Fig. 1-41 Spotfaced Holes
人体面部结构英语
人体面部结构英语The Human Facial Structure: An Insight into the Complexity and BeautyIntroduction:The human face is a remarkable structure that portrays emotions, thoughts, and personality. It is the most distinguishing feature of an individual, making each person unique. Understanding the human facial structure is essential in various fields, such as medicine, art, anthropology, and even everyday interactions. In this article, we will explore the intricate details of the human facial structure, its components, and their functions, and delve into the importance of studying facial anatomy in the English language.Components of the Facial Structure:The human face comprises various components that work together harmoniously to create the mesmerizing beauty we witness every day. These components include the forehead, eyebrows, eyes, nose, cheeks, mouth, chin, and ears.Forehead:Located at the upper part of the face, the forehead serves as a protective covering for the brain. It plays a significant role in facial expressions, especially when it comes to showcasing surprise, concern, or concentration.Eyebrows:The eyebrows, positioned above the eyes, have a dual purpose. Firstly, they protect the eyes from sweat, dust, and other foreign particles. Secondly, eyebrows play a crucial role in facial expressions, conveying emotions such as anger, surprise, and skepticism.Eyes:The eyes, often referred to as the "windows to the soul," are the most captivating feature of the human face. They facilitate vision, allowing us to perceive the worldaround us. Eyes also convey a wide range of emotions, including happiness, sadness, fear, and excitement, making them a vital part of non-verbal communication.Nose:The nose, positioned at the center of the face, is responsible for the sense of smell. Additionally, the shape, size, and structure of the nose contribute significantly to the overall facial aesthetics, as it is a prominent feature.Cheeks:The cheeks, located on the sides of the face, add volume and contour to the facial structure. They are involved in various facial expressions, including smiling, laughing, and pouting.Mouth:The mouth, consisting of the lips, teeth, and tongue, plays a crucial role in communication and digestion. It allows us to articulate speech, express emotions, and consume food. The lips, in particular, are known for their sensuality and play a vital role in non-verbal communication.Chin:The chin, located at the bottom of the face, provides support to the lower lip and adds definition to the jawline. It also helps in facial expressions, conveying emotions such as determination, defiance, and contemplation.Ears:The ears, situated on both sides of the face, are responsible for the sense of hearing. Apart from their auditory function, the ears contribute to the overall aesthetics of the face. They vary in shape, size, and position, adding uniqueness to each individual.Importance of Studying Facial Anatomy in the English Language:Studying facial anatomy in the English language is essential for various reasons, including communication, medical professions, and artistic endeavors.Communication:Facial expressions and body language are integral parts of effective communication, and the human face plays a central role in conveying emotions, intentions, and attitudes. Understanding the various facial structures and their functions helps individuals accurately interpret and express emotions in English, enhancing effective communication in both personal and professional settings.Medical Professions:In the medical field, understanding the human facial structure is crucial. Healthcare professionals, such as doctors, nurses, and dentists, need to have a comprehensive knowledge of facial anatomy to diagnose and treat facial deformities, perform surgeries, administer injections, and conduct dental procedures. Accurate and clear communication with patients, colleagues, and other medical professionals is essential, and proper use of English terminology related to the facial structure is a fundamental aspect of this.Artistic Endeavors:Artists, whether they specialize in painting, sculpting, or digital art, benefit greatly from studying facial anatomy. A deep understanding of the human facial structure enables artists to create realistic and expressive portraits, capturing the essence of their subjects. Knowledge of English terminology related to facial features allows artists to communicate effectively with a global audience, enhancing their reach and understanding.Conclusion:The human facial structure is an intricate and captivating creation, with its various components working together to express emotions, communicate, and define individuality. Understanding the complexity and beauty of the facial structure is essential in various fields, including communication, medicine, and art. By studying facial anatomy, both in terms of structure and English terminology, individuals can enhancetheir communication skills, medical expertise, and artistic endeavors, ultimately gaining a deeper appreciation for the beauty that lies within the human face.。
沸石分子筛的性能特点
Fig. Stereoscan of zeolite X crystal
Fig. Stereoscan of zeolite X crystal about 50 m in size showing spinel-type contact twin and spheroids of zeolite P
•Байду номын сангаас溶液中旳反应：
25
① 骨架Si、Al可用Ga、P等取代→杂原子取代分子筛② 可调变表面酸性及其他活性中心旳强度和浓度，或者调变分子筛表面旳吸附性质，从亲水性到疏水性。 如：阳离子互换→酸性分子筛、碱性分子筛 a、取得酸性：Na型 → H型 例如：NaY → HY 互换剂：NH4NO3、也可直接用酸溶液进行互换。 b、取得较强碱性： Na型 → K、Rb、Cs型 互换剂：碱金属旳硝酸盐等可分解型盐类。 碱性强弱：NaY< KY< RbY< CsY、NaX< KX< RbX< CsX
• 水热转化
Table. Steam stability of zeolite XaCation Form % Exchange Structureb Adsorptionc K+ 77 - 60 % - 89 % Na+ 100 - 80 % - 84 % Ca2+ 84 - 60 % - 71 % Ce3+ 77 no change - 21 % a Loose powder (300 C, 8 hr in 100% steam) b Determined from loss in intensity of selected X-ray powder reflections c As determined from argon adsorption at -183 C and 700 torr
甘肃省靖远县联考2024-2025学年高三上学期10月月考英语试题
甘肃省靖远县联考2024-2025学年高三上学期10月月考英语试题一、听力选择题1．How long does it take the woman to walk from her apartment to the bus stop?A．12 minutes.B．24 minutes.C．30 minutes.2．What’s the relationship between the speakers?A．Policeman and driver.B．Coworkers.C．Boss and employee. 3．What can be known about the doctor?A．He is very reliable.B．He will be away tomorrow.C．He has a full schedule tomorrow.4．What’s wrong with the woman?A．She has lost her way.B．She has lost her daughter.C．She has lost her luggage. 5．What does the man mean?A．It’s getting drier.B．There is a bad smell.C．A storm is on the way.听下面一段较长对话, 回答以下小题。
6．How will the woman send the package?A．By air.B．By express mail.C．By registered mail. 7．How much should the woman pay altogether?A．£20.B．£23.C．£26.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。
8．Why does the man dislike the telephone sales job?A．It doesn’t pay well.B．It isn’t suitable for him.C．It needs working long hours.9．What does the man think of the job as an entertainment director assistant?A．Attractive.B．Boring.C．Exhausting.听下面一段较长对话, 回答以下小题。
鼻咽癌正常器官勾画
Supplementary Table 1: Clinical characteristics of the 41 NPC patientsand 21 patients with NPC and unilateral TLNCharacteristic Value for the 41 NPC patients Value for the 21 NPC patients with unilateral Number 41 21GenderMale 31 16Female 10 5Age (years)≤ 40 13 8> 40 28 13T stage aT1 7 1T2 9 1T3 17 3T4 8 16N stage aN0 6 4N1 20 12N2 11 5N3 4 0Overall stage aI 2 1II 11 1III 16 3IV 12 16Radiation technique bVMAT 17 0Static IMRT 24 21ChemotherapyNo 6 3Yes 35 18Involved lateralityLeft side 13Right side 8Abbreviations: TLN, temporal lobe necrosis; IMRT, intensity modulated radiotherapy; VMAT, volumetric modulated arc therapya According to the 7th AJCC/UICC staging system.b All the patients were treated with IMRT including 17 with VMA T and 24 with static IMRT.Supplementary Table 2: Comparison of dosimetric parameters between temporal lobes with and without TLN using the two contouring methodsDosimetric parametersMethod 1a Method 2bt Mean difference P-value t Mean difference P-valueD0.1cc c 6.15 10.46 <0.001 6.09 10.40 <0.001 D0.5cc 5.08 8.03 <0.001 6.84 11.87 <0.001 D1cc 6.98 12.84 <0.001 7.01 12.86 <0.001 D5cc 7.12 14.28 <0.001 7.70 14.81 <0.001 D10cc 5.92 12.91 <0.001 6.55 13.45 <0.001 D15cc 4.70 10.09 <0.001 5.08 10.49 <0.001 D20cc 3.80 7.29 0.001 4.26 7.77 <0.001 D25cc 3.52 5.44 0.002 3.96 5.79 0.001 D30cc 3.44 3.45 0.004 4.18 4.24 0.001 D35cc 2.42 1.97 0.025 4.42 3.03 <0.001 D40cc 2.00 1.31 0.049 3.85 2.17 0.001 D1d7.06 12.54 <0.001 7.14 12.90 <0.001 D2 7.23 13.82 <0.001 7.25 14.12 <0.001 D5 7.84 14.89 <0.001 8.04 15.05 <0.001 D10 7.12 14.66 <0.001 7.01 14.16 <0.001 D15 6.17 13.02 <0.001 5.46 11.66 <0.001 D20 4.98 11.33 <0.001 4.58 9.12 <0.001 D25 4.61 8.91 <0.001 4.20 6.84 0.001 D30 4.21 7.05 0.001 4.23 4.96 <0.001 D35 4.62 5.75 <0.001 4.81 3.98 <0.001 D40 4.51 4.19 <0.001 4.39 3.00 <0.001 D45 4.03 3.14 0.001 3.98 2.27 0.001 D50 3.63 2.36 0.002 3.74 1.77 0.001 D55 3.61 1.76 0.002 3.67 1.51 0.002 D60 3.59 1.4 0.002 3.71 1.47 0.001 V10e 3.32 4.88 0.003 3.17 5.28 0.005 V20 5.13 5.86 <0.001 5.31 6.15 <0.001 V25 5.95 7.16 <0.001 6.16 6.79 <0.001 V30 6.97 8.72 <0.001 6.95 7.69 <0.001 V35 6.77 9.71 <0.001 6.86 8.18 <0.001 V40 6.18 10.01 <0.001 6.48 8.26 <0.001 V45 5.84 9.89 <0.001 6.10 8.03 <0.001 V50 2.72 3.37 0.013 5.81 7.78 <0.001 V55 5.19 8.61 <0.001 5.39 7.02 <0.001 V60 4.75 7.07 <0.001 4.78 5.75 <0.001 V65 3.88 4.93 0.001 3.88 4.01 0.001 V70 2.85 2.64 0.01 2.87 2.20 0.009 V75 2.06 0.83 0.042 2.19 0.72 0.041 Volume 2.92 3.62 0.009 2.26 3.10 0.035 Dmean 5.83 4.98 <0.001 5.83 4.36 <0.001 D1 of PRV f7.35 11.48 <0.001 7.50 11.80 <0.001 D5 of PRV 7.80 14.19 <0.001 8.20 14.73 <0.001 D10 of PRV 6.80 14.18 <0.001 7.27 14.73 <0.001 D15 of PRV 5.95 13.14 <0.001 5.72 12.45 <0.001D20 of PRV 4.93 11.02 <0.001 4.71 9.59 <0.001D25 of PRV 4.30 8.60 <0.001 4.29 7.15 <0.001D30 of PRV 4.01 6.77 0.001 4.20 5.25 <0.001D35 of PRV 3.94 5.07 0.001 4.26 3.92 <0.001D40 of PRV 4.16 3.88 <0.001 4.38 3.06 <0.001D45 of PRV 3.89 2.93 0.001 4.13 2.35 0.001D50 of PRV 3.70 2.23 0.001 3.91 1.88 0.001D55 of PRV 3.72 1.66 0.001 3.76 1.59 0.001D60 of PRV 3.44 1.25 0.003 3.57 1.40 0.002V20 of PRV 5.31 5.66 <0.001 5.21 5.72 <0.001V25 of PRV 5.73 6.88 <0.001 6.01 6.70 <0.001V30 of PRV 6.94 8.77 <0.001 6.70 7.73 <0.001V35 of PRV 6.59 9.40 <0.001 6.82 8.28 <0.001V40 of PRV 6.22 9.61 <0.001 6.52 8.31 <0.001V45 of PRV 5.96 9.92 <0.001 6.31 8.06 <0.001V50 of PRV 5.74 9.17 <0.001 6.04 7.78 <0.001V55 of PRV 5.53 8.47 <0.001 5.76 7.18 <0.001V60 of PRV 5.05 7.16 <0.001 5.17 6.08 <0.001V65 of PRV 4.33 5,.30 <0.001 4.38 4.51 <0.001V70 of PRV 3.18 2.99 0.005 3.42 2.66 0.003V75 of PRV 2.45 1.10 0.024 2.55 0.98 0.019 Abbreviations: PRV=planning organ at risk volume; D mean= mean dose; TLN=temporal lobe necrosis;a Temporal lobe including the basal ganglia and insula, excluding parahippocampal gyrus and hippocampusb Temporal lobe including parahippocampal gyrus and hippocampus, excluding basal ganglia and insula.c D0.1cc is the minimum dose received by the ‘‘hottest’’ 0.1ml of the organ, the other D with suffixes expresses the same meaning, but the suffix numbers represent the absolute volume.d D1 is the minimum dose received by the ‘‘hottest’’ 1% of the organ, the other D with suffixes express the same meaning, but the suffix nu mbers represent the percentage of volume.e V10 is the percentage of volume of temporal lobe that receives more than 10 Gy, the other V with suffixes express the same meaning, but the suffix numbers represent the doses received.f D1of PRV is the minimum dose received by the ‘‘hottest’’ 1% of the planning organ at risk volume of temporal lobe volume, the other Dx of PRV, Vx of PRV express the same meaning, but the prefix parameter represent the percentage of volume or the dose received.Supplementary Table 3: Anatomic boundaries of the organs at risk in NPC.Organ StandardTPS name [20]Cranial Caudal Anterior Posterior Lateral MedialTMJ TMjoint a Disappearance ofarticular cavity Appearance of thehead of mandible orone slice superior tothe sigmoid notch ofthe neck of mandibleArticular condyle of thetemporal bone, ant.edge of mandibularcondyleSurface of fossaglenoidLat. edge ofmandibular condyle orsurface of fossaglenoidBrainstem BrainStem Optic tract or thedisappearance ofposterior cerebralartery Foramen magnum Post. edge of prepon-tine cistern or basilararteryAnt. edge of forthventricle ormesencephalicaqueductPosterior cerebralartery, anteriorinferior cerebellarartery, cerebellarpeduncleOptic chiasm Chiasm One or two slicessuperiorly Pituitary orsuprasellar cisternOptic canal Infundibulum Internal carotidarteries, middlecerebral arteriesTongue(oral cavity)b Tongue Post. edge of thehard palate or softpalateDisappearance ofanterior belly ofdigastric musclePost. edge of mandibleor is freePalate, oropharynx,the palatine tonsil,hyoid boneMed. edge of themandible or inferioralveoli socketLarynx(larynx and laryngopharynx) Larynx Cranial edge ofepiglottisCaudal edge of cricoidcartilageAnt. edge of thyroidcartilage or cricoidcartilageIncluding arytenoidcartilage, the superiorand inferior horns ofthyroid cartilage andpost. edge ofpharyngeal constrictorMed. edge of hyoidbone, lat. edge ofthyroid cartilage andcricoid cartilage，cervical vessels,nerves, and lateralthyroidUpper Pharyngeal- Caudal edge of Cranial edge of hyoid Nasopharynx, Longus capitis m., Carotid sheathpharyngeal constrictor [22] Const_Upper pterygoid plates bone oropharynx,laryngopharynx, base oftonguelongus colli m., bodyof cervical vertebraMiddle pharyngeal constrictor [22] Pharyngeal-Const_MiddleCranial edge ofhyoid boneCaudal edge of hyoidboneLaryngopharynx Longus capitis m.,longus colli m., bodyof cervical vertebraHyoid boneInferior pharyngeal constrictor [22] Pharyngeal-Const_LowerCaudal edge ofhyoid boneCaudal edge of cricoidcartilageLaryngopharynx orcricoids cartilageLongus capitis m.,longus colli m., bodyof cervical vertebraThyroid cartilage orthyroid glandTrachea Trachea Caudal edge ofcricoid cartilage Two centimetersbelow the caudal edgeof the clavicularheadPost. edge of isthmus ofthyroid glandAnt. edge ofesophagusLateral thyroid gland One-twomillimetersexpanded from thelumen of tracheaSubman- dibular gland Submandibular a Inferior edge ofmedial pterygoid orthe level of C3Appearance of fatspace ofsubmandibulartriangleLat. surface ofmylohyoid m. orhyoglossus m.Parapharyngeal space,cervical vessels andpost. belly of digastricm.,sternocleidomastoidm.Ramus of themandible,subcutaneous fat orplatysmaCervical vessels,superior and middlepharyngealconstrictor m.,hyoid bone, post.belly of thedigastric m.,mylohyoid m. orhyoglossus m.Esophagus [22] Esophagus Caudal edge ofcricoid cartilage Two centimetersbelow the caudal edgeof the clavicular headTrachea Vertebral body orlongus colli m.Fat space or thyroidglandOptic nerve [23] OpticNerve a Below the superiorrectus Superior the inferiorrectusPosterior edge of thecenter of globeOptic canalTemporal lobe TemporalLobe a Cranial edge of the Base of middle cranial Temporal bone and Petrous part of Temporal bone Cavernous sinus,sylvian fissure fossa sylvian fissure，greaterwing of sphenoid temporal lobe,tentorium ofcerebellum, incisurapreoccipitalissphenoid sinus,sella turcica, andsylvian fissure（includingparahippocampalgyrus andhippocampusParotid gland [21] Parotid a External auditorycanal, mastoidprocessAppearance post. partsubmandibular spaceMasseter m. post.border mandibularbone, medial pterygoidm.Ant. bellysternocleidomastoidm., lat. side post. bellyof the digastric m.(posterior medial)，mastoid processSubmandibular fat,platysmaPost. belly of thedigastric m., styloidprocess,parapharyngealspace，sternocleidomastoidSpinal cord SpinalCord Disappearance ofcerebellum Two centimetersbelow the inferioredge of the clavicularheadExclude the subarachnoid spaceBrachial plexus [24] BrachialPlexus a Caudal edge of C4 Caudal edge of T1 atneural foramina andone to two CT slicesbelow the clavicularhead as the posterioraspect of theneurovascularbundleAnterior scalene muscle Middle scalenemuscleFat space Spinal cordThyroid gland Thyroid Caudal edge ofpyriform sinus ormidpoint of thyroidcartilage Body of fifth toseventh cervicalvertebraSternohyoid orsternocleidomastoidCervical vessels orlongus colli m.Cervical vessels orsternocleidomastoidThyroid cartilage orcricoids cartilage oresophagus orpharyngealconstrictorMandible Mandible The mandible be contoured as whole organ but not be divided into the left and the right. Contouring of the mandible should include alveolar bone and exclude the teeth.Inner ear Ear_Inner a Cochlea and IAC should be individually delineated and named.Middle ear Ear_Middle a Tympanic cavity, bony part of ET should be individually delineated and named.Eyes Eyes a Ensure the retina to be contoured completely.Lens Lens a The boundary between the lens and the vitreum is obviousPituitary Pituitary The pituitary is located in the hypophysial fossa. Insure the organ be contoured completely but not beyond the surrounding bone. The pituitary is ovoid and can be visualized on 1-2 slices on CT scans of 3 mm thicknessAbbreviations: TMJ, temporomandibular joint; ET, Eustachian tube; IAC, internal auditory canal; m., muscle.a The organs should be divided into left and right, and the standard TPS name of laterality is indicated by appending an underscore character ( _ ), followed by L or R,respectively. For example, the left parotid is named Parotid_L; the right parotid is named Parotid_R.b include the base of the tongue, body of tongue and mouth floor.Supplementary table 4: Abbreviations mentioned in the manuscript. Abbreviations Full nameOAR organ at riskTMJ temporomandibular jointNPC nasopharyngeal carcinomaPC pharyngeal constrictorET Eustachian tubeROC receiver operating characteristicTLN temporal lobe necrosisIAC internal auditory canalRT radiotherapyGTV gross target volumeCTV clinical target volumePTV planning target volumePRV planning organ at risk volumeDmean mean doseDmax maximum doseS.E. standard errorSNHL sensorineural hearing lossOME otitis media with effusionIMRT intensity modulated radiotherapyVMAT volumetric modulated arc therapyAUC Area under the curveDx(xcc) minimum dose received by the ‘‘hottest’’ x% (or x ml) of the organ Vx volume percentage of the organ receiving ≥ X GySupplementary Figure 1. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for the D1 of the PRV using two different temporal lobe contouring methods in 21 NPC patients with unilateral TLN.Supplementary Figure 2. Recommended atlas of the tympanic cavity, Eustachian tube (ET), cochlea, IAC, TMJ, temporal lobe, brainstem, parotid gland,spinal cord, optic nerve, chiasm, submandibular gland, pituitary, mandible, eyes, lens, brachial plexus, tongue(oral cavity), larynx, pharyngeal constrictors and trachea as OARs based on CT-MRI fusion in NPC patients.Supplementary References 1: The list of literatures relative to OARs contouring1.Baxi S, Park E, Chong V, Chung HT. Temporal changes in IMRT contouring of organs atrisk for nasopharyngeal carcinoma - the learning curve blues and a tool that could help.Technol Cancer Res Treat 2009; 8:131-140.2.Gondi V, Tome WA, Rowley HA, Mehta MP. Hippocampal Contouring: A ContouringAtlas for RTOG 0933. 2011.3.Penumetcha N, Kabadi S, Jedynak B, et al. Feasibility of geometric-intensity-basedsemi-automated delineation of the tentorium cerebelli from MRI scans. J Neuroimaging 2011; 21:e148-55.4.Chau RM, Leung SF, Kam MK, et al. A split-organ delineation approach for doseoptimisation for intensity-modulated radiotherapy for advanced T-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2008; 20:134-41.5.Bonilha L, Kobayashi E, Cendes F, Li LM. The importance of accurate anatomicassessment for the volumetric analysis of the amygdala. Braz J Med Biol Res 2005;38:409-18.6.Wang SZ, Yan XJ, Guo M, et al. Clinical analysis of otitis media with effuse after 3Dplanning system based radiotherapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. China Oncol 2006;16:503–7.7.Walker GV, Ahmed S, Allen P, et al. Radiation-induced middle ear and mastoidopacification in skull base tumors treated with radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011; 81:e819-e823.8.Wang SZ, Wang WF, Guo M, et al. Analysis of anatomic factors controlling the morbidityof radiation-induced otitis media with effusion. Radiotherapy and Oncology 2007; 85: 463–468.9.Wang SZ, Li J, Miyamoto CT, et al. A study of middle ear function in the treatment ofnasopharyngeal carcinoma with IMRT technique. Radiotherapy and Oncology 2009;93:530-3.10.Hsin CH, Chen TH, Young YH, Liu WS. Comparison of otologic complications betweenintensity-modulated and two-dimensional radiotherapies in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2010; 143: 662-8.11.Bhandare N, Antonelli PJ, Morris CG, Malayapa RS, Mendenhall WM.Ototoxicity after radiotherapy for head and neck tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007;67:469-79.12.Petsuksiri J, Sermsree A, Thephamongkhol K, et al. Sensorineural hearing loss afterconcurrent chemoradiotherapy in nasopharyngeal cancer patients. Radiat Oncol 2011; 6:19.13.Pacholke HD, Amdur RJ, Schmalfuss IM, Louis D, Mendenhall WM. Contouring themiddle and inner ear on radiotherapy planning scans. Am J Clin Oncol 2005; 28:143-147. 14.Pan CC, Eisbruch A, Lee JS, Snorrason RM, Ten Haken RK, Kileny PR. Prospective studyof inner ear radiation dose and hearing loss in head-and-neck cancer patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005; 61:1393-1402.15.Low WK, Burgess R, Fong KW, Wang DY. Effect of radiotherapy on retro-cochlearauditory pathways. Laryngoscope 2005; 115:1823-1826.16.Chen WC, Jackson A, Budnick AS, et al. Sensorineural hearing loss in combined modalitytreatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer 2006; 106 (Suppl. 4):820-829.17.Bhandare N, Jackson A, Eisbruch A, Radiation therapy and hearing loss. Int J Radia OncolBiol Phy 2010; 76:S50-7.18.Zuur CL, Simis YJ, Lamers EA, et al. Risk factors for hearing loss in patients treated withintensity-modulated radiotherapy for head-and-neck tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009; 74:490-6.19.Parashar B, Kuo C, Kutler D, et al. Importance of contouring the cervical spine levels ininitial intensity-modulated radiation therapy radiation for head and neck cancers: implications for re-irradiation. J Cancer Res Ther 2009; 5:36-40.20.Kong FM, Ritter T, Quint DJ, et al. Consideration of dose limits for organs at risk ofthoracic radiotherapy: atlas for lung, proximal bronchial tree, esophagus, spinal cord, ribs, and brachial plexus. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011; 81:1442-1457.21.Leung WM, Tsang NM, Chang FT, Lo CJ. Lhermitte's sign among nasopharyngeal cancerpatients after radiotherapy. Head Neck 2005; 27:187-194.22.Harari PM, Song S, Tome WA. Emphasizing Conformal Avoidance vs. Target Definitionfor IMRT Treatment Planning in Head and Neck Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010; 77: 950–958.23.Ezhi M, Starkschall G, Mohan R, Cox J, Komski R. Validation of a model-basedsegmentation approach to propagating normal anatomic regions of interest through the 10 phases of respiration. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008; 71: 900-6.24.Weiss W, Wijesooriya K, Ramakrishnan V, Keall P. Comparison of intensity-modulatedradiotherapy planning based on manual and automatically generated contours using deformable image registration in four-dimensional computed tomography of lung cancerpatients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008; 70: 572–581.25.Qatarneh SM, Noz ME, Hyodymaa S, Maguire GQ, Kramer EL, Crafoord J. Evaluation ofa segmentation procedure to delineate organs for use in construction of a radiation therapyplanning atlas. Int J Med Inform 2003; 69: 39-55.26.Pak D, Vineberg K, Feng F, Ten Haken RK, Eisbruch A. Lhermitte sign after chemo-IMRTof head-and-neck cancer: incidence, doses, and potential mechanisms. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012; 83(5):1528-33.27.Uhl M, Sterzing F, Habl G, et al. CT-myelography for high-dose irradiation of spinal cordand paraspinal tumors with helical tomotherapy: revival of an old tool. Strahlenther Onkol 2011; 187:416-20.28.Brouwer CL, Steenbakkers RJ, Van den Heuvel E, et al. 3D Variation in delineation ofhead and neck organs at risk. Radiat Oncol 2012; 7:32.29.Schreibmann E, Fox T. Towards automated planning for unsealed source therapy. J ApplClin Med Phys 2012; 13:3789.30.Urbano TG, Clark CH, Hansen VN, et al. Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) inlocally advanced thyroid cancer: Acute toxicity results of a phase I study. Radiother Oncol 2007; 85:58-63.31.Zwicker F, Roeder F, Hauswald H, et al. Reirradiation with intensity-modulatedradiotherapy in recurrent head and neck cancer.Head Neck 2011; 33:1695-702.32.Park SH, Park HC, Park SW, et al. Multi-institutional Comparison of Intensity ModulatedRadiation Therapy (IMRT) Planning Strategies and Planning Results for Nasopharyngeal Cancer. J Korean Med Sci 2009; 24:248-55.33.Eisbruch A, Marsh LH, Dawson LA, et al. Recurrences near base of skull after IMRT forhead-and-neck cancer: implications for target delineation in high neck and for parotid gland sparing. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004; 59:28-42.34.Claus F, Duthoy W, Boterberg T, et al. Intensity modulated radiation therapy fororopharyngeal and oral cavity tumors: clinical use and experience. Oral Oncol 2002;38:597-604.35.Chen AM, Li BQ, Farwell DG, Marsano J, Vijayakumar S, Purdy JA. Improved dosimetricand clinical outcomes with intensity-modulated radiotherapy for head-and-neck cancer of unknown primary origin. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011; 79:756-62.36.Dirix P, Nuyts S. Evidence-based organ-sparing radiotherapy in head and neck cancer.Lancet Oncol 2010; 11:85-91.37.Strigari L, Benassi M, Arcangeli G, Bruzzaniti V, Giovinazzo G, Marucci L. A novel doseconstraint to reduce xerostomia in head-and-neck cancer patients treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010; 77:269-76. 38.Zhang Y, Lin J, Zhou W, Tang J, Liao Y. Dosimetric verification and clinical efficacyof intensity modulated radiotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2009;34: 879-8539.van Rij CM, Oughlane-Heemsbergen WD, Ackerstaff AH, Lamers EA, Balm AJ, RaschCR. Parotid gland sparing IMRT for head and neck cancer improves xerostomia related quality of life. Radiat Oncol 2008; 3:41.40.Huang K, Xia P, Chuang C, Weinberg V, et al. Intensity-modulated chemoradiation fortreatment of stage III and IV oropharyngeal carcinoma: the University of California-SanFrancisco experience. Cancer 2008; 113:497-507.41.Seung S, Bae J, Solhjem M, et al. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy for head-and-neckcancer in the community setting. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008; 72:1075-81.42.Bhide S, Clark C, Harrington K, Nutting CM. Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy ImprovesTarget Coverage and Parotid Gland Sparing When Delivering Total Mucosal Irradiation in Patients With Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck of Unknown Primary Site Med Dosim 2007; 32:188-95.43.Guerrero Urbano MT, Clark CH, et al. Target volume definition for head and neck intensitymodulated radiotherapy: pre-clinical evaluation of PARSPORT trial guidelines. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2007; 19:604-13.44.Lee NY, de Arruda FF, Puri DR, et al. A comparison of intensity-modulated radiationtherapy and concomitant boost radiotherapy in the setting of concurrent chemotherapy for locally advanced oropharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 66:966-74.45.Braam PM, Terhaard CH, Roesink JM, Raaijmakers CP. Intensity-modulatedradiotherapy significantly reduces xerostomia compared with conventional radiotherapy.Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 66:975-80.46.de Arruda FF, Puri DR, Zhung J, et al. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy for thetreatment of oropharyngeal carcinoma: the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 64:363-73.47.Kwong DL, Pow EH, Sham JS, et al. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy for early-stagenasopharyngeal carcinoma: a prospective study on disease control and preservation of salivary function. Cancer 2004; 101:1584-93.48.Chao KS, Ozyigit G, Blanco AI, et al. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy fororopharyngeal carcinoma: impact of tumor volume. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004;59:43-50.49.Parliament MB, Scrimger RA, Anderson SG, et al. Preservation of oral health-relatedquality of life and salivary flow rates after inverse-planned intensity- modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for head-and-neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004;58:663-73.50.van Asselen B, Dehnad H, Raaijmakers CP, Roesink JM, Lagendijk JJ, Terhaard CH. Thedose to the parotid glands with IMRT for oropharyngeal tumors: the effect of reduction of positioning margins. Radiother Oncol 2002; 64:197-204.51.Lee N, Xia P, Quivey JM, et al. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy in the treatment ofnasopharyngeal carcinoma: an update of the UCSF experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002; 53:12-22.52.Sultanem K, Shu HK, Xia P, et al. Three-dimensional intensity-modulated radiotherapy inthe treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: the University of California-San Francisco experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000; 48:711-22.53.Wu Q, Manning M, Schmidt-Ullrich R, Mohan R. The potential for sparing of parotids andescalation of biologically effective dose with intensity-modulated radiation treatments of head and neck cancers: a treatment design study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000;46:195-205.54.Butler EB, Teh BS, Grant WH 3rd, et al. Smart (simultaneous modulated acceleratedradiation therapy) boost: a new accelerated fractionation schedule for the treatment of headand neck cancer with intensity modulated radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1999;45:21-32.55.Grégoire V, Jeraj R, Lee JA, O'Sullivan B. Radiotherapy for head and neck tumours in2012 and beyond: conformal, tailored, and adaptive? Lancet Oncol 2012; 13:e292-300. 56.Scrimger R. Salivary gland sparing in the treatment of head and neck cancer. Expert RevAnticancer Ther 2011; 11:1437-48.57.Anand AK, Jain J, Negi PS, et al. Can dose reduction to one parotid gland preventxerostomia?--A feasibility study for locally advanced head and neck cancer patients treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2006; 18:497-504. 58.Faggiano E, Fiorino C, Scalco E, et al. An automatic contour propagation method to followparotid gland deformation during head-and-neck cancer tomotherapy. Phys Med Biol 2011;56:775-91.59.Feng M, Demiroz C, Karen A, et al. Normal Tissue Anatomy for Oropharyngeal Cancer:Contouring Variability and Its Impact on Optimization. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2012;84:e245-9.60.Mukesh M, Benson R, Jena R, et al. Interobserver variation in clinical target volume andorgans at risk segmentation in post-parotidectomy radiotherapy: can segmentation protocols help? The British Journal of Radiology 2012; 85: e530–e536.61.Loo SW, Martin WM, Smith P, Cherian S, Roques TW. Interobserver variation in parotidgland delineation: a study of its impact on intensity-modulated radiotherapy solutions witha systematic review of the literature. Br J Radiol 2012; 85:1070-7.。
摄影上的红点 英语
摄影上的红点英语The Red Dot in Photography: A Technical and Aesthetic Exploration.In the world of photography, the red dot is a familiar sight, often serving as a silent yet powerful companion to the lens. This small, often unnoticed detail plays acrucial role in the art and science of capturing images. The red dot is not just a marker; it's a tool, a reference point, and a symbol of precision and accuracy.1. Technical Significance.The red dot is typically found on the center of the viewfinder or on the camera's sensor. It serves as a visual aid for the photographer, indicating the exact point where the lens is focused. This is especially useful when shooting manually, as it allows the photographer to align the subject with the center of the frame, ensuring maximum sharpness and clarity.In addition, the red dot often doubles as a reticle for aiming, particularly in sports and wildlife photography where split-second timing and precision aiming are paramount. By lining up the red dot with the subject's eyes or a critical point, photographers can ensure that their shots are both accurate and impactful.2. Aesthetic Purpose.Beyond its technical function, the red dot also serves an aesthetic purpose. In black and white photography, the red dot stands out, adding a pop of color that can draw the viewer's eye to a specific point in the image. This can be used to emphasize a particular detail, such as a face or an object, within the composition.In color photography, the red dot can still be effective, but it must be used carefully to avoid distracting from the overall image. Sometimes, the red dot can blend seamlessly into the scene, adding a subtle yet impactful touch. In other cases, it can be used moreprominently, serving as a visual focal point that draws the viewer into the image.3. Historical Context.The use of the red dot in photography has a long history, dating back to the early days of the medium. In the analog era, the red dot was often a physical mark on the lens or viewfinder, helping photographers align their shots. As photography evolved and digital cameras became more prevalent, the red dot evolved with it, becoming a digital overlay on the viewfinder or live view screen.4. Modern Applications.In modern photography, the red dot has found new applications. With the advent of digital cameras and sophisticated software, photographers can now manipulate the red dot in post-production, using it to create unique effects and compositions. For example, they can overlay the red dot on top of an image to create a retro feel or use it as a creative element to guide the viewer's eye through theframe.5. Conclusion.The red dot in photography is a versatile and powerful tool. It serves as a technical aid for precision aiming and focusing, but it also has an aesthetic quality that can enhance the impact of an image. Whether it's a subtle addition or a prominent feature, the red dot can be used to create a sense of drama, emotion, or simplicity, depending on the photographer's vision and the context of the shot.In conclusion, the red dot is not just a marker; it's a symbol of precision, accuracy, and creativity in photography. It represents the photographer's eye, their intention, and their craft. As we look towards the future of photography, the red dot will continue to evolve andfind new applications, remaining a constant companion to the lens and a testament to the art of capturing light.。
人教版新高考英语二轮复习习题训练--30分语言运用限时满分练(三)
30分语言运用限时满分练(三)(限时25分钟)Ⅰ.完形填空(共15小题; 每小题1分, 满分15分)(2021·山东济南高三高考适应性考试)Last month, Koch went to make breakfast and found a(n)1 guest using his pool. A large moose(驼鹿) was swimming in the deep end, 2 in the solar cover(太阳能覆盖膜).“I looked out in the backyard and there was the moose absolutely panicked and3,” Koch told The Dodo. “She stepped on the solar cover and put her 4 through it and she was 5 trying to get free.”Koch noticed some wildlife around his home in Ottawa,6 he had never seen an animal 7 impressive before. He rushed outside and pulled the solar cover off the 8 moose, who continued paddling 9 the pool, proving to be a surprisingly skilled swimmer.The wild moose seemed to be having trouble finding her way out of the pool, so Koch called the police and wildlife services to see if they could 10 a hand. “She looked so pitifully sad out there that my wife said, ‘I want to give her a 11.’”Workers from wildlife services intended that they would get her to a safer spot, but they couldn’t 12it until she was out of the water. “The best thing that happened was that after 3.5 hours she climbed out of the shallow end and 13 the fence,” Koch said.The moose 14 unscratched, but the same can’t be said for Koch’s pool, which now has two hoof-sized holes in the 15.rmal B.ordinaryualD.uninvited2.A.abandoned B.wrappedC.removedD.forbidden3.A.struggling B.shakingC.shoutingD.searching4.A.shoulder B.footC.faceD.back5.A.narrowly B.likelyC.desperatelyD.unwillingly6.A.for B.soC.butD.or7.A.this B.wellC.almostD.rather8.A.relaxed B.happyC.tiredD.poor9.A.around B.beneathC.outsideD.beyond10.A.donate B.hurtC.lendD.cure11.A.lift B.hugC.smileD.credit12.A.update B.witnessC.cancelD.manage13.A.watched out B.cut downC.jumped overD.dived into14.A.escaped B.participatedC.hesitatedD.insisted15.A.top B.bottomC.wallD.coverⅡ.语篇填空(共10小题; 每小题1.5分, 满分15分)(2021·宁夏银川高三教学质量检测)Connect Online to meet OfflineIn our information technology society, we often have 16.(much) communication online than offline. For example, just compare the number of people to 17. you have sent online messages with that of people you 18.(meet) in the past two weeks.However, there are now mobile apps which allow you 19.(connect) with strangers online and then meet in person, and I’m not talking about dating apps! Rather, I’m referring to apps which help to connect people with similar interests who live in the same city. To begin with, get online and find a group that 20.(interest) you. Then, simply join 21. group. As long as you’re in a group with like-minded people, you will be able to enjoy 22.(do) the same activities together. You can do this 23. free, although some apps will ask you to pay if you want to create an interest group.There is a wide 24.(vary) of interest groups out there, such as those for hiking, football, photography, board games, poetry, or dog owners. You name it, and they’ve got it! This is 25.(real) a great way to network and meet people if you’re new to a city, or simply to make new friends.30分语言运用限时满分练(三)【语篇导读】本文是一篇记叙文。
辽宁省沈阳市第二中学2023-2024学年高三下学期开学考试英语试题(原卷版+解析版)
沈阳二中24届高三寒假阶段测试(外语)注意事项：1.答题前，考生务必用黑色碳素笔将自己的姓名、准考证号、考场号、座位号在答题卡上填写清楚。
2.每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
在试题卷上作答无效。
3.考试结束后，请将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
满分150分，考试用时120分钟。
第一部分听力(共两节，满分30分)第一节(共5小题;每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1. Where are the speakers most probablyA. In a restaurant.B. In a bakery.C. In a fruit shop.2. What should be avoided in bear encountersA. Flee away immediately.B. Stay where you are.C. Seek shelter in a tree.3. Where did the woman go yesterdayA. To a park.B. To an exhibition.C. To her sister’s.4. What is the relationship between the speakersA. Office colleagues.B. Board members.C. Business partners.5. What does the athlete owe his success toA. Racing at sea level.B. Training at high altitudes.C. Living in a mountainous area.第二节(共15题;每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。
骨骼模型半边肌肉着色中英文编码说明书
33Protuberantia occipitalis interna 枕内隆凸34Sulcus sinus sagittalis superior 上矢状窦沟35Sulcus sinus transversi 横窦沟1Diploe 板障36Sulcus sinus sigmoidei 乙状窦沟2Clivus斜坡37Os sphenoidale 蝶骨3Fossa temporalis 颞窝38Sella turcica蝶鞍4Arcus zygomaticus 颧骨39Tuberculum sellae turcicae 鞍结节5Fossa infratemporalis 下颞窝40Fossa hypophysialis 垂体窝6Fossa pterygopalatina 翼窝41Dorsum sellae鞍背7Foramen jugulare 颈静脉孔42Processus clinoideus posterior 后床突8Foramen lacerum破裂孔43Sulcus caroticus颈动脉沟9Foramen palatinum majus 腭大孔44Ala minor ossis sphenoidalis 小翼10Fossa incisiva 切牙窝45Canalis opticus视神经管11Canalis incisivus 切牙管46Ala major ossis sphenoidalis 大翼12Septum nasi osseum 骨鼻中隔47Crista infratemporalis 颞下嵴13Apertura nasi osseum 骨鼻中口(喋窦口)48Foramen rotundum 圆孔14Conchae nasales鼻甲49Foramen ovale 卵圆孔15Foramen ethmoidale anterius 前筛孔50Foramen spinosum 棘孔16Foramen ethmoidale posterius 后筛孔51Sulcus tubae auditivae 耳管沟17Fossa sacci lacrimalis 泪囊窝52Processus pterygoideus翼突18Fissura orbitalis superior 眶上裂53Lamina lateralis processus pterygoidei 外侧板19Fissura orbitalis inferior 眶下裂54Lamina medialis processus pterygoidei 内侧板20Os occipitalis 枕骨55Incisura pterygoidea 翼切迹21Foramen magnum大孔56Fossa pterygoidea 翼窝22Sulcus sinus petrosi inferioris 岩下窦沟57Canalis pterygoideus 翼管23Tuberculum pharyngeum 咽结节58Os temporale颞骨24Squama occipitalis 枕鳞59Pars petrosa, margo superior 岩部上缘25Condylus occipitalis 枕髁60Processus mastoideus 乳突26Canalis condylaris 髁管61Incisura mastoidea 乳突切迹27Canalis hypoglossi 舌下神经管62Foramen mastoideum 乳突孔28Incisura jugularis颈静脉切迹63Canalis caroticus颈动脉管29Protuberantia occipitalis externa 枕外隆凸64Canalis musculotubarius 肌咽鼓管30Linea nuchae suprema 最上项线65Tegmen tympani 鼓室盖31Linea nuchae superior 上项线66Eminentia arcuata弓状隆起32Linea nuchae inferior下项线67Hiatus canalis n.petrosi majoris岩上神经管裂孔BONES 骨骼 Skull头骨68Sulcus n.petrosi majoris岩大神经沟103Processus palatinus腭突69Impressio trigemini 三叉神经压迹104Os incisivum切牙骨70Sulcus sinus petrosi superioris 岩上窦沟105Processus alveolaris牙槽窝71Porus acusticus internus内耳门106Os palatinum腭骨72Processus styloideus茎突107Lamina horizontalis水平板73Foramen stylomastoideum颈乳孔108Os zygomaticum颧骨74Meatus acusticus externus外耳门109Facies temporalis颞骨前面75Processus zygomaticus颧突110Processus zygomaticus颧突76Fossa mandibularis下颌窝111Foramen zygomaticoorbitale颧眶孔77Tuberculum articulare关节结节112Foramen zygomaticofaciale颧面孔78Os parietale顶骨113Foramen zygomaticotemporale颧颞孔79Sutura coronalis冠状缝114Mandibula下颌骨80Linea temporalis inferior颞面115Corpus mandibulae下颌体81Sulcus sinus sagittalis superioris上矢状窦沟116Basis mandibulae下颌底82Sulcus sinus sigmoidei乙状窦沟117Protuberantia mentalis颏隆凸83Os frontale额骨a Tuberculum mentale颏结节84Glabella眉间118Spina mentalis颏棘85Spina nasalis鼻棘119Foramen mentale下颌孔86Processus frontalis额突120Linea obliqua斜线87Crista frontalis额嵴121Fossa digastrica二腹肌窝88Foramen cecum盲孔122Linea mylohyoidea下颌舌骨肌线89Sinus frontalis额窦123Fovea sublingualis舌下腺凹90Os ethmoidale筛骨124Fovea submandibularis下颌下腺凹91Lamina cribrosa ossis ethmoidalis 筛板125Pars alveolaris牙槽部92Crista galli (Ossis ethmoidalis)鸡冠a Arcus alveolaris牙槽弓93Concha nasalis inferior下鼻甲126Juga alveolaris牙槽凸94Os lacrimale 泪骨127Septa interalveolarea牙槽间隔95Os nasale鼻骨128Ramus mandibulae下颌支96Vomer犁骨129Angulus mandibulae下颌角97Maxilla上颌骨130Caput mandibulae下颌头98Foramen infraorbitale 眶下孔131Collum mandibulae下颌颈99Fossa canina 尖牙窝132Fovea pterygoidea翼肌凹100Incisura nasalis鼻切迹133Processus coronoideus冠突101Spina nasalis anterior前鼻棘134Incisura mandibulae下颌切迹102Tuber maxillae上颌结节135Foramen mandibulae下颌孔136Lingula mandibulae 下颌小舌g Crista sacralis intermedia 骶中间嵴137Canalis mandibulae 下颌管h Crista sacralis lateralis 骶外侧嵴138Sulcus mylohyoideus 下颌舌骨沟i Hiatus sacralis 骶管裂孔139Os hyoideum 舌骨j Ala sacralis骶翼a Cornu minus 小角k Processus articularis superior 上关节突bCornu majus 大角l Facies auricularis 耳状面m Cornu sacrale 骶角n Apex ossis sacri 骶骨尖Vertebrae cervicales 颈椎o Canalis sacralis 骶管Vertebrae thoracicae 胸椎p Basis ossis sacri 骶骨底Vertebrae lumbales 腰椎148Os coccygis尾骨142Atlas寰椎a Cornu coccygeum尾骨角a Arcus anterior前弓 b Vertebrae coccygeae ll-lv 尾椎骨 ll-lv b Tuberculum anterius 前结节149Costae肋骨c Arcus posterior后弓a Caput costae 肋头d Sulcus arteriae vertebralis 椎动脉沟 b Collum costae 肋颈e Tuberculum posterius 后结节 c Tuberculum costae肋结节f Processus transversus 横突 d Tuberculum m.scaleni anterioris 前斜角肌结节143Axis枢椎 e Facies articularis tuberculi costa 肋头节节面a Dens axis齿突 f Angulus costae 肋角146Vertebra lumbalis 腰椎g Corpus costae 肋体a Corpus vertebrae 椎体150Sulcus costae 肋沟b Arcus vertebrae 椎弓153Sternum胸骨c Processus spinosus棘突a Manubrium sterni 胸骨柄d Processus articularis inferior 椎骨下关节突b Incisura jugularis 颈静脉切迹e Processus costarius 椎骨肋突c Incisura clavicularis 锁切迹f Processus mamillaris乳状突 d Incisura costalis ll第二肋切迹g Processus articularis superior 上关节突 e Angulus sterni,synchondrosis sternalis 胸骨角h Processus accessorius 副突 f Corpus sterni胸骨体147Os sacrum 骶骨g Processus xiphoideus 剑突a Promontorium岬b Tuberositas sacralis骶粗隆c Foramina sacralia pelvina 骶前孔154Scapula肩胛骨d Lineae transversae横线 a Spina scapulae 肩胛冈e Foramina sacralia dorsalia 骶后孔 b Acromion肩峰fCrista sacralis mediana骶正中嵴cFossa supraspinata冈上窝L1-L VShoulder Girdle肩部Spine and Thorax脊骨和胸腔C1-C Vll Th l-Th Xlld Fossa infraspinata 冈下窝r Trochlea humeri肱骨滑车e Angulus superior 上角s Crista tuberculi majoris 大结节嵴f Angulus inferior 下角t Crista tuberculi minoris 小结节嵴g Margo lateralis外侧缘157Ulna尺骨h Tuberculum infraglenoidale 盂下结节a Olecranon鹰嘴i Cavitas glenoidalis 关节盂 b Incisura trochlearis 滑车切迹j Collum scapulae肩胛颈c Incisura radialis桡切迹k Processus coracoideus 喙突 d Processus coronoideus 冠突l Margo medialis内侧缘 e Tuberositas ulnae 尺骨粗隆m Lineae musculares faciei costalis 肋肌面线 f Caput ulnae尺骨头n Incisura scapulae 肩胛切迹g Circumferentia articularis 环状关节面155Clavicula锁骨h Processus styloideus 茎突a Tuberculum conoideum 锥状结节I Corpus ulnae 尺骨体b Extremitas acromialis 肩峰端158Radius 桡骨c Extremitas sternalis 胸骨端a Caput radii 桡骨头b Collum radii 桡骨颈c Corpus radii桡骨体156Humerus肱骨 d Circumferentia articularis 环状关节面a Caput humeri肱骨头 e Tuberositas radii 桡骨粗隆b Collum anatomicum 解剖颈 f Incisura ulnaris尺切迹c Corpus humeri 肱骨体g Processus styloideus 茎突d Tuberculum majus 大结节h Facies articularis carpea 环状关节面e Tuberculum minus 小结节i Facies posterior 外侧面f Sulcus intertubercularis 结节间沟j Margo posterior 后缘g Tuberositas deltoidea 三角肌粗隆k Facies anterior 前面h Facies anterior medialis l Margo interosseus 骨间缘(Margo medialis)i Facies anterior lateralis (Margo lateralis)159Os scaphoideum 手舟骨j Sulcus nervi radialis 桡神经沟160Os lunatum 月骨k Fossa olecrani 鹰嘴窝161Os triquetrum 三角骨l Fossa coronoidea 冠突窝162Os pisiforme 豌豆骨m Fossa radialis桡窝163Os trapezium 大多角骨n Epicondylus medialis 内上髁164Os trapezoideum 大多角骨结节o Sulcus ulnaris尺神经沟165Os capitatum 头状骨p Epicondylus lateralis 外上髁166Os hamatum钩骨qCapitulum humeri肱骨小头aHamulus ossis hamati钩骨钩手骨Arm Skeleton臂骨内前面（内侧缘）外前面（外侧缘）Hand Skeleton167Ossa metacarpalia l-lv 掌骨 l-lv 185Incisura ischiadica minor 坐骨小切迹167a Os metacarpale pollicis 第一掌骨186Tuberculum pubicum 耻骨结节168Phalanx proximalis indicis 指骨187Pecten ossis pubis 耻骨梳a Basis phalangis 指骨底188Eminentia iliopubica 髂耻隆起b Corpus phalangis 指骨体c Caput phalangis指骨头d Phalanx proximalis pollicis 拇近节指骨189Femur股骨e Phalanx distalis pollicis 拇远节指骨a Caput (ossis) femoris 股骨头f Trochlea phalangis 指骨滑车b Fovea capitis femoris 股骨头凹169Phalanx media indicis 食指中节指骨c Collum (ossis) femoris 股骨颈170Phalanx distalis indicis食指远节指骨d Trochanter major 大转子e Fossa trochanterica 转子窝f Linea intertrochanterica 转子间线171Os coxae髋骨g Crista intertrochanterica 转子间嵴172Corpus ossis ilii 髂骨体h Trochanter minor 小转子173Corpus ossis pubis 耻骨体i Linea pectinea 耻骨肌线174Corpus ossis ischii 坐骨体j Tuberositas glutea 臀肌粗隆175Crista iliaca髂嵴k Linea aspera 粗线a Labium externum 骼嵴外唇l Facies poplitea 髌面b Linea intermedia 骼嵴中间线m Condylus medialis 内侧髁c Labium internum骼嵴内唇n Epicondylus medialis 内上髁d Spina iliaca anterior superior 髂前上棘o Condylus lateralis 外侧髁e Spina iliaca anterior inferior 髂前下棘p Epicondylus lateralis 外上髁f Spina iliaca posterior superior 髂后上棘q Facies patellaris髌面g Spina iliaca posterior inferior 髂后下棘r Fossa intercondylaris 髁间窝h Tuberositas iliaca 髂粗隆s Corpus ossis femoris 股骨体176Fossa iliaca髋窝t Labium mediale 内侧唇177Linea glutea anterior 臀前线u Labium laterale外侧唇178Linea glutea inferior 臀下线v Tuberculum adductorium 收肌结节179Linea arcuata 弓状线190Patella髌骨（膝盖骨）180Facies lunata 月状面a Basis patellae 髌底a Incisura acetabuli 髋臼切迹b Apex patellae 髌尖b Fossa acetabuli 髋臼窝c Facies anterior 前面181Spina ischiadica 坐骨棘d Facies articularis 上关节面182Tuber ischiadicum 坐骨结节191Tibia胫骨183Foramen obturatum闭孔a Condylus medialis 内侧髁184Incisura ischiadica major坐骨大切迹bCondylus lateralis外侧髁Leg skeleton腿骨Pelvic Girdle盆骨c Facies articularis fibularis腓关节面o Collum fibulae腓骨颈d Tuberculum intercondylare mediale内侧髁间结节Foot skeleton足骨e Tuberculum intercondylare laterale外侧髁间结节f Area intercondylaris anterior髁间前区193Talus距骨g Area intercondylaris posterior髁间后区a Caput tali距骨头h Foramen nutricium滋养孔b Collum tali距骨颈i Tuberositas tibiae胫骨粗隆c Corpus tali距骨体j Corpus tibiae胫骨体d Trochlea tali距骨滑车k Facies medialis内侧面e Processus lateralis tali距骨前突l Facies lateralis外侧面f Processus posterior tali距骨后突m Facies posterior后面194Calcaneus(os calcis)跟骨n Linea m. solei 比目鱼肌线a Tuber calcanei跟骨结节o Margo medialis内侧缘b Processus medialis tuberis calcanei跟骨结节内侧突p Margo anterior前缘c Processus lateralis tuberis calcanei跟骨结节外侧突q Margo interosseus骨间缘d Sulcus tendinis m.flexoris hallucis longi拇长屈肌腱沟r Malleolus medialis内踝e Sustentaculum tali载距突s Sulcus malleolaris踝沟f Trochlea peronaealis距骨滑车t Incisura fibularis腓切迹195Os naviculare足舟骨u Facies articularis inferior下关节面a Tuberositas ossis舟骨粗隆v Facies articularis superior上关节面196Os cuneiforme mediale (l)内侧楔骨w Facies articularis malleoli内踝关节面197Os cuneiforme intermedium (ll)中间楔骨192Fibula腓骨198Os cuneiforme laterale (lll)外侧楔骨a Caput fibulae腓骨头199Os cuboideum骰骨b Facies articularis capitis fibulae腓骨头关节面a Tuberositas ossis cuboidei骰骨粗隆c Apex capitis fibulae腓骨头尖b Sulcus tendinis m.peronei longi腓骨长肌腱沟d Crista medialis腓骨内侧嵴200Ossa metatarsalia l-v蹠骨 l-ve Margo interosseus骨间缘a Basis 蹠骨底f Margo anterior前缘b Corpus 蹠骨体g Margo posterior后缘c Caput蹠骨头h Facies medialis内侧面201Tuberositas ossis metatarsalis hallucis l第一蹠骨粗隆i Facies lateralis外侧面202Tuberositas ossis metatarsalis V第五蹠骨粗隆j Corpus fibulae 腓骨体203Phalanx proximalis近节趾骨k Facies posterior后面204Phalanx media中节趾骨l Malleolus lateralis外踝205Phalanx distalis远节趾骨m Facies articularis malleoli内踝关节面206Ossa sesamoidea籽骨n Fossa malleoli lateralis外髁窝33b M.stylohyoideus 茎突舌骨肌33c M.stylopharyngeus 茎突咽肌34M.levator veli palatini 腭帆提肌1M.temporalis颞肌35M.tensor veli palatini 腭帆张肌2M.corrugator supercilii 皱眉肌36M.mylohyoideus 下颌舌骨肌3M.orbicularis oculi 眼轮匝肌37a M.genioglossus 颏舌肌a Pars orbitalis 眶部37b M.hyoglossus舌骨舌肌b Pars lacrimalis 泪部37c M.constrictor pharyngis medius 咽中缩肌4M.nasalis鼻肌38M.geniohyoideus 颏舌骨肌5M.depressor septi降鼻中隔肌6M.levator labii superioris alaeque nasi 提上唇鼻翼肌7M.zygomaticus major 颧大肌39M.sternohyoideus 茎突舌骨肌8M.Zygomaticus minor 颧小肌40M.omohyoideus 肩胛舌骨肌10M.levator anguli oris 口角提肌41M.sternothyroideus 胸骨甲状肌11M.buccinator 颊肌42M.thyrohyoideus甲状舌骨肌12M.masseter咬肌43M.obliquus capitis inferior 头下斜肌14M.depressor anguli oris 口角降肌44M.splenius cervicis 颈夹肌15M.depressor labii inferioris 下唇降肌45M.longus colli颈长肌16M.mentalis颏肌46a M.scalenus anterior 前斜角肌17M.pterygoideus lateralis 翼外肌46b M.scalenus medius 中斜角肌18M.pterygoideus medialis 翼内肌46c M.scalenus posterior 后斜角肌19Platysma颈阔肌tissimus dorsi 背阔肌20M.sternocleidomastoideus 胸锁乳突肌48M.rhomboideus major 大菱形肌21M.splenius capitis 头夹肌49M.rhomboideus minor 小菱形肌23M.digastricus腹肌50M.levator scapulae 肩胛提肌24M.occipitofrontalis,venter occipitalis 枕腹（枕额肌）51M.serratus anterior前锯肌25M.trapezius斜方凯52M.serratus posterior superior 上后锯肌26M.semispinalis capitis头半棘肌53M.iliocostalis 髂肋肌27M.rectus capitis posterior minor 头后小直肌54M.longissimus 最长肌28M.obliquus capitis superior 头上斜肌55a M.spinalis thoracis 胸夹肌29M.rectus capitis posterior major 头后大直肌55b M.spinalis cervicis 颈夹肌30M.rectus capitis lateralis 头外侧直肌55c M.spinalis capitis 头夹肌31M.rectus capitis anterior 头前直肌56Mm.multifidi多裂肌32M.longus capitis 头长肌57M.pectoralis major 胸大肌33aM.styloglossus茎突舌肌aPars clavicularis锁骨部MUSCLES 肌肉Skull头脊骨和胸腔Spine and Thoraxb Pars sternocostalis 胸肋部b Caput ulnare 尺头c Pars abdominalis 腹部84M.brachioradialis肱桡肌58M.pectoralis minor 胸小肌85M.extensor carpi radialis longus 桡侧腕长伸肌59M.subclavius锁骨下肌86M.extensor carpi radialis brevis 桡侧腕短伸肌60M.serratus posterior inferior 下后锯肌87M.extensor digitorum(communis)指伸肌61Mm.intercostales externi 肋间外肌88M.extensor digiti minimi 小指伸肌62Mm.intercostales interni 肋间内肌89M.extensor carpi ulnaris 尺侧腕伸肌63M.transversus thoracis 胸横肌a Caput humerale 肱头64M.rectus abdominis腹直肌b Caput ulnare尺头66M.obliquus externus abdominis 腹外斜肌90M.flexor carpi radialis 桡侧腕屈肌67M.obliquus internus abdominis 腹内斜肌91M.palmaris longus 掌长肌68M.transversus abdominis 腹横肌92M.flexor carpi ulnaris 尺侧腕屈肌69M.quadratus lumborum 腰方肌a Caput humerale 肱头70M.coccygeus 尾骨肌b Caput ulnare尺头93M.flexor digitorum superficialis 浅屈肌a Caput humeroulnare 浅屈肌肱尺头71M.subclavius 锁骨下肌b Caput radiale浅屈肌桡腕头72M.deltoideus 三角肌94M.flexor digitorum profundus 深屈肌73M.supraspinatus 冈上肌95M.flexor pollicis longus 拇长屈肌74M.infraspinatus 冈下肌96M.pronator quadratus 旋前方肌75M.teres minor 小圆肌97M.supinator旋后肌76M.teres major 大圆肌98M.abductor pollicis longus 拇长展肌77M.subscapularis 肩胛下肌99M.extensor pollicis brevis 拇短伸肌78M.biceps brachii 肱二头肌100M.extensor pollicis longus 拇长伸肌a caput longum 长头101M.extensor indicis 指伸肌b caput breve短头79M.coracobrachialis喙肱肌102M.abductor pollicis brevis 拇短展肌103M.flexor pollicis brevis 拇短屈肌80M.brachialis 肱肌104M.opponens pollicis拇对掌肌81M.triceps brachii 肱三头肌105M.adductor pollicis,caput obliquum 拇收肌斜头a Caput longum 长头105a M.adductor pollicis,caput transversum 拇收肌横头b Caput laterale 腓肠肌外侧头106M.abductor digiti minimi 小指展肌c Caput mediale 内侧头107M.flexor digiti minimi brevis 小指短屈肌82M.anconeus肘肌108M.opponens digiti minimi 小指对掌肌83M.pronator teres 旋前圆肌109Mm.interossei dorsales 骨间背侧肌aCaput humerale肱头110Mm.interossei palmares骨间掌侧肌Arm Skeleton臂骨Shoulder Girdle肩部手骨Hand skeleton134M.extensor digitorum longus趾长伸肌135M.peroneus tertius (M.fibularis tertius)第三腓骨肌111M.iliopsoas 髂腰肌136M.extensor hallucis longus拇长伸肌111a M.iliacus 髂肌137M.peroneus longus(M.fibularis longus)腓骨长肌111b M.psoas major 腰大肌138M.peroneus brevis(M.fibularis brevis)腓骨短肌112M.gluteus maximus 臀大肌139M.triceps surae小腿三头肌113M.gluteus medius 臀中肌139a Caput laterale(M.gastrocnemius)腓肠肌外侧头114M.gluteus minimus 臀小肌139b Caput mediale(M.gastrocnemius)腓肠肌内侧头115M.tensor fasciae latae 阔筋膜张肌139c M.soleus 比目鱼肌116M.piriformis梨状肌140M.plantaris 蹠肌（键）117M.obturatorius internus 闭孔内肌141M.popliteus腘肌118M.gemellus superior 上孖肌142M.tibialis posterior胫骨后肌119M.gemellus inferior 下孖肌143M.flexor digitorum longus 趾长屈肌120M.quadratus femoris 股方肌144M.flexor hallucis longus 拇长屈肌121M.sartorius缝匠肌(M.quadri145M.extensor hallucis brevis 拇短伸肌122Ligamentum patellae146M.extensor digitorum brevis 趾短伸肌147M.abductor hallucis 拇展肌122a M.rectus femoris 股直肌148M.flexor hallucis brevis 拇短屈肌122b M.vastus lateralis 股外侧肌149M.adductor hallucis 拇收肌斜头122c M.vastus intermedius 股中间肌a Caput obliquum 拇收肌斜头122d M.vastus medialis 股内侧肌b Caput transversum拇收肌横头123M.articularis genus 膝关节肌150M.abductor digiti minimi 小趾展肌124M.pectineus耻骨肌151M.flexor digiti minimi brevis 小趾短屈肌125M.adductor longus 长收肌152M.flexor digitorum brevis 126M.adductor brevis 短收肌(M.perforatus)127M.adductor magnus 大收肌153M.quadratus plantae 128M.gracilis股薄肌(M.flexor accessorius)129M.obturatorius externus 闭孔外肌154Mm.interossei dorsales 骨间背侧肌130M.biceps femoris 股二头肌155Mm.interossei plantares骨间足底肌a Caput longum 长头156M.transversus perinei profundus 会阴深横肌b Caput breve短头157M.transversus横肌131M.semitendinosus 半腱肌158M.ischiocavernosus 132M.semimembranosus 半膜肌(perinei superficialis)133M.tibialis anterior胫骨前肌159M.levator ani肛提肌足骨Pelvic Girdle趾短屈肌足底方肌坐骨海绵体肌股四头肌腱骨盆Leg Skeleton 腿骨Foot Skeletonc L. pubofemorale 耻股韧带d L. ischiofemorale 坐股韧带e *L. capitis femoris股骨头韧带f *L. transversum acetabuli 髋臼横韧带a*L. costoclaviculare肋锁韧带g *Zona orbicularis 轮匝带b*L. sternoclaviculare anterius 胸锁前韧带c*L. interclaviculare 锁间韧带d L. coraco-acromiale 喙肩韧带a Bursa suprapapatellaris髌上囊e L. coracohumerale 喙肱韧带b Retinaculum patellae mediale 髌内侧支持带f L. coracoclaviculare喙锁韧带c L. collaterale tibiale 胫侧副韧带g L. transversum scapulae superius 肩胛上横韧带 d L. Patellae髌韧带h L. acromioclaviculare肩锁韧带e *Membrana interossea cruris 小腿骨间膜f *L. capitis fibulae anterius 腓骨头前韧带g *L. capitis fibulae posterius 腓骨头后韧带a L. Collaterale radiale 桡侧副韧带h L. collaterale fibulare腓侧副韧带b L. annulare radii桡骨环状韧带iRetinaculum patellae laterale 髌外侧支持带c Tendo m.bicipitis brachii 肱二头肌腱jL. popliteum obliquum 腘斜韧带d Chorda obliqua 斜索k L. popliteum arcuatum 腘弓状韧带e Capsula articularis 关节囊m L. cruciatum posterius 后交叉韧带f L. collaterale ulnare尺侧副韧带n L. cruciatum anterius 前交叉韧带o L.transversum genus 膝横韧带p L. cruciatum anterius板股后韧带a L. pisometacarpeum 豆掌韧带b L. pisohamatum豆钧韧带c L.collaterale carpi ulnare 腕尺侧副韧带a L. talonaviculare距舟韧带d L. carpometacarpea palmaria 腕掌掌侧韧带b L. cuneonavicularia dorsalia 楔舟背侧韧带e L. carpi radiatum腕辐状韧带c L. tarsometatarsea dorsalia 跗蹠背侧韧带f L. radiocarpeum palmare 桡腕掌侧韧带 d L. mediale (deltoideum)内侧（三角）韧带g L. collaterale carpi radiale 腕桡侧副韧带 e Pars tibiocalcanea胫跟部h L. carpometacarpea dorsalia 腕掌背侧韧带 f Pars tibiotalaris posterior 胫距后部i L. radiocarpeum dorsale桡腕背侧韧带g Pars tibionavicularis胫舟部h L. cuneonavicularia plantaria 楔舟足底韧带iL. plantare longum 足底长韧带a L. iliofemorale 髂股韧带jL. tibiofibulare anterius 胫腓前韧带bCapsula articularis关节囊kL. tibiofibulare posterius胫腓后韧带Foot LigamentumHip Ligamentum臀部韧带足部韧带Wrist Ligamentum腕部韧带Ligamentum 韧带肩部韧带Shoulder Ligamentum腿部韧带Leg LigamentumArm Ligamentum臂部韧带l L. talofibulare anterius距腓前韧带m L. talofibulare posterius距腓后韧带n L. calcaneofibulare跟腓韧带o L. calcaneocuboideum plantare跟骰足底韧带p L. calcaneocuboideum dorsale跟骰背侧韧带q L. bifurcatum 分岐韧带r L. cuboideonaviculare dorsale骰舟背侧韧带s L. metatarsea dorsalia蹠骨背侧韧带t L. metatarsea plantaria蹠骨足底韧带u L. calcaneonaviculare plantare跟舟足底韧带v L.metatarsea interossea蹠骨间韧带w L. Intercuneiformia楔骨间韧带带“ * ”号为可随意增减的编码。
结节性硬化ppt课件
临床表现
常侵犯多脏器及组织、且任何器官或组织几乎 均可受累,故临床表现复杂多样 以癫痫发作、面部皮脂腺瘤和智力障碍最常见 可仅有三症之一,亦有完全无症状而病理检查 发现
14
临床表现
--皮肤症状
最常见,常为主要诊断依据 皮脂腺瘤 – 90%有,常在2～5岁时分布于双颊及下颌部、前
额、眼睑、鼻部,可见火罐网,对称散发,为淡红色 或红褐色坚硬蜡状丘疹,按之 可褪色,大小针尖至蚕豆大 – 由过度增生的皮脂腺结缔组织 和扩张毛细血管所组成
– 可在疾病早期,皮肤损害或颅内钙化之前几年出现 – 表现为任何发作形式 – 起初可能为婴儿痉挛症,以后转变为全身性发作或部分
性发作 – 有些可仅有癫痫发作而无其他临床表现
19
临床表现
--神经症状 智力减退
– 60%～70%有不同程度的 – 常在2～3岁即出现,甚至更早 – 有智能障碍者几乎均有癫痫发作,智力正常者则
进展缓慢 部分患者预后不良,多数患者可存活数十年 对症治疗可提高生活质量 主要死亡原因:肾衰、心衰、癫痫持续状态、 呼吸衰竭等并发症
31
预防
遗传咨询 避免近亲结婚 携带者基因检测及产前诊断和选择性人工 流产等,防止患儿出生
32
结节性硬化症
(tuberous sclΒιβλιοθήκη rosis)1概述
又称结节性脑硬化、Bourneville病、斑痣性错构 瘤病 归类于神经皮肤综合征 源于外胚层的器官发育异常所致 病变累及神经系统、皮肤和眼,也可累及中胚层和 内胚层器官如心肺、骨、肾和胃肠等 以面部皮脂腺瘤、癫痫发作及智能减退为临床特 征 常染色体显性遗传,散发病例不少见
影像学
Fig. 1. Pre-contrast CT scan showing multiple calcifications at the bilateral basal ganglia. Fig. 2. Axial plain CT scan showing multiple calcifications on the lateral wall of the bilateral ventricles. The posterior lateral wall of the left ventricle was compressed by a hypointensity lesion.
博士复试英文PPT
3. PTBP1 enhances exon11a skipping of Mena premRNA in lung cancer cells
Results
1. PTBP1 is highly expressed in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) tissues and 95-D cells and upregulation of PTBP1 is associated with EMT progress
2. PTBP1 promotes migration and invasion of lung cancer cells
Master Research
PTBP1 enhances exon11a skipping in Mena premRNA to promote migration and invasion in lung
carcinoma cells
Background Objectives Technology Methods Results Conclusions
5. PTBP1-mediated migration and invasion of 95-D cells are partially dependent on MenaINV
Results
2.1. Overexpressed PTBP1 promotes levels of EMT-related proteins in lung cancer cells
Technology Methods
Results
1. PTBP1 is highly expressed in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) tissues and 95-D cells and upregulation of PTBP1 is associated with EMT progress
聚合物半导体光催化合成过氧化氢：光氧化还原中心的空间分离和协同利用
物 理 化 学 学 报Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 2023, 39 (11), 2301001 (1 of 22)Received: January 1, 2023; Revised: February 21, 2023; Accepted: February 21, 2023; Published online: March 6, 2023.*Correspondingauthors.Emails:*******************.cn(Q.Z.);**************.cn(C.S.);Tel.:+86-158********(Q.Z.);+86-130********(C.S.).The project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21972094, 21805191, 22102102), National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFA1600800), Educational Commission of Guangdong Province, China (839-0000013131), Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation, China (2020A1515010982), Shenzhen Science and Technology Program, China (JCYJ20190808142001745, RCJC20200714114434086), Shenzhen Stable Support Project, China (20200812160737002, 20200812122947002), Shenzhen Peacock Plan, China (20180921273B, 202108022524B, 20210308299C).国家自然科学基金(21972094, 21805191, 22102102)，国家重点研发计划(2021YFA1600800)，广东省教育厅基金(839-0000013131)，广东基础和应用基础研究基金(2020A1515010982)，深圳科技计划(JCYJ2019080808142001745, RCJC2020200714114434086)，深圳稳定支持项目(20200812160737002, 20200812122947002)，深圳孔雀计划(20180921273B, 202108022524B, 20210308299C)资助© Editorial office of Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica[Review] doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202301001 Semiconducting Polymers for Photosynthesis of H 2O 2: Spatial Separation and Synergistic Utilization of Photoredox CentersYao Xie 1, Qitao Zhang 1,*, Hongli Sun 1, Zhenyuan Teng 2,3, Chenliang Su 1,*1 International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Engineering Technology ResearchCenter for 2D Materials Information Functional Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoeletronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong Province, China.2 School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore.3 Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu 804-8550, Japan.Abstract: The photocatalytic synthesis of hydrogen peroxide using earth-abundant water and/or O 2 as raw materials and solar energy as the sole energy input is an attractive route to achieving a carbon-neutral future. In particular, semiconducting polymer photocatalysts have piqued the interest of researchers working on the photocatalytic synthesis of H 2O 2 because their bandgap structures, reactivation sites, and components are easily tunable at the molecular level. However, there are two major challenges: 1) the photoredox centers are difficult to separate and recombine easily, resulting in low reactivity in the photocatalytic production of H 2O 2, and2) the low utilization rate of the redox centers. In several cases, only one side of the redox center is used for the photocatalytic synthesis of H 2O 2, while the other side typically reacts with a sacrificial agent. In this review, we provide a timely survey of recent advances in the spatial separation and synergistic utilization of photoredox centers for photocatalytic H 2O 2 production. The key aspect for achieving spatial separation of the redox centers is to engineer electron donor-acceptor (D-A) units on a single photocatalyst, such as by incorporating atomically dispersed metals into the polymer frameworks to build metal-organic D-A units or constructing all-organic D-A units. Depending on the photocatalytic behavior of the redox centers, the synergistic utilization of photoredox centers can be classified into three major reaction models: 1) the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) combined with the oxidative production of chemicals; 2) the water oxidation reaction (WOR) combined with the reductive production of chemicals; and 3) the ORR combined with the WOR. Based on this, the regulation modes, characteristics, catalytic mechanisms, and reaction pathways to overcome the two challenges of efficient H 2O 2 production are summarized and discussed. Finally, we demonstrate efficient photocatalytic H 2O 2 production and provide prospects and challenges for the photocatalytic production of H 2O 2 using photoredox centers.Key Words: H 2O 2 synthesis; Photo-redox center; Spatial separation; Synergistic utilization; Polymer photocatalyst聚合物半导体光催化合成过氧化氢：光氧化还原中心的空间分离和协同利用谢垚1，张启涛1,*，孙宏丽1，滕镇远2,3，苏陈良1,*1深圳大学微纳光电子学研究院，广东省二维材料信息功能器件与系统工程中心，教育部二维材料光电科技国际合作联合实验室，广东深圳 5180602南洋理工大学化学，化学工程与生物技术学院，新加坡 6374593九州工业大学工学部，应用化学科，日本北九州市 804-8550摘要：以地表丰富的水和/或氧气为原料，以太阳能为能量来源的光催化合成过氧化氢是面向碳中和的一个颇具吸引力的路径。
219415422_缝合与切口
104[ UED ] 142 | 04 | 2023STITCH & INCISIONPrivate Residence in Tianzifang & Nantou City Guesthouse缝合与切口田子坊私宅与深圳南头古城有熊酒店“缝合”（stitch ）与“切口”（incision ），都是外科手术术语，恰与如恩“修复剥层”的考古方法相吻合。
艺术家戈登·马塔-克拉克形容自己的作品为“在不建造空间的情况下创造空间”。
受此启发，如恩在空间中运用“侵蚀”和“擦除”的手法，构建出意想不到的空间新解读。
如恩将收集的碎片重新组合，编织历史留存之物的同时使其整体化。
在马塔-克拉克的作品中，建筑是破坏、解构与删除行为的主体。
这些举措可以改变人的空间认知。
人们透过各种缝隙、裂缝和孔洞观察，在窥见中对房间、空间和城市环境之间的不稳定关系产生新的认识。
相比之下，“缝合”更耗力，需要一定的技巧和精准度。
为了诠释“缝合”与“切口”这对概念，这里列举以“垂直楼梯”为特色的两个项目。
在田子坊私宅中，室内楼道是连接家庭空间的核心，模糊了私人与公共空间的界线。
神圣（卧室）与世俗（卫生间）属性的物理空间，既被楼梯分隔，也由其串联了起来。
楼梯在垂直方向上连接了三层空间，并在水平方向上连接了夹层上的卧室，将建筑的不同部分“缝合”在一起，形成整体。
然而，在缝合的过程中，楼梯也将房屋分割开来，从而形成了上海弄堂建筑中常见的分层特性。
这种分割为家庭空间的视觉动线及“窥视”创造了复杂的网络环境。
切割并非仅仅意味着破坏，它同时也是空间与意义的创造。
南头古城有熊酒店位于深圳城中村错综复杂的小巷中。
如恩对原建筑进行“切割”，将一栋居民住宅改造成一座精品酒店。
正如丹·格雷厄姆在马塔-克拉克的作品《圆锥相交》（1975年）中所看到的那样：系统的建筑切割具有双重目的—借助“潜望镜”，观者不仅可以看到马塔-克拉克雕塑/建筑的内部，还可以通过锥形钻孔看到诠释巴黎过去与当下的其他建筑。
克氏外科学英文版
克氏外科学英文版Title: Koch's Surgical Principles: An OverviewIntroduction:Koch's Surgical Principles form the foundation of modern surgical techniques and practices. Developed by Dr. Robert Koch, these principles focus on ensuring patient safety, minimizing risks, and achieving successful surgical outcomes. This article provides a comprehensive overview of Koch's Surgical Principles, highlighting their significance in contemporary surgery.I. Aseptic Technique:The aseptic technique is crucial in the prevention of surgical site infections (SSIs). It involves meticulous disinfection and sterilization of surgical instruments, maintaining a sterile operating field, and using sterile gloves and gowns. Additionally, the surgeon, assistants, and nurses adhere to proper hand hygiene and use sterile drapes to cover non-sterile areas. The aseptic technique minimizes the risk of introducing pathogens into the surgical site and enhances patient safety.II. Hemostasis:Hemostasis refers to the control of bleeding during surgery. Koch emphasized the importance of achieving effective hemostasis to ensure a clear surgical field and prevent excessive blood loss. Techniques such as direct pressure, cauterization, ligature, and hemostatic agents are employed to achieve hemostasis. Proper hemostasis enhances visibility, reduces the risk of complications, and promotes optimal surgical outcomes.III. Minimally Invasive Surgery:Koch's principles prioritize the adoption of minimally invasive surgical techniques whenever feasible. Minimally invasive procedures, such as laparoscopy, result in smaller incisions, reduced tissue trauma, and faster recovery for patients. By minimizing surgical trauma, patients experience less pain, fewer complications, and shorter hospital stays. The principles emphasize the importance of appropriate patient selection and comprehensive training for surgeons to ensure safe and effective performance of minimally invasive procedures.IV. Tissue Handling:Gentle tissue handling is essential to minimize tissue trauma and promote optimal healing. Koch's principles emphasize maintaining tissue integrity by using careful and controlled dissection techniques, avoiding unnecessary tissue retraction, and limiting tissue exposure to prolonged air exposure. Proper tissue handling preserves blood supply, reduces post-operative complications, and enhances patient recovery.V. Preoperative Planning:Preoperative planning is crucial in ensuring successful surgical outcomes. Koch's principles emphasize the importance of comprehensive patient assessment, including medical history, imaging studies, and preoperative consultations. Adequate planning allows surgeons to anticipate potential surgical challenges, plan appropriate incisions, and ensure the availability of necessary resources. Proper preoperative planning reduces surgical risks and ensures optimal patient care.VI. Wound Closure:Koch advocated for meticulous wound closure techniques to promote optimal healing and minimize the risk of wound complications. Proper wound closure involves accurate approximation of tissues using appropriate suture materials, ensuring appropriate tension, and employing adequate closure techniques. The principles encourage surgeons to consider factors such as tissue type, wound location, and patient-specific factors when selecting closure methods. Adequate wound closure promotes efficient healing, reduces infection risk, and enhances patient satisfaction.Conclusion:Koch's Surgical Principles lay the groundwork for contemporary surgical practices. These principles, encompassing aseptic technique, hemostasis, minimally invasive surgery, tissue handling, preoperative planning, and wound closure, are essential in ensuring patient safety, minimizing complications, and achieving successful surgical outcomes. By adhering to these principles, surgeons provide optimal care while continuously improving and advancing surgical techniques.。
介绍一个成语的英语作文水滴石穿
介绍一个成语的英语作文水滴石穿全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Power of Perseverance: Dripping Water Penetrates the RockHave you ever noticed the small cracks and holes in rocks, especially those near waterfalls or streams? Have you wondered how those tiny openings formed? Well, my friends, the answer lies in an ancient Chinese saying, "Dripping water penetrates the rock," which teaches us a valuable lesson about the power of perseverance.Imagine a gentle stream flowing over a massive boulder. At first glance, the rock appears solid and impenetrable, yet with each passing day, the constant dripping of water gradually wears away the surface, forming tiny grooves and crevices. Over time, these crevices deepen, and the once-solid rock becomes riddled with holes and cracks.This natural phenomenon serves as a powerful metaphor for the importance of perseverance in our lives. Just as the dripping water persistently chips away at the rock, our consistent effortsand unwavering determination can overcome even the most daunting challenges.Let me share a story to illustrate this point. Have you ever heard of the famous Chinese monk, Huineng? He was an extraordinary individual who lived during the Tang Dynasty, over a thousand years ago. Born into a humble family, Huineng had a difficult childhood and received little formal education. However, he possessed an unquenchable thirst for knowledge and a burning desire to learn the teachings of Buddhism.One day, Huineng overheard a monk reciting a famous Buddhist scripture, and he was immediately captivated. Determined to learn more, he traveled hundreds of miles to seek out a renowned Buddhist master. Despite facing numerous obstacles, including being initially rejected by the master due to his lack of education, Huineng's perseverance ultimately paid off. Through his unwavering dedication and diligent study, he eventually became one of the most revered Buddhist masters in Chinese history.Huineng's story teaches us that no obstacle is too great when we approach it with perseverance and determination. Just as the dripping water gradually wore away the rock, Huineng'sconsistent efforts and unwavering dedication allowed him to overcome the challenges he faced and achieve greatness.Perseverance is not only essential in pursuing knowledge and learning but also in achieving any goal we set for ourselves. Whether it's mastering a new skill, excelling in a sport, or overcoming a personal challenge, the key to success often lies in our ability to persist, even when the path ahead seems daunting.Let's take a closer look at how perseverance can benefit us in our daily lives:Academic Success: Imagine you're struggling with a difficult subject in school. Instead of giving up, if you approach it with perseverance, consistently putting in effort and seeking help when needed, you'll gradually improve and eventually master the subject.Developing Talents: Perhaps you dream of becoming a talented artist, musician, or athlete. Great篇2The Power of Perseverance: Exploring the Chinese Idiom "Water Dripping on Stone"Have you ever heard the phrase "water dripping on stone"? It might sound like a simple sentence, but it holds a powerful meaning that has been passed down through generations in Chinese culture. This idiom reminds us of the incredible power of perseverance and how even the smallest actions, when repeated consistently, can achieve remarkable results.My name is Lily, and I'm a fifth-grader at Sunshine Elementary School. As a kid, I've always been fascinated by the wisdom hidden in ancient Chinese proverbs and idioms. They're like little nuggets of knowledge that help us understand the world better. Today, I'm going to share with you the story behind the idiom "water dripping on stone" and what it has taught me about persistence and determination.The Origin StoryThis idiom has its roots in an ancient Chinese fable that dates back thousands of years. The story goes like this: There was once a deep valley with a towering cliff on one side. At the top of the cliff, a small stream trickled down, drop by drop, onto the rocky surface below. Over time, the constant dripping of water gradually wore away the solid stone, eventually forming a deep groove in the cliff face.Now, you might be thinking, "How can a tiny droplet of water possibly make a dent in something as hard and unyielding as a rock?" Well, that's the beauty of this idiom – it teaches us that even the smallest and most insignificant actions, when repeated with unwavering perseverance, can achieve extraordinary results.The Power of PerseveranceImagine you're trying to learn a new skill, like playing the piano or mastering a foreign language. At first, it might seem impossible, and you might feel like giving up. But if you keep practicing, even for just a little bit each day, those small efforts will add up over time, gradually chipping away at the challenge until you finally achieve your goal.I've experienced this firsthand in my own life. When I first started learning to read, the words on the page seemed like a jumbled mess of letters. But with the guidance of my teachers and the support of my parents, I kept practicing every day, sounding out words and practicing my phonics. At first, progress was slow, but as time went on, I could feel myself getting better and better. Before I knew it, I was reading entire books without any trouble! It was like the water droplets had finally worn awaythe rock of illiteracy, revealing a whole new world of knowledge and imagination.The Importance of PatienceAnother valuable lesson we can learn from this idiom is the importance of patience. In our fast-paced world, we often want instant gratification and quick results. But some things in life take time, and that's okay. The water droplets didn't carve through the stone overnight; it took years, decades, even centuries of consistent dripping to achieve that remarkable feat.Think about the growth of a mighty oak tree. It starts as a tiny acorn, barely visible in the palm of your hand. But with proper care and patience, that acorn will slowly sprout, growing taller and stronger with each passing year, until it eventually becomes a towering giant, providing shade and shelter for generations to come.Applying the LessonSo, how can we apply the wisdom of "water dripping on stone" to our own lives? Here are a few ideas:Set small, achievable goals: Instead of trying to tackle a massive challenge all at once, break it down into smaller, moremanageable steps. Celebrate each little victory along the way, and remember that every drop counts.Develop consistent habits: Consistency is key when it comes to making progress. Whether it's practicing a musical instrument, exercising, or studying for a test, make a habit of dedicating a little bit of time to your goal each day.Embrace the journey: Don't get too caught up in the end result. Appreciate the process and enjoy the journey of learning and growing. The water droplets didn't carve the stone overnight; they savored each moment, drip by drip.Stay motivated: When you feel like giving up, remember the power of perseverance. Look back at how far you've come, and let that fuel your determination to keep going.In ConclusionThe idiom "water dripping on stone" is a powerful reminder that even the smallest actions, when repeated with unwavering perseverance and patience, can achieve remarkable results. It encourages us to embrace the journey, celebrate small victories, and never underestimate the power of consistent effort.As a young student, this idiom has taught me invaluable lessons about determination, resilience, and the importance ofnever giving up on my dreams. Whether I'm striving to master a new skill, overcome a challenge, or simply become a better person, I know that with patience, consistency, and a little bit of effort each day, I can carve my own path through life, one droplet at a time.篇3Persistence Pays OffHi everyone! Today, I want to share with you a famous Chinese idiom called "水滴石穿" (shuǐ dī shí chuān), which means "persistence pays off" in English.Have you ever heard the story of how water can wear away a rock? Well, this idiom comes from that idea. Just like how a tiny drop of water can make a hole in a big, hard rock over time, if we keep trying and working hard, even on small things, we can achieve big goals.Let me tell you a story to help you understand this idiom better. Once upon a time, there was a little boy named Tim. Tim loved playing the guitar, and he dreamed of becoming a famous musician one day. However, when he started learning to play the guitar, he found it really difficult. His fingers hurt, and he couldn'tplay the songs perfectly. Tim felt frustrated and wanted to give up.But Tim's mom told him about the idiom "水滴石穿." She said, "Tim, remember that even the tiniest drop of water can make a hole in a rock if it keeps falling on the same spot. If you keep practicing the guitar every day, even if it's just for a few minutes, you will get better over time."Tim decided to follow his mom's advice and be persistent. Every day, he practiced playing the guitar for at least 15 minutes. At first, he still made mistakes, but he didn't give up. He kept practicing and practicing, and slowly but surely, he improved.After a few months, Tim's hard work started to pay off. He could play simple songs without any mistakes. His fingers didn't hurt anymore, and he enjoyed playing the guitar even more. Tim's friends and family were amazed by his progress and encouraged him to keep going.Years went by, and Tim's persistence continued to pay off. He joined a band and started performing in front of larger audiences. People loved his music and praised his talent. Eventually, Tim became a well-known musician, just like he had always dreamed.Tim's story shows us that if we keep trying and working hard, no matter how small our efforts may seem, we can achieve great things. Just like the water that can wear away a rock, our persistence can lead us to success.So, my friends, remember the idiom "水滴石穿" – persistence pays off. If you have a dream or a goal, don't give up, even if it feels difficult. Keep working hard, keep practicing, and one day, you will see the results of your efforts.I hope you enjoyed the story of Tim and the meaning behind the idiom "水滴石穿." Remember, be persistent and never give up!篇4Perseverance Overcomes All DifficultiesHave you ever heard the Chinese idiom "水滴石穿" (shuǐdī shíchuān)? It means "Perseverance overcomes all difficulties" or "Dripping water penetrates the stone." This saying reminds us that with constant effort and determination, even the biggest challenges can be conquered, just like how small water droplets can eventually bore through solid rock over time.I first learned about this meaningful idiom from my Chinese teacher Mrs. Wang. She told us an interesting story to illustrate its meaning. A long, long time ago, there lived an old woman in a remote mountain village. To get water for her family, she had to make a difficult journey down the mountain carrying heavy jars on her back. The path was narrow, winding, and very rocky.One day, the old woman noticed a small crack in one of the large rocks on the path. Being curious, she stopped to take a closer look. To her amazement, she realized the crack was caused by water droplets that had been falling and seeping into the same spot, slowly but surely wearing away the hard stone bit by bit over many years! The old woman was amazed at the perseverance and determination of those tiny water droplets.From that day on, whenever she felt tired from making the long trek up and down the mountain with the heavy water jars, the old woman would remind herself "Water droplets can penetrate stone through perseverance." This inspired her to keep going, no matter how difficult the journey. She knew that as long as she persisted and didn't give up, she could overcome any obstacles, just like those patient little droplets of water.Mrs. Wang explained that this is the deeper meaning behind the idiom "水滴石穿." It teaches us that through continuous effortand perseverance over a long period of time, we can achieve even seemingly impossible goals. Just like the water droplets slowly but surely wearing down the solid rock, taking one small step at a time towards our dreams can eventually lead to great things.I found this lesson from the old Chinese proverb really motivating. It made me think about how giving consistent effort, no matter how small, towards something important can lead to big results over time. The key is to never give up and keep persisting, just like those water droplets.For example, let's say I set a goal to get better at math, which has always been one of my biggest weaknesses. Following the wisdom of "水滴石穿," I would make a plan to practice math diligently for 30 minutes every single day, no exceptions. Even though just 30 minutes doesn't seem like much, over weeks, months and years that steady effort would really start to add up and chip away at my struggles, just like the water droplets on the stone.Or let's consider learning to play the piano, which requires a ton of practice. If I commit to sitting down at the keys for just 15-20 minutes of focused, quality practice every day, my skills are bound to improve little by little. Those small but consistentsteps of perseverance can lead to becoming an amazing pianist over time. It's like each day's practice session is a tiny water droplet, and with enough of them eventually that solid rock of becoming an excellent pianist is penetrated.These are just a couple of examples, but the principle of "水滴石穿" can apply to any big goal or dream, whether it's academic, athletic, artistic or anything else important to us. As long as we muster the perseverance and determination to take small, consistent actions every single day towards achieving it, we can indeed overcome all difficulties just like the water droplets penetrating the stone.So I always try to keep the meaning of this ancient Chinese idiom in mind, whether I'm struggling with a challenging homework assignment, practicing my violin, or working on any kind of tough goal. I imagine those patient little water droplets, and remember that with enough daily effort and perseverance over time, I too can penetrate through any obstacles or difficulties, no matter how solid they may seem.Just like the old woman realized, the key to overcoming all challenges is to never, ever give up - to keep taking one little step forward each day with unwavering perseverance. That's theinspiring and uplifting meaning behind the wise proverb "水滴石穿" that I'll always keep with me.篇5Water Dripping on StoneHave you ever heard the saying "Water dripping on stone can bore through stone"? It's an old Chinese idiom that means with perseverance and patience, even the smallest efforts can achieve great results over time. Let me tell you a story that perfectly illustrates this saying.Once upon a time, there was a young boy named Xiao Ming who lived in a small village surrounded by towering mountains. Every day, he had to walk through a narrow mountain path to get to school. Along this path, there was a massive boulder that blocked part of the trail, forcing Xiao Ming and the other villagers to squeeze past it.At first, Xiao Ming didn't think much of the boulder. It had been there for as long as he could remember, and everyone in the village just accepted it as part of the landscape. But as he grew older, the boulder started to bother him more and more. It made the path narrower and more difficult to navigate, especially when carrying heavy loads.One day, while resting against the boulder during his walk home from school, Xiao Ming noticed a tiny crack in the rock. He peered closer and saw a small stream of water trickling down from the top of the boulder, dripping onto the same spot on the crack day after day.Suddenly, an idea struck Xiao Ming. He remembered the old saying his grandmother had taught him: "Water dripping on stone can bore through stone." If that little stream of water could keep dripping on the same spot for long enough, maybe it could eventually wear down the boulder and make the path wider!From that day on, Xiao Ming became obsessed with watching the little stream of water. Every day, he would stop on his way to and from school to check on its progress. At first, nothing seemed to be happening. The crack didn't appear to be getting any bigger, and the boulder remained as solid and imposing as ever.But Xiao Ming didn't lose hope. He knew that the saying had been passed down for generations, and there must be truth to it. So, he kept watching and waiting, day after day, month after month, year after year.And then, one day, something amazing happened. As Xiao Ming approached the boulder on his way home from school, henoticed a small piece of rock lying on the ground. He bent down to inspect it and realized that it had broken off from the boulder itself, right where the water had been dripping all this time!Xiao Ming's heart leaped with joy. It was working! The water was slowly but surely wearing away at the boulder, just as the saying had promised.From that day on, Xiao Ming became even more determined to watch the water's progress. He would spend hours sitting beside the boulder, mesmerized by the constant dripping sound and the tiny changes happening before his eyes.As the years passed, more and more pieces of rock began to break away, and the crack in the boulder grew wider and wider. Eventually, the once-imposing boulder had been reduced to a mere pile of rubble, and the path through the mountains was now wide and clear.Word of Xiao Ming's perseverance and patience spread throughout the village, and he became a local hero. The elders praised him for proving the wisdom of the ancient saying, and the younger generation looked up to him as an example of what could be achieved through sheer determination.From that day on, whenever anyone in the village faced a seemingly insurmountable challenge, they would remember the story of Xiao Ming and the water dripping on stone. They would be reminded that even the smallest efforts, if sustained over time, could eventually lead to great achievements.And Xiao Ming himself? He grew up to be a wise and respected elder in the village, always ready to share the lessons he had learned from his experience with the boulder. Whenever he saw a young person struggling with a difficult task, he would smile and say, "Remember, my child, water dripping on stone can bore through stone. Keep at it, and one day, you too will succeed."The end.篇6A Drop at a Time: The Power of PerseveranceHave you ever looked at a giant boulder or rock and wondered how it got those weird holes and grooves in it? Well, let me tell you a secret – those grooves and holes didn't just appear overnight! They were carved, little by little, over many, many years by the incredible power of water droplets.You might be thinking, "How can tiny water droplets possibly make a dent in a huge, solid rock?" That's a great question! The answer lies in an ancient Chinese idiom called "Water Droplets Can Penetrate Stone" (水滴石穿). This saying teaches us that even the smallest, gentlest forces can create big changes over time if they never give up.Imagine a tiny droplet of water landing on a boulder. At first, nothing seems to happen. The droplet just sits there, looking tiny and insignificant compared to the massive rock. But then another droplet joins it, and another, and another, until eventually the droplets start wearing away at the stone, bit by bit. As the years go by, those droplets keep coming, constantly dripping and eroding the rock. Slowly but surely, a groove starts to form. And if the dripping continues for decades, centuries, or even millennia, eventually that groove becomes a hole that goes all the way through the boulder!Isn't that amazing? Those humble little droplets achieved something incredible just by being patient and persistent. They didn't give up after the first year or the first decade when the rock didn't look any different. They just kept doing their thing, drip after drip, until their small efforts added up to a huge impact.This idea of the water droplets teaches us the value of perseverance. If we want to accomplish big goals or overcome major obstacles, we can't expect to do it all at once. Meaningful change often happens gradually through lots of small steps and efforts over a long period of time.Let me give you an example from my own life. Like many kids, I really struggled with math when I was younger. No matter how hard I tried, I just couldn't seem to wrap my brain around all those numbers and equations. I would get so frustrated that I felt like giving up. But my teacher encouraged me to be like the water droplets – keep practicing little by little each day, and eventually it would start to click.So that's what I did. Every night after school, I would spend 30 minutes working on math problems, even when I didn't feel like it. I would go step-by-step, solving one problem at a time. Some nights I made progress, while other nights I felt just as confused as ever. But I didn't let that disappointment stop me from trying again the next day. Slowly but surely, math stopped being this big, scary thing. Step-by-step, problem-by-problem, night-after-night, I was carving away at that mental block, just like the water droplets carving into stone.Then one day, I realized that I could finally do the math! It all made sense. By being patient and persistent like those water droplets, I wore away the obstacle preventing me from learning. Of course, there are still challenging concepts, but I don't freeze up with fear anymore. I know that if I keep chipping away with practice and effort, I can break through any barrier.The water droplets can teach us so many valuable life lessons beyond just math too. Maybe you have a dream that seems absolutely impossible right now, like becoming a professional athlete or astronaut. Or maybe you're struggling with something like learning a new language, dealing with a difficult situation at home, or overcoming a personal challenge like shyness. Whatever your "boulder" is, don't get discouraged! Just keep working at it little by little, day-by-day. Those tiny efforts you put in will eventually add up to big results over time, just like the droplets penetrating stone.As long as you persevere and refuse to give up, no goal is too huge and no obstacle is too daunting. All you need is the same unwavering patience and persistence as those humble water droplets. Just keep chipping away, drip by drip, day after day. Those droplets will turn into a steady stream that can gradually erode any barrier standing in your way. Before youknow it, you'll have penetrated all the way through to the other side of your metaphorical boulder.The next time you see a rock with holes or grooves carved through it, remember the inspiring message of the water droplets. Let their example fill you with determination to persevere through any challenge. If they could bore through solid stone, just imagine what you can achieve if you refuse to give up on your dreams! Stay patient, stay persistent, and you too can move mountains, one droplet at a time.。
表面解剖学医学课件
•
14、抱最大的希望，作最大的努力。2021年8月9日 星期一2021/8/92021/8/92021/8/9
•
15、一个人炫耀什么，说明他内心缺 少什么 。。2021年8月 2021/8/92021/8/92021/8/98/9/2021
•
16、业余生活要有意义，不要越轨。2021/8/92021/8/9August 9, 2021
Surface Anatomy of the Back
Figure 11.31a
Muscles of the Back
• Trapezius • Latissimus dorsi • Erector spinae
Surface Anatomy of the Back
Figure 11.31b
Upper Limb and Shoulder
• Medial border of the scapula
The Back
• Inferior angle of the scapula • Iliac crests
– Supracristal line – intersects L4
• Sacrum – superior to cleft in the buttocks • Coccyx – posterior to the anus
The Back
• Posterior median furrow – vertical groove along the midline
• Spinous processes of vertebrae • Spine of the scapula
– Medial end is opposite T3
• This muscle is absent in about 30% of people
第一节 繁殖Anatomy of male reproduction
Figuer 7-4. The seminiferous epithelium showing the complex nature of the association Between Sertoli cells and the developing germ cells Along with an illustration depicting dissociation of this cellular complex．The developing germ cells occupy Intracellu1ar spaces between adjacent Sertoli cells and move ． from the basement membrane toward the lumen during spermatogenic process．The germ cells begin their developmental process as spermatogonia(Sg)，become Spermactocytes(Sc)，then roundspermatids (RSt) and Finall elongated spermatids(ESt)．Schematic dissociation of the seminiferous epithelium shows how the germ cellsoccupy the expanded intercellular spaces between adjacent Sertoli cells．(p.100)
Reproduction in farm animals Animal science Physiology of reproduction Technique of reproduction Reproductivity Reproduction Breeding Feeding Environmental hygiene Feed production Veterinary Domestic animal Productivity Economic trait Phenotypic value Genetic value Sexual differentiation Gametogenesis Asexual reproduction Respiration Stimulation Virus
anatomy of the head (human brain)
2 Basic Anatomy and Physiology of theHuman BrainThis chapter contains some basic background on the anatomy and physiology of the human brain relevant to this project. The final section focuses on the neonatal brain and some common pathologies.2.1 Anatomy of the headThe human nervous system consists of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The former consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the latter composes the nerves extending to and from the brain and spinal cord. The primary functions of the nervous system are to monitor, integrate (process) and respond to informa-tion inside and outside the body. The brain consists of soft, delicate, non-replaceable neural tissue. It is supported and protected by the surrounding skin, skull, meninges and cerebro-spinal fluid.Figure 2–1 Skin and underlying subcutaneous tissue. (Reproduced from [Marieb 1991]).SkinThe skin constitutes a protective barrier against physical damage of underlying tissues, invasion of hazardous chemical and bacterial substances and, through the activity of its sweat glands and blood vessels, it helps to maintain the body at a constant temperature. Together with the sweat and oil glands, hairs and nails it forms a set of organs called the integumentary system. Figure 2–1 shows a cross-section of the skin and underlying subcutaneous tissue. The skin consists of an outer, protective layer, the epidermis and an inner layer, the dermis. While the top layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum, consists of dead cells, the dermis is composed of vascularised fibrous connective tissue. The subcutaneous tissue, located underneath the skin, is primarily composed of adipose tissue (fat).SkullDepending on their shape, bones are classified as long, short, flat or irregular. Bones of different types contain different proportions of the two types of osseous tissue: compact and spongy bone. While the former has a smooth structure, the latter is composed of small needle-like or flat pieces of bone called trabeculae, which form a network filled with red or yellow bone marrow. Most skull bones are flat and consist of two parallel compact bone surfaces, with a layer of spongy bone sandwiched between. The spongy bone layer of flat bones (the diploë) predominantly contains red bone marrow and hence has a high concen-tration of blood.Figure 2–2 Skull. (Reproduced from [Marieb 1991]).The skull is a highly complex structure consisting of 22 bones altogether. These can be divided into two sets, the cranial bones (or cranium) and the facial bones. While the latter form the framework of the face, the cranial bones form the cranial cavity that encloses and protects the brain. All bones of the adult skull are firmly connected by sutures. Figure 2–2 shows the most important bones of the skull. The frontal bone forms the forehead and contains the frontal sinuses, which are air filled cells within the bone. Most superior and lateral aspects of the skull are formed by the parietal bones while the occipital bone forms the posterior aspects. The base of the occipital bone contains the foramen magnum, whichis a large hole allowing the inferior part of the brain to connect to the spinal cord. The remaining bones of the cranium are the temporal, sphenoid and ethmoid bones.MeningesThe meninges (Figure 2–3) are three connective tissue membranes enclosing the brain and the spinal cord. Their functions are to protect the CNS and blood vessels, enclose the venous sinuses, retain the cerebrospinal fluid, and form partitions within the skull. The outermost meninx is the dura mater, which encloses the arachnoid mater and the innermost pia mater.Figure 2–3 Meninges. (Reproduced from [Marieb 1991]).Figure 2–4 Cerebrospinal Fluid. (Reproduced from [Marieb 1991]).Cerebrospinal fluidCerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a watery liquid similar in composition to blood plasma. It is formed in the choroid plexuses and circulates through the ventricles into the subarachnoid space, where it is returned to the dural venous sinuses by the arachnoid villi. The prime purpose of the CSF is to support and cushion the brain and help nourish it. Figure 2–4 illustrates the flow of CSF through the central nervous system.2.2 Major regions of the brain and their functionsThe major regions of the brain (Figure 2–5) are the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem and cerebellum.Figure 2–5 Major Regions of the Brain. (Reproduced from [Marieb 1991]).Cerebral hemispheresThe cerebral hemispheres (Figure 2–6), located on the most superior part of the brain, are separated by the longitudinal fissure. They make up approximately 83% of total brain mass, and are collectively referred to as the cerebrum. The cerebral cortex constitutes a 2-4 mm thick grey matter surface layer and, because of its many convolutions, accounts for about 40% of total brain mass. It is responsible for conscious behaviour and contains three different functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas and association areas. Located internally are the white matter, responsible for communication between cerebral areas and between the cerebral cortex and lower regions of the CNS, as well as the basal nuclei (or basal ganglia), involved in controlling muscular movement.DiencephalonThe diencephalon is located centrally within the forebrain. It consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus, which together enclose the third ventricle. The thalamus acts as a grouping and relay station for sensory inputs ascending to the sensory cortex and association areas. It also mediates motor activities, cortical arousal and memories. The hypothalamus, by controlling the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system, is responsible for maintaining the body’s homeostatic balance. Moreover it forms a part of the limbic system, the ‘emotional’ brain. The epithalamus consists of the pineal gland and the CSF-producing choroid plexus.Figure 2–6 Major Regions of the cerebral hemispheres. (Reproduced from [Marieb 1991]).Brain stemThe brain stem is similarly structured as the spinal cord: it consists of grey matter sur-rounded by white matter fibre tracts. Its major regions are the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata. The midbrain, which surrounds the cerebral aqueduct, provides fibre pathways between higher and lower brain centres, contains visual and auditory reflex and subcortical motor centres. The pons is mainly a conduction region, but its nuclei also contribute to the regulation of respiration and cranial nerves. The medulla oblongata takes an important role as an autonomic reflex centre involved in maintaining body homeostasis. In particular, nuclei in the medulla regulate respiratory rhythm, heart rate, blood pressure and several cranial nerves. Moreover, it provides conduction pathways between the inferior spinal cord and higher brain centres.CerebellumThe cerebellum, which is located dorsal to the pons and medulla, accounts for about 11% of total brain mass. Like the cerebrum, it has a thin outer cortex of grey matter, internal white matter, and small, deeply situated, paired masses (nuclei) of grey matter. The cerebellum processes impulses received from the cerebral motor cortex, various brain stem nuclei and sensory receptors in order to appropriately control skeletal muscle contraction, thus giving smooth, coordinated movements.2.3 The cerebral circulatory systemBlood is transported through the body via a continuous system of blood vessels. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart into capillaries supplying tissue cells. Veins collect the blood from the capillary bed and carry it back to the heart. The main purpose of blood flow through body tissues is to deliver oxygen and nutrients to and waste from the cells, exchange gas in the lungs, absorb nutrients from the digestive tract, and help forming urine in the kidneys. All the circulation besides the heart and the pulmonary circulation is called the systemic circulation.Since it is the ultimate aim of this research project to image cerebral oxygenation and haemodynamics some aspects of the cerebral circulatory system are described below.Figure 2–7 Major cerebral arteries and the circle of Willis. (Repro-duced from [Marieb 1991]).Blood supply to the brainFigure 2–7 shows an overview of the arterial system supplying the brain. The major arteries are the vertebral and internal carotid arteries . The two posterior and single anterior communicating arteries form the circle of Willis , which equalises blood pressures in the brain’s anterior and posterior regions, and protects the brain from damage should one of the arteries become occluded. However, there is little communication between smaller arteries on the brain’s surface. Hence occlusion of these arteries usually results in localised tissue damage.Cerebral haemodynamicsThe cardiac output is about 5 l/min of blood for a resting adult. Blood flow to the brain is about 14% of this, or 700 ml/min. For any part of the body, the blood flow can be calcu-lated using the simple formulaResistancePressure =flow Blood (2.1)Pressure in the arteries is generated by the heart which pumps blood from its left ventricle into the aorta. (Since pressure was historically measured with a mercury manometer, the units are commonly expressed in terms of [mm Hg], although the official SI unit is the Pascal [Pa].) Resistance arises from friction, and is proportional to the following expression4Diameter)(Vessel Length Vessel Viscosity Resistance ×∝(2.2)Hence blood flow is slowest in the small vessels of the capillary bed, thus allowing time for the exchange of nutrients and oxygen to surrounding tissue by diffusion through the capillary walls.Approximately 75% of total blood volume is ‘stored’ in the veins which, because of their high capacity, act as reservoirs. Their walls distend and contract in response to the amount of blood available in the circulation. However, the function of cerebral veins,formed from sinuses in the dura mater, is somewhat different from other veins of the body, as they are non-collapsible.Autoregulation[Panerai 1998] describes autoregulation of blood flow in the cerebral vascular bed as the mechanism by which cerebral blood flow (CBF) tends to remain relatively constant despite changes in cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). With a constant metabolic demand, changes in CPP or arterial blood pressure that would increase or reduce CBF, are compensated by adjusting the vascular resistance. This maintains a constant O2 supply and constant CBF. Therefore cerebral autoregulation allows the blood supply to the brain to match its metabolic demand and also to protect cerebral vessels against excessive flow due to arterial hypertension. Cerebral blood flow is autoregulated much better than in almost any other organ. Even for arterial pressure variations between 50 and 150 mm Hg, CBF only changes by a few percent. This can be accomplished because the arterial vessels are typically able to change their diameter about 4-fold, corresponding to a 256-fold change in blood flow. Only when the brain is very active is there an exception to the close matching of blood flow to metabolism, which can rise by up to 30-50% in the affected areas. It is an aim of PET, functional MRI, near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), and, possibly, near infrared imaging, to detect or image such localised changes in cortical activity and associated blood flow.2.4 Structure and pathologies of the neonatal brainHaving introduced some basics of the anatomy and physiology of the adult brain, this section focuses on the specific differences in the neonate, as well as common neonatal pathologies which have motivated the construction of an instrument capable of imaging cerebral oxygenation, blood volume and, possibly, myelination.The embryonic brain and spinal cord develop from the neural tube, which is formed by the fourth week of pregnancy. The brain grows immensely in both size and complexity during pregnancy and even soon after birth. Because a membranous skull restricts expan-sion, the forebrain is bent towards the brain stem, and the cerebral hemispheres almost completely envelop the diencephalon and midbrain. Moreover, the spatial restrictions cause the cerebral hemispheres to increase their surface area by becoming highly convoluted such that about two thirds of its surface are hidden in its folds. The skull bones of the foetus and neonate are soft and the sutures are not yet fused. Hence the skull is very flexible and deforms under light pressure. Brain development of the foetus, neonate and infant are more thoroughly reviewed by [Herschkowitz 1988].Compared to the adult, neonates have a smaller head size (ca. 6-12 cm in diameter), thinner surface tissue, skull and CSF layers, lower scattering coefficients of grey and white matter (due to lesser myelination in the case of white matter), as well as a comparatively small mismatch between the two (see also Table 4–1). These anatomical features are all favourable to NIR imaging. The neonatal skull, because it is less mineralised, may also have a lower scattering coefficient, but there is no data at present. All these factors greatly benefit penetration of light deep into the white matter and enable measurements to be made across the head, which is essential for tomographic imaging.Arterial and venous haemoglobin saturation values for the foetus in utero are relatively low at 56 % and 18% [Rooth 1963], respectively, compared to about 97% and 67% for adults. This is because there is a gradient in oxygen concentration across the placenta which ensures diffusion of sufficient amounts of oxygen from maternal blood into the foetal bloodstream. A higher oxygen affinity of neonatal haemoglobin (dissociation curve shifted to the ‘left’, c.f. Figure 4–3) compensates for this. Over a period of about 6 months afterdelivery the neonatal haemoglobin is gradually substituted by the adult haemoglobin, which has a lower oxygen affinity.The autoregulation mechanism of the (adult) brain was discussed in the previous sec-tion. However, in the newborn infant, and particularly in the very preterm infant, there is no consensus on whether, or to what extent, autoregulation in the brain occurs. It is also not clear what effect ischaemia has on cerebral blood flow and the evolution of haemorrhage.Neurodevelopmental disorders in some preterm infants are due to either hypoxic-ischaemic damage to the periventricular white matter, or to intraventricular haemorrhage and its consequences. The period of highest risk is between 26 and 32 weeks of gestation. In preterm infants the majority of haemorrhages occur into the ventricles and the surround-ing white matter, the periventricular region. Hypoxic-ischaemic damage is caused by cerebral underperfusion, often combined with a global oxygen deficiency due to an impaired lung function. It also affects the periventricular white matter, which is thought to be a result of the following two effects:•Increased vulnerability due to high metabolic demands at this phase of the brain development.•The area is at a ‘watershed’ of perfusion from the territories of the posterior and middle cerebral arteries (c.f. Figure 2–7).Enduring neurodevelopmental disorders can lead to diminished neurological function in later life, and in particular spasticity, since motor fibres run through this region of the white matter. Given the potential of the premature infant’s developing brain to repair some damage, spasticity is often restricted to stiff limbs and/or subtle learning disabilities.Cerebral damage in the mature infant is most commonly a result of perinatal (‘birth’) asphyxia, leading initially to cerebral oedema (resulting in compressed ventricles and flattening of the convolutions of the brain), and later to tissue necrosis (tissue death) and apoptosis (cell suicide). The subcortical white matter, basal ganglia, cerebellum and brainstem are the areas predominantly affected, frequently leading to learning disabilities or global developmental delay and cerebral palsy.Sample neonatal brain images, including that of a patient with hypoxic-ischaemia (Figure 3–4), can be found in chapter 3, which describes various conventional imaging modalities. A comprehensive review of common neurologic disorders is given by [Hill 1996].。