among thecalls. This revealed that only 2 percent of male swampsparrows had calls that were different.Lachlan says there are two reasons for this. First,swamp sparrows have a strong "conformist bias." Second, they can closely copy their elders. This lets them create traditions that continue unchanged for a long time.1,000-Year-Old Song-Types"With those two ingredients together, you end up with traditions that are really stable," Lachlan said. "The song-types that you hear in the marshes of North America today may well have been there 1,000 years ago."This study is important. It is among the first to look at the length of song traditions within groups of birds. Its findings will help future studies. With it, scientists can help measure how the loss of habitat, or natural living space, changes the songbirds.Humans do a lot to change bird habitats. They create obstacles, such as cities, roads and farms. These can turn a single population of birds into a collection of separate groups. In many cases, these groups rarely have contact. This splitting up of bird groups can make it difficult for the birds to pass on calls.Andrew Farnsworth is a scientist who studies birds at Cornell University. He hopes future studies will come from this work. "The notion of passing down cultural traditions is obviously something we as humans hold dear," he said. "And seeing the [opportunity] for it in other [animals] is super cool."Quiz1Which sentence from the article BEST supports the article's CENTRAL idea?(A)These birds may know just a few songs.(B)In the same way, these sparrows don't memorize every song they hear.(C)Instead, they choose to learn the songs they hear most often.(D)They then measured the degree of difference among the calls.2One MAIN idea of the article is that swamp sparrows copy songs they hear from adult birds.What is another MAIN idea of the article?(A)Lachlan and his team studied the songs of 615 sparrows.(B)Only 2 percent of sparrows in the study had unique calls.(C)Humans have affected the songs learned by sparrows.(D)The study shows that sparrows learn similarly to humans.3Why did Robert Lachlan feel excited after the study?(A)His team found that sparrows pass along songs in a similar way to humans.(B)He learned that sparrows only learn songs that are commonly sung by humans.(C)The study used special software to find out how different sparrows' calls were.(D)The study shows that it is important to protect swamp sparrows' habitats.4What is the relationship between swamp sparrow behavior and human behavior?(A)Sparrows and humans do most of their learning as babies.(B)Humans have destroyed sparrows' habitats by building roads.(C)Sparrows only copy behavior while humans can learn new behavior.(D)Both learn using a process known as "conformist bias."Answer Key1Which sentence from the article BEST supports the article's CENTRAL idea?(A)These birds may know just a few songs.(B)In the same way, these sparrows don't memorize every song they hear.(C)Instead, they choose to learn the songs they hear most often.(D)They then measured the degree of difference among the calls.2One MAIN idea of the article is that swamp sparrows copy songs they hear from adult birds.What is another MAIN idea of the article?(A)Lachlan and his team studied the songs of 615 sparrows.(B)Only 2 percent of sparrows in the study had unique calls.(C)Humans have affected the songs learned by sparrows.(D)The study shows that sparrows learn similarly to humans.3Why did Robert Lachlan feel excited after the study?(A)His team found that sparrows pass along songs in a similar way to humans.(B)He learned that sparrows only learn songs that are commonly sung by humans.(C)The study used special software to find out how different sparrows' calls were.(D)The study shows that it is important to protect swamp sparrows' habitats.4What is the relationship between swamp sparrow behavior and human behavior?(A)Sparrows and humans do most of their learning as babies.(B)Humans have destroyed sparrows' habitats by building roads.(C)Sparrows only copy behavior while humans can learn new behavior.(D)Both learn using a process known as "conformist bias."。

湘教版八年级上册地理练习册答案参考

湘教版八年级上册地理练习册答案参考

湘教版八年级上册地理练习册答案参考
第二章第二节答案
预习起航
自主梳理
一、1、〔1〕辽阔;大;上下悬殊;多样
〔2〕①季风;热带季风;亚热带季风;
温带季风;②温带大陆性;
③高原山地气候
2、〔1〕季风;旱涝
〔2〕①东南;西南;太平;印度;
温暖湿润;
②西北;东北;亚欧大陆内部;
寒冷枯燥;东南;西北
二、1、大;低
2、多;小;少;大
3、低;少雨
自主思考
有利影响:世界绝大多数农作物、动植物都能在我国找到适合生长的地区;形成不同的自然景观和旅游资源。

不利影响:高原、干旱气候区不利于农业开展。

名师导航
典型赏析
D
同类变式
B
演练巡航
根底自测
1、2、3、4、
BCAD
5、6、7、8、
ADDC
9、10、11、12、
DDBC
能力提升
13、〔1〕BD
〔2〕夏季高温少雨,冬季温和多雨 14、〔1〕夏;太平;印度;温暖湿润〔2〕C
〔3〕夏秋;东南沿海;西北内陆
15、〔1〕三;季风
〔2〕热带季风;海南
〔3〕高原山地
〔4〕亚热带季风
〔5〕秦岭一淮河
16、〔1〕逐渐降低;纬度
〔2〕地形
〔3〕C
〔4〕由东南向西北递减。

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第二章 牛顿定律
13
第二章 牛顿定律
2-1 牛顿定律
【学习指导】
一、牛顿第一定律
定律内容:任何物体都保持静止或匀速直线运动状态,除非作用在它上面的力迫使它改变这种状态。

定律意义:引入了惯性的概念,惯性——物体保持其原有运动状态的一种属性;定性确定了力的概念,力——是使物体的运动状态发生改变的原因。

二、牛顿第二定律
定律内容:运动的变化与所加的动力成正比,且发生在该力所沿的直线上。

定律意义:定量确定了力的概念;引入了质量的概念,质量——是物体惯性大小的量度。

定律的数学形式:F ma =
在直角坐标系下:,y x x x y y dv dv F m
ma F m
ma dt dt
====
在自然坐标系下:2
,n n dv v F m ma F m
ma dt
ττρ
====
三、牛顿第三定律
当物体A 以力1F 作用在物体B 上时,物体B 必以力2F 作用在物体A 上,且1F 与2F
大小
相等、方向相反,并在同一直线上。

2-2 几种常见的力
【学习指导】
一、万有引力
1122122
, 6.6710/m m F G
G N m kg r -==⨯⋅
若忽略地球的自转,则地球表面附近的物体所受的万有引力叫重力。

2
M P mg
g G
R
==
二、弹性力(弹力 包括拉力、支撑力等)。

胡克定律 f kx =-,k 叫弹簧的倔强系数。

三、摩擦力
滑动摩擦力:,k k k f N μμ=——滑动摩擦系数。

第二章 牛顿定律
14 最大静摩擦力:max ,s s s f N μμ=——静摩擦系数。

注意:静摩擦力)0(N f μ≤≤是一个范围概念,只有最大静摩擦力才能用等式
N f μ=m ax 表示。

惯性系中,静摩擦力由平衡条件求出。

【典型例题】
【例2-1】 将质量为m 的小球用绳挂在倾角为α的光滑斜面上,当用力使斜面体以加速度a 向左方运动时,如例2.1图a ,求绳中的张力T和小球对斜面的正压力N。

【解】 所求T、N都与小球有关,故选小球为研究对象。

图(b )中给出了斜面静止时
小球的受力情况。

T为绳中张力,G=mg为重力,N N '= 为来自斜面的正压力。

当斜面体
向左加速运动时,小球将随同斜面体一起加速运动,出现与N '
方向相反的加速度分量。

根据
牛顿第二定律N G T '++ 沿N '
方向的分量方程
cos sin N mg ma αα'-=-
N′将随加速度a的增大而减小,直到减小至零与斜面脱离接触。

因此,在题中未给出a 的范围的情况下,小球有两种可能的受力情况,与此相应,应该建立两种不同的力学方程,得出两种不同的解答。

(1)加速度a 较小,小球还没有离开斜面
根据图(b)所示的受力情况,由牛顿第二定律得:
且N=-N ′,当N ′=0时,由cos sin 0g a αα-=,可得a gctg α=
第二章牛顿定律
当0
gctgα>时,小球就离开斜面了。

由于受力情况已发生变化,
(cos sin)0
N m g a
αα
'=-<出现的负值,已经没有意义。

(2)a gctgα
>,小球已经离开斜面
图(c)表示小球离开斜面后的受力情况。

此时,牛顿第二定律表示为
cos
T ma
θ=sin0
T mg
θ-=
由此解得/
T tg g a
θ
==
讨论在有些问题中,随着运动情况变化,物体的受力情况(力的数目,力的方向)也相应变化。

处理这样的力学问题,应该分别不同情况建立方程,得出不同的解答。

【例2-2】一根不可伸长的轻绳,跨过(轻)定滑轮。

绳的一端挂有m=1kg的重物,在绳的另一端施一力F。

当F=9.8N时,系统处于平衡状态。

如果从某一时刻开始,拉力按F=9.8+4t-2t2(SI)的规律作用。

问当拉力变为9.8N时,重物的最大速度是多少?
第二章 牛顿定律
16 【例2-3】 光滑桌面上放置一固定的圆环带,半径为R 。

一物体贴着环带内侧运动,如图2.3所示。

物体与环带间的滑动摩擦系数为μ。

设在某一时刻物体经过A 点时的速度为v 0。

求此后t 时刻物体的速率和从A 点开始所经过的路程。

【解】 物体受力:环带对它的压力N ,方向指向圆心;摩擦力
f ,方向与运方向相反,
大小为f N μ=-
另外,在竖直方向受重力和水平桌面施给物体的支撑力,二者互相平衡,与运动无关 设物体的质量m ,由牛顿运动定律可得方程:
切向f ma τ= 法向2
/N mv R = 联立求解得:2
/t a v R μ=-

2dv v dt
R
μ-=
分离变量并积分,得 0
01/v
t
v v dv dt v v
R
v t R
μ
μ-
=⇒=
+⎰⎰
再对时间积分,且利用初始条件t =0时,S =0,得 0ln(1)
R
S v t R
μ
μ
=+
【讨论】 为什么存在摩擦力而不能迫使m 静止呢?原因是摩擦力f 虽然迫使m 减速,
但是f 的大小取决于N ,而N 又取决于v 。

当v 减小时,则N 减小,相应的f 减小,也就越难于减速。

当v →0时,f →0,使a t →0,从而使m 的滑行成为无限的过程。

这与物体在桌面上的滑行是不同的,桌面给予的摩擦力是不变的,故能迫使m 减速到静止。

【分类习题】
一、选择题
1.下面说法正确的是
(A )物体在恒力作用下,不可能作曲线运动; (B )物体在变力作用下,不可能作直线运动;
(C )物体在垂直于速度方向,且大小不变的力作用下,作匀速园周运动; (D )物体在不垂直于速度方向力的作用下,不可能作园周运动; (E )物体在垂直于速度方向,但大小可变的力的作用下,可以作匀速曲线运动. 2.如图2.4所示,一光滑的内表面半径为10cm 的半球形碗,以匀角速度ω 绕其对称轴旋转,已知放在碗内表面上的一个小球P 相对碗
静止,其位置高于碗底4cm,则由此可推知碗旋转的角速度约为:
(A )13rad/s . (B )17rad/s .
(C )10 rad/s . (D )18rad/s.
3.把一块砖轻放在原来静止的斜面上,砖不往下滑动,如图2.5所示,斜面与地面之间无摩擦,则
图2.5
图2.4
图2.3
第二章 牛顿定律
17
(A ) 斜面保持静止. (B ) 斜面向左运动. (C ) 斜面向右运动. (D ) 无法判断斜面是否运动. 4.如图2.6所示,弹簧秤挂一滑轮,滑轮两边各挂一质量为m 和2m 的物体,绳子与滑轮的质量忽略不计,轴承处摩擦忽略不计,在m 及2m 的运动过程中,弹簧秤的读数为
(A ) 3mg . (B ) 2mg . (C ) 1mg . (D ) 8mg / 3. 二、填空题
1. 一质量为m 1的物体拴在长为l 1的轻绳上,绳子的另一端固定在光滑水平桌面上,另一质量为 m 2的物体用长为l 2的轻绳与m 1相接,二者均在桌面上作角速度为ω的匀速圆周运动,如图
2.7所示.则l 1, l 2两绳上的张力
2.质量分别为A m 和B m 的两滑块A 和B ,由弹簧水平连接置于桌面上(图2.8),两滑块与桌面间的摩擦系数均为μ。

系统在拉力F 作用下
匀速运动,如忽然撤消拉力F 的瞬间,两者加速度
=A a ,=B a 。

3.质量相等的两物体A 和B ,固定于弹簧的两端,并竖直放于光滑水平面C 上(图2.9),若迅速移走C 的瞬间,两物体加速度分别为=A a ,=B a 。

4.用轻绳AB 和BC 连接静止的质量为m 的小球,(图2.10,θ角已知),剪断绳AB 前后的瞬间,绳BC 的张力之比='
:T T ;剪后瞬间,小球的切向加速度的大小=t a 。

5.一架轰炸机在俯冲后沿一竖直面内的圆周轨道飞行,如图2.11所示,如果飞机的飞行速率为一恒值v =640km/h ,为使飞机在最低点的加速度不超过重力加速度的7倍(7g ),则
图2.6
< < < <
图2.6
a
图2.7
图2.8

2.11
图2.9
图2.10
18 他的视重(即人对坐椅的压力) = . 三、计算题
1.半径为R 的直立圆筒,可绕其轴转动。

一小物体紧靠在其内壁上(图2.12),已知其间的静摩擦系数为μ,要使物体不下落,圆筒旋转的角速度ω至少为多少?
2.在倾角为α的圆锥体侧面,距轴为R 处放一质量为m 的小物体,圆锥体绕竖直轴以匀角速ω转动(图2.13)。

为使物体相对锥体静止不动,物体与锥面间的静摩擦系数μ至少为多少?
3. 质量为m 的子弹以速度v 0水平射入沙土中,设子弹所受阻力与速度成正比,比例系数为
k ,忽略子弹的重力,求:
(1) 子弹射入沙土后,速度随时间变化的函数关系式; (2) 子弹射入沙土的最大深度.
图2.13。

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