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湖北省沙市中学2024届高三上学期10月月考英语

湖北省沙市中学2024届高三上学期10月月考英语

2023—2024学年度上学期2021级10月月考英语试卷命题人:朱茂林审题人:Nancy第一部分听力(共两节,满分30分)该部分分为第一、第二两节,注意:回答听力部分时,请先将答案标在试卷上。

听力部分结束前,你将有两分钟的时间将你的答案转涂到答题卡上。

第一节(共5小题;每小题1.5分,满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听完每段对话后,你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1.What does the man plan to do for the summer vacation?A.Stay in London. B.Go sightseeing. C.See his parents.2.Why did the woman change the reservation?A.She canceled the party. B.She got the date wrong. C.She put off her plan. 3.What happened to the man?A.He found a car key. B.He lost his car key. C.He got his key ring. 4.What are the speakers talking about?A.The coming tests. B.The stress in life. C.The learning methods. 5.What is the weather like now?A.Rainy. B.Stormy. C.Fine.第二节(共15小题;每小题1.5分,满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。

每段对话或独白后有几个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个项中选出最佳选项。

听每段对话或独白前,你将有时间阅读各个小题,每小题5秒钟;听后,各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。

information extraction

information extraction

/squared
• What

is it?
Google Squared is an experimental tool that takes a category (like US presidents, roller coasters, or digital cameras) and attempts to create a starter "square" of information, automatically fetching and organizing facts from across the web.
Entitycube
Entitycube
Current Problems
The prototype currently only contains information extracted from 3 billion Web pages, therefore it is possible that some information for people with a substantial Web presence is still missing in our index; • Some names and relationships could be incorrect, and the information may not be update-to-date; • Name disambiguation is still largely unsolved. Some people with popular/common names may find that their information has been mixed with other people of the same name; • Some of the summarization features are currently only available for people. We are currently working on these for other entities.

江苏省盐城市联盟校2023-2024学年高三上学期第一次学情调研检测英语试卷

江苏省盐城市联盟校2023-2024学年高三上学期第一次学情调研检测英语试卷

20232024学年第一学期联盟校第一次学情调研检测高三年级英语试题(总分150分,考试时间120分钟)注意事项:1.本试卷中所有试题必须作答在答题纸上规定的位置,否则不给分.2.答题前,务必将自己的姓名、准考证号用0.5毫米黑色墨水签字笔填写在试卷及答题纸上.3.作答非选择题时必须用黑色字迹0.5毫米签字笔书写在答题纸的指定位置上,作答选择题必须用2B铅笔在答题纸上将对应题目的选项涂黑。

如需改动,请用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其它答案,请保持答题纸清洁,不折叠、不破损。

第一部分听力(共两节,满分30 分)第一节(共5小题, 每小题 1.5分;满分7.5 分)听下面5段对话,每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听完每段对话后,你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1. What office was the man looking for?A. Chinese.B. Geography.C. Chemistry.2. Why does the woman make the call?A. She needs a mask.B. A man beside her needs a mask.C. A man nearby doesn’t wear a mask.3. What are the speakers talking about?A. An assignment.B. An interesting topic.C. A Chinese traditional festival.4.What made Luki move out of his first homestay family?A. He had stayed there for three months.B. They were not kind to him.C. He couldn’t concentrate on his study there.5 What does the woman think of the street?A. Perfect.B. Acceptable.C. Disappointing.第二节(共15小题, 每小题1.5分;满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。

江苏省通州高级中学2024-2025学年高二上学期开学考试英语学科(二)试题

江苏省通州高级中学2024-2025学年高二上学期开学考试英语学科(二)试题

江苏省通州高级中学2024-2025学年高二上学期开学考试英语学科(二)试题一、听力选择题1.What does the man want to do?A.Borrow a magazine.B.Buy a book.C.Reserve a seat. 2.Where are the speakers probably?A.At the man’s home.B.In a hospital.C.In a supermarket. 3.Why does the woman talk to the man?A.To ask for advice.B.To send an invitation.C.To make a complaint.4.What is the probable relationship between the speakers?A.Mother and son.B.Sister and brother.C.Shop assistant and customer.5.What are the speakers talking about?A.A meeting.B.A movie.C.A lecture.听下面一段较长对话,回答以下小题。

6.Who turned up at the party last night?A.Marian.B.James.C.Alison.7.What did the man say about the party?A.It was impressive.B.It was awkward.C.It was boring.听下面一段较长对话,回答以下小题。

8.Why did the man stay up late last night?A.He went out with friends.B.He watched a game.C.He prepared for the exam.9.What does the woman suggest the man do?A.Have a rest.B.Go to lecture.C.Keep a healthy diet. 10.How does the man sound in the end?A.Anxious.B.Surprised.C.Proud.听下面一段较长对话,回答以下小题。

2025届高考英语培优外刊阅读学案:芯片行业话题

2025届高考英语培优外刊阅读学案:芯片行业话题

高三英语培优外刊阅读班级:____________学号:____________姓名:____________外刊精选|这家芯片业隐形巨头,拿下全球年内最大IPO 很多人没有听说过Arm这家公司,但都在用它的产品。

9月14日,这家芯片公司在美国纳斯达克证券交易所成功上市,一夜市值突破650亿美元,融资近50亿美元。

这是今年以来美股以及全球最大规模IPO,同时也是继阿里巴巴、Facebook之后,科技公司史上第三大IPO。

Arm是一家什么样的公司?为什么媒体会用“春天到来”形容它的IPO?Arm Soars 25% in the Year's Biggest Initial Public OfferingBy Erin Griffith and Don ClarkCall it Wall Street's Groundhog Day. When shares of Arm, the British chip designer, began trading on the Nasdaq stock exchange on Thursday in the year's biggest initial public offering, investors, tech executives, bankers and start-up founders were watching closely for how it performed.They quickly got their answer: It was an early spring. Arm's shares opened trading at $56.10, up 10 percent from its initial offering price of $51. Shares quickly soared further, rising 25 percent by the end of trading to close at $63.59 and giving the company a valuation of $67.9 billion.That stands out in a year that has been the worst for I.P.O.s since 2009. Arm is a particularly interesting test of the public market because it provides an essential technology that is geopolitically and strategically coveted, which also means it faces challenges.Founded in 1990 in Cambridge, England, the company sells blueprints of a part of a chip known as a processor core. Its customers include many of the world's largest tech companies, like Apple, Google, Samsung and Nvidia.Arm's chip designs are primarily used in smartphones, but the company has pitched itself as able to ride the wave of artificial intelligence sweeping Silicon Valley. Many A.I. companies need the most advanced computer chips to do the sophisticated calculations required to develop the tech.【词汇过关】请写出下面文单词在文章中的中文意思。

T.W. ANDERSON (1971). The Statistical Analysis of Time Series. Series in Probability and Ma

T.W. ANDERSON (1971). The Statistical Analysis of Time Series. Series in Probability and Ma

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online0957-4484_25_29_295601

online0957-4484_25_29_295601

Home Search Collections Journals About Contact us My IOPscienceSelf-assembled synthesis of 3D Cu(In1 − x Ga x)Se2 nanoarrays by one-step electroless deposition into ordered AAO templateThis content has been downloaded from IOPscience. Please scroll down to see the full text.2014 Nanotechnology 25 295601(/0957-4484/25/29/295601)View the table of contents for this issue, or go to the journal homepage for moreDownload details:IP Address: 202.120.52.107This content was downloaded on 03/07/2014 at 05:19Please note that terms and conditions apply.Self-assembled synthesis of3D Cu(In1−x Ga x)Se2nanoarrays by one-step electroless deposition into ordered AAO templateBin Zhang1,Tao Zhou2,Maojun Zheng1,Zuzhou Xiong1,Changqing Zhu1,Hong Li1,Faze Wang1,Li Ma3and Wenzhong Shen11Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control(Ministry of Education),Department ofPhysics and Astronomy,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai,200240,People’s Republic of China2School of Mathematics and Physics,Shanghai University of Electric Power,Shanghai,200090,People’sRepublic of China3School of Chemistry and Chemical Technology,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai,200240,People’s Republic of ChinaE-mail:taozhou@ and mjzheng@Received25February2014,revised28April2014Accepted for publication27May2014Published1July2014AbstractQuaternary nanostructured Cu(In1−x Ga x)Se2(CIGS)arrays were successfully fabricated via anovel and simple solution-based protocol on the electroless deposition method,using aflexible,highly ordered anodic aluminium oxide(AAO)substrate.This method does not require electricpower,complicated sensitization processes,or complexing agents,but provides nearly100%porefill factor to AAO templates.Thefield emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM)images show that we obtained uniformly three-dimensional nanostructured CIGS arrays,and wecan tailor the diameter and wall thicknesses of the nanostructure by adjusting the pore diameterof the AAO and metal Mo layer.Their chemical composition was determined by energy-dispersive spectroscopy analysis,which is very close to the stoichiometric value.The Raman spectroscopy,x-ray diffraction(XRD)pattern,and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)further confirm the formation of nanostructured CIGS with prominent chalcopyrite structure.The nanostructured CIGS arrays can support the design of low-cost,highlight-trapping,and enhancedcarrier collection nanostructured solar cells.Keywords:CIGS,nanostructure arrays,galvanic displacement method,self-assembly(Somefigures may appear in colour only in the online journal)1.IntroductionChalcopyrite quaternary Cu(In1−x Ga x)Se2(CIGS)com-pound semiconductors are considered to the most promis-ing absorber materials for thinfilm photovoltaic applications because they have high absorption coefficients of visible light up to about105cm−1,the ability to undergo band gap engineering through alloy formation,and long-term reliable optoelectronic stability[1–3].To date,thin film photovoltaic devices based on chalcopyrite CIGS absorber layers show excellent light-to-power conversion efficiencies of about20.4%[4].However,the best perfor-mance of CIGS absorberfilm was produced by a three-stage co-evaporation process,which can severely hinder the diffusion of this device because of the high-cost vacuum deposition techniques and low material utilization. Therefore,these factors have led to the continued devel-opment and investigation of wide novel materials proces-sing and device structures for enabling acceptable efficiencies[5–7].Nanotechnology25(2014)295601(8pp)doi:10.1088/0957-4484/25/29/295601On the one hand,the low-cost and convenient non-vacuum-based approaches,such as chalcogenide-hydrazine complex precursors[8,9],sol-gel spin coating process[10], electrodeposition[11–15],and nanoparticle-based inks [16–19],generate significant research interest as potential alternatives.Among the different non-vacuum-based meth-ods,the most intensely investigated and striking strategy may be the solution-based pared with vacuum-based deposition techniques,the solution-based methods have many advantages,such as low instrumental and material costs,high throughput,controllability of chemical composition,efficient utilization of raw materials,and feasibility in making large-areafilm[20,21].The hydrazine solution processed solar cells have achieved,to date,15.2%power-conversion effi-ciency[22].However,hydrazine is highly toxic and must be handled with appropriate protective equipment to prevent contact with either the vapors or liquid.On the other hand,nanostructure materials have received ever-increasing interest over the past several decades owing to their remarkable properties and intriguing applications in many areas such as catalysis[23],superhydrophobic surfaces [24],semiconductors[25],biosensors[26],and solar cells [27–29].Additionally,diverse parameters of nanoporous anodic aluminium oxide(AAO)can be easily prepared by adjusting anodizing potential and electrolytes.Accordingly, high-ordered AAO is considered to be one of the most sui-table host or template materials for nanomaterial fabrica-tion[30,31].In recent years,we have also made many efforts to synthesize nanostructured absorber materials by simple, solution-based methods.In previous works,we have reported self-and directed-assembly of CuInSe2nanotubes and CIGS nanopores by highly ordered AAO templates[32,33].In the present work,we report a novel nonhydrazine solution pro-cess employing a direct electroless deposition to prepare CIGS nanostructured arrays.It is important that we can tailor the morphology of the nanostructure arrays by adjusting some physical parameters,including the pore diameter size of the AAO template and the metal Mo layer.2.Experimental setup2.1.Preparation of anodic aluminum oxide templateIt is widely recognized that ideally ordered AAO can be prepared through mild anodization and hard anodization [34,35].In this work,AAO was fabricated using two pre-viously published procedures[36,37].First,high-purity cir-cular aluminum sheets(99.999%, 2.5cm in diameter, 0.25mm thick)were used as starting specimens.Then,the specimens were degreased in acetone,washed by deionized water,and electropolished at a constant voltage,10V,in a1:4 volume mixture of perchloric acid and ethanol at room tem-perature.Thefirst-step anodization was performed in a 0.25M phosphoric acid electrolyte solution at the potential 195V for100s and−4°C(or0.3M oxalic acid,40V,2h, 10°C),with vigorous magnetic stirring.A power cooling system and a large electrolysis cell(2L)were used to main-tain the low temperature required for high-field anodization. Then,thefirst anodization specimens were immersed in a mixture of6.0wt%phosphoric acid and1.8wt%chromic acid at60°C for4h to remove the alumina layers with an orderless surface.The well-ordered concave patterns on the aluminum foil acted as self-assembled masks for the second anodization.The second anodization was performed under the same conditions as thefirst.Finally,after removing the remaining aluminum on the back side in a1:3volume mixture of hydrochloric acid and saturated copper sulfate solution at room temperature,pore openings were created in a5wt% phosphoric acid solution at45°C for60min Most impor-tantly,it should be noted that a fraction of Al foil surrounding the fabrication of the porous AAO template was not anodized. Moreover,the remaining Al played a key role in the deposition process.The morphology of the specimens was investigated by afield-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM;FEI Sirion200).2.2.Sputtering molybdenum back electrodeA Mo layer was deposited on the back side of the AAO by magnetron sputtering in Ar gas at a pressure of8mTorr at room temperature.The Mofilms were sputtered from a molybdenum target foil(diameter:75mm,thickness:5cm, purity:99.999%).First,the vacuum chamber was evacuated to a base pressure of10−4pa.Then the power supply was turned on and the sputtering power adjusted to50w.Through changing the sputtering time,we can obtain diverse pore diameters in the nanopore Mofilms on the AAO in order to control the wall thickness of the nanostructures.2.3.Electroless deposition CIGSThe nonhydrazine solution for synthesis of CIGS nanos-tructured arrays was a mixture.The molar concentrations of the individual salts in the deposition solution were as follows: 2.5mM CuCl2,7.5mM InCl3,10mM GaCl3,and5mM H2SeO3.The pH value of the mixture solution was adjusted to 2.2by5M NaOH buffer solution.The electroless deposition time was precisely controlled to obtain1–2μm high arrays. Following electroless deposition,the samples were soaked in deionized water and dried under a steady stream of nitrogen. Then,the as-prepared samples were annealed at550°C temperature with the heat in rate of10°C per min in a vacuum tube furnace for30min.2.4.CharacterizationThe morphology of the as-prepared and annealed CIGS nanostructured arrays were observed by FE-SEM(FEI Sirion 200).The composition was investigated by an energy-dis-persive x-ray spectrometer(EDS)system(Inca Oxford) attached to the FE-SEM.The Raman spectra were measured by an InVia-Reflex Micro-Raman spectroscopy system (Renishaw,English).A laser wavelength of532nm was used as the excitation source.The crystallographic structure was determined by x-ray diffraction(XRD;D8DISCOVER x-raydiffractometer,Bruker,Germany)with Cu K αradiation (λ=1.54Å).Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)ima-ges,and the corresponding selected area electron diffraction patterns,were taken on a JEOL JEM2100F.3.Results and discussionFigure 1shows a schematic diagram of the fabrication process of CIGS nanostratured arrays.After Al wafers were degreased,washed,and electropolished,a through-hole AAO template with a narrow,ring-shaped Al foil was fabricated via two-step anodization and hole-opening.Then the Mo-coated AAO template prepared via sputtering was put into the mixed solution consisting of 2.5mM CuCl 2,7.5mM InCl 3,10mM GaCl 3,and 5mM H 2SeO 3,in which a galvanic displacement reaction occurred.The formation process of CIGS nanos-tructured arrays can be explained by galvanic displacement method.The growth mechanism was reported in detail in our previous work [32].When the pH value of the solution is about 2.2,the following galvanic displacement reaction will occur:+−++++→+++++++−+3Cu (aq)3(1x)In (aq)3xGa (aq)6SeO (aq)13Al (s)36H (aq)3CuIn Ga Se (s)13Al (aq)18H O.2333201x x 232The morphology of the as-prepared CIGS nanostructuredarrays depends on the AAO and the Mo layer,as the CIGS was grown on the Mo layer and con fined in channels of theAAO template.On one hand,we used high-field and low-field to obtain different AAO pore diameters.Figure 2presents the SEM pictures of the as-prepared highly ordered AAO tem-plate.Figures 2(a)and (b)are the FE-SEM images of the top view and the cross-sectional view of the AAO template pre-pared by high-field anodization method;figures 2(c)and (d)were prepared by the low-field anodization method.The pore diameters of the AAO are about 200–275nm and 75–120nm,respectively,in images (b)and (d).By using the high-field and the low-field AAO,we can obtain different outside dia-meter CIGS arrays.On the other hand,we can control the sputtering time to obtain different pore diameter metal Mo layers,in order to gain various inside diameter CIGS arrays.The surface morphology of the deposition metal Mo layers on AAO with different sputtering times was displayed in figure 3.In figures 3(a)–(c),the sputtering time was 2min,4min,and 12min,respectively,on high-field AAO;the pore diameters of the obtained corresponding porous Mo layers were about 135nm,110nm,and 57nm on average.In figure 3(d),the deposition time was 5min on the low-field AAO,and the Mo layer pore diameter was 19nm.Figure 4presents the SEM images of the as-synthetized CIGS arrays with different morphology grown on different AAO templates (figures 4(a)–(d)are high-field AAOs,(e)and (f)are low-field AAOs)with different sputtering times of the Mo layer (figure 4(a)2min,(b)4min,(c)12min,(d)18min,(e)and (f)5min).Importantly,these CIGS arrays have nearly 100%pore-fill factor of the AAO templates.Figures 4(a)–(d)con firm that we have obtained different inside-pore-diameter CIGS arrays,ranging from 160nm to 0nm (in otherwords,Figure 1.Schematic illustration of the fabrication process of the CIGS nanostructured arrays:(a)AI wafer,(b)through-hole AAO templatewith a narrow ring-shaped Al foil fabricated via two-step anodization and hole-opening,(c)Mo layer deposited on AAO template via sputtering and its cross section,and (d)as-prepared CIGS nanostructured arrays after removing the AAO template.high-field anodization method.(c)Top view and(d)cross-sectional view of the AAO template prepared by low-field anodization method.Figure3.The surface morphology of the sputtering Mo layer with different sputtering times:(a)2min,(b)4min,(c)12min,(d)5min.template,(e)and(f)low-field template.The sputtering time of the MO layer:(a)2min,(b)4min,(c)12min,(d)18min,(e)and(f)5min.Figure5.The cross-sectional picture of CIGS arrays grown for(a)30min and(b)60min.different wall thicknesses)by controlling the sputtering time of the metal Mo layer.Figures 4(d)and (e)illustrate that the outside pore diameter of CIGS arrays depended on whether the as-prepared AAO was high-field or low-field.In addition,the length of the CIGS arrays can be changed by adjusting the growth time.The images in figures 5(a)and (b)were grown for 30min and 60min,respectively.Finally,we removed the AAO template using 5wt%phosphoric acid solution.The different removing time can change the sur-rounding condition of the arrays (figures 6(a)and (b)embedding,(c)freestanding,and (d)separating).The images in figures 6(a)–(d)show the AAO with removing times at 0min,40min,45min,and 50min,respectively.Their chemical compositions,which were very close to the stoichiometric value,were determined by energy-dis-persive spectroscopy analysis.Figure 7shows that the com-position of the CIGS nanostructure arrays is 28.41:17.54:9.86:44.18.The controllability of composition is an important advantage in the fabrication of CIGS by solution process.This EDS mapping analysis displays a homogeneous distribution of the four elements Cu,In,Ga,and Se on the 2D-projected chemical maps of the nanostructure.The Raman spectroscopy,XRD patterns,and TEM were further used to con firm the formation of nanostructured CIGS with a prominent expected chalcopyrite structure.Figure 8(a)presents the Raman spectrum of the as-synthesized CIGS.The strong peak centered at 170cm −1corresponds to the A 1mode of the chalcopyrite CIGS.As figure 8(b)depicts,theXRD pattern of the CIGS array demonstrates (112),(220),(312),(400),(332),(424),and (512)diffraction peaks corre-sponding to expected 2θpositions,which indicate the for-mation of single-phase chalcopyrite CIGS withoutotherFigure 6.SEM images of the as-synthetized CIGS arrays with different removing template times:(a)0min,(b)40min,(c)45min,and (d)50min.Figure 7.EDS mapping and EDS results of the CIGS nanostructurearrays.impurity phases,according to the standard bulk crystal structure pattern of CuIn 0.7Ga 0.3Se 2(PDF 35–1102).In addi-tion,figures 8(c)and (d)show TEM images of nanostructured CIGS.The chalcopyrite characteristic peaks such as (112),(220),and (312)show good agreement with the results of the XRD pattern.Therefore,the as-synthesized CIGS nanos-tructure array is quali fied and available for absorber-layer fabrication.4.ConclusionsIn summary,a simple nonhydrazine solution-based electroless chemical deposition method has been developed for fabri-cating CIGS nanostructure arrays for the absorber layer of nanostructure solar pared with conventional elec-trodeposition techniques,this method does not require electric power,complicated sensitization processes,or complexing agents,but provides a nearly 100%pore-fill factor for AAO templates.Moreover,the AAO template and the Mo layer provide CIGS nanostructured arrays that are nanochannel-con fined for growth.We demonstrated the fabrication of nanostructured CIGS arrays with diverse diameters and wall thicknesses by using different pore diameter AAO templates and metal Mo layers.The controllability and tunability of composition is an important advantage in the fabrication ofCIGS by this solution process.The nanostructured CIGS arrays can support the design of low-cost,highlight-trapping,and enhanced carrier collection nanostructured solar cells.Moreover,we are using this method to fabricate nanos-tructured solar cells and synthesize other material nanos-tructured arrays,such as Cu 2ZnSnS 4.AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to X Wu for assistance with XRD.This work was supported by the National Major Basic Research Project of 2012CB934302,National 863Program 2011AA050518,the Natural Science Foundation of China (grant Nos.11174197and 61234005).References[1]Anjun H,Yi Z,Wei S,Boyan L,Wei L and Yun S 2012Structure,morphology and properties of thinned Cu(In,Ga)Se 2films and solar cells Semicond.Sci.Technol.27035022[2]Contreras M A,Mans field L M,Egaas B,Li J,Romero M,Nou fiR,Rudiger-Voigt E and Mannstadt W 2012Wide bandgap Cu(In,Ga)Se 2solar cells with improved energy conversion ef ficiency Prog.Photovolt.Res.Appl.20843–50Figure 8.The characterization picture of the as-synthetized CIGS nanostructure arrays.(a)The Raman spectrum of the CIGS arrays,(b)theXRD patterns of the as-synthetized CIGS nanostructure arrays,(c)and (d)the TEM image and selected area electron diffraction pattern of the nanostructured CIGS.[3]Siebentritt S,Igalson M,Persson C and Lany S2010Theelectronic structure of 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New q-ary Quantum MDS Codes with Distances Bigger than frac{q}{2}

New q-ary Quantum MDS Codes with Distances Bigger than frac{q}{2}

Index terms— Quantum MDS code, Hermitian self-orthogonal code, Generalized Reed-Solomon code
1
Introduction
Quantum error-correcting codes are important for quantum information processing and quantum computation. The construction of quantum errorcorrecting codes has been an active field of quantum information theory since
X. He is with the School of Information Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang Province, China, hexianmang@ . L.Xu and H. Chen are with the Department of Mathematics, School of Sciences, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang Province, China, lqxu@, haochen@. H.He was supported by NSFC Grant 31521101. L. Xu and H.Chen were supported by NSFC Grants 11371138 and 11531002.
q 2 −1 m − 1,
−1 θ mt generates a subgroup G of Z/ q m Z

Unit 4 Body Language Reading for Writing课件

Unit 4 Body Language Reading for Writing课件
_I__ 7 Chin on hand, looking out the window _D__ 8 Looking down, arms or legs crossed _J__ 9 Frowning _G__ 10 Hair not brushed, red eyes
A very interested B bored C interested D sad or worried E distracted F writing notes G serious problems H like they are asleep I daydreaming J angry, afraid, or
2. How is the passage developed? A. By making comparisons. B. By listing figures. C. By providing examples. D. By posing rhetorical questions.
Skim for details
eyes barely move, asleep
tend to look up when students are the class to end. If two friends and they always with their
and make eye really interested,
are leaning their heads together, have the same
UNIT 4
Reading for writing
Read for structure
Read the title and the picture, predict what is the passage mainly about?

Cloning and functional identification of C-4 methyl sterol oxidase genes

Cloning and functional identification of C-4 methyl sterol oxidase genes

R E S E A R C H L E T T E RCloning and functional identi¢cation of C-4methyl sterol oxidase genes from the penicillin-producing fungus Penicillium chrysogenumFu-Qiang Wang,Ying Zhao,Meng Dai,Jing Liu,Gui-Zhen Zheng,Zhi-Hong Ren,&Jian-Gong HeNew Drug R&D Center of North China Pharmaceutical Corporation and National Engineering Research Center for Microbial Medicine,Shijiazhuang,ChinaCorrespondence:Fu-Qiang Wang,Department of Bioresources,New Drug R&D Center of North China Pharmaceutical Corporation and National EngineeringResearch Center for Microbial Medicine,388East Heping Road,Shijiazhuang 050015,China.Tel.:18631185992744;fax:18631186676507;e-mail:fqwang@ Received 16January 2008;accepted 14July 2008.First published online 14August 2008.DOI:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01294.x Editor:Jan DijksterhuisKeywordsPenicillium chrysogenum ;methyl sterol oxidase;erg25;penicillin gene cluster;transcript level;real-time quantitative PCR.AbstractTwo C-4methyl sterol oxidase genes (Pcerg25A and Pcerg25B )that are involved in ergosterol biosynthesis have been cloned from the penicillin-producing fungus Penicillium chrysogenum .cDNAs of both Pcerg25A and Pcerg25B have an ORF 885bp in length,encoding a peptide of 295residues.The deduced amino acid sequences of PcErg25A and PcErg25B show 86%identity,and have high identities to the characterized C-4methyl sterol oxidases from Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae .The function of Pcerg25A and Pcerg25B was identified by complementation of a yeast erg25-deficient strain.Pcerg25A is located in the DNA region containing the penicillin gene cluster,and thus its copy number is dependent on the patterns of the cluster region.Up to eight copies of Pcerg25A were found in the high-productivity strain NCPC 10086.By contrast,Pcerg25B was present in just a single copy in all tested P.chrysogenum genomes.Differences in the transcript level of either Pcerg25A or Pcerg25B were observed in different P.chrysogenum strains by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR analysis.IntroductionPenicillium chrysogenum is a filamentous fungus and is used for the industrial production of penicillin.By means of classical strain improvement techniques based on repeated random mutation and selection,the productivity of peni-cillin in P.chrysogenum has increased dramatically over the past 60years.With the development of molecular biology,the pathway of penicillin biosynthesis has been well eluci-dated (Queener,1990;Brakhage,1998).The three key genes,pcbAB ,pcbC and penDE ,involved in penicillin biosynthesis in P.chrysogenum have been cloned and characterized (Barredo et al .,1989a,b;Diez et al .,1990).They are located on chromosome I of the P.chrysogenum genome as a cluster (Fierro et al .,1993).Amplification of the clustered genes is an important feature in high-productivity strains (Smith et al .,1989;Newbert et al .,1997).The penicillin biosynthetic pathway proceeds in different compartments of the cell.d -(L -a -Aminoadipyl)-L -cysteinyl-D -valine synthetase (ACV synthetase,ACVS)and isopenicil-lin N -synthase (IPNS),the first two enzymes encoded by pcbAB and pcbC ,are found in the cytoplasm.Acyl-coenzyme A :isopenicillin N acyltransferase (IAT),the last step enzyme encoded by penDE ,is located in peroxisome that is surrounded by a single membrane (Muller et al .,1991;van der Lende et al .,2002).Thus,the enzymes and intermediates of the penicillin biosynthetic pathway need to be trans-ported across several membranes.In addition,the hydro-phobic penicillin finally formed has to be released into the medium across both the peroxisome and the plasma mem-branes.The transport processes are therefore important for the biosynthesis of penicillin.Ergosterol is the primary sterol of the fungal cell mem-brane that regulates membrane fluidity and permeability and maintains the activity of membrane enzymes (Daum et al .,1998).Hillenga (1999)showed that incorporation of 50%ergosterol into a model membrane significantly reduced penicillin permeability,which suggested that ergos-terol plays a major role in the penicillin permeability of the P.chrysogenum membrane.Therefore,the biosynthesis ofFEMS Microbiol Lett 287(2008)91–99c2008Federation of European Microbiological Societies Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.All rightsreservedergosterol may be an attractive target in strain improvement. However,no ergosterol biosynthesis-related genes have been characterized in P.chrysogenum.Recently,the penicillin biosynthetic gene cluster of P.chrysogenum AS-P-78and Wis54-1255has been analysed in detail by different research groups(Fierro et al.,2006;van den Berg et al.,2007).A predicted ORF located in the right ‘shift fragment’of the cluster showed high sequence identity to Saccharomyces cerevisiae C-4methyl sterol oxidase ERG25, which is an essential enzyme for yeast ergosterol biosynthesis (Bard et al.,1996).However,no cDNA sequence and func-tional analysis were reported.In the present study,we cloned and sequenced the cDNA containing the entire coding sequence(CDS)of this gene,designated Pcerg25A,using reverse transcriptase(RT)PCR.Furthermore,another C-4 methyl sterol oxidase gene of P.chrysogenum,Pcerg25B,was identified and cloned using Pcerg25A cDNA as a probe.The function of Pcerg25A and Pcerg25B was confirmed by comple-ment of an S.cerevisiae erg25-deficient mutant.The gene copy and transcript level of the Pcerg25genes were analysed in different strains using real-time quantitative PCR. Materials and methodsStrains and plasmidsPenicillium chrysogenum strains used were as follows:NRRL 1951(ATCC9480),wild-type strain;Wis54-1255(ATCC 28089),a low-penicillin-producing strain containing a sin-gle copy of the penicillin gene cluster(Fierro et al.,1995);P2 (ATCC48271),an initial strain of the Panlabs series(Lein, 1986);NCPC10086,a high penicillin producer derived from the strain improvement program at North China Pharma-ceutical Corporation(NCPC).Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain ATCC4024690(MATa/ MAT a his3D1/his3D1leu2D0/leu2D0lys2D0/LYS2met15D0/ MET15ura3D0/ura3D0erg25D::kanMX4/ERG25)is a het-erozygous diploid strain of an erg25-deletion mutant from the Saccharomyces Genome Deletion Project(Winzeler et al., 1999).It was used to obtain an erg25-deficient strain. Escherichia coli DH5a(Invitrogen)was used for nucleic acid manipulations.A pGEM-T Easy vector(Promega)was used for standard cloning and sequencing.Yeast expression vector pYES2was obtained from Invitrogen.Media and culture conditionsSpore suspensions of P.chrysogenum were inoculated in 40mL of seed medium(20g LÀ1corn steep liquor,20g LÀ1 sucrose,5g LÀ1yeast extract,5g LÀ1CaCO3,pH5.8)in250-mLflasks and incubated on a rotary shaker(250r.p.m.)at 261C for24h.Two millilitres of the seed culture was transferred to40mL of fermentation medium(35g LÀ1lactose,30g LÀ1corn steep liquor,5g LÀ1(NH4)2SO4, 1g LÀ1KH2PO4,1g LÀ1K2SO4,10g LÀ1CaCO3,2g LÀ1 phenylacetic acid,6mL LÀ1corn oil,pH6.0)and grown at 261C with shaking at250r.p.m.Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains were cultivated aerobically at301C in yeast complete medium YPD(1%yeast extract,2% peptone,2%glucose).The erg25-deficient strain was grown anaerobically at301C on YPD supplemented with ergosterol (0.02%,w/v)dissolved in ethanol/Tween80(1:1,v/v).Y east transformants were selected on SC medium containing0.67% yeast nitrogen base,2%glucose supplemented with ergosterol (0.02%)and all amino acids except uracil under anaerobic conditions.Anaerobic conditions were obtained using an AnaeroGen TM compact(Oxoid,UK).All bacterial strains were grown in Luria–Bertani medium according to standard procedures(Sambrook&Russell, 2001).Isolation of S.cerevisiae erg25-deficient strain from ATCC4024690The S.cerevisiae haploid erg25-deficient strain was isolated from the spores of strain ATCC4024690.A single colony of ATCC4024690was patched onto a freshly prepared GNA presporulation plate(5%D-glucose,3%Difco nutrient broth,1%Difco yeast extract,2%Bacto agar)for24h at 301C and repatched to another freshly prepared GNA plate for18h at301C.A small amount of yeast cells were transferred to liquid sporulation medium(1%potassium acetate,0.002%uracil,0.002%leucin,0.002%histidine)and incubated on a rotary shaker(220r.p.m.)for6–7days at 251C.Fifty microlitres of culture was added to a microcen-trifuge tube and incubated at581C for7min.The cells were collected by centrifuging at5000g for10s,washed once with sterile water and resuspended in50m L Zymolyase(Sigma) solution(50m g mLÀ1in1mol LÀ1sorbitol).After incuba-tion at301C for1h,the enzyme digestion was stopped by placing the tube on ice and adding50m L of sterile water. Spores were plated onto ergosterol-supplemented YPD and germinated under anaerobic culture conditions.The colo-nies were replica plated to both YPD and YPD plus ergosterol plates.The strain that was able to grow only anaerobically on ergosterol-supplemented YPD plates was isolated and considered as a haploid erg25-deficient strain (Bard et al.,1996).The erg25ORF deletion was confirmed by the absence of a1489-bp PCR fragment using primers YGR060W-A and YGR060W-D(Table1)(http:// /group/yeast_deletion_project/ verification.html).Manipulation of nucleic acidsGenomic DNA of P.chrysogenum and S.cerevisiae were isolated using an Easy-DNA kit(Invitrogen)accordingFEMS Microbiol Lett287(2008)91–99c 2008Federation of European Microbiological SocietiesPublished by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.All rights reserved92F.-Q.Wang et al.to the manufacturer’s instructions.Total RNA of P.chrysogenum was isolated with Trizol TM reagent (Invitro-gen)from mycelia grown in fermentation medium and treated with RQ1RNase-free DNase (Promega)to remove genomic DNA contamination.The first-strand cDNA was constructed using the SuperScript TM II RNase H À(Invitro-gen)and Random Hexamers (Promega).Cloning of erg25genes encoding C-4methyl sterol oxidase from P .chrysogenumBased on the sequence of the predicted coding region of ORF16in the ‘shift fragment’of the penicillin gene cluster (Fierro et al .,2006),several primer pairs were designed to try to amplify the entire cDNA of the gene,named Pcerg25A .A pair of primers,ste1and ste2(see Table 1),was selected and a 1072-bp fragment was obtained from Wis 54-1255cDNA template by PCR.PCR conditions were as follows:941C for 5min (one cycle);941C for 1min,581C for 1min and 721C for 1.5min (40cycles);and 721C for 7min.The amplified fragment was cloned into pGEM-T Easy vector to generate pGEMT-erg25A and sequenced on both strands.To isolate other putative C-4methyl sterol oxidase genes,a genomic library of P.chrysogenum Wis 54-1255DNA in phage l ZAP II (Stratagene)was screened using the cDNA fragment of Pcerg25A as a probe.One positive phage was isolated,and the pBluescript phagemid was excised.The 6.3-kb insert was sequenced and analysed.According to the sequence of the predicted ORF,which showed high identity to Pcerg25A ,a pair of oligonucleotide primers,252f and 252r (Table 1),were designed to amplify the entire CDS of thisgene (Pcerg25B )using RT-PCR.The amplified fragment was also cloned into pGEM-T Easy vector to generate pGEMT-erg25B.Phylogenetic analysisThe deduced amino acid sequences of PcErg25A and PcErg25B were used as queries to search for putative C-4methyl sterol oxidases in the genome databases of Aspergillus spp.and Neurospora crassa at the Broad Institute (/annotation/fgi/)using the BLASTP pro-gram with an E -value limit set to 1e À50.The amino acid sequences of putative C-4methyl sterol oxidases in Aspergillus spp.and N.crassa were retrieved and aligned with the protein sequences of PcErg25A,PcErg25B,and the characterized C-4methyl sterol oxidases from Candida albicans and S.cerevisiae using CLUSTAL W (Thompson et al .,1994).Based on the multiple alignments,a phylogenetic tree was constructed by the neighbour-joining (NJ)method using MEGA version 3.1(Kumar et al .,2004).The data were analysed using the p -distance model with bootstrap analysis based on 1000replications.Construction of yeast expression vectorThe coding regions of P.chrysogenum erg25A and erg25B were excised from the pGEM-T easy vectors by NotI (Pro-mega)digestion and subcloned into the NotI site of the yeast expression vector pYES2to give pYES-Pcerg25A and pYES-Pcerg25B,respectively.As a positive control,the Scerg25gene from S.cerevisiae was amplified from yeast genomic DNA by PCR using the primers ye25f/ye25r (Table 1)andTable 1.Oligonucleotide primers used in this study Gene Primer SequenceUsePcerg25Aste150-AGGAGCCATCCGAGCCCCACATAGTACTCTC-30Cloning ste250-TGAAGAGAAATAGGCAGACTGTCACTGCTAAC-30CloningForward 50-AGATCACTTTATTTGTTTAGTTACGGAGTACT -30Quantitative PCR Reverse50-TGGTTCCTAGCAGGTCTTGAATAAG-30Quantitative PCR TaqMan probe 50-CACGAAATAGTCTTCTCCTTCTCTCAGCCCC-30Quantitative PCR Pcerg25B252f 50-TGGACTGTCCTTGATCTTCTTG-30Cloning 252r 50-TTACTGGGCCTTCGACGCCTTG-30CloningForward 50-TCTGCTTTTCCCTCTCTTTACTTTCT -30Quantitative PCR Reverse50-TGTACTTGCCAATCTCCTCGAA-30Quantitative PCR TaqMan probe 50-AATTCAACGGTCTTGTCCTCCGGGA-30Quantitative PCR Scerg25ye25f 50-ATGTCTGCCGTTTTCAACAAC-30Cloning ye25r50-TTAGTTAGTCTTCTTTTGAGC-30Cloning YGR060W-A 50-AATCCGTTATGCATGTACATTTTCT -30Verification YGR060W-D 50-TAGCATTTAATAATGGGTTTGCTTG-30VerificationactAForward 50-CTCGCTGAGCGTGGTTACAC-30Quantitative PCR Reverse50-TTGATGTCACGGACGATTTCA-30Quantitative PCR TaqMan probe 50-TTCTCCACCACCGCCGAGC-30Quantitative PCR pcbCForward 50-CCACCTGCCGCCATTAAG-30Quantitative PCR Reverse50-CCTCATGCCATTCGAAACTCA-30Quantitative PCR TaqMan probe50-CGGCGGAGGACGGCACCA-30Quantitative PCRFEMS Microbiol Lett 287(2008)91–99c2008Federation of European Microbiological Societies Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.All rights reserved93C-4methyl sterol oxidase genes of P .chrysogenuminserted into the multiple cloning site of pYES2to generate pYES-Scerg25.The empty pYES2vector was used as a negative control.Transformation of yeastThe plasmids were then transformed to the yeast haploid erg25-deficient strain by the lithium acetate method(Burke et al.,2000).Transformed cells were plated onto SC minus uracil medium supplemented with ergosterol(0.02%)and incubated anaerobically at301C.The uracil prototrophs were subsequently tested for the ability to grow aerobically on YPGR plates(1%yeast extract,2%peptone,2%galac-tose,1%raffinose,2%agar)without ergosterol.Analysis of gene copy and transcript level of Pcerg25genesThe TaqMan probe method was used to detect the copy number and transcript level of Pcerg25A and Pcerg25B in P.chrysogenum.The g-actin gene(actA)of P.chrysogenum (Diez et al.,2001)was used as an internal control.TaqMan primers and probes were selected using PRIMER EXPRESS soft-ware(Applied Biosystems).The oligonucleotide sequences are shown in Table1.The probes were labelled at the50end with the reporter dye FAM(6-carboxyfluorescein),and at the30end with the quencher dye TAMRA(6-carboxytetra-methylrhodamine).Genomic DNA or cDNA from different P.chrysogenum strains was used as template.PCR amplifications were per-formed in a50-m L volume with TaqMan Universal PCR Master Mix kit(Applied Biosystems)on an ABI PRISM7000 sequence detection system.The cycling programme consisted of2min at501C and2min at951C,followed by40cycles of 15s at951C and1min at601C.The data were normalized using the2ÀDD C T method(Livak&Schmittgen,2001). Results and discussionCloning of genes encoding C-4methyl sterol oxidase from P.chrysogenumTranscriptional and bioinformatic analysis of the56.8-kb DNA region containing the penicillin gene cluster in P.chrysogenum showed that a putative ORF(ORF16in Fierro et al.,2006;orf160c in van den Berg et al.,2007),which is located in the‘shift fragment’,has high sequence identity to yeast C-4methyl sterol oxidase Erg25(Bard et al.,1996).To isolate the full-length cDNA of the gene,the primer set ste1 and ste2was used for priming PCR amplification of Wis54-1255cDNA and a1072-bp fragment was obtained.Sequence analysis showed that it contained an885-bp ORF.An in-frame translational stop codon was found63bp upstream of the ATG.This indicated that the ORF contained the complete protein-coding region.The deduced amino acid sequence showed61%and56%identity,respectively,with characterized C-4methyl sterol oxidases from C.albicans (GenBank accession no.AAC06014,Kennedy et al.,2000) and S.cerevisiae(GenBank accession no.AAC49139,Bard et al.,1996),suggesting that the ORF was a C-4methyl sterol oxidase-encoding gene.This was named Pcerg25A. Comparison of the genomic DNA sequence allowed the gene structure of Pcerg25A to be identified.The ORF was interrupted by three introns97,80and81bp in length at positions3,341and507of the genomic DNA sequence (numbered from ATG),respectively.This was in contrast to the previously reported ORF16(Fierro et al.,2006)and orf160c(van den Berg et al.,2007),which were both predicted to have two introns.C-4methyl sterol oxidase is an essential enzyme for ergosterol biosynthesis.It is responsible for removing the methyl group from the C-4position of the ergosterol intermediate,4,4-dimethylzymosterol.The yeast strain lack-ing erg25is only viable under anaerobic conditions when supplemented with ergosterol(Bard et al.,1996).However, it was reported that orf160c(Pcerg25A)-deleted P.chryso-genum strain grew normally as compared with the parental strain(van den Berg et al.,2007).Hence,it was likely that were other C-4methyl sterol oxidase gene(s)in the genome of P.chrysogenum.The Pcerg25A cDNA was then used as a probe to screen a Wis54-1255genomic DNA library.One positive phage was isolated and the insert was excised and sequenced.The nucleotide sequence of the fragment showed a predicted ORF with high identity to Pcerg25A,and we designated the gene Pcerg25B.To identify the coding region of Pcerg25B,a pair of primers was designed and a1056-bp cDNA fragment was amplified from Wis54-1255cDNA.The fragment contained an885-bp ORF that showed80%sequence identity to Pcerg25A cDNA.The ORF of Pcerg25B was also interrupted by three introns.The length(50,52and55bp)and the positions(3, 294and432bp of the genomic DNA sequence from ATG) were quite similar to Pcerg25A.The sequences of the Pcerg25A and Pcerg25B genes have been deposited in GenBank under accession numbers EU078169and EU677379,respectively.Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences encoded by Pcerg25A and Pcerg25BEach of the Pcerg25A and Pcerg25B ORFs encoded a peptide of295residues.The deduced amino acid sequences showed 86%identity.PcErg25A protein had a predicted molecular mass of34873Da and a theoretical isoelectric point of7.36, while the values for PcErg25B were34500Da and6.80, respectively.Both proteins contained three conservedFEMS Microbiol Lett287(2008)91–99c 2008Federation of European Microbiological SocietiesPublished by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.All rights reserved94F.-Q.Wang et al.histidine-rich motifs,HX 3H,HX 2HH and HX 2HH,com-mon to nonheme iron-binding enzymes (Shanklin et al .,1994)(Fig.1).Similar to ScERg25and CaErg25,PcErg25A had a typical dilysine motif (KKXX)for endoplasmic reticulum (ER)retrieval (Jackson et al .,1990)at the COOH-terminator,while PcErg25B had an XKXX motif instead,which is also sufficient for ER retention of trans-membrane proteins (Shin et al .,1991)(Fig.1).C-4methyl sterol oxidase homologues in the genome of the filamentous fungi Aspergillus spp.and N.crassa were identified by BLASTP searches against the databases at the Broad Institute.As shown in Table 2,of the eight sequenced aspergilli genomes,six (except for Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus )showed two strong homologues of C-4methyl sterol oxidase (E -value 2e À87).However,com-pared with the high sequence identity between PcErg25A and PcErg25B,the two Erg25homologues in the Aspergillus spp.genome seemed to be more different from each other.One of the homologues showed higher sequence identity (75–90%)to both PcErg25A and PcErg25B,whereas the other showed relative lower identity (50–57%)to both of them.Two groups were clearly generated in the phylogenetic tree (Fig.2).The two P.chrysogenum Erg25s were clustered together with their higher similarity homologues in Asper-gillus spp.and closely related to the single homologue in N.crassa and the two yeast characterized C-4methylsterolFig.1.Alignment of deduced amino acid sequences of Penicillium chrysogenum Erg25A and Erg25B with C-4methyl sterol oxidases of Candida albicans (GenBank accession no.AAC06014)and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (GenBank accession no.AAC49139).The alignment was performed using the CLUSTAL W program (Thompson et al .,1994).Identical and similar residues are shaded black and grey,respectively.The black bars under the sequence indicate the conserved histidine-rich motifs.Endoplasmic reticulum retrieval signal is shown as a grey bar.Table 2.Sequence identities of deduced PcErg25A and PcErg25B proteins to other fungal C-4methyl sterol oxidase homologues ÃSpeciesGene locusSequence identityPcErg25A PcErg25B Aspergillus oryzae AO090206000001247/299(82%)260/291(89%)AO090010000667149/288(51%)153/289(52%)Aspergillus fumigatus Afu4g04820240/294(81%)256/297(86%)Afu8g02440158/291(54%)156/285(54%)Aspergillus clavatus ACLA_067970212/249(85%)222/249(89%)ACLA_043620148/271(54%)151/270(55%)Aspergillus terreus ATEG_02775.1206/240(85%)218/241(90%)ATEG_04816.1150/278(53%)146/256(57%)Aspergillus nidulansAN6973.3244/299(81%)252/291(86%)AN8907.3145/276(52%)148/278(53%)Neosartorya fischeri (Aspergillus fischeri )NFIA_028500187/247(75%)192/240(80%)NFIA_096140159/313(50%)155/300(51%)Aspergillus niger fge1_pg_C_14000231153/289(52%)152/289(52%)Aspergillus flavus AFL2G_11810.2149/305(48%)153/306(50%)Neurospora crassa NCU06402.3197/289(68%)208/298(69%)Candida albicansCaErg25171/276(61%)172/291(59%)Saccharomyces cerevisiaeScErg25163/290(56%)167/295(56%)ÃSequence homologies were analysed using theBLASTPalgorithm against the databases at the Broad Institute (for Aspergillus spp.and Neurosporacrassa )and NCBI (for the two yeasts).FEMS Microbiol Lett 287(2008)91–99c2008Federation of European Microbiological Societies Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.All rights reserved95C-4methyl sterol oxidase genes of P .chrysogenumoxidases,while the other Aspergillus proteins (including the single-copy homologues in A.niger and A.flavus )clustered in a separate branch.The result suggested that the evolu-tionary relationship of C-4methyl sterol oxidases in P.chrysogenum might be different from that in Aspergillus spp.or in N.crassa .Moreover,the possibility that P.chrysogenum has a third erg25gene that is more closely related to the latter group cannot be excluded.Several other ergosterol biosynthesis genes were also presented in duplicate in Aspergillus spp.genomes (Ferreira et al .,2005;Alcazar-Fuoli et al .,2006).Similar bipartite tree structures were previously reported for either Erg3or Erg11homologues (Mellado et al .,2001;Ferreira et al .,2005).Functional identification of Pcerg25A andPcerg25B by complementation of a yeast erg25-deficient strainThe function of Pcerg25A and Pcerg25B was identified by a complementation strategy.For this purpose,a haploid erg25-deficient strain was isolated from ATCC 4024690,which is a heterozygous diploid strain of an erg25-deletion mutant from the Saccharomyces Genome Deletion Project,and used for transformation with the cloned Pcerg25genes.The plasmids pYES-Pcerg25A,pYES-Pcerg25B,pYES-Scerg25and the empty vector pYES2were transformed into the erg25-deficient strain of S.cerevisiae .As shown in Fig.3,the erg25-deficient strain transformed with pYES-Pcerg25A,pYES-Pcerg25B or pYES-Scerg25was able to grow aerobi-cally without ergosterol supplementation,whereas the pYES2transformant and untransformed erg25-deficient strain could only grow anaerobically on an ergosterol-supplemented medium.This indicated that Pcerg25A and Pcerg25B cDNAs as well as Scerg25complemented the C-4methyl sterol oxidase deficiency of the yeast mutant strain.Comparison of the gene copy and transcriptlevel of Pcerg25A and Pcerg25B in different P .chrysogenum strainsPcerg25A is located in the ‘shift fragment’of the 56.8-kb DNA region containing the penicillin gene cluster.This region is usually amplified in tandem repeats in penicillin-overproducing strains (Fierro et al .,1995).Therefore,we compared the copy number of Pcerg25A and Pcerg25B in different P.chrysogenum strains using real-time quantitative PCR.The copy number was normalized relative to pcbC (isopenicillin N synthase gene)of the wild-type99Afu4g04820 (A. fumigatus )NFIA 028500 (N. fischeri )ACLA 067970 (A. clavatus )AO0902******** (A. oryzae )A TEG 02775 (A. terreus )AN6973 (A. nidulans )PcERG25A PcERG25BNCU06402 (N. crassa )CaERG25 (C. albicans )ScERG25 (S. cerevisiae )Afu8g02440 (A. fumigatus )NFIA 096140 (N. fischeri )ACLA 043620 (A. clavatus )fge1 pg C 14000231 (A. niger )AN8907 (A. nidulans )ATEG 04816 (A. terreus )AO090010000667 (A. oryzae )AFL2G 11810 (A. flavus )1000.059538771001009997991009466824739Fig.2.Phylogenetic analysis of PcErg25A and PcErg25B compared with homologues in filamentous fungi Aspergillus spp.andNeurospora crassa ,and yeasts Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae .For Aspergillus spp.and N.crassa the amino acid sequences were obtained from the Broad Institute (http:///annotation/fgi/),for yeasts from GenBank (CaERG25GenBank accession no.AAC06014,ScERG25GenBank accession no.AAC49139).Multiple alignments wereperformed with CLUSTAL W (Thompson et al .,1994).An NJ tree was generated by MEGA version 3.1(Kumar et al .,2004)with bootstrap analysisbased on 1000replications.Percentage bootstrap values are shown at branch points.FEMS Microbiol Lett 287(2008)91–99c2008Federation of European Microbiological Societies Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.All rights reserved96F .-Q.Wang et al .P.chrysogenum NRRL 1951,which contains a single copy of the gene,using the 2ÀDD C T method.As expected,NRRL 1951and Wis 54-1255each had a single copy of Pcerg25A .The industrial strain P2also had just one copy of Pcerg25A ,while its penicillin biosyntheticgene pcbC was amplified to about four copies,indicating that the ‘shift fragment’in P2was not amplified.This result was in accordance with previous studies (Fierro et al .,1995;van den Berg et al .,2007).Penicillium chrysogenum NCPC 10086,a high penicillin-producing strain from the NCPC lineage,contained about eight copies of pcbC and Pcerg25A ,suggesting that the ‘shift fragment’was amplified along with the penicillin genes (Fig.4).Interestingly,the transcript level of Pcerg25A in P2was only about one-eighth,in contrast to that of NRRL 1951(Table 3).Thus,some mutations were most probably introduced to the genome of P2in the investigation of strain improvement and result in a decrease in transcription of the gene.Moreover,although from a different lineage,NCPC 10086should show similar alterations.As shown in Table 3,the total transcript level of Pcerg25A in NCPC 10086was similar to that in NRRL 1951,indicating that the transcript level of each copy in NCPC 10086had also significantly decreased.Pcerg25B was present as a single copy in the genomes of all tested P.chrysogenum strains (Fig.4).However,the transcript level of Pcerg25B in Wis 54-1255,P2and NCPC 10086was significantly lower than that in NRRL 1951(Table 3).About 1.2kb of the Pcerg25A and 0.8kb of the Pcerg25B upstream sequences were compared,and no differences were observed among the four strains tested (data notshown).Fig.3.Functional complementation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae erg25-deficient strain by Pcerg25A (upper panel)and Pcerg25B (lower panel).Heterozygous diploid strain of erg25-deletion mutant ATCC 4024690from the Saccharomyces Genome Deletion Project (A),haploid erg25-deficient strain isolated from ATCC 4024690(B),and haploid erg25-deficient strain transformed with plasmids pYES2(C),pYES-Pcerg25(D)and pYES-Scerg25(E)were grown anaerobically on YPGR medium(1%yeast extract,2%peptone,2%galactose,1%raffinose,2%agar)supplemented with ergosterol (0.02%)(left)or aerobically on medium without ergosterol (right).The plates were incubated at 301C for 48h.Fig.4.Real-time quantitative PCR analysis of Pcerg25A and Pcerg25B gene copy in different Penicillium chrysogenum strains.PCR was carried out using a TaqMan real-time PCR approach.The data were normalized to the g -actin gene actA and relative to the copy of pcbC in NRRL 1951by using the 2ÀDD C T method (Livak &Schmittgen,2001).Data are means of four reactions.The error bar is estimated by evaluating the 2ÀDD C T term using DD C T 1SD and DD C T –SD,where SD is the standard deviation of the DD C T value.FEMS Microbiol Lett 287(2008)91–99c2008Federation of European Microbiological Societies Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.All rights reserved97C-4methyl sterol oxidase genes of P .chrysogenum。

天津市静海区北京师范大学静海附属学校2024-2025学年高一上学期第一次月考英语试题

天津市静海区北京师范大学静海附属学校2024-2025学年高一上学期第一次月考英语试题

天津市静海区北京师范大学静海附属学校2024-2025学年高一上学期第一次月考英语试题一、听力选择题1.What are the speakers going to do this afternoon?A.Play tennis.B.See a movie.C.Arrange a party. 2.What is most probably the man?A.A postman.B.A policeman.C.A repairman.3.Where does the conversation take place?A.On a bus.B.On a plane.C.On a train.4.How do the Scots feel about moving to Paris?A.Nervous.B.Happy.C.Uncertain.5.What does the man think of his cake?A.It’s not soft.B.It’s not fresh.C.It’s not sweet.听下面一段较长对话,回答以下小题。

6.How long was the man in the shower?A.For about 10 minutes.B.For about 30 minutes.C.For about 60 minutes. 7.What do we know about the man?A.He tried to save water.B.He is out of work now.C.He paid the water bill last month.8.What is the most probable relationship between the speakers?A.Brother and sister.B.Host and guest.C.Teacher and student.听下面一段较长对话,回答以下小题。

软件学院学士学位信息校对表2

软件学院学士学位信息校对表2

郝文 张娇 陈浩文 安仕明 陈起兴 程明 高敏 韩闯 贺世兵 胡佳 黄明明 梁博 梁志杰 乔皓瑜 田山峰 王晶晶 徐峰 杜赛赛 田萌雨 张东东 郭沿海 薛增博 侯凯华 程磊 闫星宇 张玉坤 陆飞宇 涂志忠 董延楠 赵新 刘胜 李伟业 刘皓 胡江风 王田田 李顺风 黄龙龙 王世伟 蔡子庆 李朋 马远 王猛 龚海龙 杨惠 张鹏浩 王祯 贺世兵
共青团员 中共党员 中共党员 共青团员 共青团员 共青团员 共青团员 共青团员 共青团员 共青团员 共青团员 共青团员 共青团员 中共党员 中共党员 共青团员 中共党员 共青团员 共青团员 中共党员 共青团员 共青团员 共青团员 共青团员 共青团员 共青团员 共青团员 共青团员 共青团员 中共党员 中共党员 共青团员 共青团员 共青团员 共青团员 共青团员 共青团员 共青团员 共青团员 共青团员 中共党员 共青团员 共青团员 共青团员 共青团员 共青团员 中共党员
46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92
冯建新 张程 谢友伟 张鑫 刘翔 张孟杰 徐朝青 李恒 王倩倩 安书锋 段梦龙 李晓宇 方堃 王世扬 陈琳娜 陈文硕 宋恒申 贾卓 吴涛 张文阳 赵天飞 许艺杰 晁凯凯 亢阳阳 冯帅远 方新 谢广振 王永杰 董景玉 李俊析 李杰 白宁超 周纯青 贺亚东 何斌 李慧娟 高明胜 郑洋 李艺 李宁 郭政言 李鹏 赵俊 朱晓楠 谢芸 许丹丹 胡重
haowen Zhangjiao chenhaowen anshiming chenqixing chengming gaomin hanchuang heshibing hujia huangmingming liangbo liangzhijie Qiao Haoyu tianshangfeng WangJingJing xufeng dusaisai tianmengyu zhangdongdong guoyanhai xuezengbo houkaihua chenglei yanxingyu zhangyukun lufeiyu tuzhizhong dongyannan zhaoxin liusheng liweiye liuhao hujiangfeng wangtiantian lishunfeng huanglonglong wangshiwei caiziqing lipeng mayuan wangmeng gonghailong YangHui zhangpenghao wangzhen heshibing

人教版全国全部高考专题英语高考真卷试卷及解析

人教版全国全部高考专题英语高考真卷试卷及解析

人教版全国全部高考专题英语高考真卷1.阅读理解第1题.For more than a decade, Ma Wansheng ran a small food stand in a night-market in Lanzhou, providing local snacks for people working overtime. Receiving payments had always been a hassle for the 71-year-old, who often had to search his pocket for change on chilly nights while keeping an eye on food in the oven.Doing business became much easier after his grandson helped him set up a mobile payment app—WeChat Pay last year. A piece of paper with his QR payment code has helped the check-out process. "About 95 percent of my customers pay with their phones. It's convenient for both of us," said Ma. "And giving the wrong change is no longer an issue."Like Ma, an increasing number of China's senior citizens have adopted Internet-based mobile technology and many have also started to enjoy the convenience of mobile payment apps. According to a report released by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences at the end of 2017, the ratio of Internet users who are over 60 or above rose to 5.2 percent, up 1.2 percentage points in a year. "For many Chinese, mobile payment has become an essential part of their everyday lives. It not only changes the lives of young people, but also provides convenience for the elderly," said Zhang Jianjun, an economist in Gansu.China had more than 241 million people aged 60 or above at the end of 2017, 17.3 percent of the total population at the time, according to officialstatistics. The country's elderly will account for about one-quarter of the population by 2030.Realizing that new technology can be an effective tool in solving many problems related to old age, the Chinese government has been promoting the use of technologies such as the Internet and artificial intelligence in the area of old-age care.【长难句分析】:1. For more than a decade, Ma Wansheng ran a small food stand in a night-market in Lanzhou, providing local snacks for people working overtime.翻译:十多年来,马万生在兰州的一个夜市经营着一个小吃摊,为加班加点的人提供当地小吃。

Tube-Tech CL 1B压力器说明书

Tube-Tech CL 1B压力器说明书

TUBE-TECH CL1BCompressorDESCRIPTION.The TUBE-TECH compressor CL1B differs from many other compressors,in that the gain-reduction element is made from a non-semiconductor element,which in itself has a very low harmonic distortion and none of the non-linearity problems involved when using most semiconductor elements.Furthermore there is no long-term degradation of the element thus giving it almost infinite life.This element is placed after the input-transformer of the compressor and followed by an all tube-based amplifier with a gain of-∞dB to+30dB.Thus the signal is not fed through any semiconductor circuitry on its way to the output.The amplifier consists of two tubes(valves)in push-pull configuration(one ECC83as thepre-amp and phase splitter,and one ECC82as the output stage),and an output transformer. The power supply for the pre-amp and phase splitter are stabilized and the heaters of both tubes(valves)are fed with a stabilized DC voltage.The whole amplifier(including input and output transformer)and the power supplies are placed on one PC-board.Both input and output are balanced(600Ω)and fully floating.The in/out key switches the compressor in and out without clicks.THE SIDECHAIN:The side chain is the only part of the compressor that contains semiconductors.They are used for three reasons:First they do not affect the sound reproduction,second they have a high slew rate,which is of importance for the performance of the compressor and third they don't take up much room.It contains two J-FET quad op-amps,one npn-transistor and one FET-transistor,which handles the signal for the gain-reduction element.The compressor contains two time constants circuits:1.Fixed attack and release times2.Variable attack and release timesThe attack/release select switch makes it possible to use these two circuits separately or combine their functions.This gives a feature not normally obtained in other compressors:In the combined(fix./man.)state the attack-and release controls makes it possible toobtain a complex release-time slope.(See page4)(980112)COMPRESSOR INTERCONNECTION:The side chain sockets for interconnection of several compressors are located on the rear panel.A switch(BUS SELECT)on the front selects which compressors are interconnected,and on which bus they are connected.If you e.g.have10compressors in a rack,you can select compressor1,5,7and8on bus1,and compressor2,3,6and9on bus2,leaving compressor4 and6in the off position.Compressors1,5,7,8are now interconnected and all four will perform the exact same compression.This applies to compressor2,3,6and9as pressor4and6are independent.The interconnection implies,that the unit,which performs the most compression,is controlling the others.To choose which one you want to control,select the attack/release time,the threshold and the ratio on that unit,and turn the threshold fully counter clockwise on the reminding compressors. It is of course possible to have all the interconnected compressors control each other simultaneously.NB:Remember to set the ratio control and the gain control in the same position on the "slaves".Otherwise the stereo image could be shifted during compression.Theattack/release-control on the slaves will have no effect.The input/output capability of the side chain-circuit allows up to ten compressors to be linked together.They are connected in parallel with a standard1/4"stereo jack/-jack cord(tip:bus1,ring:bus 2).The two jack socket on the rear panel is connected in parallel and both are input/output.(980112)CONTROLS:GAIN:The gain control is used to"make up"for the gain loss,which takes place when the unit is compressing.It is placed after the gain-reduction circuitand therefore has no influence on the threshold setting.The gain-control iscontinuously variable from off to+30dB.RATIO:The ratio control varies the ratio by which the input signal is compressed.If the ratio selected is to2:1,and the input signal increases10dB,theoutput signal is only increased by5db.The ratio control is continuouslyvariable from2:1to10:1.THRESHOLD:The threshold is the point where the compressor begins its action.It isdefined as the point where the gain is reduced by1dB.The threshold is continuously variable from+20dBU to-40dBU. METER:The VU-meter switch has three positions:1.Input The meter is reading the level at the input socket.pressionThe VU-meter is reading gain reduction.Its rest position is"0VU",and the amount ofcompression is shown as a decreasing deflection indB.3.Output The VU-meter is reading the level at the output socket."0VU"is equivalent to+4dBU.NB:Leave the meter switch in position compression as it mightintroduce distortion if left in the input or output position.IN/OUT:This leverswitch switches the compressor in and out of the signal path.The out position bypasses the entire compressor.ATTACK:The attack control chooses how fast/slow the compressor responds to an increase in the input signal.The attack control is continuously variable from0.5to300milliseconds. RELEASE:The release control chooses how fast/slow the compressor responds to a decrease in the input signal.The release control is continuously variable from0,05to10seconds.(980112)ATTACK/RELEASE SELECT:This switch selects how the compressor reacts to an increase(attack)ordecrease(release)of the input signal.There are three settings of the switch:1.Fixed.Attack time:1msecRelease time:50msec2.Manual.Attack time:from0.5msec to300msecRelease time:from0.05sec to10sec3.Fix/man.This setting combines the release times of fixed and manualmode.The attack time is as in the fixed mode.The fix/man mode always has a fast attack,but it is possible to obtain a release time depending on the input signal,e.g.get a fast release when the peak disappears,then superseded shortly thereafter by the release time selected by the release control.From the time the peak disappears,until the selected release time takes over,is dependent upon the setting of the attack control.That is,the attack control changes function from a pure attack control,to a control of delay with the same time range.The more CW the attack control is turned,the longer time before the release controltakes over.The more CCW the attack control is turned,the shorter time before the release control takes over.This function is valid only if the time of the peak is shorter than the setting of the attack control. If the peak of the program is longer than the setting of the attack control,or if the attack control has reached the full CCW position,it will respond as in the manual mode.The fix/man mode acts as an automatic release function with a constant fast attack time and fast release time for short peaks and a longer release times for longer peaks.This setting is mainly intended for use on program material(overall compression).BUS SELECT:Interconnects several compressors on bus1or bus2.If the compressor is left in the off position,it works entirely independently.(980112)SUGGESTED APPLICATIONSOFTUBE-TECH COMPRESSOR CL1BIn the following,you will find suggestions on various applications of the TUBE-TECH compressorCL1B.They are given as a convenient guide to enable you to familiarise yourself with the different aspects of using the compressor.We have not mentioned specific settings of gain and threshold as they are dependent upon input levels.Instead we have specified how much compression in dB,we feel,is needed for the various examples.OVERALL COMPRESSION:FINAL MIXCOMPRESSION NEEDED:3-4dBAttack/release select:Fix/manAttack:2o'clockRelease:10o'clockRatio:9o'clockSTANDARD COMPRESSION:BASS,PIANO,GUITAR,KEYBOARDS AND VOCALSCOMPRESSION NEEDED:4-5dBAttack/release select:ManualAttack:2o'clockRelease:10o'clockRatio:10-2o'clockHEAVY COMPRESSION ON INSTRUMENTS:LINE GUITAR AND PIANOCOMPRESSION NEEDED:10dBAttack/release select:ManualAttack:7o'clockRelease:1o'clockRatio:3o'clockCOMPRESSION OF DRUMS:SNARE AND BASS DRUMCOMPRESSION NEEDED:2-3dBAttack/release select:FixedRatio:9-12o'clock(980112)ADJUSTMENT PROCEDURE:CAUTION:Before making any adjustment let the unit heat-up at least15min.Observe that the offset-voltage measured at the side chain jack socket,when the THRESHOLD is off,is not greater than+/-15mV DC in both position"fixed"and "manual".(tip is bus1and ring is bus2).If the voltage exceeds this value,replace either IC1or IC2.THE GRE SHALL BE MARKED BETWEEN1.225-1.285ADJUSTMENT OF BASIC GAIN:1)Apply a signal of1kHz,-30,0dBU into the input of the compressor.2)Turn the GAIN-control fully clockwise.3)Set the RATIO-control at2:14)Adjust the pre-set GAIN(located on amp/psu PCB)to an output-reading of0,0dBU.ADJUSTMENT OF COMPRESSION TRACKING:1)Turn the THRESHOLD-control fully counter-clockwise.2)Set the RATIO-control at2:1.3)Set the BUS-select-switch at1.4)Apply a signal of1kHz,0,0dBU into the input of the compressor.5)Adjust the GAIN-control to an output-reading of0,0dBU.6)Apply a DC-voltage of+250,0mV into the side chain jack socket(tip)and observe thatthe output level has dropped to-10,0dB.7)If this is not the case,adjust the level with P2(P1)*,to obtain a drop of exactly-10,0dB. *The trimpots in parenthesis refers to PCB870316-0,1,2(980810)ADJUSTMENT OF THE VU METER READING"COMPRESSION":1)Turn the THRESHOLD-control fully counter-clockwise.2)Switch the METER-selector to Compression.3)Set the RATIO-control at2:14)Apply a signal of1kHz,0,0dBU into the input of the compressor.5)Adjust the GAIN-control to an output-reading of0,0dBU.6)Adjust P4(P2)*until the meter is reading0VU.7)Apply a DC-voltage of+250,0mV into the side chain jack socket and observe that theoutput level has dropped to-10,0dBU.If this is not the case,adjust the compressiontracking(see above)8Adjust P3until the meter is reading-10,0VU.9)Remove the DC-voltage from the side chain jack socket.10)Repeat step6-9.NB:The VU-meter accuracy should be within+/-0,5dB when reading compression. ADJUSTMENT OF THE RELEASE CONTROL:1)Set the METER switch in position compression.2)Set the attack/release SELECT switch in position manual.3)Apply a signal of1kHz,0,0dBU into the input of the compressor.4)Adjust the THRESHOLD-control to a reading of-10VU of the VU-meter5)Set the ATTACK-control at fast.6)Set the RELEASE-control at slow.7)Switch off the1kHz and observe that the VU meter moves to0VU in approx.10sec.8)If this is not the case,adjust P1(P5)*,to obtain a release time of approximately10sec. *The trimpots in parenthesis refers to PCB870316-0,1,2(950119)Over view of the sidechain PCBPCB870316-0,1,2P2P3P1P50VU-10VU-10dB Rel.10Sec.PCB870316-3P4P3P2P10VU-10VU-10dB Rel10Sec.101115TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS CL1B:Input impedance:600OhmsOutput impedance:<60OhmsFrequency-response:5Hz-25kHz+0.5/-3dB Distortion THD@40Hz:0dBU:<0,15%10dBU:<0,15%maximum output(1%THD):+26,0dBUmaximum input(1%THD):+21,0dBUNoise Rg=200Ohm:Output Gain0dB+30dB Unweighted-85,0dBU-75,0dBUCCIR468-3-75,0dBU-65,0dBUCMRR@10KHz<-60dBGain:off to+30dBCompressorRatio:2:1to10:1Threshold:off to-40dBUAttack:0,5mS to300mSRelease:0,05S to10STracking between interconnected compressors:(0to30dB compression):<+/-1dBTubesECC821ECC831DimensionsHeight:3units132m m/5,2”Width:483m m/19”Depth:170m m/6,7”WeightNet:4,1Kg/9,0lbsShipping:5,9Kg/13,0lbsPower requirements@115V/230V AC,50-60Hz30-40WAll specifications at RL=600Lydkraft reserves the right to alter specifications without prior notice(051018jgp)。

她用英语写作业英文

她用英语写作业英文

She completes her homework in English.The task involves reading the assignment instructions carefully,understanding the requirements,and then writing a response that addresses the topic or question effectively.Heres a detailed look at the process:1.Reading Instructions:She starts by thoroughly reading the assignment instructions to ensure she understands what is expected of her.This may include the format,word count, and specific points that need to be addressed.2.Research:If the assignment requires research,she conducts a thorough search for relevant information.This could involve using textbooks,academic journals,online databases,or other credible sources.3.Outlining:Before she begins writing,she creates an outline to organize her thoughts and ensure that her essay has a clear structure.This typically includes an introduction, body paragraphs,and a conclusion.4.Introduction:She writes an introduction that provides a brief overview of the topic and states her thesis or main argument.5.Body Paragraphs:Each body paragraph focuses on a single point that supports her thesis.She ensures that each paragraph has a clear topic sentence,evidence or examples, and a concluding sentence that transitions to the next point.6.Evidence and Analysis:She incorporates evidence from her research to support her arguments.This may include facts,statistics,quotes,or other relevant information.She also analyzes the evidence to explain its significance and relevance to her argument.7.Transitions:She uses transitions to connect her ideas and make her essay flow smoothly from one point to the next.8.Conclusion:In the conclusion,she summarizes her main points and restates her thesis. She may also include a final thought or a call to action that leaves a lasting impression on the reader.9.Proofreading:After writing the first draft,she reviews her work for clarity,coherence, and grammatical correctness.She checks for spelling mistakes,punctuation errors,and sentence structure.10.Revision:Based on her proofreading,she makes revisions to improve the overall quality of her essay.This may involve rewording sentences,adding or removinginformation,or adjusting the structure of her essay.11.Formatting:She ensures that her essay is formatted according to the assignments guidelines.This could include using the correct font,margins,and citation style. 12.Submission:Finally,she submits her completed homework,confident that she has met all the requirements and effectively communicated her ideas in English.。

textrank算法python

textrank算法python

textrank算法pythonTextRank算法是用于文本摘要和关键词提取的一种图算法。

它是一种无监督学习算法,根据一个文本中单词出现频次和单词之间关系(共现数量)进行计算,来确定哪些词语最为重要,然后根据这些关键词来生成摘要或者提取主题。

以下是用Python实现TextRank算法的示例代码:```pythonimport pandas as pdimport numpy as npimport nltkfrom nltk.tokenize import sent_tokenizefrom nltk.tokenize import word_tokenizefrom nltk.corpus import stopwordsfrom sklearn.metrics.pairwise import cosine_similarityimport networkx as nxdef preprocess_text(text):# 句子分割sentences = sent_tokenize(text)# 单词分割,去除停用词和标点符号words = []for sentence in sentences:words += [word.lower() for word in word_tokenize(sentence) if word.lower() not in set(stopwords.words('english')) andword.isalpha()]# 返回去重后的单词列表return list(set(words))def create_sentence_vectors(sentences, word_embeddings):# 创建一个空白向量列表,每一个向量都是单词向量的平均值vectors = []for sentence in sentences:sentence_vectors = []for word in sentence:if word in word_embeddings.keys():sentence_vectors.append(word_embeddings[word])if not sentence_vectors:vectors.append(np.zeros(100))else:vectors.append(np.mean(sentence_vectors, axis=0))return np.array(vectors)def create_similarity_matrix(sentences_vec):# 计算余弦相似度矩阵,每一行代表一个句子向量,每一列代表每个句子向量与之对应的余弦相似度sim_matrix = np.zeros((len(sentences_vec), len(sentences_vec))) for i in range(len(sentences_vec)):for j in range(len(sentences_vec)):if i != j:sim_matrix[i][j] = cosine_similarity(sentences_vec[i].reshape(1, 100),sentences_vec[j].reshape(1, 100))[0, 0]return sim_matrixdef create_similarity_graph(sim_matrix):# 使用相似度矩阵创建图nx_graph = nx.from_numpy_array(sim_matrix)return nx_graphdef compute_text_rank(nx_graph, d=0.85, max_iter=100):# 使用PageRank算法计算每一个节点的分数,得出最重要的句子ranks = nx.pagerank(nx_graph, alpha=d, max_iter=max_iter) ranked_sentences = sorted(((ranks[i], s) for i, s in enumerate(sentences)), reverse=True)return ranked_sentences# 加载词向量word_embeddings = {}with open('glove.6B.100d.txt', encoding='utf-8') as f:for line in f:word, coefs = line.split(maxsplit=1)coefs = np.fromstring(coefs, 'f', sep=' ')word_embeddings[word] = coefs# 预处理文本text = "Your Text Here"words = preprocess_text(text)# 将文本转换成句子列表sentences = []start = 0for i in range(len(words)):if i == len(words) - 1:sentence = words[start:]elif i == 0 and words[i].isupper():start = ielif words[i] == '.' and i < len(words) - 1 and words[i +1][0].isupper():end = i + 1sentence = words[start:end]start = endsentences.append(sentence)# 将句子转换成向量sentences_vec = create_sentence_vectors(sentences,word_embeddings)# 创建相似度矩阵和图sim_matrix = create_similarity_matrix(sentences_vec)nx_graph = create_similarity_graph(sim_matrix)# 计算TextRank分数并输出结果ranked_sentences = compute_text_rank(nx_graph)print("\n".join([s[1] for s in ranked_sentences[:3]]))```上述代码需要提前下载并加载用于计算词向量的GloVe预训练模型文件(glove.6B.100d.txt)。

无类别计数代码 -回复

无类别计数代码 -回复

无类别计数代码-回复"无类别计数代码"是指一种用于统计无类别数据的编程代码。

无类别数据是指没有固定类别或分类标签的数据,比如用户行为数据、文本数据等。

这种代码可以通过对数据进行分析和统计,帮助我们了解数据的特征和趋势,为进一步的决策和分析提供支持。

在编写无类别计数代码之前,我们首先需要明确要解决的问题和数据的特点。

假设我们有一个文本数据集,该数据集包含许多英文句子。

我们的目标是统计这些句子中不同单词的出现次数。

首先,我们需要加载数据集并将其转换为适合分析的数据结构。

在这个例子中,我们可以使用Python编程语言的pandas库来读取和处理数据。

首先,在代码中导入pandas库:Pythonimport pandas as pd接下来,我们可以使用pandas库中的read_csv函数来加载数据集。

假设我们的数据集保存在一个名为"sentences.csv"的文件中,包含一个名为"sentences"的列,表示不同的句子。

我们可以使用以下代码来读取数据集:Pythondata = pd.read_csv('sentences.csv')读取数据之后,我们可以使用pandas库中的value_counts函数来计算每个单词的出现次数。

我们可以将数据集中的所有句子合并成一个字符串,然后使用Python的内置字符串操作函数split将其分割为单词。

以下代码演示了如何实现这一步骤:Python# 将所有句子合并为一个字符串all_sentences = ' '.join(data['sentences'])# 分割字符串为单词words = all_sentences.split()# 使用value_counts函数计算单词出现次数word_counts = pd.Series(words).value_counts()在上述代码中,我们使用pandas的Series对象来保存单词和对应的出现次数。

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BBC Learning English6 Minute EnglishTexting and walking made illegal6 Minute English © British Broadcasting Corporation 2012Page 1 of 4This is not a word for word transcript.Neil: Hello and welcome to 6 minute English. My name is Neil and with me today isRosie.Rosie: Hi there.Neil: Now Rosie, are you one of those people who walks down the road while tryingto send a text message?Rosie: Of course! I do it all the time.Neil: And have you ever had an accident because you haven't been looking whereyou are going?Rosie: Funnily enough, yes! This happened to me only the other day.Neil: Well the reason I was asking is that one town in America thinks that walkingand texting has become such a problem that they have made it illegal!Rosie: No way!Neil: But before we get onto that, I have a quiz question about strange but truelaws which exist in the UK. Which one of these three is NOT a real law?a) It's illegal to enter the Houses of Parliament wearing a suit of armour. b) A pregnant woman can go to the toilet anywhere she wants. c) It's illegal to speak French in front of a dog.Rosie: Well they all sound completely ridiculous, but I am going to go for c).Neil: We'll hear the answer at the end of the programme. Now, back to our storyabout texting and walking. It's illegal to text and drive at the same time in some countries, such as the UK and the USA, but this town in New Jersey is the first to ban texting while walking.Rosie: But it doesn't apply to people who are walking down a pavement, orsidewalk as they say in America. It only applies to people who are walking down a road. This is known as jaywalking .Neil: So how much is the fine? Let's listen to the first part of the report by theBBC's Leana Hosea.6 Minute English © British Broadcasting Corporation 2012Page 2 of 4BBC correspondent Leana Hosea:A town in New Jersey in the United States has started issuing eighty-five dollar fines topeople they see texting whilst crossing the road. Thomas Ripoli is chief of the Fort Lee Police Department and he says he hopes the new law will reduce the number of accidents.Neil: So Rosie, how much is the fine for jaywalking and texting?Rosie : It's 85 dollars, which is a really expensive text message! But the chief ofpolice is hopeful that the new law will reduce the number of accidents.Neil: Well, let's face it, it is pretty dangerous to cross a road while texting as you'renot always looking at what's coming – it's easy to miss a car.Rosie : Yes, and there are other dangerous things which can happen whilst texting.Neil: For example you could trip over... or bump into someone… Listen to our nextclip to hear about a danger that is not quite so obvious. It involves an animal. Can you hear which one it is? Here's the BBC's Leana Hosea.BBC correspondent Leana Hosea:There have been some eye-catching videos which have gone viral showing people distracted while on a mobile phone. Recently in Los Angeles an 180-kilo black bear had wandered down into a residential area from the nearby forest. Aerial footage shows a man, who was apparently texting his boss to tell him he was running late for work and didn't notice the bear lumbering down the street towards him until he was just a couple of metres away. He looked up from his phone and immediately turned and ran away as fast as he could.Rosie : Oh my word! So a man was texting and walking down the street. He wastexting his boss to tell him he was late for work…Neil: But he didn't see a bear lumbering down the street towards him. Lumberingmeans the bear was walking in a slow, heavy way.Rosie : He finally saw the bear when it was just a few metres away and then heimmediately ran away as fast as he could! The bear had wandered into a residential area - an area where people live.Neil: He's not the only one to have suffered due to texting and walking. In this finalclip, we can hear about two other women who literally fell into somethingbecause they weren't watching where they were going while texting. Can you hear what? Here's Leana Hosea:BBC correspondent Leana Hosea:In China a teenage girl who was walking and talking on her mobile phone plunged six metres down a sinkhole in the street, after failing to notice caution signs. Another videoshows a woman in a shopping mall who fell into a water fountain because she was distracted from texting.Neil: So, Rosie, where did they fall?6 Minute English © British Broadcasting Corporation 2012Page 3 of 4Rosie: A teenage girl in China plunged – or fell - six metres down a sinkhole . A sinkhole is a large hole in the ground which a river flows into.Neil:And the other one fell into a water fountain in a shopping mall! Well, the more I hear about these accidents the less strange this new law in America sounds. And talking about strange laws reminds me that it's time to answer our quiz question. I asked which one of these three is NOT a real law?a) It's illegal to enter the Houses of Parliament wearing a suit of armour. b) A pregnant woman can go to the toilet anywhere she wants. c) It's illegal to speak French in front of a dog.Rosie: I said it was c).Neil: And you were right. Time now for a quick recap of some of the words we've heard today.Rosie : sidewalk jaywalking lumberingresidential area plunged sinkholewater fountainNeil: Join us again for more 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English!Rosie : Goodbye!6 Minute English © British Broadcasting Corporation 2012Page 4 of 4Vocabulary and definitionssidewalkAmerican word for pavementjaywalkingAmerican word for walking along a road lumberingwalking in a slow and heavy wayresidential area a part of a town or city where people live plungedfellsinkhole a large hole in the ground which a river flows into water fountaina monument in which water is squirted into the air for decorationRead this story online:/worldservice/learningenglish/general/sixminute/2012/05/120516_6min_texting_walking.shtmlA related story:/news/world-us-canada-12226192。

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