4.写作-如果造句

一、造句的原则

1.完整

一个完整的英语句子通常必须具备两个基本条件：（1）表示一个完整的意思；（2）至少包括主语和谓语两个部分（祈使句除外）。如果将句子的某一部分（短语或从句）当作完整的句子一个完整的句子，如将从句、同位语、短语当作句子，或者将现在分词、过去分词、动名词、不定式当作谓语，或者句中缺少主语或谓语就会导致非完整句。句子是表达完整意义的结构形式，它有独立的结构，而不依附于其他成分，除非有特别的语境。

例：

不完整：While they always try to avoid 4 for its connection with death in pronunciation.

完整：However, they always try to avoid 4 for its connection with death in pronunciation.

不完整：How to write a composition.

完整：How to write a composition is not an easy thing to talk about.

不完整：If the weather was fine.

完整：If it was fine, we would have had a good time.

2.统一

句子的统一指的是一个句子只表示一个完整的中心思想，它不包含与此中心思想无关的部分。而且，句子的各部分之间的关系必须是清楚而又复合逻辑的。

例如：Different people have different addiction to(preferences for) books. They read different books just to meet their different needs. Because different people have different meets to

read the different kinds of books. From this we can also see that different people have

different intentions and notions. So they choose the different things to meet their needs in

every facet in life.

参考答案;

Different people have different preferences for books. Different people read the different

kinds of books, because different people have different intentions and notions just as they choose the different things to meet their needs in every facet in life.

3. 连贯

句子的连贯指的是句子中各成分之间的关系明白清楚，富有条理性。句子的不连贯表现为句子结构不平行，指代模糊，时态、语态、人称和数混乱等方面。

原句：Not so many years ago in this city, one of the rivers was so polluted that there is no living fish in it.

改进：Not so many years ago in this city, one of the rivers was so polluted that there was no living fish in it.

原句：We know that violent crime is increasing, and you also know many incidents go

unreported.

改进：We know that violent crime is increasing, and we also know many incidents go unreported.

原句：Both of the puppies is cute in their own ways.

改进：Both of the puppies are cute in their own ways.

4. 简洁

英语造句时，不应使用不必要的词。只要意思得到完全表达，那么所用的词应该时越少

越好。

原句：In China, Some cities are seriously polluted, and some cities are being polluted.

改进：In China, Some cities are seriously polluted, some being polluted.

原句: She likes collecting stamps which is her hobby.

改进：Collecting stamps is her hobby.

原句：Gone with the wind was a good film which I enjoyed watching very much.

改进: I enjoyed watching Gone with the wind very much.

5. 多样

句子的变化性指的是同一种意义可以通过各种变化的句型来表达。一篇文章要使人觉得内容丰富，语言生动有力，就应交叉使用长句、短句、简单句、复合句、并列句、疑问句等，达到形式与内容的统一。英语短文的写作要重视句型的不同变化。使用不同的句型，可以使文章更生动、更富有生气。

例如：

简单句型的转换：

原句：Seattle is a garden city, with one of the most delightful climates in the world.

变化1.A garden city, with one of the most delightful climates in the world, is Seattle.

变化2. Seattle, a garden city, has one of the most delightful climates in the world.

原句：She knew English very well.

变化1.She had a good command of English.

变化2.She had a good knowledge of English.

复杂句型的转换

原句: They struggled forward. They were exhausted. Their steps were dragging, They had to push on.

变化: Exhausted, they struggled forward, their steps dragging, but they had to push on.

原句: Nothing here indicates where this information came from.

变化：There is no indication here where this information came from.

二、句式的变化的方法

在写作中，我们提倡简炼，但不是说都用简单句。简单句用得太多，造成简单句的堆彻实际上是语言技巧不成熟、不老练，甚至语言水平低下的表现。在阅卷人员看来，同样的意思内容，一个考生能够运用比较复杂的句子结构来表达，其语言水平当然要比只会用简单句来表达的考生的语言水平高出一截，就是有点错也不妨碍他比后者取得较高的分数，因为他的难度系数要高。在某种意义上来说，在词数相同的作文中，语言水平越高，语言技巧越熟练，句子的数目也就越少。这就意味着句子长了，句子结构复杂了。

当然，我们反对过多地使用简单句，并不是鼓励学生去刻意追求长句、复杂句。我们追求的是句子结构的多变。一篇文章能根据表达的内容使用不同的句子结构，会产生较好的艺术效果。以下是我们经常使用的一些手段：

1.长短句结合

长句含有许多修饰语，适合表达准确而复杂的思想，解释观点或理论，描写细致的事物；短句语气较重，适合陈述重要的事实和想法。简单句与含有衔接词的复杂句交替使用，可以使整个段落生动、丰富、富有节奏感，并产生鲜明的对比效果。例如：原文：When I turned right on the corner, a motorbike knocked into a small car. The motorbike was red. There were two persons on the motorbike. The car was yellow.