李李李李吉吉 - Research on Key Techniques in BIST Implementation
第八讲密文检索技术资料
攻击者
1/9/2019 7
二、密文数据库检索策略
1.不用解密而直接操作密文数据 2.一种是分步查询
1/9/2019
8
1.直接操作密文数据
数据库的秘密同态技术和数据库的序加密等。 秘密同态技术对加密算法提出了一定的约束条 件,使满足密文同态的加密算法的应用不具有 普遍性。 数据库的序加密方法主要采用序列密码算法, 序列密码算法采用异或的运算方法,密钥序列 不能重复,如果对不同记录采取不同的密钥种 子,则密钥管理难度太大,如果对不同记录采 取相同的密钥种子,则会存在不少相同或相近 的密文字段值,容易受到统计攻击和已知明文 攻击。
基于Hash的密文精确检索方案
利用 Hash 函数建立索引,在加密前的信息后面链 接一个随机数保证相同明文在加密后产生不同的 密文,提高了安全性。 在数据库中每一个记录有很多的字段,选取适合 精确检索建立索引的字段建立索引,并将建立的 索引存到对应的字段中。 在检索时根据检索词在对应的字段中检索,如果 匹配成功,检索出对应的整个记录。
rank ‘CEO’ ‘worker’
ALL?
Leaks order!
1/9/2019 41
洋葱加密方案
SEARCH
text value
each value
RND DET JOIN
value
RND OPE OPE-JOIN
value
Onion Search OR
HOM
int value
Onion Equality
2.
即使当服务器都被攻陷以后,在攻击期间,也能保护 未登陆用户的数据安全
降低了数据的泄漏量
3.
适度的开销: 大约只增加26%的开销( TPC-C)
冀教版英语九年级第一单元知识点
What is the main topic of Unit 1 in the ninth grade English textbook?A. Travel experiencesB. Daily routinesC. Cultural differencesD. Environmental protectionWhich of the following words is NOT related to the vocabulary list of Unit 1?A. CustomsB. TraditionsC. LandmarksD. EtiquetteHow does the textbook introduce cultural differences in Unit 1?A. By comparing different countries' histories.B. Through describing various festivals.C. By analyzing political systems.D. Through discussing economic developments.What skill does Unit 1 focus on improving for students?A. Writing essaysB. Speaking confidentlyC. Reading comprehensionD. Grammar usageWhich activity is suggested in Unit 1 to enhance understanding of cultural diversity?A. Watching documentaries about nature.B. Participating in a mock international event.C. Conducting a science experiment.D. Writing a personal diary.What is the purpose of the listening exercise in Unit 1?A. To practice identifying different accents.B. To understand cultural norms through conversations.C. To learn about famous historical figures.D. To analyze musical melodies.Which of the following is a key phrase learned in Unit 1?A. "Making a difference"B. "Breaking the ice"C. "Saving the planet"D. "Exploring the universe"How does the textbook encourage students to apply what they've learned in Unit 1?A. By writing a research paper.B. Through role-playing cultural scenarios.C. By creating a personal website.D. Through designing a new product.What is the main goal of the reading passage in Unit 1?A. To introduce famous landmarks around the world.B. To highlight the importance of cultural awareness.C. To discuss the benefits of traveling.D. To explain different educational systems.。
共选理论视角下英语同义词特征分析
共选理论视角下英语同义词特征分析共选理论视角下的英语词汇搭配特征与启示摘要:本研究以共选理论为框架,以英国学术英语语料库BAWE为参照,考察中国英语专业学习者在词汇层面搭配特征及影响因素。
研究发现,英语专业学生与英语本族语者英语词汇搭配构成特征存在差异,影响学习者英语词汇搭配特征的主要原因是中介语石化与缺乏词汇搭配共选知识。
本研究结果对中国英语词汇教学具有启示,同时为词汇研究与教学提供新的方法与视角。
关键词:共选理论中国英语专业学习者词汇搭配特征1.引言词汇作为语言的基础,同样是语言教学与研究的基础。
然而在以往教学中,词汇搭配教学一直没有受到足够的重视。
在各种教学法中,词汇搭配虽然不是可有可无的,却没有能够像语法或者句型那样位置凸显,更多地被看成教学过程中的附带发展的东西(马广惠,2016)。
随着语料库语言学的发展,在大量真实语料实证中,过去以单词作为意义单位的教学受到了诟病,李文中(2019)指出搭配或短语序列逐步替代单个词语研究,并逐步形成意义单位理论。
Sinclair(2004)指出文本中承载意义的最重要单位是词汇搭配,这种搭配取决于词与词之间的共选。
共选理论认为语言使用具有短语趋势,并且重新解释了词汇和语法的关系,极大地冲击了以往词汇教学将语法和词汇分割的二元教学模式。
2.共选理论与概率共选理论作为Sinclair在语料库语言学最重要的理论之一,是语言运用构成的重要机制,为描述语言学的基本视角、理念、方法提供了新的视角,并且具有深刻的影响。
共选理论坚持了弗斯语言学一元论的基本立场,即将形式与意义、词汇与结构作为一个整体,密不可分。
组合关系的研究一直受制于资源与技术的局限,直到语料库语言学的出现,为其提供了前所未有的资源、方法和手段。
共选关系是基于概率模型,基于频数和相关统计手段提出的。
换言之,共选不是随意的,而是与某些具体的词汇和语法结构高频出现而筑成的共选关系。
语料库研究者深信,高频出现的形式、意义和功能往往揭示了语言使用的核心和典型要素,揭示了交际过程中最经常使用的形式、最经常实现的意义和功能,与句法、语义和语用研究的许多问题密切相关(卫乃兴,2009)。
专题05 阅读理解D篇(2024年新课标I卷) (专家评价+三年真题+满分策略+多维变式) 原卷版
《2024年高考英语新课标卷真题深度解析与考后提升》专题05阅读理解D篇(新课标I卷)原卷版(专家评价+全文翻译+三年真题+词汇变式+满分策略+话题变式)目录一、原题呈现P2二、答案解析P3三、专家评价P3四、全文翻译P3五、词汇变式P4(一)考纲词汇词形转换P4(二)考纲词汇识词知意P4(三)高频短语积少成多P5(四)阅读理解单句填空变式P5(五)长难句分析P6六、三年真题P7(一)2023年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇P7(二)2022年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇P8(三)2021年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇P9七、满分策略(阅读理解说明文)P10八、阅读理解变式P12 变式一:生物多样性研究、发现、进展6篇P12变式二:阅读理解D篇35题变式(科普研究建议类)6篇P20一原题呈现阅读理解D篇关键词: 说明文;人与社会;社会科学研究方法研究;生物多样性; 科学探究精神;科学素养In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observation s of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?”Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity?“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places – and even species – that are not w ell-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”32. What do we know about the records of species collected now?A. They are becoming outdated.B. They are mostly in electronic form.C. They are limited in number.D. They are used for public exhibition.33. What does Daru’s study focus on?A. Threatened species.B. Physical specimens.C. Observational data.D. Mobile applications.34. What has led to the biases according to the study?A. Mistakes in data analysis.B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.C. Improper way of sampling.D. Unreliable data collection devices.35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps?A. Review data from certain areas.B. Hire experts to check the records.C. Confirm the identity of the users.D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.二答案解析三专家评价考查关键能力,促进思维品质发展2024年高考英语全国卷继续加强内容和形式创新,优化试题设问角度和方式,增强试题的开放性和灵活性,引导学生进行独立思考和判断,培养逻辑思维能力、批判思维能力和创新思维能力。
含水率和冻融循环对筋土界面剪切特性的影响
第 55 卷第 2 期2024 年 2 月中南大学学报(自然科学版)Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology)V ol.55 No.2Feb. 2024含水率和冻融循环对筋土界面剪切特性的影响孟亚1,徐超1, 2,贾斌3,左彬澧1(1. 同济大学 地下建筑与工程系,上海,200092;2. 同济大学 岩土及地下工程教育部重点实验室,上海,200092;3. 中国电力工程顾问集团华东电力设计院有限公司,上海,200063)摘要:制作了一套可实现温度控制的筋土界面直剪试验设备。
为了研究含水率、界面温度、冻融循环次数对筋土界面剪切特性的影响,开展11组土工格栅−砂土界面直剪试验。
研究结果表明,筋土界面的黏聚力和摩擦角均随含水率的增加而减小,当含水率提高时,筋土间的抗剪强度减弱。
加筋可显著提高冻土的抗剪强度,当界面温度为−10 ℃时,土工格栅−砂土界面剪应力峰值较冻结后砂土的剪应力增加了约20%。
筋土界面剪应力随着界面温度的降低而增大,当界面温度在0 ℃以下时,剪应力较大且剪应力−剪切位移曲线会出现峰值强度和残余强度,而在无冻结情况下,筋土界面剪应力稳定值基本相同。
冻融循环后筋土界面的抗剪强度减小,筋土界面的黏聚力和摩擦角均随着冻融循环次数的增加而减小,但在4次冻融循环后趋于稳定。
研究成果可为冻土地区土工格栅加筋土结构的设计和应用提供理论依据。
关键词:土工格栅;直剪试验;筋土界面;剪切特性;冻融循环中图分类号:TU445 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1672-7207(2024)02-0586-09Influence of water contents and freeze-thaw cycles on shearbehavior of geogrid-soil interfaceMENG Ya 1, XU Chao 1, 2, JIA Bin 3, ZUO Binli 1(1. Department of Geotechnical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China;2. Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education,Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China;3. East China Electric Power Design Institute Co. Ltd., China Power Engineering Consulting Group,Shanghai 200063, China)收稿日期: 2023 −07 −19; 修回日期: 2023 −09 −26基金项目(Foundation item):国家自然科学基金资助项目(41772284);安徽省交通运输行业重点科技项目(2022-KJQD-008);中国电力工程顾问集团华东电力设计院有限公司科研项目(30-K2023-G01) (Project(41772284) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; Project(2022-KJQD-008) supported by the Key Technology Program in the Transportation Industry of Anhui Province; Project(30-K2023-G01) supported by the Scientific Research Program of the East China Electric Power Design Institute Co. Ltd. of China Power Engineering Consulting Group)通信作者:孟亚,博士研究生,从事土工合成材料加筋土结构的研究与应用;E-mail :******************.cnDOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7207.2024.02.012引用格式: 孟亚, 徐超, 贾斌, 等. 含水率和冻融循环对筋土界面剪切特性的影响[J]. 中南大学学报(自然科学版), 2024, 55(2): 586−594.Citation: MENG Ya, XU Chao, JIA Bin, et al. Influence of water contents and freeze-thaw cycles on shear behavior of geogrid-soil interface[J]. Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology), 2024, 55(2): 586−594.第 2 期孟亚,等:含水率和冻融循环对筋土界面剪切特性的影响Abstract:A set of temperature-controlled direct shear test apparatus for the interface of reinforced soil was developed. Eleven groups of direct shear tests were conducted to study the influence of water contents, interface temperatures, and freeze-thaw cycles on the shear behavior of the geogrid-soil interface. The results show that the cohesion and friction angle of the geogrid-soil interface both decrease with the increase of water contents, as does the shear strength at the geogrid-soil interface. The reinforcement can obviously improve the shear strength of the frozen soil. When the interface temperature is −10 ℃, the peak shear stress at the geogrid-soil interface increases by about 20% relative to the unreinforced soil. The reinforcement provided by the geogrid increaes as the interface temperature drops. The shear stress is higher and the shear stress-shear displacement will show the peak strength and residual strength when the interface temperature drops below 0 ℃, whereas in a non-frozen state, the interface exhibits lower shear stress with a consistent stable value. The shear strength of the geogrid-soil interface decreases after freeze-thawing. Furthermore, both the cohesion and friction angle of the geogrid-soil interface decrease with the increase of freeze-thaw cycles number but tend to stabilize after four freeze-thaw cycles. The research results have reference for the design and application of geogrid reinforced soil structures in permafrost and seasonal frozen regions.Key words: geogrid; direct shear test; geogrid-soil interface; shear behavior; freeze-thaw cycle加筋土结构具有抗震性能好、施工快、减碳环保等特点,被广泛应用于公路、铁路等工程中[1−3]。
CONTENTS
Nov.2023㊀㊀Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University(Social Sciences)㊀㊀Vol.24㊀No.6CONTENTSReview of Translation Studies on Xi Jinping:The Governance of China since the18th CPCNational Congress YANG Anwen㊀ZHANG Wenli㊀TAN Yao(1) Multiple Case Study of Deepening Excellent Regional Culture Education inColleges and Universities LIU Yousheng㊀CHEN Lijing(19) The Influence of Relative Poverty on the Language Competence Development of Children and Adolescents in the Post-PovertyAlleviation Period LYU Junwei㊀YU Jian㊀ZHANG Fengjuan(33) Magician and Master:Taoist Lin Lingsu in the Biographies of Southern Song Dynasty LI Kejing(50) The Influence of Social Stratification on the Fertility Desire ofWomen of Childbearing Age from the Perspectiveof Cost-Utility SUN Shiguang㊀QIU Menghua㊀ZHAO Feng(67) Analysis of The Impact of Income Uncertainty on SubjectiveWell-being of Rural Residents in Ethnically Underdeveloped Areas:Also on The Heterogeneous Effect in DifferentAge Groups ZHAO Pengfei㊀Hou Yanmei㊀Wang Hongjian(84) The Urban Heritage Protection Strategy of SeekingSpace from Underground in Central CityTaking Xuzhou City as an Example HUANG Chao㊀QIU Jian㊀TAN Xiaohong(99) Qian-Gu Shifa :The Zong and Evolvement of Grammar Theory ofHistory and Literature in Song and Yuan Dynasties:With a Further Discussion on the Pros andCons of Ban Gu and Sima Qian XIE Wenhui(118) A Study of the Birth Year and Death Year ofLI Changhe and His Family and Life YANG Yanhui㊀LüBin(130)西南交通大学学报(社会科学版)㊀2023年11月JOURNAL OF SOUTHWEST JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY Nov.2023第24卷㊀第6期(Social Sciences)Vol.24㊀No.6‘西南交通大学学报“(社会科学版)第24卷(2023)总目次第1期(总第133期)强化现代化建设人才支撑的战略性地位 笔谈何㊀宪㊀李志刚㊀吴㊀江㊀等(1)生态治理现代化的意识形态批判及中国方案史小宁㊀郝相赟(22)基于图形网格转译的城轨列车外观设计研究支锦亦㊀苏㊀星(36)论智能网联汽车发展的法律障碍与应对杨㊀珊㊀张莎莎(49)教育类国际非政府组织的组织结构与运行机制考察基于五个教育类国际非政府组织的调研闫月勤㊀郑㊀淳㊀王海超(62)青藏铁路精神融入高校思想政治教育的价值意蕴与实践理路陈㊀晨(78)基于官方新闻报道的地方政府公信力文本分析王益君㊀魏美云(90)公众参与㊁资源能力与政务微博信息发布基于新浪微博平台大数据及统计年鉴小数据的实证研究苏㊀慧㊀冯小东㊀王㊀瑶㊀等(104)五四运动中唐山‘救国“报述略田㊀丹(121)李斐英教授早年在美求学经历补遗基于美国罗切斯特大学和雪城大学等原始档案的考察郑博仁(132)第2期(总第134期)营创理论:构造创新人才生态的一个新框架赵永乐㊀吴㊀江(1)中国式现代化与马克思主义中国化时代化新境界 笔谈(16)‘摆脱贫困“蕴涵的扶贫开发重要论述及对新时期推进乡村振兴的启示马改艳(33)从巡检司到汛塘:清代道路安全管理系统中的角色嬗替贾㊀强(50)三线铁路建设中的支农工作研究以湘黔㊁枝柳铁路湖南段为中心岳小川㊀宋银桂(60)241西南交通大学学报(社会科学版)第24卷高校教师薪酬体系的历史演进和国际经验兼论绩效杠杆在 双一流 建设中的必然性局限邱延峻(75)去理想化 :对西方国家高等教育国际化实践类型的再审视郑㊀淳㊀刘长军(91)庄延龄‘离骚“英译本中的神话术语翻译策略探析俞森林㊀雷佳豪(109)以翻译为名的文化传播与文化反拨辜鸿铭‘中庸“英译文化解读熊建闽(119)动词及物性和句子及物性的区隔和关联胡月月㊀杨㊀玲(130)第3期(总第135期)中国共产党意识形态建设的历史考察㊁基本经验及实践指向王永凤㊀杨忠林(1)以共享发展促共同富裕:共产主义理想的发展逻辑林宇晖㊀傅红冬(18)谁是持摄影机的人?众包纪录片初探刘广宇㊀王成莉(32)移动数据流量运营策略对数字鸿沟的影响研究华㊀波㊀江燕伶(47)生态环境保护与旅游业发展协同推进研究王婷伟㊀张㊀慧(73)旅游凝视下三河古镇典型旅游意象元素分析基于隐喻抽取技术陈㊀前㊀韩光明(89)革命化的仪式运作:基于中央苏区时期纪念活动的考察吴承望(104)延安时期陕甘宁边区的新秧歌与乡村群众的思想改造徐桂裕(119)从部落首领到中华民族共祖:晚清民国时期黄帝形象重塑及影响赵晨韵(134)341第6期2023年总目次第4期(总第136期)人工智能与马克思主义理论学科交叉研究笔谈田永鸿㊀韩冬雪㊀吴满意㊀王伯鲁㊀闫坤如㊀谢㊀瑜㊀杨一帆(1)国内主流媒体 双碳 话语中的中国国家形象建构基于语料库的积极话语分析周晓春(12)论段玉裁认定诗韵 古合韵 的原则与方法刘忠华(26)道器之间:近代思想视野下的铁路㊁中国与世界(1875 1936)叶㊀舒㊀宋桂杰(45)路地纠葛:光绪前中期的筑路争议与洋务派的因应陈明亮(59)我国灾难心理学学科建设发展路径研究宁维卫㊀侯牧天㊀薛亦菲㊀等(73)我国农村老龄政策演进研究 基于1982 2021年农村老龄政策的文本分析陈松林㊀余㊀雨㊀刘㊀婷(92)公务员组织公民行为发展现状研究孙京昊㊀赵普光(107)新制度主义视野下的体育暴力研究陈㊀卓㊀李丽芬(122)批判法益论的另一种可能一个刑罚哲学的视角刘继烨(139)第5期(总第137期)习近平外交思想中的人民性研究王秋怡(1)共同富裕视域下人民美好生活的建构逻辑师嘉唯㊀成㊀龙(17)新疆资源型城市系统演化分析及发展路径探索于㊀洋㊀吴冰瑕㊀吴茸茸㊀等(34)基于单条线路的城乡一体化公交补贴效率研究卓高鸿㊀詹朝曦㊀高悦尔(52)日本学者村上哲见的姜夔词研究邱美琼㊀杨㊀操(65)译者前见,时间距离与翻译胡作友㊀钟莎莉(76)厨房㊁闺阁与职场:论徐小斌小说中的女性空间李燕妮(88)441西南交通大学学报(社会科学版)第24卷 游戏三昧 的禅学内涵与诗学意义王㊀悦㊀张㊀勇(100)张载 性二元论 的思想渊源及其当代启示吴喜双㊀张培高(113)从黑格尔到阿甘本:辩证法的虚无主义问题及其解决路径陈㊀琦(128)第6期(总第138期)党的十八大以来‘习近平谈治国理政“翻译研究综述杨安文㊀张文莉㊀谭㊀瑶(1)高校深化优秀地域文化育人的多案例研究刘有升㊀陈丽静(19)后脱贫时期相对贫困对儿童青少年语言能力发展的影响吕军伟㊀俞㊀健㊀张凤娟(33) 妖道 与 高道南宋传记文中的林灵素形象李珂菁(50)社会分层与育龄女性多孩生育意愿基于 成本 效用 的分析孙士光㊀邱梦华㊀赵㊀凤(67)收入不确定性对农村居民幸福感的影响分析赵朋飞㊀侯艳梅㊀王宏健(84)中心城区 向地下要空间 的城市遗产保护策略以徐州市为例黄㊀超㊀邱㊀建㊀谭晓红(99) 迁固史法 :宋元史笔文法理论之宗及其流衍兼谈班马优劣论谢文惠(118)理鬯和生卒年及家世生平考杨颜珲㊀吕㊀斌(130)西南交通大学学报(社会科学版)㊀2023年11月JOURNAL OF SOUTHWEST JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY Nov.2023第24卷㊀第6期(Social Sciences)Vol.24㊀No.6Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University(Social Sciences)Vol.23㊀2022CONTENTSNo.1(Sum133)Ideological Criticism of Ecological Governance Modernization andChina s Solutions SHI Xiaoning㊀HAO Xiangyun(22) A Research on Urban Rail Train Appearance Design Based OnGraphic Grid Translation ZHI Jinyi㊀SU Xing(36)Legal Barriers and Countermeasures to the Development of IntelligentConnected Vehicles YANG Shan㊀ZHANG Shasha(49) The Research on the Organizational Structure and Operating Mechanism of EducationalInternational Non-Governmental Organizations from the Perspective of Global Governance:A Comparative Study of Five EducationalInternational NGOs YAN Yueqin㊀ZHENG Chun㊀WANG Haichao(62) The Value Implication and Practical Path of Integrating the Spirit of Qinghai-Tibet Railway into theIdeological and Political Education in Colleges and Universities CHEN Chen(78) Text Analysis of Local Government Credibility Based onOfficial News Reports WANG Yijun㊀WEI Meiyun(90) Public Participation,Resource Capacity and Government Microblog Information Publish:An Empirical Study Based on Big Data of Sina Weibo and Small Data fromStatistical Yearbook FENG Xiaodong㊀SU Hui㊀WANG Yao㊀ZHANG Yipei㊀CHEN Xi(104) A Brief Research on National Salvation Weekly fromTangshan Engineering College During the May4th Movement TIAN Dan(121) A New Supplement to Professor Fei Ing Li s Study Experience in the United States:Investigation Based on the Original Archives Mainly from theUniversity of Rochester and Syracuse University ZHENG Boren(132)No.2(Sum134)Innovation-fostering Theory:A New Framework for ConstructingInnovative Talent Ecology ZHAO Yongle㊀WU Jiang(1) The Important Discourse of Development-oriented Poverty Alleviation in641西南交通大学学报(社会科学版)第24卷 Up and Out of Poverty and Its Enlightenment forPromoting Rural Revitalization in New Era MA Gaiyan(33) From Xunjiansi to Xuntang:The Role Substitution of Road Safety ManagementSystem in Qing Dynasty JIA Qiang(50)A Study on Supporting Rural in the Tier-3Railroad Construction:Centered on the Hunan Section of Hunan-Guizhou andZhicheng-Liuzhou Railways YUE Xiaochuan㊀SONG Yingui(60)Historical Review and International Experiences of University Faculty Salary System:With Discussion on Limitation of Faculty Rewarding Policy inDouble Excellence Project QIU Yan-jun(75)De-idealization :A Re-examination of the Practice Types of Internationalizationof Higher Education Among Western Countries ZHENG Chun㊀LIU Changjun(91)On the Translation Strategies of Mythological Terms inEdward H.Parker s English Translation of Li Sao YU Senlin㊀LEI Jiahao(109) Cultural Transmission and Counteraction in the Name of Translation:Cultural Interpretation of EnglishTranslation of Zhongyong by Ku Hung-ming XIONG Jianmin(119)Distinctions and Interaction BetweenVerb Transitivity and Sentence Transitivity HU Yueyue㊀YANG Ling(130)No.3(Sum135)The Historical Investigation,Basic Experience and PracticalOrientation of the Ideological Construction of theCommunist Party of China WANG Yongfeng㊀YANG Zhonglin(1)Promoting Common Prosperity Through Shared Development:The Development Logic of Communist Ideals LIN Yuhui㊀FU Hongdong(18)Who is the Man with a Movie Camera?A Preliminary Study ofCrowdsourced Documentary LIU Guangyu㊀WANG Chengli(32)A Research on the Impact of Mobile DataTraffic Operation Strategy on the Digital Divide HUA Bo㊀JIANG Yanling(47) Research on Coordinated Promotion of Ecological Environmental Protectionand Tourism Development WANG Tingwei㊀ZHANG Hui(73)Typical Tourism Image Elements of Sanhe Ancient Town Analyzed from theTourist Gaze Perspective:Based on the ZaltmanMetaphor Elicitation Technique CHEN Qian㊀HAN Guangming(89)Revolutionary Ritual Operation:Based on the Commemoration of the Central Soviet Period WU Chengwang(104)741第6期㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University(Social Sciences)㊀Vol.24(2023)The New Yangko and the Ideological Remolding of the RuralMasses in Border Areas of Shanxi Gansu-Ningxia in Yan a n Period XU Guiyu(119) From Ancient Fribal Leader to The Ancestor of The Chinese Nation:The Image Reconstruction and Influence of the YellowEmperor in the Late Qing Dynastyand the Republic of China Period ZHAO Chenyun(134)No.4(Sum136)A Corpus-based Positive Discourse Analysis of China s ImageConstructed by the Domestic Mainstream Media in theContext of Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality ZHOU Xiaochun(12)On Principles and Methods of Duan Yucai s Recognition ofAncient Gathering Rhyme in The Book of Songs Rhyme LIU Zhonghua(26) Between Dao and Qi:Railways,China and the World from thePerspective of Modern Thoughts(1875 1936)YE Shu㊀SONG Guijie(45) Disputes over Railway and Land:The Controversy ofRailway Construction and the Response of WesternizationGroup in the Early and Middle Guangxu Period CHEN Mingliang(59)Research on the Development Path of Disaster Psychology Discipline Construction inChina NING Weiwei㊀HOU Mutian㊀XUE Yifei㊀SHEN Yu㊀LI Zhongyi(73)Research on the Evolution of China s Rural Aging Policy:Text Analysis Based on Rural Aging Policiesfrom1982to2021CHEN Songlin㊀YU Yu㊀LIU Ting(92)Research on the Development Status of Organizational CitizenshipBehavior of Civil Servants SUN Jinghao㊀ZHAO Puguang(107)Research on Sports Violence from thePerspective of New Institutionalism CHEN Zhuo㊀LI Lifen(122) Another Possibility of Criticizing the Theory of Rechtgut:A Perspective of Penalty Philosophy LIU Jiye(139)No.5(Sum137)The Study on the People s Character inXi Jinping s Thoughts on Diplomacy WANG Qiuyi(1)The Constructive Logic of People s Better LifeUnder the Perspective of Common Prosperity SHI Jiawei㊀CHENG Long(17)Analysis of Urban System Evolution and Exploration ofDevelopment Paths of Resource-based Cities in Xinjiang YU Yang㊀WU Bingxia㊀WU Rongrong㊀et al(34)841西南交通大学学报(社会科学版)第24卷Research on Subsidy Efficiency of Urban-rural Integrated Public Transport Based onSingle Line ZHUO Gaohong㊀ZHAN Chaoxi㊀GAO Yue e r(52)The Study of Jiang Kui Ci by Japanese ScholarTetsumi Murakami QIU Meiqiong㊀YANG Cao(65) Translator s Prejudice,Time Distance and Translation HU Zuoyou㊀ZHONG Shali(76)Kitchen,Boudoir and Workplace:On the Women s Spaces in Xu Xiao-bin s Fiction LI Yanni(88)The Zen Connotation and Poetic Significanceof Playing in the Joyous Samadhi WANG Yue㊀ZHANG Yong(100)The Origin of Zhang Zai s Idea on the Dualism of Human Natureand Its Contemporary Significance WU Xishuang㊀ZHANG Peigao(113) From Hegel to Agamben:The Problem of Nihilism in Dialectics and Its Solving Route CHEN Qi(128)No.6(Sum138)Review of Translation Studies on Xi Jinping:The Governance of China since the18th CPCNational Congress YANG Anwen㊀ZHANG Wenli㊀TAN Yao(1)Multiple Case Study of Deepening Excellent Regional Culture Education inColleges and Universities LIU Yousheng㊀CHEN Lijing(19)The Influence of Relative Poverty on the Language Competence Development of Children andAdolescents in the Post-Poverty Alleviation Period LYU Junwei㊀YU Jian㊀ZHANG Fengjuan(33) Magician and Master:Taoist Lin Lingsu in the Biographies of Southern Song Dynasty LI Kejing(50) The Influence of Social Stratification on the Fertility Desire of Women ofChildbearing Age from the Perspective of Cost-Utility SUN Shiguang㊀QIU Menghua㊀ZHAO Feng(67) Analysis of The Impact of Income Uncertainty on SubjectiveWell-being of Rural Residents in Ethnically Underdeveloped Areas:Also on The Heterogeneous Effect in Different Age Groups ZHAO Pengfei㊀Hou Yanmei㊀Wang Hongjian(84) The Urban Heritage Protection Strategy of SeekingSpace from Underground in Central CityTaking Xuzhou City as an Example HUANG Chao㊀QIU Jian㊀TAN Xiaohong(99)Qian-Gu Shifa :The Zong and Evolvement of Grammar Theory ofHistory and Literature in Song and Yuan Dynasties:With a Further Discussion on the Pros andCons of Ban Gu and Sima Qian XIE Wenhui(118)A Study of the Birth Year and Death Year of LI Changhe and His Family and Life YANG Yanhui㊀LüBin(130)。
研究生产力的ABC模型与高等教育制度排名(IJEME-V6-N6-8)
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
ABC Model of Research Productivity and Higher Educational Institutional Ranking
75
management. Such a school is also called as a school of management, school of business, school of business administration, or, colloquially, b-school or biz school. A business school teaches various subjects such as accounting, management principles, business environment, administration, strategy, economics, entrepreneurship, finance, human resource management, information systems, logistics, marketing, organizational psychology, organizational behavior, public relations, research methods, decision science, ebusiness, international business, entrepreneurship, real estate etc. Business schools, in general, use different pedagogy to educate the
Near critical and supercritical water.Part I.Hydrolytic and hydrothermal
J.of Supercritical Fluids 47(2009)373–381Contents lists available at ScienceDirectThe Journal of SupercriticalFluidsj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /s u p f luReviewNear critical and supercritical water.Part I.Hydrolytic and hydrothermal processesG.Brunner ∗Institute for Thermal and Separation Processes,Hamburg University of Technology,Eissendorfer Str.38,D-21073Hamburg,Germanya r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 21July 2008Received in revised form 9September 2008Accepted 9September 2008Keywords:Supercritical water Hydrolysis Hydrothermal Biomass Gasificationa b s t r a c tThe potential of hot and supercritical water in applications to produce useful products,or to process unwanted compounds into environmentally compatible materials is reviewed.The potential of hot and supercritical water is high.Water changes its character from a solvent for ionic species at ambient condi-tions to a solvent for non-ionic species at supercritical conditions.Water at temperatures higher than ambient boiling temperature can be applied for extraction.At modest temperatures,ionic and polar species will be extracted.At higher temperatures,in particular approaching the critical temperature,nonpolar substances are readily dissolved and extracted.Hot pressurized water has a high reactivity.The reactions are commonly summarized as “hydrolysis reactions”which are catalyzed by acids,or may arise from simply hydrothermal transformations.Since CO 2,dissolved in water increases the availability of protons,the addition of CO 2to liquid water catalyses hydrolysis reactions.Hydrolysis of natural plant materials provides a route to obtain fuel from non-food plant material.However,difficulties associated with operating conditions have so far limited the large scale implementations.©2008Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.Contents 1.General introduction................................................................................................................................3732.Properties of water..................................................................................................................................3743.Sub-critical water for extraction....................................................................................................................3754.Water for hydrolysis.................................................................................................................................3754.1.Water in bio-fuel processes..................................................................................................................3754.1.1.Biomass.Total liquefaction or gasification.........................................................................................3754.1.2.Biomass compounds ...............................................................................................................3764.1.3.Starch...............................................................................................................................3764.1.4.Cellulose............................................................................................................................3764.1.5.Sugars,glucose.....................................................................................................................3774.1.6.Lignin...............................................................................................................................3774.1.7.Hydrolysis and fermentation.......................................................................................................3774.2.Proteins,amino acids........................................................................................................................3775.Hydrolysis and hydrothermal reactions in sub-and supercritical water (no oxidative reagent)..................................................3786.Conclusions and future development...............................................................................................................380References ..........................................................................................................................................3801.General introductionInterest in the application of hot,pressurized and supercritical water,started in the late 70s of last century,when it was spurred∗Tel.:+4940428783240.E-mail address:brunner@tu-harburg.de .by the first oil crisis,by environmental concerns,and the investiga-tion of supercritical fluids.Before that,interest was concentrated on the properties of high-pressure steam for power plant cycles,on physical–chemical properties of water,and on hydrothermal reactions.Renewed interest was concentrated on alternative fuels,on coal and biomass conversion,and waste disposal.The unique properties of hot and supercritical water led to the investigation of specific reactions for production of chemicals,of the formation of0896-8446/$–see front matter ©2008Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2008.09.002374G.Brunner /J.of Supercritical Fluids 47(2009)373–381particles,and more.The potential of hot and supercritical water is high and led to extensive research.Operating conditions and properties of water and species involved cause problems which are difficult to manage in process equipment which so far led to only limited practical applications.In the following,after a short introduction to the properties of water,a review of research efforts as reflected in the publications of the Journal of Supercritical Flu-ids (JSF),complemented with the personal view of the author is presented.2.Properties of waterThe specific properties of water for hydrolysis,hydrothermal,and oxidative processes were pointed out convincingly by M.Mod-ell on several occasions from the 70s of last century on.Water from ambient to supercritical conditions changes its character from a solvent for ionic species to a solvent for non-ionic species.Electro-chemical properties,e.g.dipole moment decreases from the high value at ambient conditions,but water in the critical region is still as polar as acetone.The pH-value decreases by 3units,pro-viding much more hydronium ions for acid catalyzed reactions.Just below critical temperature,the ionic product changes tremen-dously,rendering near critical and supercritical water a much less polar compound than ambient water.Reactivity of water increases in the neighborhood of the critical point without as well as with a catalyst.It is useful to look at experimental results for the solubility of SiO 2in water,as determined by mineralogists,who were inter-ested in hydrothermal reactions.This solubility behavior is shown in Fig.1.SiO 2is dissolved by water to some extent.This solubility changes tremendously in the neighborhood of the critical temper-ature.At relatively low pressures,with increasing temperature,the solubility drops to practically zero.This effect is one of the major drawbacks of processing waste,since salts dissolved in the feed stream will precipitate and eventually block the reactor.But it can also be seen,that at relatively moderate and high pressures,the solubility is constant and is even increasing.So far,this aspect has not been applied to waste treatment.Among the basic knowledge necessary for a process applying near critical or supercritical water is the physical–chemical prop-erties of water and its solvent power for organic substances,salts,and gases.P ,v ,T and transport properties are that of a supercritical gas;density is relatively high,up to liquid-like densities,butvariesFig.1.Solubility of SiO 2in water [1].strongly with slight changes in pressure and temperature.Viscos-ity is of the order of a normal gas and the diffusion coefficient is at least one order of magnitude higher than that of a liquid.Solubility of water for gases is high in the critical region.At near critical and supercritical conditions water and gases like O 2,N 2,NH 3,CO,CO 2,are completely miscible.Solvent power of water decreases for inor-ganic compounds in the critical region.It is drastically reduced in the region of about 450◦anic compounds,on the other hand,are readily dissolved by water in the near critical and supercritical region up to total miscibility.But it must be borne in mind that these statements hold for binary or quasi-binary systems.Phase equilib-rium of ternary and multi-component systems of water,organic compounds,inorganic salts and common gases may deviate from binary behavior.Properties of water have been investigated inten-sively for a long time.In our context it may be of interest to look at phase equilibrium of water and salt components.A small review has been presented at the 3rd International Symposium on Super-critical Fluids in Strasbourg 1994[2].Phase behavior and critical phenomena for binary mixtures and ternary mixtures of hydro-carbons with water in the critical region have been measured in particular by Brunner et al.[3],confirming essentially the com-plete miscibility of water and hydrocarbons in the critical region,but exhibiting an interesting phase behavior in detail (Fig.2).The properties of pure water can be modelled with high accuracy by thermodynamic models derived from the virial equation of state.They comprise quite a number of constants and may be impracti-cal for many purposes.Therefore,work has been published on the modelling of such properties with simpler equations of state such as the Anderko-Pitzer EoS modified for easier access to parame-ters,to calculate thermodynamic properties of systems involvedinFig.2.(Left):Solubility of a real contamination (extracted from various soil mate-rials)in water.(Right):Course of an extraction of hydrocarbon contaminants from soil with supercritical water.The full line is obtained by modelling the extraction [14].G.Brunner/J.of Supercritical Fluids47(2009)373–381375the supercritical water oxidation process[4].Molecular dynamics simulations with a simpleflexible point-charge water model was applied to model the critical point and the coexistence curve[5]. The local structure around O2in supercritical water has been inves-tigated using Raman spectroscopy,indicating the absence of large clustering or depletion of water around O2under the experimen-tal conditions(380–500◦C and5.0–39.2MPa).However,depletion of the local water density around O2was found in the neighbor-hood of the critical point[6].In a similar way,hydrogen bonding was investigated in methanol/water mixtures[7],indicating that the methanol molecule,at low methanol contents,is isolated in a water cage and the structure remains as it is up to327◦C.Electrical conductance of aqueous solutions of inorganic nitrates was deter-mined with a simple Pt electrode.According to the data,nearly complete dissociation occurs below200◦C,but appreciable associ-ation to monovalent cations occurs at higher temperatures.There is available a lot of information on water and aqueous systems at near critical and supercritical temperatures and pressures.It may prove tedious to look for it,but a good source are the publications of the IAPWS(International Association for the Properties of Pure Water and Steam),e.g.[8].For investigating properties of near critical and supercritical water,specialised laboratory equipment is necessary.Some of these installations that have appeared in the JSF include a micro-cell for potentiometric pH measurements of supercritical aqueous solu-tions[9],an opticalflow cell and apparatus for solubility,salt deposition and Raman spectroscopic studies in aqueous solutions near the water critical point[10],a device for direct observation of channel-tee mixing of high-temperature and high-pressure water [11],and a reactor for in situ X-ray scattering studies of nanoparticle formation in supercritical water syntheses[12].3.Sub-critical water for extractionWater at temperatures higher than ambient boiling tempera-ture can be applied for extraction.At lower temperatures,ionic and polar species will be extracted.At higher temperatures,in particu-lar approaching the critical temperature,nonpolar substances will be readily dissolved and plete dissolution seems not to be necessary.Water removes nonpolar compounds from sub-strate by interacting with the substrate and reducing binding forces. In such a way,hot pressurized,especially near critical water,was applied to cleaning of soil,removing PAH[13],hydrocarbons and metals[14].Cleaning of soil materials contaminated with hydrocarbons was effectively carried out with sub-critical and supercritical water in different processing modes.In the semi-continuousfixed-bed extraction and continuous extraction in tubular reactors.Extraction time needed for cleaning could be reduced drastically,from6h for the semi-continuous extraction to less than1min in the continuous extraction.At a temperature of380◦C and a residence time of45s a 98%degree of cleaning could be achieved.But solvent to feed ratio must be kept high fpr the continuous extraction,>100,correspond-ing to about1wt.%of soil material in the aqueous feed suspension. Alternatively,a longer tubular reactor(increased residence time) or a multiple treatment could be applied.Mixed contaminations of heavy metals and hydrocarbons could be cleaned with water at temperatures of250–350◦C at a pressure of25MPa.For destruc-tion,supercritical water oxidation proved to be a good alternative, as discussed in Part II of the present review appearing also in this issue of the journal.Polar compounds can be extracted effectively from plant material with hot pressurized water.One application is for the extraction of anthraquinones,where anti-oxidative prop-erties of the extract were highest compared to organic extractants [15].Sub-critical and supercritical water has been also successfully applied to cleaning of bone materials from organic compounds. Bones contain lipid and protein compounds,which have to be removed from the hydroxyapatite,the structural material of bones, before it can be used for ing hot pressurized water, lipids and proteins could be extracted.For total extraction of the proteins,near critical and supercritical water in combination witha degradation of the proteins proved necessary[16].4.Water for hydrolysis4.1.Water in bio-fuel processesHot pressurized water has a high reactivity.The reactions are commonly summarized as“hydrolysis reactions”.These are reac-tions in which a compound is split by water according to the formal reaction:A B+H OH→A H+B OH.(1)The reaction is catalyzed by acids.Since CO2,dissolved in water, increases the availability of protons,the addition of CO2to liq-uid water catalyses the hydrolysis reactions.Hydrolysis of natural plant materials has been intensively investigated,since it provides a route to obtain ethanol from non-food plant materials such as straw,wood and bagasse,as summarized by the author in[17,18]. Hydrolysis reactions occurring in hot water are often accompanied by thermal reactions(pyrolysis).The higher the temperature,the greater is the extent of thermal reactions.These are hydrothermal reactions that are discussed below and also in part II of this review. Reports on investigations of the conversion of bio-polymers sel-dom distinguish between hydrolytic reactions in hot water and hydrothermal reactions.Therefore,the classification,into hydrol-ysis and hydrothermal reactions,as chosen here in this article,is somewhat arbitrary.4.1.1.Biomass.Total liquefaction or gasificationBiomass,consisting of plant material and animal products,is vastly available and either considered as a valuable resource or as waste.From the part considered as valuable resource,chemi-cal compounds or materials for energy conversion are produced. The part,considered as waste can be transformed in to disposable compounds or also in to useful chemical compounds.One example is the total recycling of organic materials as needed for long-time secluded missions,e.g.travel to planet Mars.Most of the biological waste produced can be easily treated by microorganisms,but the lignocellulosic components cause problems,which can be solved by hot pressurized water and eventually,for a small residual undis-solved part,by application of oxidation in supercritical water,as investigated in a project sponsored by the European Space Agency ESA[19].Another example is the useful transformation of wood waste.Beside just burning it,it is possible to liquefy wood with hot pressurized water and produce a combination of fuel gas and fuel oil[20].Another route is the gasification of biomass and organic wastes. Wet biomass and organic wastes can be gasified to produce a hydrogen rich fuel gas.At600◦C and250bar all compounds are completely gasified by addition of KOH or K2CO3,forming a H2 rich gas,containing CO2as the main carbon compound,with low concentrations of CO,CH4and C2–C4hydrocarbons in the prod-uct gas(<1,∼3and<1vol.%,respectively)[21].A catalyst seems to be needed,and“catalyst stability and tolerance towards dissolved inorganics are the main challenges for successful hydrothermal gasification of wet biomass”[22].The problem is more complex than can be seen at afirst glance.Beside the necessity to con-centrate biomass from a relatively large area and transport it to376G.Brunner /J.of Supercritical Fluids 47(2009)373–381Fig.3.Product yields at 230◦C and 240bar (left);influence of carbon dioxide on glucose yield (right).CO 2concentrations are in percentage of saturation.a processing facility,the technological problems are multiple due to the non-controllable composition of the biomass feed,in par-ticular with respect to inorganic contaminations.More promising is a route,where the biomass is liquefied to an “oil”-product,the oil is then transported to a central processing facility,where an effective gasification to synthesis gas is carried out,from which,with the well known Fischer–Tropsch-process,fuel hydrocarbons can be produced [23].4.1.2.Biomass compoundsPlant biomass consists of a number of compounds which can be processed by pressurized hot water,like sugars,starch,cellulose,hemi-cellulose,and lignin.Starch,cellulose,and hemi-cellulose are sugar-polymers and can be transformed to sugar-monomers.From starch,mono-sugars are produced straightforward by microorgan-isms or by hydrolysis and can be further transformed to ethanol,which is of some concern nowadays because of the competitive sit-uation to food.Cellulose and hemi-cellulose,being available from agricultural sources without competition to food,can be trans-formed to mono-sugars,but so far scientific and technological development has not led to a commercial process,which has been installed.Nevertheless,this will be the future for bio-ethanol pro-duction.4.1.3.StarchHydrolysis of starch to mono-sugars is an old industrial pro-cess.The hydrolysis reaction was catalyzed with mineral acids,and is now replaced by a bio-transformation.Microorganisms for this reaction are selective but slow.Hydrolysis using CO 2,dissolved in hot pressurized water,without mineral acids was investigated to evaluate the feasibility of such a process [24].From corn starch at concentrations from 0.2up to 10wt.%in the aqueous feed slurry and pressures of 60–240bar,temperatures of 170–380◦C in a tubular reactor with residence times of about 180s,high yields of glucose can be obtained with dissolved and dissociated carbon dioxide as a catalyst.There are only few by-products,and their concentration can be kept low by short residence time.Fig.3shows the results of the hydrolysis of starch at 230◦C and 240bar,for an example.Glucose yield is increased from 5%to 60%by adding carbon dioxide.4.1.4.CelluloseCellulose,the major component of plant biomass reacts in hot compressed water to oligomer sugars,monomer sugars,and various degradation products as pyruvaldehyde and hydrox-ymethylfurfural (HMF),as e.g.reported by Sasaki et al.[25].The decomposition of cellulose can lead to a reaction mixture of oil,gases,residue and an aqueous phase,as reported by Minova et al.[26].But the batch reactor used and the residence times in the order of 30min to several hours are no basis for a process.According to all reports,hydrolysis can play an important role in forming glu-cose and oligomers,which can decompose quickly to non-glucose aqueous products,oil,char and gases.An alkali catalyst,inhibits the formation of char from oil and stabilizes the oil,while a nickel cat-alyst catalyzes the steam reforming reaction of aqueous products as intermediates and the reaction to methane.The formation of methane is the preferred reaction pathway at lower temperatures,while the production of hydrogen proceeds in the supercritical region.A substantial conversion to gaseous species is,however,usu-ally accomplished at much higher temperatures (400–500◦C)and residence times in the order of hours.This observation was sup-ported by our own measurements at temperatures of 350–375◦C and residence times from 20to 40s,which yielded a contribution of gas species to the carbon balance of only about 1wt.%.A marked gasification of cellulose can therefore be excluded at the conditions of hot pressurized water hydrolysis [19].Fig.4.Degree of liquefaction f versus residence time at P =250bar.G.Brunner /J.of Supercritical Fluids 47(2009)373–381377The overall degree of conversion (liquefaction)of micro-crystalline cellulose was determined in a plug-flow type reactor.The operating pressure had a negligible influence on the degree of liquefaction,but temperature markedly affects the rate of reac-tion as illustrated in Fig.4.The degree of liquefaction f is the ratio of dissolved carbon in the effluent to the total carbon of the feed suspension.ln(1−f )=−k ·(2)where k is the reaction rate constant of the cellulose hydrolysis.The rate of liquefaction increases with temperature,leading to a complete conversion to soluble products in less than 30s at 310◦C.A further increase in temperature results in an even more rapid degradation,with a complete conversion within seconds.The addition of carbon dioxide and the resulting decrease in pH leads to an increased rate of liquefaction at lower tempera-ture (250◦C)compared to pure water.Glucose yield during the course of the reaction is shown in Fig.5.Rate constants for for-mation of glucose are higher for starch than for cellulose.Glucose is not stable at reaction conditions and is degraded by consecutive reactions to different products,including pyruvaldehyde,levoglu-cosan,and hydroxymethylfurfural.Reaction kinetics are discussed in a separate paper [4].The optimum glucose yields are obtained with residence times in the range of seconds to minutes but remain relatively low (pared to the values for hydrolysis of starch).The maximum yield of glucose increases with temperature,at shorter residence times.Around the critical point,the hydrolysis rate jumps to more than an order of magnitude higher level and becomes faster than the glucose or oligomer decomposition rate [25].The reported glu-cose yield reached a maximum of 50%at 400◦C and 25MPa,at a residence time of 0.00025s.4.1.5.Sugars,glucoseReaction of glucose and fructose in water at supercritical condi-tions resulted in a number of compounds.Dehydration of d -glucose in high-temperature water at pressures up to 80MPa yielded 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF),1,2,4-benzenetriol (BTO)and furfural.Dehydration reaction to 5-HMF and hydrolysis of 5-HMF were both enhanced by the increase in water density at 400◦C [27].An analogue study of reactions of d -fructose in water yielded at high-temperature (400◦C)and moderate pressure (40MPa)conditions products as glyceraldehyde,dihydroxyacetone and pyruvaldehyde.High-temperature,high-pressureconditionsFig.5.Glucose yield from sub-critical water hydrolysis of cellulose at different res-idence times and temperatures;and the effect of dissolved CO 2.enhanced retro-aldol reactions and water related reactions such as hydrolysis and parison between d -fructose and d -glucose experiments showed that higher yields for 5-HMF were obtained starting from d -fructose than d -glucose.Higher yields of furfural were obtained starting from d -glucose than from d -fructose [28].4.1.6.LigninLignin is also a major component of plant biomass.To make available the elemental chemical compounds of lignin for further application is still a task for research.During studies on the lique-faction of biomass,it was found that the biomass could be liquefied by hydrolysis up to 70–80%[19].The effluents were subsequently treated by biological degradation.Overall efficiency of COD removal increased to 90–95%.No toxic effects on the microorganisms were observed due to the prior hydrolytic treatment.The remaining compounds were attributed to lignin-derivates.They could not be reacted with water.Oxidation in near critical water by hydrogen peroxide converted all solid material,mostly to gaseous products.Only about 10%of the initial carbon load remained in the aqueous phase,with the main product being acetic acid [19].4.1.7.Hydrolysis and fermentationTo enhance yield in mono-sugars for the treatment of biomass,the combination of hot pressurized water hydrolysis and fer-mentation was considered.As an example,rice bran,milled and defatted,consisting of starch,27%cellulose,37%hemi-cellulose,5%lignin was selected [17].After hydrolysis,the reaction products,mainly oligomer sugars,are easily transformed to mono-sugars by enzymes.Hot water hydrolysis at 200◦C resulted in 5%glucose and 35%xylose.Hot water hydrolysis with subsequent enzymatic treatment resulted in 70%glucose and 70%xylose,relative to the maximum obtainable content in the feed.Results leading in a comparable direction,were obtained on the hydrolysis of car-boxymethylcellulose.Cellulase,immobilized on silica gel was used as biocatalyst for hydrolysis in a high-pressure system of CO 2/H 2O.The residual activity of the immobilized cellulase at 110◦C was still high and it could be reused for more than 20times without any significant loss of activity [29].4.2.Proteins,amino acidsProteins are the other type of important bio-polymers.The reac-tion of hot pressurized water can be of interest for producing oligomers and amino acids as the building blocks of the proteins.In the hydrolysis reaction for proteins,first a proton is attached to the nitrogen atom of the peptide bonding.This leads to a splitting of the bonding,forming a carbo-cation and an amino group.In the next step,a hydroxide ion,from a dissociated water molecule,attaches to the carbon-cation,forming a carboxy group.Hydrolysis of a model protein (BSA,bovine serum albumin)and sklero-proteins like feathers and hair,carried out in a continuous plug-flow reactor,resulted in a total liquefaction of the proteins and in the formation of amino acids [30].Production of amino acids depends mainly on reaction temperature,with an optimum at 310◦C.Pressure in the range of 15–27MPa had no significant effect on the reaction.At 250◦C the amino acid yield increases378G.Brunner/J.of Supercritical Fluids47(2009)373–381up to a residence time of300s and then decreases due to decom-position reactions.Considerable quantities of glycine and alanine were produced from decomposition of complex amino acids.Other amino acids were only found in traces.Addition of carbon diox-ide resulted in higher yields due to acid hydrolysis of the peptide bonds.At250◦C and25MPa an amino acid yield of150.3mg/(g BSA)was obtained by sub-critical water being saturated with CO2 to approximately90%.The experiments with duck feathers(with-out the addition of CO2)led to amino acid yields(122.0mg/(g DFK)at900s)higher than for BSA without addition of CO2due to the shorter chain length of the sklero-keratin molecule.Thus, sub-critical water hydrolysis can be an efficient process for recov-ering amino acids from organic protein-rich waste-materials,such as hairs and feathers[31].Hydrolysis kinetics of starch,cellulose(polysaccharides),and proteins(polypeptides)could be modelled by a single consecu-tive reaction followingfirst order kinetics.Rate constants of the hydrolytic conversion to the resulting monomers(glucose and amino acids),strongly depend on the type of bond.Peptide bonds in proteins are much more stable than the-1,4-and-1,6-glycosidic linkages in cellulose and starch,respectively.The stability of the resulting monomers and their conversion to further degradation products were determined.The addition of carbon dioxide to water up to about250◦C resulted in a significant increase of reaction rates [18].5.Hydrolysis and hydrothermal reactions in sub-and supercritical water(no oxidative reagent)Quite a number of investigations have concentrated on hydrothermal and hydrolysis reactions.Hydrolytic and hydrother-mal reaction are not and cannot always be separated.What is a hydrothermal reaction?The term“hydrothermal”was used in the context of synthesis of minerals in natural deposits by crystalliza-tion from hot pressurized aqueous solutions.Hydrolysis in supercritical water is determined by the extreme pressure dependence of the solvent properties—density,dielectric constant,and solubility parameter.Klein et al.[32]investigated the reaction mechanism in that region.Molecules containing a satu-rated carbon attached to a heteroatom-containing leaving group undergo parallel pyrolysis and hydrolysis reactions in supercritical water.Selectivity and rate constant to hydrolysis increased with water density and with the addition of salts.At low salt concen-tration,the addition of salts to the reaction mixture increased the hydrolysis rate,while having no effect on a background pyrolysis reaction rate[33].This is consistent with a polar hydrolysis reac-tion mechanism wherein the rate constant would be increased with increases in the solvent polarity.At higher salt concentrations,the hydrolysis rate reached a maximum then decreased,approaching the rate observed in the absence of salts,which corresponds to solution phase behavior.Behavior of various compounds at hydrol-ysis conditions and at hydrothermal conditions have been reported. Those published in the Journal of Supercritical Fluids are shortly reviewed below.Behavior of acids and bases in the neighborhood of the critical point is of major interest.Johnston and Chlistunoff[34]investigated the neutralization of acids and bases in sub-critical and supercrit-ical water using KOH–acetic acid or NH3–acetic acid systems as examples.From25◦C to the critical temperature of water,the dis-sociation constant for HCl decreases by13orders of magnitude, and thus,the basicity of Cl−becomes significant.Consequently,the addition of NaCl to HCl raises the pH.The group of Antal[35]investigated mechanism and kinet-ics of the acid-catalyzed dehydration of ethanol in supercritical water.In the presence of a low concentration(<0.01mol dm−3)of sulfuric acid,ethanol undergoes rapid and selective dehydration to ethene in supercritical water.The kinetics of this reaction are consistent with an acid-catalyzed E2mechanism.In the group of Tester[36]oxidation and hydrolysis of ethanol were investigated in supercritical water in a plug-flow reactor system.In the hydrolysis experiments,ethanol did not react to a significant degree relative to the conversions observed in oxidation experiments.In the oxi-dation experiments,oxygen concentration was set for complete mineralization.The major products of the reaction were acetalde-hyde and formaldehyde in the liquid phase and carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in the gas phase.The dehydration of several biomass-derived polyols in sub-and supercritical water resulted in main products of 1,4-anhydroerythritol and propionaldehyde[37].For catalytic per-formance zinc,nickel,copper,magnesium and sodium sulfate as well as sulfuric acid were tested,with a positive catalytic effect for bivalent transition metal salts.Decomposition of glycerol in near critical and supercritical water was investigated in a plug-flow reactor at349–475◦C, 25–45MPa,and reaction times from32to l65s at different initial concentrations[38].Conversion between0.4and31%was observed. The main products of the glycerol degradation are methanol, acetaldehyde,propionaldehyde,acrolein,allyl alcohol,ethanol, formaldehyde,carbon monoxide,carbon dioxide,and hydrogen. The non-Arrhenius behavior of the overall degradation,the pres-sure dependence of the reaction rate,and product distribution indicates to two competing reaction pathways,one of ionic reac-tions,preferred at higher pressures and lower temperatures,the other a free radical degradation,which dominates at lower pres-sures and higher temperatures.For ester hydrolysis,ethyl acetate was studied as a model com-pound in the pressure and temperature range of23–30MPa and 250–400◦C.Based on this results and on the hydrolysis of other esters,the reaction mechanisms in sub-and supercritical water are discussed[39].The ester hydrolysis proceeds selectively to the expected acid and alcohol without involving acids and bases as catalysts.In the sub-critical region an A ac2-mechanism is found. Above the critical temperature of water,the reaction mechanism is the direct nucleophilic attack of water.The two concurrent mech-anisms lead do the same products.Hydrolysis of triacylglycerides was studied for canola oil[40] for formation of free fatty acids(FFA)by oil hydrolysis in combi-nation with supercritical CO2and N2.Reactions with CO2were conducted at250◦C,10–30MPa,and using1:3,1:17and1:70canola oil to water initial molar ratio(o/w)in a batch reactor system.The maximum rate of FFA production was not affected by pressure or added supercritical medium,but was delayed at30MPa.Hydrolysis increased significantly as the amount of water was increased from 1:3to1:17and1:70o/w.Reactions of diphenylether in supercritical water were reported by Penninger et al.[41].At low water density,from0to approx-imately0.3g/cm3,the conversion of diphenylether decreases. Products are typical for radical-type polycondensation reactions. At water densities greater than0.4g/cm3these products vanish, the conversion of diphenylether increases again and forms phenol as sole reaction product.This indicates ionic hydrolysis as the gov-erning chemistry.Dilute solutions of NaCl in supercritical water, as also reported by Penninger et al.[42],in concentrations from0 to3.1wt.%have unexpected influence on the rate of hydrolysis.At 430◦C and a density of0.46g/cm3,the rate decreased with addition of small amounts of salt,down from the value at zero salt.The rate increased with addition of more salt(3.1wt.%)to almost twice that of the zero salt rate.The decrease of the rate is attributed to the formation of the ion pairs H+Cl−;the excess of Cl−ions that prevail from ionic(partial)dissociation of NaCl and capture the protons。
大学英语课文ppt课件ppt课件ppt
Sense structure
Sentence pattern conversion
PPT courseware can provide sentence pattern conversion exercises, allowing students to master the conversion skills between different sentence patterns and improve their English expression ability.
Plot Overview
Provide a brief overview of the plot, including the main characters, their roles and interactions, and the general storyline
Key Moments
Highlight the key moments or turning points in the text that are significant in terms of theme development or plot progress
Analysis of fill in the blank questions
Fill in the blank questions are designed to test students' vocabulary and reading comprehension
The analysis should focus on the correct answers and explain why they are correct, as well as the common misunderstandings and misses made by students
学术英语测试题及答案
学术英语测试题及答案一、词汇题(每题1分,共10分)1. The word "phenomenon" is most closely related to which of the following?A. AppearanceB. EventC. FactD. Idea2. The term "collaborate" means:A. To work togetherB. To compete againstC. To opposeD. To ignore3. "Innovative" is an adjective that describes:A. Something old-fashionedB. Something traditionalC. Something new and originalD. Something unoriginal4. The phrase "to scrutinize" is synonymous with:A. To praiseB. To examine closelyC. To ignoreD. To criticize5. "Ethical" is a term that refers to:A. Moral principlesB. Scientific principlesC. Aesthetic principlesD. Economic principles6. "Diverse" is used to describe something that is:A. UniformB. SimilarC. DifferentD. Identical7. The word "hypothesis" is related to:A. A proven theoryB. A testable propositionC. A final conclusionD. An untestable idea8. "Catalyst" in a scientific context refers to:A. A substance that speeds up a reactionB. A substance that slows down a reactionC. A reaction itselfD. A product of a reaction9. "Paradigm" in an academic context usually refers to:A. A standardB. A modelC. A theoryD. A hypothesis10. "Synthesize" means to:A. Combine different ideas or elementsB. Separate into individual componentsC. Analyze in detailD. Ignore completely答案:1-5 B A C B A6-10 C B A A A二、阅读理解题(每题2分,共20分)阅读以下短文,回答下列问题。
How to get the direction of the target position th
专利名称:How to get the direction of the targetposition through the mobile phone发明人:李 承▲ジュン▼,李 吉林,王 正▲ウェイ▼申请号:JP2006548080申请日:20050113公开号:JP2007527528A公开日:20070927专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图:摘要: It is to be understood to disclose a method for obtaining the direction of the target position through the mobile phone, mobile phone, comprising the steps of obtaining the geographical information of the target position and the geographicinformation of the current position, the present invention, the mobile phone a step of determining a geographic meridian of the current position and the angle of the geographic meridian on the screen of, mobile phones, and to the target position from the current position according to the geographical information of the target position and the geographic information of the current position I include a process to determine the direction, and the process of determining the elevation angle between the geographical meridian and this direction. According to its elevation angle of the geographic meridian will be displayed on the screen, to determine the direction in which it is displayed on the screen of the mobile phone to the target position from the current position, the mobile phone includes a target on the screen according to the display direction I want to display the direction of the position. The present invention solves the problem of existing mobile phone that can not provide the direction of the target position to the user. The user can confirm the direction of the target position through the mobile phone.申请人:▲ホア▼▲ウェイ▼技術有限公司地址:中華人民共和国518129広東省深▲セン▼市龍岡区坂田華為本社ビル国籍:CN代理人:志賀 正武,渡邊 隆,村山 靖彦,実広 信哉更多信息请下载全文后查看。
课程思政背景下工业机器人编程技术课程教学探索与实践
AUTOMOBILE EDUCATION | 汽车教育课程思政是近年来高等教育领域深化综合改革的新生事物,是对新时代高等教育更好发挥“四个服务”功能的理念创新、制度创新和实践创新[1]。
其核心就是要求在各类课程、教育教学的全过程、各方面,都要贯穿“做人做事的基本原则,社会主义核心价值观,实现民族复兴的理想和责任”这一总体目标,携手培养德才兼备的优秀人才[2],因此,课程思想教育融入到教学过程中具有十分重大的意义。
从总体上看,课程思政教育作为一项注重全面发展的系统性工程,必须注重整体化构建,以社会主义核心价值观为引领,以全面提高人才培养质量为关键,,实现思想政治教育与知识系统教育的有机融合[3]。
本文以工业机器人编程技术课程为载体,根据课程特点,将思政要素融入课程目标、教学内容、教学方法、课程评价过程等主要教学环节,使得思政教育贯穿整个课程,使课堂更具有活力。
1 《工业机器人编程技术》课程目标在课程开课前,授课教师应对《工业机器人编程技术》课程的教学知识、能力目标等进行明确的讲解;并且要注意加强学生的工程伦理教育,将课程思政教育与课程专业知识讲授相融合,使思政元素在课程教学中运用恰当、适量,为培养学生精益求精的大国工匠精神起到画龙点睛的作用[4]。
1.1 课程教学目标本课程以ABB机器人应用工作站和虚拟仿真软件RobotStudio为载体,熟练掌握工业机器人基础编程指令,会使用离线编程软件Robotstudio软件完成离线轨迹的编程与操作;会使用工业机器人完成码垛工作站、搬运工作站、机器焊接等实例;能参加与机器人相关竞赛项目;使学生对工业机器人有较为全面、深入的学习和认识,着重强调学生综合运用所学基础理论和专业知识进行创新设计的能力[5]。
在本课程结束后,学生应当能具备从事工业机器人编程、控制和开发调试等相关工作的知识和能力储备。
1.2 课程思政目标学生在学习工业机器人编程知识的同时,让学生了解我国以工业机器人为代表的智能制造技术、自动化技术、工业4.0的发展情况,增强民族自豪感,提高爱国热情;观看大国工匠视频,以技术提高自身价值,引导学生树立正确的人生观与价值观,对学生学习、生活都产生积极的引导;养成工业安全生产意识;培养并传承爱国主义精神,增强保护环境的意识。
219401816_大孔吸附树脂纯化茶多酚的工艺优化及抗氧化活性研究
李晓洁,刘金鑫,李建华,等. 大孔吸附树脂纯化茶多酚的工艺优化及抗氧化活性研究[J]. 食品工业科技,2023,44(13):214−223.doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2022090164LI Xiaojie, LIU Jinxin, LI Jianhua, et al. Optimization of Purification of Tea Polyphenols with Macroporous Adsorption Resin and Research of Their Antioxidant Activity[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2023, 44(13): 214−223. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2022090164· 工艺技术 ·大孔吸附树脂纯化茶多酚的工艺优化及抗氧化活性研究李晓洁1,刘金鑫1,李建华2,谈亚丽3,杜维力3,李 啸1,3,*(1.三峡大学生物与制药学院/中国轻工业功能酵母重点实验室,湖北宜昌 443002;2.湖北安琪采花茶品科技有限公司,湖北宜昌 443413;3.安琪生物科技有限公司,湖北宜昌 443000)摘 要:为优化大孔吸附树脂纯化茶多酚的最佳工艺条件,通过对比14种不同类型大孔吸附树脂的静态吸附-解吸特性,在筛选出适宜的树脂型号后,利用单因素与响应面试验确定最佳提纯工艺要求,并进一步考察了树脂的重复使用和再生次数。
同时,以V C 为对照采用体外实验考察纯化前、后茶多酚的抗氧化活性。
结果表明,LX-8树脂对茶多酚的吸附-解吸效果最好,可重复使用5次、再生6次。
其最佳纯化工艺条件:100 mL 浓度为6.4 mg/mL ,pH5.4的茶汤以1.0 mL/min 流速上样至LX-8树脂后,经180 mL 76%乙醇溶液以1.0 mL/min 流速解吸,在该条件下茶多酚的回收率为86.9%,纯度为74.6%。
K-Blog在图书馆知识管理中的应用
K-Blog在图书馆知识管理中的应用
李英杰
【期刊名称】《农业网络信息》
【年(卷),期】2010(000)002
【摘要】K-Blog(知识博客)在图书馆知识管理中有其独特的优势,其与图书馆知识管理的有机结合,可以提高工作效率,增强竞争力.
【总页数】2页(P78-79)
【作者】李英杰
【作者单位】潍坊学院,图书馆,山东,潍坊,261061
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】G251
【相关文献】
1.K-blog在数字参考咨询工作中的应用 [J], 张晓玲
2.试论知识地图在高校图书馆知识管理中的应用 [J], 陈伟红
3.Tag在图书馆知识管理中的应用研究 [J], 郭健峰
4.概念地图在图书馆知识管理中的应用研究 [J], 张亮;
5.图书馆知识管理在数字参考咨询中的应用研究 [J], 刘桂琴;
因版权原因,仅展示原文概要,查看原文内容请购买。
A Conditional Multinomial Mixture Model for Superset Label Learning
1
Introduction
In supervised classification, the goal is to learn a classifier from a collection of training instances, where each instance has a unique class label. However, in many settings, it is difficult to obtain such precisely-labeled data. Fortunately, it is often possible to obtain a set of labels for each instance, where the correct label is one of the elements of the set. For example, captions on pictures (in newspapers, facebook, etc.) typically identify all of the people the picture but do not necessarily indicate which face belongs to each person. Imprecisely-labeled training examples can be created by detecting each face in the image and defining a label set containing all of the names mentioned in the caption. A similar case arises in bird song classification [2]. In this task, a field recording of multiple birds singing is divided into 10-second segments, and experts identify the species of all of the birds singing in each segment without localizing each species to a specific part of the spectrogram. These examples show that superset-labeled data are typically much cheaper to acquire than standard single-labeled data. If effective learning algorithms can be devised for superset-labeled data, then they would have wide application. The superset label learning problem has been studied under two main formulations. In the multiinstance multi-label (MIML) formulation [15], the training data consist of pairs (Bi , Yi ), where Bi = {xi,1 , . . . , xi,ni } is a set of instances and Yi is a set of labels. The assumption is that for every instance xi,j ∈ Bi , its true label yi,j ∈ Yi . The work of Jie et al. [9] and Briggs et al. [2] learn classifiers from such set-labeled bags. In the superset label formulation (which has sometimes been confusingly called the “partial label” problem) [7, 10, 8, 12, 4, 5], each instance xn has a candidate label set Yn that containsrich EECS, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331 tgd@
description
AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL CHINESE PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGIONDESCRIPTION:This course is intended to introduce prospective students to the basics of Chinese philosophy and religion. Through familiarity with thedevelopment of Chinese intellectual history, students will be able to further explore the Chinese spirit and mental outlook. The course will focus on Confucianism and its evolution at different stages and how it is intimately linked to governmental ideology. The course will also cover Daoism (both as a school of thought and as a special Chinese indigenous religion), Buddhism (with its influence upon varied aspects of Chinese culture), and Chinese Meditation School. The course aims to discuss the profound and all-pervading influence of the above- mentioned religions and schools of thought on Chinese politics, art, and literature.CREDITS: 3LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION: EnglishPREREQUISITES: NoneADDITIONAL STUDENT COST: NoneLEARNING OUTCOMES:By the end of the course students will be able to:• Describe the evolution of Chinese philosophy and religion•Name the essential facets of Chinese philosophical perspectives, identifying factors that contributed to traditional Chinese ideology• Explain the changes that have contributed to the transition from traditional to modern Chinese culture• Analyze cultural, political and social phenomena in China todayMETHOD OF PRESENTATION:Lectures,discussion, and student presentations. Occasionally, experts on specific literature and art topics will guest lecture. Visits and field trips will be arranged to national and local museums, arts exhibits, and sites featuring the cultural significance of Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism and Neo-Confucianism. These visits will give students the opportunity to directly experience issues discussed in class.LANGUAGE OF PRESENTATION: English with relevant Chinese terms.REQUIRED WORK AND FORM OF ASSESSMENT:Students will be required to preview the assigned materials in preparation for classroom discussions with special attention given to students’ post-reading feedback. The finalproject will ask students to select atopic in Chinese classical philosophy and religion and develop it into an academic paper , with perspectives from their own cultural background. Individual counseling and instruction on how to write the midterm and final papers will be given by the instructor. Students are expected to use the primary source materials to substantiate their ideas. Attendance is mandatory. Please see the Center Attendance Policy for details.Assessment of students’ performance in this course includes:1) Performance in class discussions and presentations: 15%2) Midterm written paper (5-8 pages): 35%3) Final written paper (10-15 pages): 50%CONTENT:WEEK 1: THE PHILOSOPHIC TRADITION OF CHINESE CULTUREQuestions:Chinese traditional culture is characterized by a particular mental outlook which differs tremendously from its Western counterpart. Since philosophy is a typical reflection of cultural ideology, does Ancient China, in a strict sense, have a Western style philosophy? If not, what are the characteristics of ancient Chinese philosophic thoughts? Readings:Mario Poceski: Introducing Chinese Religions. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. 2009WEEK 2: THE ROLE OF “THE BOOK OF CHANGE” IN ANCIENT CHINESE CULTURE Questions:“The Book of Change” (Yi Jing) is a cumulation of practical knowledge acquired by the very early Chinese through their observation of nature and social life, not a philosophical text. What are the primary characteristics of Chinese ideology mirrored in “The Book of Change”? How are Confucianism and Daoism connected to “The Book of Change”? Readings:The Book of Changes. Translated by Wang Rong Pei and Ren Xiuhua. 1993. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.Wu, Zhongxian, Seeking the Spirit of the Book of Change. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2009.WEEK 3: THE THEORY OF THE “FIVE ELEMENTS”Questions:The “Five Elements”, as a practical philosophic view of the world, is more popular in Chinese culture than the theory of “Yin-yang”, which is more fundamental to traditional Chinese philosophy. Why is the theory of the “Five Elements” more widely used in Chinese culture? How does this theory apply to Chinese herbal medicine and Chinese Feng-shui theory?Readings:The Book of Changes. Translated by Wang Rong Pei and Ren Xiuhua. 1993. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.Wu, Zhongxian, Seeking the Spirit of the Book of Change. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2009.WEEK 4: CONFUCIANISM AND CONFUCIUSQuestionsDuring the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476BC), China was torn apart by territorial inter-state wars;its people were thrown into upheaval and the demise of Chinese civilization was threatened. In order to salvage China and respond to this dire situation, various scholars proposed strategies. Among them:Confucius (551-479BC). What were his proposals or responses for, how to individually or collectively save China or govern China? What were the underlying motivations for these proposals?Readings:Mario Poceski: Introducing Chinese Religions. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. 2009Confucius, The Analects. Translated by Arthur Waley. Beijing: Beijing Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1998.An Intellectual History of China. Edited by He, Zhaowu, Bu, Jinzhi, Tang, Yuyuan, & Sun Kaitai. Beijing: Foreign Language Press. 2000. Chapters 1, 2, and 3.WEEK 5: CONFUCIUS AND MENCIUS, THE IDEALISTIC WING OF CONFUCIANISM QuestionsThe typical Chinese way of teaching, catechism, was fully embodied in The Analects, a selection of famous dialogues between Confucius and his students. By analyzing these dialogues, we gain a glimpse into how ideas were transmitted and how reasoning was developed in a typical Chinese way. This pattern of discourse affects the manner in which authoritative Chinese speaking and writing were undertaken. What are the features of their dialogues? How is their pattern of discourse fashioned? Compare this toanother Confucianist, Mencius (371-289BC). How is his way of reasoning or rhetorical strategy different?ReadingsMario Poceski: Introducing Chinese Religions. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. 2009The Analects. Translated by Arthur Waley, 1998.WEEK 6: THE CANONIZED CONFUCIANISMQuestions:Confucius’s ideas find an enthusiastic response among scholars and rulers alike, especially after the quick collapse of the short-lived Qin dynasty (221-206 BC). The first Emperor Gao Zu (Western Han dynasty) knows the importance of bringing scholars’ ideas to bear on unifying the minds and hearts of the people to legitimate his rule. Dong Zhongshu (179-104 BC) reinterpreted Confucius’ ideas, and proposed three responses to the emperor’s call for strategies to govern the country well. How does Dong Zhongshureinterpret Confucius’s ideas, what are the major points of his responses, and what are the results?Readings:Mario Poceski: Introducing Chinese Religions. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. 2009An Intellectual History of China, Edited by He Zhaowu et al. Chapters 3, 4, 5.WEEK 7: THE FOUNDERS OF DAOISM: Lao Zi AND Zhuang ZiDaoism proposed by Lao Zi (6th Century BC) figures prominently when a society is in chaos; its doctrines or ideas fit the state of mind of failed people and failed states and thus provides a panacea or placebo.How does it differ from Confucianism? And what influence does it exert? Lao Zi’s ideas are fully developed by Zhuang Zi (369-286 BC). How does he differ from Lao Zi in terms of Daoism and what does he contribute? How are Chinese scholars in later dynasties influenced by his Daoist ideas?Readings:Lao Zi, The Book of Dao and De. Translated by Gu Zhengkun. Beijing: China Translation and PublicationCo., 2007.Mario Poceski: Introducing Chinese Religions. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. 2009WEEK 8: DAOISM AND THE RELIGION OF DAOISMQuestionsDaoism as a school of thought (Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi) was interpreted and disseminated by scholars in ancient China. Combining the main ideas of Daoism with mysterious ideas from other cosmological thoughts, some self-styled Daoists developed a new Chinese religion. What are the main ideas of this religion and how are its rituals practiced in China, both past and present?Readings:Mario Poceski: Introducing Chinese Religions. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. 2009Xu Dishan, A History of Chinese Taoism as a Religion. Chapters 6, 7.Ge Zhaoguang, Ten Lectures on Ancient Chinese Culture. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2002.Chapter 9: Taoism, a way to seek happiness and longevity.WEEK 9: OTHER MINOR SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT IN ANCIENT CHINESE CULTURE Questions:The Chinese world of traditional thought is predominantly composed of combined Daoism and Confucianism. However, it used to be challenged by other schools of thought, especially during the Spring and Autumn periods. What are other schools of thought in ancient China? What are their primary theories on a righteous public life?Readings:Mario Poceski: Introducing Chinese Religions. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. 2009WEEK 10: BUDDHISM IN CHINA AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO CHINESE “CHAN” QuestionsBuddhism finds its way into a very open-minded and tolerant China at the end of the Western Han dynasty (206BC to 23AD). As Buddhism found wide and quick acceptance through the Tang dynasty 618-857AD, it wielded powerful influence on many aspects of Chinese life and posed a potential threat to the government. It experienced the first political religious persecution in Chinese history. What lies behind such a phenomenon? What are the major doctrines or creeds of Buddhism, and how was it transformed to adapt to the Chinese cultural soil, gaining it swift acceptance?The downfall of Buddhism stands in stark contrast with the rise of Chinese Chan schools. Why was the Chinese Chan school so popular? What are the main ideas of the Chan school and what are the major ways of transmitting ideas or wisdom? What are the differences and similarities between the two schools of religious practice?Readings:Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse. What Makes You Not a Buddhist. Shambhala Publications INC. 2006Peter D. Santina. Fundamentals of Buddhism. The Institute for Advanced Studiesof World Religions. 2000Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche: Enlightened Courage. Translated from the Tibetan by the Padmakara translation group. New York: Snow Lion Publications, 1993Ch’en, Kenneth K, S, The Chinese Transformation of Buddhism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Excerpts from Zen Buddhist Texts. 2008. Compiled by Jiang Lansheng; Translated by Jane C. C. Lai & Martha P. Y. Cheung. Beijing: China Translation Publishing Company, 1973.WEEK 11: NEO-CONFUCIANISM IN SONG DYNASTIES: THE ESSENTIALS Questions:Confucianism is revived during the Song dynasties, after a long period of decline and oblivion. This time, however, intellectuals are acutely aware that Confucianism will have to change, or it will not have the least hope of saving China--a self-imposed noble mission. What are the new contents injected into old Confucianism at this time? How do the intellectuals present the so-called new Confucianism or the Learning of the Principle (Li) to the public?Readings:Fung Y. L, A Short History of Chinese Philosophy. Chapters 23, 24, 25, 26.Liu, James T. C, China Turning Inward: Intellectual-Political Changes in the Early Twelfth Century.Chapters 3, 7.WEEK 12: NEO-CONFUCIANISM IN MING DYNASTY: WANG YANGMING’S “PHILOSOPHY OF MIND”Questions:When Wang Yangming enters center stage in Chinese philosophy during the Ming dynasty, he effects big changes to the Neo-Confucianism of the Song dynasty: the influence of Chinese Chan is obvious. What does Wang Yangming propose and why is it so radical? What are the major similarities and differences between his view and leading Song dynasty philosophers? How is it related to Daoism and Chinese Chan? What impact does it exercise on later generations of philosophers?Readings:Chen, Lai, The Learning of Principle in Song and Ming Dynasties. Shanghai: East China Normal UniversityPress. Chapters 4 and 5, 2004.Qian, Mu, Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties. Beijing: Jiutian Books Co., Ltd, 2006. Chapters 4, 5, and 6.WEEK 13: MODERN CHALLENGES TO NEO-CONFUCIANISM FROM THE WEST: TI -YONG DEBATE AND ITS RESIDUAL IMPACT ON TODAY’S CHINAQuestions:The 19th Century witnesses an obvious decline of Chinese culture as it was surprisingly and frequently defeated by early industrialized nations. The fiasco in politics calls for a radical change in the cultural ideology and preludes the search by Chinese intellectuals for a Western cultural solution to Chinese social problems. One of the most famous solutions is: China should learn from the West on the condition that Western learning should be the Function (Yong) while Chinese learning should be the Substance (Ti).Why is such a solution proposed? What do the contemporary intellectuals intend to learn from Western culture? What are the motivations behind such a Ti-Yong proposal? How does this proposal affect current thought in today’s China?Readings:Cheng, Zhuangying and Nicholas Bunnin (eds.),Contemporary Chinese Philosophy. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers, 2002.WEEK 14: IS CONFUCIANISM STILL ALIVE IN MODERN CHINA?Questions:China has been unavoidably and unstoppably involved in the world of capitalism and has assumed the role of “the world factory” in modern times. Modern China is so culturally diversified that traditional Chinese culture, modern culture, and post-modern culture magically co-exist with each other. Confucianism, as a traditional expression of ancient China, is deeply rooted in the agricultural environment. In highly-modernized China, is Confucianism able to maintain its unchallenged position in Chinese culture? Readings:Makeham, John, Lost Soul: "Confucianism" in Contemporary Chinese Academic Discourse. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press, 2008.Liu, Honghe, Confucianism in the Eyes of a Confucian Liberal: Hsu Fu-Kuan’s Critical Examination of the Confucian Political Tradition. Ann Arbor, Mich.: UMI, 1999.WEEK 15: THE FUTURE OF CHINESE TRADITIONAL CULTUREQuestions:Globalization, as an overwhelming flood engulfing the world, involvesany nation that dreams of developing a market-driven society. China cannot be an exception. The empire of capitalism will largely wipe out cultural differences between nations and captivate them with the lure of materialistic prosperity.Is this “the end of history”? Can China preserve its native culture when everything is being assimilated by something else?Readings:Hardt, Michael and Antonio Negri. 2001. Empire, Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Mario Poceski: Introducing Chinese Religions. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. 2009REQUIRED READINGS:1) Mario Poceski: Introducing Chinese Religions. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. 20092) The Book of Changes. Translated by Wang Rong Pei and Ren Xiuhua. 1993. Shanghai: ShanghaiForeign Language Education Press.3) Confucius. 1998. The Analects. Translated by Arthur Waley. Beijing: Beijing Foreign LanguageTeaching and Research Press.4) Lao Tzu. Ta o Te Ching. Translated by Gia-Fu Feng and Jane English.1989. New York: Random House, INC.5) Zhangzi. Zhangzi. Translated by Wang Rongpei. Foreign Languages Press.1999.6) Mencius. 2003. Translated by He Zuokang. Beijing: Huawen (Chinese) Teaching Press.7) Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse. What Makes You Not a Buddhist. Shambhala Publications INC. 20068) Peter D. Santina. Fundamentals of Buddhism. The Institute for Advanced Studies of World Religions.20009) Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche: Enlightened Courage. Translated from the Tibetan by the Padmakara translation group. New York: Snow Lion Publications, 199310)Contemporary Chinese Philosophy. Edited by Chung-Ying Cheng and Nichol as Bunnin. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers. 2002.11)Daniel L. Overmyer: Religion in China Today. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 200312)Fung, Y. L, A Short History of Chinese Philosophy. (Vol. 1 and Vol. 2). Tianjin: Tianjin Social Sciences Press. 200713)Zhang Dainian, Key Concepts in Chinese Philosophy. Foreign Language Press.2002.14)The Book of Changes, Translated by Wang Rong Pei and Ren Xiuhua. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993.15)Confucius, The Analects. Translated by Arthur Waley. Beijing: Beijing Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1998.16)Lao Tzu, The Book of Tao and Teh. Translated by Gu Zhengkun. Beijing: China Translation and Publication Co., 2007.17)Zhangzi, Zhangzi. Translated by Wang Rongpei. Foreign Languages Press, 1999. Mencius. Translated by He Zuokang. Beijing: Huawen (Chinese) Teaching Press, 2003.18)Wang, Yi’e. Taoism in China. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press, 2005.19)Liu. Shuxian: Essentials of contemporary Neo-Confucian Philosophy. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2003.20)Contemporary Chinese Philosophy. Edited by Chung-Ying Cheng and Nicholas Bunnin. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers, 2002.21) John Makeham: Lost Soul: "Confucianism" in Contemporary Chinese Academic Discourse. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press, 2008.22)Hardt, Michael and Antonio Negri: Empire, Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2001.。
融合BERT与LDA的在线课程评论关键词提取方法
现代电子技术Modern Electronics TechniqueMar.2022Vol.45No.62022年3月15日第45卷第6期0引言随着信息技术的迅猛发展,“互联网+教育”得到了市场的青睐和追捧,但当前的慕课平台还有一些不足,如存在教学视频延迟、教学资源不完整等问题。
由于数据量太大,使得手工统计和分析难以实施,所以迫切需要一种方法能够从大量的信息源中快速有效地提取出真正需要的信息,并充分展示分析结果。
因此,需要对在线课程评论关键词进行提取。
关键字提取使人们能够以简洁的方式表示文本文DOI :10.16652/j.issn.1004⁃373x.2022.06.019引用格式:尼格拉木·买斯木江,艾孜尔古丽·玉素甫.融合BERT 与LDA 的在线课程评论关键词提取方法[J].现代电子技术,2022,45(6):99⁃104.融合BERT 与LDA 的在线课程评论关键词提取方法尼格拉木·买斯木江1,艾孜尔古丽·玉素甫1,2(1.新疆师范大学计算机科学技术学院,新疆乌鲁木齐830054;2.新疆师范大学计算机科学技术学院国家语言资源监测与研究少数民族语言中心,北京100814)摘要:为了高效提取高度集中、覆盖范围广和差异性明显的慕课网用户评论关键词,文中提出一种融合BERT 和LDA⁃TextRank 的关键词提取方法。
实现关键词提取的第一步是获取候选关键词,在获得候选关键词之前需对爬取的课程评语进行预处理,再通过BERT 模型训练得到慕课网在线评语的词向量;然后利用LDA 主题模型得到候选关键词的主题分布;最后结合TextRank 算法计算各主题的关系词及生成评论文本的词主题挖掘。
基于此,文中利用BERT 文本表示方法,能够更好地联系不同词语之间的相关性;在传统的LDA 主题抽取模型的基础上结合TextRank 方法,并在节点运算中通过迭代算法计算各词的得分,将权值的转移概率作为词语之间的相似度,使得关键词提取性能得到了提升。
How to Find a Job
How to Find a Job李井岗【期刊名称】《大学英语》【年(卷),期】2003(000)011【摘要】越来越多的大学生将加入到择业谋职的行列中,如何找到理想的工作?本文提供了一些有益的建议。
【总页数】4页(P16-19)【作者】李井岗【作者单位】西安理工大学【正文语种】中文【中图分类】H319.4【相关文献】1.Moderating Effect of Job Type on Job Characteristic Worker Outcome Relationships [J], Justina;M.;Oliveira;Charles;Scherbaum;2.The Impact of On-the-job Training on Job Mobility of Migrant Workers in China [J], Jiang Jin-qi;Wang Zhen-hua;Chen Jing-wen;;;3.Effect of Training and Job Performance on Job Satisfaction in PT Garuda Indonesia Training Center [J], Muhammad Nashar;Ryani Dhyan Parashakti;Hilda Sona Fauziah;;;4.A Study on Job Satisfaction, Stressors and Job Burnout of Nurses in a Third-Class Hospital in Haikou [J], Lihua Wu;Shuping Zhou;Yunsuo Gao;Xiaodan Wang5.An Integrated Model of Job Involvement, Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment: A Structural Analysis in Jordan’s Banking Sector [J], Ayman Bahjat Abdallah;Bader Yousef Obeidat;Noor Osama Aqqad;Marwa Na’el Khalil Al Janini;Samer Eid Dahiyat因版权原因,仅展示原文概要,查看原文内容请购买。
新世纪大学英语4课文翻译2.TechnologyandHappiness
Techno logyand Happin essJamesSurowi eckiThe text is takenfrom Techno logyReview, Januar y 2005.1 In the 20th centur y, Americ ans, Europe ans, and East Asians enjoye dmateri al and techno logic al advanc es that were unimag inabl e inprevio us eras. In the United States, for instan ce, grossdomest icproduc t per capita triple d from 1950 to 2000. Life expect ancysoared.The boom in produc tivit y afterWorldWar II made goodsbetter andcheape r at the same time. Things that were once luxuri es, such as jettravel and long-distan ce phonecalls, became necess ities. And eventhough Americ ans seemed to work extrao rdina rilyhard, theirpursui t ofentert ainme nt turned mediaand leisur e into multib illio n-dollarindust ries.技术与幸福詹姆斯·萨洛维奇20世纪的美国人、欧洲人和东亚人都享受到了过去历代人都无法想象的物质和技术进步带来的乐趣。
同义反复的语用推理
同义反复的语用推理
王惠丽
【期刊名称】《海外英语》
【年(卷),期】2014(000)014
【摘要】同义反复的句法结构是,A即A,具体而言,在同义反复的语言结构中,同一个单词或者词组既充当主语又充当宾语。
这种语言结构和属于语病范畴的语义重复截然不同。
前者并不是简单的语义重复,它包含的弦外之音依赖于听话者进行语用推导而得到;后者则是语义的简单的堆砌。
基于以往对于同义反复的相关研究,本篇论文进一步讨论同义反复结构的用语推理问题。
【总页数】2页(P275-276)
【作者】王惠丽
【作者单位】吉林大学珠海学院
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】H313
【相关文献】
1.同义反复的语用功能与会话含义 [J], 赵丽
2.同义反复的语用功能与会话含义 [J], 赵丽
3.词汇语用含义推理的转喻—关联模式——语用推理理论系列研究之一 [J], 李怀奎;李跃平
4.对同义反复语的语用分析 [J], 郭伟伟;郑书云;张晓娟
5.同义反复的语用推理 [J], 王惠丽
因版权原因,仅展示原文概要,查看原文内容请购买。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
2.1 生成 BIST-Ready 电路 BIST-Ready 电路的生成是进行 Logic BIST 的准备阶段
其目的是进行严格的设计规则检查并生成适合于 BIST 的电 路结构 其中一个重要内容是保证电路中不会产生任何可观 测的未知状态(X 值) 这是由于 MISR 的异或反馈结构不能接 受 X 值 任何传播到 MISR 的 X 值将会破坏特征 使得无法 区分故障和非故障电路 导致测试失败 因而需要阻止任何 X 生成源(X generator)的传播 典型的潜在 X 生成源包括非 扫描的触发器 无驱动的原始输入(PIs) 嵌入的存储器(如 RAM CAM) 总线冲突 组合环(combinational loops)等 这些潜在的 X 生成源需要在设计规则检查时被识别 为了避 免 X 产生 一种方法是改变设计以避免生成 X 另外一种是 阻止 X 传播到一个可观测点 下面分别介绍一些主要 X 生成 源的处理方法
输出响应分析模块主要是由多输入特征寄存器(multipleinput Signature register, MISR)和空间压缩器(space compactor) 组成 其主要功能是压缩和分析测试向量以决定 CUT 的正确 性 MISR 实际上是一个增强的 LFSR 从电路中取输出值 产生一个压缩的输出向量(称为特征) 扫描链的输出通过异 或门进入 MISR 的各个位 使得 MISR 把从扫描链接收到的 值压缩成一个测试特征 这个测试特征与一个已知的从无故 障电路得到的特征比较 以决定电路的正确性 空间压缩器 是一个可选的结构 也是由一个异或树构成 放置在大量的 扫描输出和相对较小的 MISR 之间 以压缩扫描输出的数目
1 Logic BIST 原理结构
Logic BIST 有很多实现方法 一般是基于 STUMPS 结 构[1] 除已经完成扫描设计的待测电路(circuit under test, CUT) 以外 还主要包括以下几个功能模块 测试向量生成模块 PRPG 响应分析模块 MISR 和 BIST 控制器模块等 下面分
(1) 非扫描的触发器 非扫描触发器是一个重要的 X 生成源 如果不进行任何处理 触发器的值将处于不确定状态 一般是通过 旁路这些单元或者插入一个可以由一个测试信号控制的阻塞逻辑 (测试点)来阻止 X 传播到 MISR 的 也可以通过使用一个初始化序 列来对这些非扫描触发器进行定值
(2) 无驱动的原始输入 在 Logic BIST 中 一般只有扫描链被 控制和观测 测试仪并不直接驱动模块原始输入端口(primary inputs, PIs) PIs 不被驱动不仅会导致覆盖率降低 浮动的 PI 还会成为 X 生成源 因而需要对这种无驱动的 PIs 进行处理 一般是通过两种 方法来实现的 一种是通过伪随机向量 可以使用专门的测试向量
2. Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039)
Abstract When the process of very large-scale integrated circuits (VLSI) scales down into deep sub-micron, the complexity of circuit designs has greatly increased. Test of a chip, including validation test and manufacturing test, has posed some new challenges, especially with the emergence of system-on-chip (SOC). Traditional test methods based on the automatic test equipment (ATE) are becoming more and more unacceptable. Logic built-in self-test (Logic BIST) has been widely accepted as an effective DFT technique for VLSI and SOC designs, among many kinds of proposed design for testability (DFT) techniques to improve testability of chip. The basic theoretical structure of logic BIST is firstly introduced. Then some important and complicated issues of logic BIST application are discussed. Finally, the paper shows some experimental results of logic BIST implementation on a high-performance general-purposed CPU design.
摘 要 随着集成电路工艺进入深亚微米阶段后 电路复杂度的不断提高 特别是片上系统的不断发展 主要包括验证测试和制造测试的 芯片测试 正在面临着巨大的挑战 传统的使用自动测试设备的测试方法越来越不能满足测试需要 各种用于提高芯片可测试性的可测性 设计方法被提出 其中逻辑内建自测试方法已经被证明为大规模集成电路(VLSI)和 SOC 测试的一项有效的可测试性设计方法 文章首先对 Logic BIST 的基本原理结构进行介绍 然后对其在实践应用中的一些难点问题进行详细分析 最后给出针对一款高性能通用处理器实验的 结果 关键词 可测性设计 逻辑内建自测试 测试点插入
包括扫描设计在内的传统的依赖于 ATE 的测试方法 需 要产生大量的测试数据而提高了测试成本 面临着很多问题 因而 内建自测试的方法开始越来越被重视[2 3] 从某种意 义上来说 BIST 是把测试仪的部分功能转移到电路内部 用 嵌入到电路中的测试电路提供输入测试向量和分析响应的功 能 最后输出简单的测试结果 根据被测试的对象的不同 BIST 测试的电路可以是一个数字逻辑电路(Logic BIST) 也 可以是存储器(Memory BIST)或其它模拟电路 存储器内建自 测试比较成熟 应用也相当广泛 本文只就 Logic BIST 方面 的一些问题进行讨论 Logic BIST 技术具有很多优点 如能 减少测试成本 实现真速测试 具有安全性 封装性 板级
第 31 卷 第 23 期
Vol.31
23
基金项目论文
计算机工程 Computer Engineering
文章编号 1000 3428(2005)23 0055 03
文献标识码 A
2005 年 12 月 December 2005
中图分类号 TP391.76
应用于逻辑核的 BIST 关键技术研究
李 吉 1,2 徐勇军 1,2 韩银和 1,2 李晓维 1 (1. 中国科学院计算技术研究所 北京 100080 2. 中国科学院研究生院 北京 100039)
Key words Design for testability; Logic built-in self-test; Test point insertion
随着集成电路的工艺尺寸的日益缩小和电路复杂度的 提高 特别是片上系统的出现和广泛应用 超大规模集成电 路的集成度已经发展到一个芯片上可以集成几千万个晶体管 以上 片上时钟频率达到 10GHz 以上 这些趋势对芯片测试 难度和测试成本都产生了深远的影响 探索和应用低成本高 效率的测试技术已成为芯片测试的重要论题 可测试性设计 技术被提出来 它在芯片的设计阶段就考虑以后测试的需要 指导芯片开发者生成高可测的设计 使电路较容易测试 在 一定程度上满足了测试质量的要求 同时又降低测试成本[1] 目前比较成熟的结构化可测试性设计技术主要有扫描设计 (scan design) 内建自测试(built-in-self-test ,BIST) 边界扫描 设计(boundary scan)等 并且也都得到很大程度的应用
及系统级测试的能力等 当然 Logic BIST 还存在一些问题 增加了电路面积开
销和测试覆盖率一般不高 已经有多种技术被提出以提高伪 随机测试的覆盖率 如测试点插入 重播种 位翻转 位固 定和加权随机向量测试 总之 BIST 方法是面向 ATE 的测 试方法以外的一个可供选择的合适的测试方案 将成为今后 测试技术的重要部分 现有多种 EDA 商业工具已经被开发出 来试图解决 Logic BIST 应用问题 包括 Mentor Graphics 公 司的 LBISTArchitect[4] Synopsys 公司的 DBIST 和 Syntest 公司的 TurboBIST-Logic 等
Research on Key Techniques in BIST Implementation of Logic Core
LI Ji1,2, XU Yongjun1,2, HAN Yinhe1,2, LI Xiaowei1 (1. Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080;
55
别简要介绍 测 试 向 量 生 成 模 块 主 要 由 伪 随 机 向 量 生 成 器 (pseudo-
random pattern generation, PRPG)和相移位器(phase shifter)组 成 其功能是为 CUT 生成测试向量 其中 伪随机码有多种 产生方法 如线性反馈移位寄存器(linear feedback shifter register, LFSR) 细胞自动机(cellular automaton, CA)等 由于 LFSR 结构简单且易于实现 因此是最广泛使用的一种伪随 机向量生成器 相移位器电路是一个可选的结构 实质上是 一个异或树 用于消除所生成向量的结构关联 也可以用于 解决扫描链数目和 LF另外也可以增加控制点到 PIs 上 在 BIST 期间强制它们为常值 当然也可以使用多路复用器控制点并从就近 的扫描单元驱动 PIs